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Llobat L, Soriano P, Bordignon F, de Evan T, Larsen T, Marín-García PJ. Dietary type (carnivore, herbivore and omnivore) and animal species modulate the nutritional metabolome of terrestrial species. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 272:110965. [PMID: 38452851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Ecometabolomics could be implemented as a powerful tool in molecular ecology studies, but it is necessary to know the baseline of certain metabolites and understand how different traits could affect the metabolome of the animals. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide values for the nutritional metabolome profile of different diet groups and animal species, as well as to study the differences in the metabolomic profile due to the effect of diet type and species. To achieve this goal, blood samples were taken from healthy animals (n = 43) of different species: lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), bison (Bison bison), gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) and fallow deer (Dama dama), and with different types of diet (carnivore, herbivore and omnivore). Each blood sample was analysed to determine nutritional metabolites. The main results this study provides are the nutritional metabolic profile of these animals based on the type of diet and the animal species. A significant effect of the dietary type was found on nutritional metabolite levels, with those metabolites related to protein metabolism (total protein and creatine) being higher in carnivores. There is also an effect of the species on nutritional metabolites, observing a metabolome differentiation between lion and jaguar. In the case of herbivores, bison showed higher levels of uric acid and cholesterol, and lower urea levels than gazelle and fallow deer. More molecular ecology studies are needed to further the knowledge of the metabolism of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Llobat
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Francesco Bordignon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Trinidad de Evan
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Torben Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Contini M, Beguelini MR, Ruiz T, Taboga SR, Rafacho A. Comparative study of endocrine pancreatic tissue in bats: Assessing variations among frugivorous, insectivorous, and nectarivorous diets. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102413. [PMID: 38772274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Whether the endocrine pancreas exhibits structural features to couple with dietary patterns is not fully explored. Considering the lack of data comparing endocrine pancreas and islet cell distribution among different bat species in the same study, we considered this an opportunity to explore the topic, including five species within three different predominant diets. For this, we applied morphometric techniques to compare the islets of frugivorous Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata, insectivorous Molossus molossus and Myotis nigricans, and nectarivorous Glossophaga soricina bats. Data for islet size, cellularity, and mass were equivalent between frugivorous A. lituratus and nectarivorous G. soricina, which differed from insectivorous bats. The frugivorous C. perspicillata bat exhibited morphometric islet values between A. lituratus and the insectivorous species. A. lituratus and G. soricina but not C. perspicillata bats had higher islet mass than insectivorous species due to larger size, instead of a higher number of islets per area. Insectivorous bats, on the other hand, had a higher proportion of α-cells per islet. These differences in the endocrine pancreas across species with different eating habits indicate the occurrence of species-specific adjustments along the years of evolution, with the demand for α-cells higher in bats with higher protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Contini
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicentric Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - M R Beguelini
- Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia - UFOB, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tfr Ruiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S R Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicentric Graduate Program in Physiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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3
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DiNuzzo M, Dienel GA, Behar KL, Petroff OA, Benveniste H, Hyder F, Giove F, Michaeli S, Mangia S, Herculano-Houzel S, Rothman DL. Neurovascular coupling is optimized to compensate for the increase in proton production from nonoxidative glycolysis and glycogenolysis during brain activation and maintain homeostasis of pH, pCO 2, and pO 2. J Neurochem 2024; 168:632-662. [PMID: 37150946 PMCID: PMC10628336 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
