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Tanigawa K, Yuchen Q, Katsuhama N, Sakoda K, Wakabayashi Y, Tanaka Y, Sage R, Lawson T, Yamori W. C 4 monocots and C 4 dicots exhibit rapid photosynthetic induction response in contrast to C 3 plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14431. [PMID: 39041649 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Considering the prevalence of ever-changing conditions in the natural world, investigation of photosynthetic responses in C4 plants under fluctuating light is needed. Here, we studied the effect of dynamic illumination on photosynthesis in totally 10 C3, C3-C4 intermediate, C4-like and C4 dicots and monocots at CO2 concentrations of 400 and 800 μmol mol-1. C4 and C4-like plants had faster photosynthetic induction and light-induced stomatal dynamics than C3 plants at 400 μmol mol-1, but not at 800 μmol mol-1 CO2, at which the CO2 supply rarely limits photosynthesis. C4 and C4-like plants had a higher water use efficiency than C3 plants at both CO2 concentrations. There were positive correlations between photosynthetic induction and light-induced stomatal response, together with CO2 compensation point, which was a parameter of the CO2-concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis. These results clearly show that C4 photosynthesis in both monocots and dicots adapts to fluctuating light conditions more efficiently than C3 photosynthesis. The rapid photosynthetic induction response in C4 plants can be attributed to the rapid stomatal dynamics, the CO2-concentrating mechanism or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Tanigawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qu Yuchen
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Katsuhama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Space Environment and Energy Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Rowan Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Gao W, Dai D, Luo H, Yu D, Liu C, Zhang N, Liu L, You C, Zhou S, Tu L, Liu Y, Huang C, He X, Cui X. Habitat differentiation and environmental adaptability contribute to leaf size variations globally in C 3 and C 4 grasses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173309. [PMID: 38782268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The grass family (Poaceae) dominates ~43 % of Earth's land area and contributes 33 % of terrestrial primary productivity that is critical to naturally regulating atmosphere CO2 concentration and global climate change. Currently grasses comprise ~11,780 species and ~50 % of them (~6000 species) utilize C4 photosynthetic pathway. Generally, grass species have smaller leaves under colder and drier environments, but it is unclear whether the primary drivers of leaf size differ between C3 and C4 grasses on a global scale. Here, we analyzed 34 environmental variables, such as latitude, elevation, mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and solar radiation etc., through a comparatively comprehensive database of ~3.0 million occurrence records from 1380 C3 and 978 C4 grass species (2358 species in total). Results from this study confirm that C4 grasses have occupied habitats with lower latitudes and elevations, characterized by warmer, sunnier, drier and less fertile environmental conditions. Grass leaf size correlates positively with mean annual temperature and precipitation as expected. Our results also demonstrate that the mean temperature of the wettest quarter of the year is the primary control for C3 leaf size, whereas C4 leaf size is negatively correlated with the difference between summer and winter temperatures. For C4 grasses, phylogeny exerts a significant effect on leaf size but is less important than environmental factors. Our findings highlight the importance of evolutionarily contrasting variations in leaf size between C3 and C4 grasses for shaping their geographical distribution and habitat suitability at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuchao Gao
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Dachuan Dai
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Huan Luo
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chengming You
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shixing Zhou
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lihua Tu
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Congde Huang
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xinhua He
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Xinglei Cui
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Centre for Southwest Forest and Grassland Fire Ecological Prevention, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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Ludwig M, Hartwell J, Raines CA, Simkin AJ. The Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle in C 4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism species. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:10-22. [PMID: 37544777 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle is the ancestral CO2 assimilation pathway and is found in all photosynthetic organisms. Biochemical extensions to the CBB cycle have evolved that allow the resulting pathways to act as CO2 concentrating mechanisms, either spatially in the case of C4 photosynthesis or temporally in the case of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). While the biochemical steps in the C4 and CAM pathways are known, questions remain on their integration and regulation with CBB cycle activity. The application of omic and transgenic technologies is providing a more complete understanding of the biochemistry of C4 and CAM species and will also provide insight into the CBB cycle in these plants. As the global population increases, new solutions are required to increase crop yields and meet demands for food and other bioproducts. Previous work in C3 species has shown that increasing carbon assimilation through genetic manipulation of the CBB cycle can increase biomass and yield. There may also be options to improve photosynthesis in species using C4 photosynthesis and CAM through manipulation of the CBB cycle in these plants. This is an underexplored strategy and requires more basic knowledge of CBB cycle operation in these species to enable approaches for increased productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ludwig
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - James Hartwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Simkin
- University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
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Schuh A, Felderhoff TJ, Marla S, Morris GP. Precise colocalization of sorghum's major chilling tolerance locus with Tannin1 due to tight linkage drag rather than antagonistic pleiotropy. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:42. [PMID: 38308687 PMCID: PMC10838249 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Chilling tolerance in crops can increase resilience through longer growing seasons, drought escape, and nitrogen use efficiency. In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), breeding for chilling tolerance has been stymied by coinheritance of the largest-effect chilling tolerance locus, qSbCT04.62, with the major gene underlying undesirable grain proanthocyanidins, WD40 transcriptional regulator Tannin1. To test if this coinheritance is due to antagonistic pleiotropy of Tannin1, we developed and studied near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying chilling tolerant haplotypes at qCT04.62. Whole-genome sequencing of the NILs revealed introgressions spanning part of the qCT04.62 confidence interval, including the Tannin1 gene and an ortholog of Arabidopsis cold regulator CBF/DREB1G. Segregation pattern of grain tannin in NILs confirmed the presence of wildtype Tannin1 and the reconstitution of a functional MYB-bHLH-WD40 regulatory complex. Low-temperature germination did not differ between NILs, suggesting that Tannin1 does not modulate this component of chilling tolerance. Similarly, NILs did not differ in seedling growth rate under either of two contrasting controlled environment chilling scenarios. Finally, while the chilling tolerant parent line had notably different photosynthetic responses from the susceptible parent line - including greater non-photochemical quenching before, during, and after chilling - the NIL responses match the susceptible parent. Thus, our findings suggest that tight linkage drag, not pleiotropy, underlies the precise colocalization of Tan1 with qCT04.62 and the qCT04.62 quantitative trait nucleotide lies outside the NIL introgressions. Breaking linkage at this locus should advance chilling tolerance breeding in sorghum and the identification of a novel chilling tolerance regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Schuh
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Terry J Felderhoff
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Sandeep Marla
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Morris
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA.
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Wang Y, Stutz SS, Bernacchi CJ, Boyd RA, Ort DR, Long SP. Increased bundle-sheath leakiness of CO 2 during photosynthetic induction shows a lack of coordination between the C 4 and C 3 cycles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1661-1675. [PMID: 36098668 PMCID: PMC9827928 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Use of a complete dynamic model of NADP-malic enzyme C4 photosynthesis indicated that, during transitions from dark or shade to high light, induction of the C4 pathway was more rapid than that of C3 , resulting in a predicted transient increase in bundle-sheath CO2 leakiness (ϕ). Previously, ϕ has been measured at steady state; here we developed a new method, coupling a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscope with a gas-exchange system to track ϕ in sorghum and maize through the nonsteady-state condition of photosynthetic induction. In both species, ϕ showed a transient increase to > 0.35 before declining to a steady state of 0.2 by 1500 s after illumination. Average ϕ was 60% higher than at steady state over the first 600 s of induction and 30% higher over the first 1500 s. The transient increase in ϕ, which was consistent with model prediction, indicated that capacity to assimilate CO2 into the C3 cycle in the bundle sheath failed to keep pace with the rate of dicarboxylate delivery by the C4 cycle. Because nonsteady-state light conditions are the norm in field canopies, the results suggest that ϕ in these major crops in the field is significantly higher and energy conversion efficiency lower than previous measured values under steady-state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Samantha S. Stutz
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Carl J. Bernacchi
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- USDA‐ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Ryan A. Boyd
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Donald R. Ort
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Stephen P. Long
- The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign1206 W Gregory DrUrbanaIL61801USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts InnovationUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YQUK
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Zheng T, Yu Y, Kang H. Short-term elevated temperature and CO 2 promote photosynthetic induction in the C 3 plant Glycine max, but not in the C 4 plant Amaranthus tricolor. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:995-1007. [PMID: 35908799 DOI: 10.1071/fp21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increases of atmospheric temperature and CO2 concentration will impact global photosynthesis. However, there are few studies considering the interaction of elevated temperature (eT) and elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) on dynamic photosynthesis, particularly for C4 species. We examine dynamic photosynthesis under four different temperature and [CO2 ] treatments: (1) 400ppm×28°C (CT); (2) 400ppm×33°C (CT+); (3) 800ppm×28°C (C+T); and (4) 800ppm×33°C (C+T+). In Glycine max L., the time required to reach 50% (T 50%A ) and 90% (T 90%A ) of full photosynthetic induction was smaller under the CT+, C+T, and C+T+ treatments than those under the CT treatment. In Amaranthus tricolor L., however, neither T 50%A nor T 90%A was not significantly affected by eT or eCO2 . In comparison with the CT treatment, the achieved carbon gain was increased by 58.3% (CT+), 112% (C+T), and 136.6% (C+T+) in G. max and was increased by 17.1% (CT+), 2.6% (C+T) and 56.9% (C+T+) in A. tricolor . The increases of achieved carbon gain in G. max were attributable to both improved photosynthetic induction efficiency (IE) and enhanced steady-state photosynthesis, whereas those in A. tricolor were attributable to enhanced steady-state photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zheng
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huixing Kang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Taguta C, Dirwai TL, Senzanje A, Sikka A, Mabhaudhi T. Sustainable irrigation technologies: a water-energy-food (WEF) nexus perspective towards achieving more crop per drop per joule per hectare. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS : ERL [WEB SITE] 2022; 17:073003. [PMID: 35812360 PMCID: PMC9254736 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac7b39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural intensification requires irrigation methods and strategies to minimize yield penalties while optimizing water, land and energy use efficiencies. We assessed, from a silo-based and integrated water-energy-food (WEF) nexus perspective, the performance of irrigation technologies in different agro-climatic regions. Secondary to this, we assessed the impact of adopting systematic approaches such as the WEF nexus on improving efficiency in irrigated agriculture through irrigation modernization. The evidence-based perspectives of silo-based performances individually considered the metrics of yield (Y), water use efficiency (WUE), and energy productivity (EP). The WEF nexus approach applied sustainability polygons to integrate the three metrics into a nexus index representing the holistic performance of the irrigation technologies. Silo-based performance in temperate regions suggests net gains for WUE (+1.10 kg m-3) and Y (+6.29 ton ha-1) when transitioning from furrow to sprinkler irrigation, with a net loss in EP (-3.82 ton MJ-1). There is potential for a net loss on EP (-3.33 ton MJ-1) when transitioning from furrow to drip system in temperate regions. The best performance of irrigation technologies in dry regions in water, energy and food silos was achieved by sprinkler, drip and furrow irrigation systems, respectively. Thus, appraising irrigation technologies from a silos perspective promotes individual silos, which renders an unsustainable picture of the performance of irrigation systems. The integrative WEF nexus approach successfully highlighted the trade-offs and synergies in the nexus of water, energy and food in irrigated agriculture. Drip irrigation led all irrigation technologies in WEF nexus performance in dry (21.44 unit2), tropical (23.98 unit2), and temperate regions (47.28 unit2). Overall, the irrigation modernization pathway to drip technology from either furrow or sprinkler systems improves irrigated agriculture's WEF nexus performance in all three regions for more crop per drop per joule per hectare under climate change. This can promote inclusive and sustainable irrigation development within the planetary boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuthbert Taguta
- Bioresources Engineering Programme, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Tinashe Lindel Dirwai
- Department of Soil-, Crop-, and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein Campus, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Varmac Consulting Engineers, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Aidan Senzanje
- Bioresources Engineering Programme, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
- Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Alok Sikka
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI-Delhi), NASC Complex, DPS Marg, Pusa Opp Todapur, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Southern Africa Office, Pretoria, South Africa
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Long SP, Taylor SH, Burgess SJ, Carmo-Silva E, Lawson T, De Souza AP, Leonelli L, Wang Y. Into the Shadows and Back into Sunlight: Photosynthesis in Fluctuating Light. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:617-648. [PMID: 35595290 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070221-024745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is an important remaining opportunity for further improvement in the genetic yield potential of our major crops. Measurement, analysis, and improvement of leaf CO2 assimilation (A) have focused largely on photosynthetic rates under light-saturated steady-state conditions. However, in modern crop canopies of several leaf layers, light is rarely constant, and the majority of leaves experience marked light fluctuations throughout the day. It takes several minutes for photosynthesis to regain efficiency in both sun-shade and shade-sun transitions, costing a calculated 10-40% of potential crop CO2 assimilation. Transgenic manipulations to accelerate the adjustment in sun-shade transitions have already shown a substantial productivity increase in field trials. Here, we explore means to further accelerate these adjustments and minimize these losses through transgenic manipulation, gene editing, and exploitation of natural variation. Measurement andanalysis of photosynthesis in sun-shade and shade-sun transitions are explained. Factors limiting speeds of adjustment and how they could be modified to effect improved efficiency are reviewed, specifically nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), Rubisco activation, and stomatal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel H Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Burgess