During transient brain activation cerebral blood flow (CBF) increases substantially more than cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2) resulting in blood hyperoxygenation, the basis of BOLD-fMRI contrast. Explanations for the high CBF versus CMRO2 slope, termed neurovascular coupling (NVC) constant, focused on maintenance of tissue oxygenation to support mitochondrial ATP production. However, paradoxically the brain has a 3-fold lower oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) than other organs with high energy requirements, like heart and muscle during exercise. Here, we hypothesize that the NVC constant and the capillary oxygen mass transfer coefficient (which in combination determine OEF) are co-regulated during activation to maintain simultaneous homeostasis of pH and partial pressure of CO2 and O2 (pCO2 and pO2). To test our hypothesis, we developed an arteriovenous flux balance model for calculating blood and brain pH, pCO2, and pO2 as a function of baseline OEF (OEF0), CBF, CMRO2, and proton production by nonoxidative metabolism coupled to ATP hydrolysis. Our model was validated against published brain arteriovenous difference studies and then used to calculate pH, pCO2, and pO2 in activated human cortex from published calibrated fMRI and PET measurements. In agreement with our hypothesis, calculated pH, pCO2, and pO2 remained close to constant independently of CMRO2 in correspondence to experimental measurements of NVC and OEF0. We also found that the optimum values of the NVC constant and OEF0 that ensure simultaneous homeostasis of pH, pCO2, and pO2 were remarkably similar to their experimental values. Thus, the high NVC constant is overall determined by proton removal by CBF due to increases in nonoxidative glycolysis and glycogenolysis. These findings resolve the paradox of the brain's high CBF yet low OEF during activation, and may contribute to explaining the vulnerability of brain function to reductions in blood flow and capillary density with aging and neurovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131 USA
| | - Kevin L Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511 USA
| | - Ognen A Petroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511 USA
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
- Department of Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
| | - Federico Giove
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, RM, 00184 Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, RM, 00179 Italy
| | - Shalom Michaeli
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Suzana Herculano-Houzel
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
- Department of Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520 USA
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4
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Udroiu I. A Simplified Method for Calculating Surface Area of Mammalian Erythrocytes. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:11. [PMID: 38392685 PMCID: PMC10891711 DOI: 10.3390/mps7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the geometric quantities of the erythrocyte is useful in several physiological studies, both for zoologists and veterinarians. While the diameter and volume (MCV) are easily obtained from observations of blood smears and complete blood count, respectively, the thickness and surface area are instead much more difficult to measure. The precise description of the erythrocyte geometry is given by the equation of the oval of Cassini, but the formulas deriving from it are very complex, comprising elliptic integrals. In this article, three solids are proposed as models approximating the erythrocyte: sphere, cylinder and a spheroid with concave caps. The volumes and surface areas obtained with these models are compared to those effectively measured. The spheroid with concave caps gives the best approximation and can be used as a simple model to determine the erythrocyte surface area. With this model, a simple method that allows one to estimate the surface area by knowing only the diameter and MCV is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Udroiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", 00146 Rome, Italy
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5
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Gnanadesikan GE, Hammock EAD, Tecot SR, Carter CS, MacLean EL. Specificity of plasma oxytocin immunoassays: A comparison of commercial assays and sample preparation techniques using oxytocin knockout and wildtype mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105368. [PMID: 34364024 PMCID: PMC8487999 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin has garnered much interest due to its role in affective states, social behaviors, and diverse physiological functions. However, approaches for measuring endogenous oxytocin concentrations have generated considerable controversy and debate. Common procedures for measuring oxytocin often produce uncorrelated results, and the detected concentrations frequently vary across two orders of magnitude. These findings have led some researchers to argue that immunoassays of plasma oxytocin may be unreliable and nonspecific, particularly when samples are not first processed using an extraction procedure. Here, we assess the specificity of oxytocin immunoassays using plasma samples from wildtype (WT) and oxytocin knockout (KO) mice. Plasma samples from both genotypes were measured using immunoassay and were measured with or without a solid-phase extraction. Using a commercially available kit from Arbor Assays, we demonstrate that both techniques generate a clear contrast between genotypes, with wildtype samples containing high concentrations of oxytocin (unextracted mean = 468 pg/ml; extracted mean = 381 pg/ml), while knockout samples measured below the lower limit of detection. Analytical validations demonstrated good parallelism and spike recovery for both methods. Furthermore, the same wildtype samples measured with both procedures were highly correlated (r = 0.95), although unextracted samples measured at significantly higher concentrations (p = 2.0 ×10-7, Cohen's d = 2.65). To test the generalizability of these results across immunoassay kits, we performed additional assays with kits from Cayman Chemical and Enzo Life Sciences. The Cayman Chemical kit produced results similar to Arbor Assays with a clean signal differentiating WT and KO plasma, both with and without an extraction step. The Enzo kit also differentiated the genotypes, with correlation between extracted and unextracted samples, but was considerably more susceptible to interference without the extraction, as evidenced by false positive signal in KO plasma samples. The extent to which these results generalize to other species remains unknown and challenging to assess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali E Gnanadesikan
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A D Hammock
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Stacey R Tecot
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Laboratory for the Evolutionary Endocrinology of Primates, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - C Sue Carter
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Evan L MacLean
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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6
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Tomasek O, Bobek L, Kralova T, Adamkova M, Albrecht T. Fuel for the pace of life: Baseline blood glucose concentration co-evolves with life-history traits in songbirds. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oldrich Tomasek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Bobek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kralova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marie Adamkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague 2 Czech Republic
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7
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Andreev-Andrievskiy AA, Popova AS, Lagereva EA, Vinogradova OL. Fluid shift versus body size: changes of hematological parameters and body fluid volume in hindlimb-unloaded mice, rats and rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.182832. [PMID: 29950449 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.182832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is adapted to gravity, and reactions to the loss of gravity in space are presumably dependent on body size. The dependence of hematological parameters and body fluid volume on simulated microgravity have never been studied as an allometric function before. Thus, we estimated red blood cell (RBC), blood and extracellular fluid volume in hindlimb-unloaded (HLU) or control (attached) mice, rats and rabbits. RBC decrease was found to be size independent, and the allometric dependency for RBC loss in HLU and control animals shared a common power (-0.054±0.008) but a different Y0 coefficient (8.66±0.40 and 10.73±0.49, respectively, P<0.05). Blood volume in HLU animals was unchanged compared with that of controls, disregarding body size. The allometric dependency of interstitial fluid volume in HLU and control mice shared Y0 (1.02±0.09) but had different powers N (0.708±0.017 and 0.648±0.016, respectively, P<0.05), indicating that the interstitial fluid volume increase during hindlimb unloading is more pronounced in larger animals. Our data underscore the importance of size-independent mechanisms of cardiovascular adaptation to weightlessness. Despite the fact that the use of mice hampers application of a straightforward translational approach, this species is useful for gravitational biology as a tool to investigate size-independent mechanisms of mammalian adaptation to microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Andreev-Andrievskiy
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123007, Russia .,M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anfisa S Popova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123007, Russia.,M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniia A Lagereva
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123007, Russia
| | - Olga L Vinogradova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123007, Russia
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Peng X, He X, Liu Q, Sun Y, Liu H, Zhang Q, Liang J, Peng Z, Liu Z, Zhang L. Flight is the key to postprandial blood glucose balance in the fruit bats Eonycteris spelaea and Cynopterus sphinx. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8804-8811. [PMID: 29152179 PMCID: PMC5677482 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sugar consumption could lead to high blood glucose levels that are harmful to mammalian health and life. Despite consuming large amounts of sugar‐rich food, fruit bats have a longer lifespan, raising the question of how these bats overcome potential hyperglycemia. We investigated the change of blood glucose level in nectar‐feeding bats (Eonycteris spelaea) and fruit‐eating bats (Cynopterus sphinx) via adjusting their sugar intake and time of flight. We found that the maximum blood glucose level of C. sphinx was higher than 24 mmol/L that is considered to be pathological in other mammals. After C. sphinx bats spent approximately 75% of their time to fly, their blood glucose levels dropped markedly, and the blood glucose of E. spelaea fell to the fast levels after they spent 70% time of fly. Thus, the level of blood glucose elevated with the quantity of sugar intake but declined with the time of flight. Our results indicate that high‐intensive flight is a key regulator for blood glucose homeostasis during foraging. High‐intensive flight may confer benefits to the fruit bats in foraging success and behavioral interactions and increases the efficiency of pollen and seed disposal mediated by bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Guangzhou China