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda P De Souza
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Lauriebeth Leonelli
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
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9
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Wu J, Nadeem M, Galagedara L, Thomas R, Cheema M. Effects of Chilling Stress on Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Attributes of Silage Corn Genotypes during Seedling Establishment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1217. [PMID: 35567218 PMCID: PMC9101286 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chilling stress is one of the major abiotic stresses which hinder seedling emergence and growth. Herein, we investigated the effects of chilling/low temperature stress on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes of two silage corn genotypes during the seedling establishment phase. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber, and silage corn seedlings of Yukon-R and A4177G-RIB were grown at optimum temperature up to V3 stage and then subjected to five temperature regimes (25 °C as control, 20 °C, 15 °C, 10 °C, and 5 °C) for 5 days. After the temperature treatment, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters were recorded. Results indicated that temperatures of 15 °C and lower significantly affected seedling growth, photosynthesis system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Changes in seedlings’ growth parameters were in the order of 25 °C > 20 °C > 15 °C > 10 °C > 5 °C, irrespective of genotypes. The chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and maximal photochemical efficiency of PS-II (Fv/Fm) were drastically decreased under chilling conditions. Moreover, chilling stress induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents. Increased proline content and enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxide (APX), were found to alleviate oxidative damage under chilling stress. However, the genotype of Yukon-R exhibited better adaption to chilling stress than A4177G3-RIB. Yukon-R showed significantly higher proline content and enzymatic antioxidant activities than A4177G3-RIB under severe chilling conditions (temperature ≤ 10 °C). Similarly, Yukon-R expressed low temperature-induced ROS accumulation. Furthermore, the interaction effects were found between temperature treatment and genotype on the ROS accumulation, proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities. In summary, the present study indicated that Yukon-R has shown better adaptation and resilience against chilling temperature stress, and therefore could be considered a potential candidate genotype to be grown in the boreal climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Wu
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (M.N.); (M.C.)
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10
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Nie G, Yang Z, He J, Liu A, Chen J, Wang S, Wang X, Feng G, Li D, Peng Y, Huang L, Zhang X. Genome-Wide Investigation of the NAC Transcription Factor Family in Miscanthus sinensis and Expression Analysis Under Various Abiotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:766550. [PMID: 34804100 PMCID: PMC8600139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The NAC transcription factor family is deemed to be a large plant-specific gene family that plays important roles in plant development and stress response. Miscanthus sinensis is commonly planted in vast marginal land as forage, ornamental grass, or bioenergy crop which demand a relatively high resistance to abiotic stresses. The recent release of a draft chromosome-scale assembly genome of M. sinensis provided a basic platform for the genome-wide investigation of NAC proteins. In this study, a total of 261 M. sinensis NAC genes were identified and a complete overview of the gene family was presented, including gene structure, conserved motif compositions, chromosomal distribution, and gene duplications. Results showed that gene length, molecular weights (MW), and theoretical isoelectric points (pI) of NAC family were varied, while gene structure and motifs were relatively conserved. Chromosomal mapping analysis found that the M. sinensis NAC genes were unevenly distributed on 19 M. sinensis chromosomes, and the interchromosomal evolutionary analysis showed that nine pairs of tandem duplicates genes and 121 segmental duplications were identified, suggesting that gene duplication, especially segmental duplication, is possibly associated with the amplification of M. sinensis NAC gene family. The expression patterns of 14 genes from M. sinensis SNAC subgroup were analyzed under high salinity, PEG, and heavy metals, and multiple NAC genes could be induced by the treatment. These results will provide a very useful reference for follow-up study of the functional characteristics of NAC genes in the mechanism of stress-responsive and potential roles in the development of M. sinensis.
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11
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Sales CRG, Wang Y, Evers JB, Kromdijk J. Improving C4 photosynthesis to increase productivity under optimal and suboptimal conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5942-5960. [PMID: 34268575 PMCID: PMC8411859 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although improving photosynthetic efficiency is widely recognized as an underutilized strategy to increase crop yields, research in this area is strongly biased towards species with C3 photosynthesis relative to C4 species. Here, we outline potential strategies for improving C4 photosynthesis to increase yields in crops by reviewing the major bottlenecks limiting the C4 NADP-malic enzyme pathway under optimal and suboptimal conditions. Recent experimental results demonstrate that steady-state C4 photosynthesis under non-stressed conditions can be enhanced by increasing Rubisco content or electron transport capacity, both of which may also stimulate CO2 assimilation at supraoptimal temperatures. Several additional putative bottlenecks for photosynthetic performance under drought, heat, or chilling stress or during photosynthetic induction await further experimental verification. Based on source-sink interactions in maize, sugarcane, and sorghum, alleviating these photosynthetic bottlenecks during establishment and growth of the harvestable parts are likely to improve yield. The expected benefits are also shown to be augmented by the increasing trend in planting density, which increases the impact of photosynthetic source limitation on crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R G Sales
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jochem B Evers
- Centre for Crops Systems Analysis (WUR), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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12
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Acceleration of Carbon Fixation in Chilling-Sensitive Banana under Mild and Moderate Chilling Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239326. [PMID: 33297477 PMCID: PMC7730866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana is one of the most important food and fruit crops in the world and its growth is ceasing at 10–17 °C. However, the mechanisms determining the tolerance of banana to mild (>15 °C) and moderate chilling (10–15 °C) are elusive. Furthermore, the biochemical controls over the photosynthesis in tropical plant species at low temperatures above 10 °C is not well understood. The purpose of this research was to reveal the response of chilling-sensitive banana to mild (16 °C) and moderate chilling stress (10 °C) at the molecular (transcripts, proteins) and physiological levels. The results showed different transcriptome responses between mild and moderate chilling stresses, especially in pathways of plant hormone signal transduction, ABC transporters, ubiquinone, and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis. Interestingly, functions related to carbon fixation were assigned preferentially to upregulated genes/proteins, while photosynthesis and photosynthesis-antenna proteins were downregulated at 10 °C, as revealed by both digital gene expression and proteomic analysis. These results were confirmed by qPCR and immunofluorescence labeling methods. Conclusion: Banana responded to the mild chilling stress dramatically at the molecular level. To compensate for the decreased photosynthesis efficiency caused by mild and moderate chilling stresses, banana accelerated its carbon fixation, mainly through upregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases.
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13
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Feiz L, Strickler SR, van Eck J, Mao L, Movahed N, Taylor C, Gourabathini P, Fei Z, Stern DB. Setaria viridis chlorotic and seedling-lethal mutants define critical functions for chloroplast gene expression. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:917-931. [PMID: 32812296 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deep insights into chloroplast biogenesis have been obtained by mutant analysis; however, in C4 plants a relevant mutant collection has only been developed and exploited for maize. Here, we report the initial characterization of an ethyl methyl sulfonate-induced mutant population for the C4 model Setaria viridis. Approximately 1000 M2 families were screened for the segregation of pale-green seedlings in the M3 generation, and a subset of these was identified to be deficient in post-transcriptional steps of chloroplast gene expression. Causative mutations were identified for three lines using deep sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis, and in one case confirmed by transgenic complementation. Using chloroplast RNA-sequencing and other molecular assays, we describe phenotypes of mutants deficient in PSRP7, a plastid-specific ribosomal protein, OTP86, an RNA editing factor, and cpPNP, the chloroplast isozyme of polynucleotide phosphorylase. The psrp mutant is globally defective in chloroplast translation, and has varying deficiencies in the accumulation of chloroplast-encoded proteins. The otp86 mutant, like its Arabidopsis counterpart, is specifically defective in editing of the rps14 mRNA; however, the conditional pale-green mutant phenotype contrasts with the normal growth of the Arabidopsis mutant. The pnp mutant exhibited multiple defects in 3' end maturation as well as other qualitative changes in the chloroplast RNA population. Overall, our collection opens the door to global analysis of photosynthesis and early seedling development in an emerging C4 model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Feiz
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | | | - Joyce van Eck
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Linyong Mao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Navid Movahed
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Q² Solutions, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Caroline Taylor
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Lansing High School, Lansing, New York, 14882, USA
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, New York, 14850, USA
| | | | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - David B Stern
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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14
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Pignon CP, Long SP. Retrospective analysis of biochemical limitations to photosynthesis in 49 species: C 4 crops appear still adapted to pre-industrial atmospheric [CO 2 ]. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2606-2622. [PMID: 32743797 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf CO2 uptake (A) in C4 photosynthesis is limited by the maximum apparent rate of PEPc carboxylation (Vpmax ) at low intercellular [CO2 ] (ci ) with a sharp transition to a ci -saturated rate (Vmax ) due to co-limitation by ribulose-1:5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and regeneration of PEP. The response of A to ci has been widely used to determine these two parameters. Vmax and Vpmax depend on different enzymes but draw on a shared pool of leaf resources, such that resource distribution is optimized, and A maximized, when Vmax and Vpmax are co-limiting. We collected published A/ci curves in 49 C4 species and assessed variation in photosynthetic traits between phylogenetic groups, and as a function of atmospheric [CO2 ]. The balance of Vmax -Vpmax varied among evolutionary lineages and C4 subtypes. Operating A was strongly Vmax -limited, such that re-allocation of resources from Vpmax towards Vmax was predicted to improve A by 12% in C4 crops. This would not require additional inputs but rather altered partitioning of existing leaf nutrients, resulting in increased water and nutrient-use efficiency. Optimal partitioning was achieved only in plants grown at pre-industrial atmospheric [CO2 ], suggesting C4 crops have not adjusted to the rapid increase in atmospheric [CO2 ] of the past few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Pignon
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, UK
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15
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Serrano-Romero EA, Cousins AB. Cold acclimation of mesophyll conductance, bundle-sheath conductance and leakiness in Miscanthus × giganteus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1594-1606. [PMID: 32112409 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cold acclimations of mesophyll conductance (gm ), bundle-sheath conductance (gbs ) and the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) of C4 plants have not been well studied. Here, we estimated the temperature response of gm , gbs and leakiness (ϕ), the amount of concentrated CO2 that escapes the bundle-sheath cells, for the chilling-tolerant C4 plant Miscanthus × giganteus grown at 14 and 25°C. To estimate these parameters, we combined the C4 -enzyme-limited photosynthesis model and the Δ13 C discrimination model. These combined models were parameterised using in vitro activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (PPDK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc). Cold-grown Miscanthus plants increased in vitro activities of RuBisCO and PPDK but decreased PEPc activity compared with warm-grown plants. Mesophyll conductance and gbs responded strongly to measurement temperatures but did not differ between plants from the two growth temperatures. Furthermore, modelling showed that ϕ increased with measurement temperatures for both cold-grown and warm-grown plants, but was only marginally larger in cold-grown compared with warm-grown plants. Our results in Miscanthus support that gm and gbs are unresponsive to growth temperature and that the CCM is able to acclimate to cold through increased activity of PPDK and RuBisCO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
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16
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Salesse‐Smith CE, Sharwood RE, Busch FA, Stern DB. Increased Rubisco content in maize mitigates chilling stress and speeds recovery. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1409-1420. [PMID: 31793172 PMCID: PMC7207003 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many C4 plants, including maize, perform poorly under chilling conditions. This phenomenon has been linked in part to decreased Rubisco abundance at lower temperatures. An exception to this is chilling-tolerant Miscanthus, which is able to maintain Rubisco protein content under such conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate whether increasing Rubisco content in maize could improve performance during or following chilling stress. Here, we demonstrate that transgenic lines overexpressing Rubisco large and small subunits and the Rubisco assembly factor RAF1 (RAF1-LSSS), which have increased Rubisco content and growth under control conditions, maintain increased Rubisco content and growth during chilling stress. RAF1-LSSS plants exhibited 12% higher CO2 assimilation relative to nontransgenic controls under control growth conditions, and a 17% differential after 2 weeks of chilling stress, although assimilation rates of all genotypes were ~50% lower in chilling conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed RAF1-LSSS and WT plants had similar rates of photochemical quenching during chilling, suggesting Rubisco may not be the primary limiting factor that leads to poor performance in maize under chilling conditions. In contrast, RAF1-LSSS had improved photochemical quenching before and after chilling stress, suggesting that increased Rubisco may help plants recover faster from chilling conditions. Relatively increased leaf area, dry weight and plant height observed before chilling in RAF1-LSSS were also maintained during chilling. Together, these results demonstrate that an increase in Rubisco content allows maize plants to better cope with chilling stress and also improves their subsequent recovery, yet additional modifications are required to engineer chilling tolerance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie E. Salesse‐Smith