| | - Xiangyang He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Guangzhou China
| | - Qi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Guangzhou China
| | - Yunxiao Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Guangzhou China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Guangzhou China.,College of Biology and Environmental Sciences Jishou University Jishou China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Guangzhou China
| | - Jie Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Guangzhou China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Guangzhou China
| | - Zhixiao Liu
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences Jishou University Jishou China
| | - Libiao Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources Guangzhou China
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9
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Mortola JP, Wilfong D. Hematocrit of mammals (Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Primates) at 1500m and 2100m altitudes. ZOOLOGY 2017; 125:10-23. [PMID: 28855086 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rise in hematocrit (Hct) is one of the hallmarks of human acclimatization to high altitude and, in chronic conditions, reflects the hypoxia-induced polycythemia. However, it is not a uniform response among domestic species and it is not found in Andean camelids, species long adapted to high altitudes. Hence, we asked to what extent the polycythemia of humans is common among mammals. Hct data were collected from captive mammals of three orders (Primates, Artiodactyla, Carnivora), 70 specimens of 33 species at ∼1500m altitude (barometric pressure Pb=635mmHg) and 296 specimens of 64 species at ∼2100m (Pb=596mmHg), long-term residents at those altitudes. Sea level values and data in men and women at the corresponding altitudes were from a compilation of literature sources. At either altitude Hct was significantly higher than at sea level both in men and women; the increase (ΔHct) for genders combined averaged 3.4% (±0.7 SEM) at 1500m and 5.4% (±0.3) at 2100m. Differently, among the three mammalian orders studied a significant increase in Hct occurred only in females of Carnivora (at 1500m) and in males of Primates (at 2100m). The average ΔHct of all species combined was 0.8% (±0.7) at 1500m and 1.5% (±0.4) at 2100m, both significantly less than in humans (P<0.001). At 2100m the average ΔHct of nine species long adapted to high altitude was 0.4% (±1), significantly less than in non-adapted species (P<0.001). A polycythemic response like that of men and women at 2100m occurred in less than 10% of the mammals examined. We conclude that, at least for the altitudes studied, a minimal polycythemia is a general feature of both high-altitude adapted and non-adapted species, and the magnitude of the human response is exceptional among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo P Mortola
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - DeeAnn Wilfong
- Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, 4250 Cheyenne Mountain Zoo Road, Colorado Springs, CO 80906, USA
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10
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Wikswo JP, Curtis EL, Eagleton ZE, Evans BC, Kole A, Hofmeister LH, Matloff WJ. Scaling and systems biology for integrating multiple organs-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3496-511. [PMID: 23828456 PMCID: PMC3818688 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50243k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Coupled systems of in vitro microfabricated organs-on-a-chip containing small populations of human cells are being developed to address the formidable pharmacological and physiological gaps between monolayer cell cultures, animal models, and humans that severely limit the speed and efficiency of drug development. These gaps present challenges not only in tissue and microfluidic engineering, but also in systems biology: how does one model, test, and learn about the communication and control of biological systems with individual organs-on-chips that are one-thousandth or one-millionth of the size of adult organs, or even smaller, i.e., organs for a milliHuman (mHu) or microHuman (μHu)? Allometric scaling that describes inter-species variation of organ size and properties provides some guidance, but given the desire to utilize these systems to extend and validate human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models in support of drug discovery and development, it is more appropriate to scale each organ functionally to ensure that it makes the suitable physiological contribution to the coupled system. The desire to recapitulate the complex organ-organ interactions that result from factors in the blood and lymph places a severe constraint on the total circulating fluid (~5 mL for a mHu and ~5 μL for a μHu) and hence on the pumps, valves, and analytical instruments required to maintain and study these systems. Scaling arguments also provide guidance on the design of a universal cell-culture medium, typically without red blood cells. This review presents several examples of scaling arguments and discusses steps that should ensure the success of this endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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11