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Robert E. Sharwood
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Florian A. Busch
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - David B. Stern
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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17
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Zhong M, Yang X, Hu Y, Huang L, Peng Y, Li Z, Liu Q, Wang X, Zhang X, Nie G. Identification of candidate reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR in Miscanthus sinensis subjected to various abiotic stresses. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2913-2927. [PMID: 32222917 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) has been widely used for studying gene expression at the transcript level. Its accuracy usually relies on the reference genes that are utilized for data normalization. Miscanthus sinensis, a perennial C4 grass with high biomass and strong resistance to adversities, is often utilized as a high value energy crop. However, no reliable reference genes have been investigated for normalizing gene expression for this species. In this study, 12 candidate reference genes were selected to identify their stability under five different abiotic stress treatments (drought, salt, cadmium, chromium and arsenic) by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder softwares. The results showed that 18S rRNA and Unigene33312 were the best reference genes under drought treatments. Unigene33312 and Unigene33024 were found to be the most stably expressed genes under salt stress and Cd stress. Moreover, Unigene33024 and PP2A were the most suitable reference genes under Cr stress and Unigene33024 and Sb09g019750 were deemed more suitable reference genes under As stress. In total, considering all the samples, Unigene33024 and PP2A were the most stable genes while ACTIN and Unigene26576 were the least stable reference genes for internal control. The expression patterns of two target genes (Cu/Zn SOD and CAT) were used to further verify those selected reference genes under different conditions. The results showed that the most and the least stable reference genes had clearly different expression patterns. This work comprehensively estimated the stability of reference genes in M. sinensis which may give insight to the reference genes selection in other tissues as well as other related varieties. These suggested reference genes would assist in further putative gene expression validation in M. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyi Zhong
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiyue Hu
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Linkai Huang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuxu Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Gang Nie
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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18
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Li Q, Xiang C, Xu L, Cui J, Fu S, Chen B, Yang S, Wang P, Xie Y, Wei M, Wang Z. SMRT sequencing of a full-length transcriptome reveals transcript variants involved in C18 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways at chilling temperature in Pennisetum giganteum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:52. [PMID: 31948405 PMCID: PMC6966868 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pennisetum giganteum, an abundant, fast-growing perennial C4 grass that belongs to the genus Pennisetum, family Poaceae, has been developed as a source of biomass for mushroom cultivation and production, as a source of forage for cattle and sheep, and as a tool to remedy soil erosion. However, having a chilling-sensitive nature, P. giganteum seedlings need to be protected while overwintering in most temperate climate regions. Results To elucidate the cold stress responses of P. giganteum, we carried out comprehensive full-length transcriptomes from leaf and root tissues under room temperature (RT) and chilling temperature (CT) using PacBio Iso-Seq long reads. We identified 196,124 and 140,766 full-length consensus transcripts in the RT and CT samples, respectively. We then systematically performed functional annotation, transcription factor identification, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) prediction, and simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis of those full-length transcriptomes. Isoform analysis revealed that alternative splicing events may be induced by cold stress in P. giganteum, and transcript variants may be involved in C18 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways at chilling temperature in P. giganteum. Furthermore, the fatty acid composition determination and gene expression level analysis supported that C18 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways may play roles during cold stress in P. giganteum. Conclusions We provide the first comprehensive full-length transcriptomic resource for the abundant and fast-growing perennial grass Pennisetum giganteum. Our results provide a useful transcriptomic resource for exploring the biological pathways involved in the cold stress responses of P. giganteum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Li
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Conglin Xiang
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinghua Cui
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shao Fu
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Baolin Chen
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shoukun Yang
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfeng Xie
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Wei
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhanchang Wang
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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19
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Duran Garzon C, Lequart M, Rautengarten C, Bassard S, Sellier-Richard H, Baldet P, Heazlewood JL, Gibon Y, Domon JM, Giauffret C, Rayon C. Regulation of carbon metabolism in two maize sister lines contrasted for chilling tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:356-369. [PMID: 31557299 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Maize can grow in cool temperate climates but is often exposed to spring chilling temperatures that can affect early seedling growth. Here, we used two sister double-haploid lines displaying a contrasted tolerance to chilling to identify major determinants of long-term chilling tolerance. The chilling-sensitive (CS) and the chilling-tolerant (CT) lines were grown at 14 °C day/10 °C night for 60 d. CS plants displayed a strong reduction in growth and aerial biomass compared with CT plants. Photosynthetic efficiency was affected with an increase in energy dissipation in both lines. Chilling tolerance in CT plants was associated with higher chlorophyll content, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, and higher sucrose to starch ratio. Few changes in cell wall composition were observed in both genotypes. There was no obvious correlation between nucleotide sugar content and cell wall polysaccharide composition. Our findings suggest that the central starch-sucrose metabolism is one major determinant of the response to low temperature, and its modulation accounts for the ability of CT plants to cope with low temperature. This modulation seemed to be linked to a strong alteration in the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugars that, at a high level, could reflect the remobilization of carbon in response to chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Duran Garzon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Michelle Lequart
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Solène Bassard
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Hélène Sellier-Richard
- Unité Expérimentale Grandes Cultures Innovation et Environnement, INRA-Estrées-Mons, Péronne, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Bordeaux Métabolome, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Bordeaux Métabolome, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Catherine Rayon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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20
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Collison RF, Raven EC, Pignon CP, Long SP. Light, Not Age, Underlies the Maladaptation of Maize and Miscanthus Photosynthesis to Self-Shading. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:783. [PMID: 32733493 PMCID: PMC7358635 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Zea mays and Miscanthus × giganteus use NADP-ME subtype C4 photosynthesis and are important food and biomass crops, respectively. Both crops are grown in dense stands where shaded leaves can contribute a significant proportion of overall canopy productivity. This is because shaded leaves, despite intercepting little light, typically process light energy very efficiently for photosynthesis, when compared to light-saturated leaves at the top of the canopy. However, an apparently maladaptive loss in photosynthetic light-use efficiency as leaves become shaded has been shown to reduce productivity in these two species. It is unclear whether this is due to leaf aging or progressive shading from leaves forming above. This was resolved here by analysing photosynthesis in leaves of the same chronological age in the centre and exposed southern edge of field plots of these crops. Photosynthetic light-response curves were used to assess maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis; the key measure of photosynthetic capacity of a leaf in shade. Compared to the upper canopy, maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis of lower canopy leaves was significantly reduced in the plot centre; but increased slightly at the plot edge. This indicates loss of efficiency of shaded leaves is due not to aging, but to the altered light environment of the lower canopy, i.e., reduced light intensity and/or altered spectral composition. This work expands knowledge of the cause of this maladaptive shade response, which limits productivity of some of the world's most important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Collison
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C. Raven
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles P. Pignon
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Stephen P. Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Stephen P. Long,
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21
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Genetic Architecture of Chilling Tolerance in Sorghum Dissected with a Nested Association Mapping Population. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:4045-4057. [PMID: 31611346 PMCID: PMC6893202 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dissecting the genetic architecture of stress tolerance in crops is critical to understand and improve adaptation. In temperate climates, early planting of chilling-tolerant varieties could provide longer growing seasons and drought escape, but chilling tolerance (<15°) is generally lacking in tropical-origin crops. Here we developed a nested association mapping (NAM) population to dissect the genetic architecture of early-season chilling tolerance in the tropical-origin cereal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench). The NAM resource, developed from reference line BTx623 and three chilling-tolerant Chinese lines, is comprised of 771 recombinant inbred lines genotyped by sequencing at 43,320 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We phenotyped the NAM population for emergence, seedling vigor, and agronomic traits (>75,000 data points from ∼16,000 plots) in multi-environment field trials in Kansas under natural chilling stress (sown 30-45 days early) and normal growing conditions. Joint linkage mapping with early-planted field phenotypes revealed an oligogenic architecture, with 5-10 chilling tolerance loci explaining 20-41% of variation. Surprisingly, several of the major chilling tolerance loci co-localize precisely with the classical grain tannin (Tan1 and Tan2) and dwarfing genes (Dw1 and Dw3) that were under strong directional selection in the US during the 20th century. These findings suggest that chilling sensitivity was inadvertently selected due to coinheritance with desired nontannin and dwarfing alleles. The characterization of genetic architecture with NAM reveals why past chilling tolerance breeding was stymied and provides a path for genomics-enabled breeding of chilling tolerance.
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Singer SD, Soolanayakanahally RY, Foroud NA, Kroebel R. Biotechnological strategies for improved photosynthesis in a future of elevated atmospheric CO 2. PLANTA 2019; 251:24. [PMID: 31784816 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of photosynthesis using biotechnological approaches has been the focus of much research. It is now vital that these strategies be assessed under future atmospheric conditions. The demand for crop products is expanding at an alarming rate due to population growth, enhanced affluence, increased per capita calorie consumption, and an escalating need for plant-based bioproducts. While solving this issue will undoubtedly involve a multifaceted approach, improving crop productivity will almost certainly provide one piece of the puzzle. The improvement of photosynthetic efficiency has been a long-standing goal of plant biotechnologists as possibly one of the last remaining means of achieving higher yielding crops. However, the vast majority of these studies have not taken into consideration possible outcomes when these plants are grown long-term under the elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) that will be evident in the not too distant future. Due to the considerable effect that CO2 levels have on the photosynthetic process, these assessments should become commonplace as a means of ensuring that research in this field focuses on the most effective approaches for our future climate scenarios. In this review, we discuss the main biotechnological research strategies that are currently underway with the aim of improving photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production/yields in the context of a future of e[CO2], as well as alternative approaches that may provide further photosynthetic benefits under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Singer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Roland Kroebel
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
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Slavov GT, Davey CL, Bosch M, Robson PRH, Donnison IS, Mackay IJ. Genomic index selection provides a pragmatic framework for setting and refining multi-objective breeding targets in Miscanthus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:521-530. [PMID: 30351424 PMCID: PMC6821339 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miscanthus has potential as a biomass crop but the development of varieties that are consistently superior to the natural hybrid M. × giganteus has been challenging, presumably because of strong G × E interactions and poor knowledge of the complex genetic architectures of traits underlying biomass productivity and climatic adaptation. While linkage and association mapping studies are starting to generate long lists of candidate regions and even individual genes, it seems unlikely that this information can be translated into effective marker-assisted selection for the needs of breeding programmes. Genomic selection has emerged as a viable alternative, and prediction accuracies are moderate across a range of phenological and morphometric traits in Miscanthus, though relatively low for biomass yield per se. METHODS We have previously proposed a combination of index selection and genomic prediction as a way of overcoming the limitations imposed by the inherent complexity of biomass yield. Here we extend this approach and illustrate its potential to achieve multiple breeding targets simultaneously, in the absence of a priori knowledge about their relative economic importance, while also monitoring correlated selection responses for non-target traits. We evaluate two hypothetical scenarios of increasing biomass yield by 20 % within a single round of selection. In the first scenario, this is achieved in combination with delaying flowering by 44 d (roughly 20 %), whereas, in the second, increased yield is targeted jointly with reduced lignin (-5 %) and increased cellulose (+5 %) content, relative to current average levels in the breeding population. KEY RESULTS In both scenarios, the objectives were achieved efficiently (selection intensities corresponding to keeping the best 20 and 4 % of genotypes, respectively). However, the outcomes were strikingly different in terms of correlated responses, and the relative economic values (i.e. value per unit of change in each trait compared with that for biomass yield) of secondary traits included in selection indices varied considerably. CONCLUSIONS Although these calculations rely on multiple assumptions, they highlight the need to evaluate breeding objectives and explicitly consider correlated responses in silico, prior to committing extensive resources. The proposed approach is broadly applicable for this purpose and can readily incorporate high-throughput phenotyping data as part of integrated breeding platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gancho T Slavov