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Mqokeli BR, Downs CT. Blood Plasma Glucose Regulation in Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.3377/004.047.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Polakof S, Mommsen TP, Soengas JL. Glucosensing and glucose homeostasis: from fish to mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 160:123-49. [PMID: 21871969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on two topics related to glucose in vertebrates. In a first section devoted to glucose homeostasis we describe how glucose levels fluctuate and are regulated in different classes of vertebrates. The detection of these fluctuations is essential for homeostasis and for other physiological processes such as regulation of food intake. The capacity of that detection is known as glucosensing, and the different mechanisms through which it occurs are known as glucosensors. Different glucosensor mechanisms have been demonstrated in different tissues and organs of rodents and humans whereas the information obtained for other vertebrates is scarce. In the second section of the review we describe the present knowledge regarding glucosensor mechanisms in different groups of vertebrates, with special emphasis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Polakof
- INRA, UMR, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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13
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Clark TD, Farrell AP. Effects of body mass on physiological and anatomical parameters of mature salmon: evidence against a universal heart rate scaling exponent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:887-93. [PMID: 21346114 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.051607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of body mass (M(b)) on the physiology of large, adult fish is poorly understood, in part because of the logistical difficulties of studying large individuals. For the first time, this study quantified the influence of M(b) on the resting heart rate (f(H)), blood properties and organ masses of adults of a large-growing fish species, the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Surgically implanted biologgers measured f(H) and acceleration activity in sexually mature, male fish ranging in M(b) from 2.7 to 16.8 kg while they roamed freely in a controlled water body at ∼8°C. Blood parameters (at surgery and at death) and body organ masses (at death) were measured to investigate interrelationships with M(b). The scaling exponents for both f(H) and acceleration activity were not significantly different from zero. The lack of scaling of f(H) with M(b) contrasts with the situation for birds and mammals. All blood parameters were independent of M(b), while the masses of the compact myocardium, ventricle and spleen each scaled near-isometrically with M(b). These data raise the possibility that blood oxygen carrying capacity, mass-specific cardiac output and cardiac power output are maintained across M(b) in adult Chinook salmon. Biologging and biotelemetry should advance investigations into the effects of M(b) on the physiology and behaviour of large fish, where current knowledge lags far behind that of birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Darren Clark
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Kelm DH, Simon R, Kuhlow D, Voigt CC, Ristow M. High activity enables life on a high-sugar diet: blood glucose regulation in nectar-feeding bats. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:3490-6. [PMID: 21490011 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood glucose levels caused by excessive sugar consumption are detrimental to mammalian health and life expectancy. Despite consuming vast quantities of sugar-rich floral nectar, nectar-feeding bats are long-lived, provoking the question of how they regulate blood glucose. We investigated blood glucose levels in nectar-feeding bats (Glossophaga soricina) in experiments in which we varied the amount of dietary sugar or flight time. Blood glucose levels increased with the quantity of glucose ingested and exceeded 25 mmol l(-1) blood in resting bats, which is among the highest values ever recorded in mammals fed sugar quantities similar to their natural diet. During normal feeding, blood glucose values decreased with increasing flight time, but only fell to expected values when bats spent 75 per cent of their time airborne. Either nectar-feeding bats have evolved mechanisms to avoid negative health effects of hyperglycaemia, or high activity is key to balancing blood glucose levels during foraging. We suggest that the coevolutionary specialization of bats towards a nectar diet was supported by the high activity and elevated metabolic rates of these bats. High activity may have conferred benefits to the bats in terms of behavioural interactions and foraging success, and is simultaneously likely to have increased their efficiency as plant pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev H Kelm
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Berkeley EV, Linklater WL, Dierenfeld ES. Dietary impact on circulating glucose profiles in the white rhinoceros. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:245-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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