- Computational & Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Christopher L Davey
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Paul R H Robson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Iain S Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
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Dehigaspitiya P, Milham P, Ash GJ, Arun-Chinnappa K, Gamage D, Martin A, Nagasaka S, Seneweera S. Exploring natural variation of photosynthesis in a site-specific manner: evolution, progress, and prospects. PLANTA 2019; 250:1033-1050. [PMID: 31254100 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific changes of photosynthesis, a relatively new concept, can be used to improve the productivity of critical food crops to mitigate the foreseen food crisis. Global food security is threatened by an increasing population and the effects of climate change. Large yield improvements were achieved in major cereal crops between the 1950s and 1980s through the Green Revolution. However, we are currently experiencing a significant decline in yield progress. Of the many approaches to improved cereal yields, exploitation of the mode of photosynthesis has been intensely studied. Even though the C4 pathway is considered the most efficient, mainly because of the carbon concentrating mechanisms around the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, which minimize photorespiration, much is still unknown about the specific gene regulation of this mode of photosynthesis. Most of the critical cereal crops, including wheat and rice, are categorized as C3 plants based on the photosynthesis of major photosynthetic organs. However, recent findings raise the possibility of different modes of photosynthesis occurring at different sites in the same plant and/or in plants grown in different habitats. That is, it seems possible that efficient photosynthetic traits may be expressed in specific organs, even though the major photosynthetic pathway is C3. Knowledge of site-specific differences in photosynthesis, coupled with site-specific regulation of gene expression, may therefore hold a potential to enhance the yields of economically important C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Milham
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, LB 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Gavin J Ash
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Kiruba Arun-Chinnappa
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Dananjali Gamage
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Anke Martin
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Seiji Nagasaka
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hanthana Road, Kandy, 20000, Central, Sri Lanka.
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Pignon CP, Lundgren MR, Osborne CP, Long SP. Bundle sheath chloroplast volume can house sufficient Rubisco to avoid limiting C4 photosynthesis during chilling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:357-365. [PMID: 30407578 PMCID: PMC6305190 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
C4 leaves confine Rubisco to bundle sheath cells. Thus, the size of bundle sheath compartments and the total volume of chloroplasts within them limit the space available for Rubisco. Rubisco activity limits photosynthesis at low temperatures. C3 plants counter this limitation by increasing leaf Rubisco content, yet few C4 species do the same. Because C3 plants usually outperform C4 plants in chilling environments, it has been suggested that there is insufficient chloroplast volume available in the bundle sheath of C4 leaves to allow such an increase in Rubisco at low temperatures. We investigated this potential limitation by measuring bundle sheath and mesophyll compartment volumes and chloroplast contents, as well as leaf thickness and inter-veinal distance, in three C4 Andropogoneae grasses: two crops (Zea mays and Saccharum officinarum) and a wild, chilling-tolerant grass (Miscanthus × giganteus). A wild C4 Paniceae grass (Alloteropsis semialata) was also included. Despite significant structural differences between species, there was no evidence of increased bundle sheath chloroplast volume per leaf area available to the chilling-tolerant species, relative to the chilling-sensitive ones. Maximal theoretical photosynthetic capacity of the leaf far exceeded the photosynthetic rates achieved even at low temperatures. C4 bundle sheath cells therefore have the chloroplast volume to house sufficient Rubisco to avoid limiting C4 photosynthesis during chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Pignon
- University of Illinois, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and of Plant Biology, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marjorie R Lundgren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Boston, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen P Long
- University of Illinois, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Departments of Crop Sciences and of Plant Biology, Urbana, IL, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Fonteyne S, Muylle H, Lootens P, Kerchev P, Van den Ende W, Staelens A, Reheul D, Roldán-Ruiz I. Physiological basis of chilling tolerance and early-season growth in miscanthus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:281-295. [PMID: 29300823 PMCID: PMC5808799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The high productivity of Miscanthus × giganteus has been at least partly ascribed to its high chilling tolerance compared with related C4 crops, allowing for a longer productive growing season in temperate climates. However, the chilling tolerance of M. × giganteus has been predominantly studied under controlled environmental conditions. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms contributing to chilling tolerance in the field and their variation in different miscanthus genotypes is largely unexplored. METHODS Five miscanthus genotypes with different sensitivities to chilling were grown in the field and scored for a comprehensive set of physiological traits throughout the spring season. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured as an indication of photosynthesis, and leaf samples were analysed for biochemical traits related to photosynthetic activity (chlorophyll content and pyruvate, Pi dikinase activity), redox homeostasis (malondialdehyde, glutathione and ascorbate contents, and catalase activity) and water-soluble carbohydrate content. KEY RESULTS Chilling-tolerant genotypes were characterized by higher levels of malondialdehyde, raffinose and sucrose, and higher catalase activity, while the chilling-sensitive genotypes were characterized by higher concentrations of glucose and fructose, and higher pyruvate, Pi dikinase activity later in the growing season. On the early sampling dates, the biochemical responses of M. × giganteus were similar to those of the chilling-tolerant genotypes, but later in the season they became more similar to those of the chilling-sensitive genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The overall physiological response of chilling-tolerant genotypes was distinguishable from that of chilling-sensitive genotypes, while M. × giganteus was intermediate between the two. There appears to be a trade-off between high and efficient photosynthesis and chilling stress tolerance. Miscanthus × giganteus is able to overcome this trade-off and, while it is more similar to the chilling-sensitive genotypes in early spring, its photosynthetic capacity is similar to that of the chilling-tolerant genotypes later on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fonteyne
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Production, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Peter Lootens
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Pavel Kerchev
- Ghent University, VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ariane Staelens
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Dirk Reheul
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Production, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent, Belgium
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Hui D, Yu CL, Deng Q, Dzantor EK, Zhou S, Dennis S, Sauve R, Johnson TL, Fay PA, Shen W, Luo Y. Effects of precipitation changes on switchgrass photosynthesis, growth, and biomass: A mesocosm experiment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192555. [PMID: 29420600 PMCID: PMC5805322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate changes, including chronic changes in precipitation amounts, will influence plant physiology and growth. However, such precipitation effects on switchgrass, a major bioenergy crop, have not been well investigated. We conducted a two-year precipitation simulation experiment using large pots (95 L) in an environmentally controlled greenhouse in Nashville, TN. Five precipitation treatments (ambient precipitation, and -50%, -33%, +33%, and +50% of ambient) were applied in a randomized complete block design with lowland "Alamo" switchgrass plants one year after they were established from tillers. The growing season progression of leaf physiology, tiller number, height, and aboveground biomass were determined each growing season. Precipitation treatments significantly affected leaf physiology, growth, and aboveground biomass. The photosynthetic rates in the wet (+50% and +33%) treatments were significantly enhanced by 15.9% and 8.1%, respectively, than the ambient treatment. Both leaf biomass and plant height were largely increased, resulting in dramatically increases in aboveground biomass by 56.5% and 49.6% in the +50% and +33% treatments, respectively. Compared to the ambient treatment, the drought (-33% and -50%) treatments did not influence leaf physiology, but the -50% treatment significantly reduced leaf biomass by 37.8%, plant height by 16.3%, and aboveground biomass by 38.9%. This study demonstrated that while switchgrass in general is a drought tolerant grass, severe drought significantly reduces Alamo's growth and biomass, and that high precipitation stimulates its photosynthesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Chih-Li Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Qi Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - E. Kudjo Dzantor
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Suping Zhou
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sam Dennis
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Roger Sauve
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Terrance L. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Fay
- Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, United State Department of Agriculture, Temple, Texas, United States of America
| | - Weijun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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28
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Watcharamongkol T, Christin PA, Osborne CP. C4photosynthesis evolved in warm climates but promoted migration to cooler ones. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:376-383. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teera Watcharamongkol
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | | | - Colin P. Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
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29
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Nie G, Tang L, Zhang Y, Huang L, Ma X, Cao X, Pan L, Zhang X, Zhang X. Development of SSR Markers Based on Transcriptome Sequencing and Association Analysis with Drought Tolerance in Perennial Grass Miscanthus from China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:801. [PMID: 28559912 PMCID: PMC5432562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Drought has become a critical environmental stress affecting on plant in temperate area. As one of the promising bio-energy crops to sustainable biomass production, the genus Miscanthus has been widely studied around the world. However, the most widely used hybrid cultivar among this genus, Miscanthus × giganteus is proved poor drought tolerance compared to some parental species. Here we mainly focused on Miscanthus sinensis, which is one of the progenitors of M. × giganteus providing a comparable yield and well abiotic stress tolerance in some places. The main objectives were to characterize the physiological and photosynthetic respond to drought stress and to develop simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers associated with drought tolerance by transcriptome sequencing within an originally collection of 44 Miscanthus genotypes from southwest China. Significant phenotypic differences were observed among genotypes, and the average of leaf relative water content (RWC) were severely affected by drought stress decreasing from 88.27 to 43.21%, which could well contribute to separating the drought resistant and drought sensitive genotype of Miscanthus. Furthermore, a total of 16,566 gene-associated SSRs markers were identified based on Illumina RNA sequencing under drought conditions, and 93 of them were randomly selected to validate. In total, 70 (75.3%) SSRs were successfully amplified and the generated loci from 30 polymorphic SSRs were used to estimate the genetic differentiation and population structure. Finally, two optimum subgroups of the population were determined by structure analysis and based on association analysis, seven significant associations were identified including two markers with leaf RWC and five markers with photosynthetic traits. With the rich sequencing resources annotation, such associations would serve an efficient tool for Miscanthus drought response mechanism study and facilitate genetic improvement of drought resistant for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural UniversitySichuan, China
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30
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Sage RF. A portrait of the C4 photosynthetic family on the 50th anniversary of its discovery: species number, evolutionary lineages, and Hall of Fame. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4039-4056. [PMID: 28110278 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, the C4 photosynthetic pathway was first characterized. In the subsequent five decades, much has been learned about C4 plants, such that it is now possible to place nearly all C4 species into their respective evolutionary lineages. Sixty-one independent lineages of C4 photosynthesis are identified, with additional, ancillary C4 origins possible in 12 of these principal lineages. The lineages produced ~8100 C4 species (5044 grasses, 1322 sedges, and 1777 eudicots). Using midpoints of stem and crown node dates in their respective phylogenies, the oldest and most speciose C4 lineage is the grass lineage Chloridoideae, estimated to be near 30 million years old. Most C4 lineages are estimated to be younger than 15 million years. Older C4 lineages tend to be more speciose, while those younger than 7 million years have <43 species each. To further highlight C4 photosynthesis for a 50th anniversary snapshot, a Hall of Fame comprised of the 40 most significant C4 species is presented. Over the next 50 years, preservation of the Earth's C4 diversity is a concern, largely because of habitat loss due to elevated CO2 effects, invasive species, and expanded agricultural activities. Ironically, some members of the C4 Hall of Fame are leading threats to the natural C4 flora due to their association with human activities on landscapes where most C4 plants occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5R3C6
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Riva-Roveda L, Escale B, Giauffret C, Périlleux C. Maize plants can enter a standby mode to cope with chilling stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:212. [PMID: 27716066 PMCID: PMC5050578 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND European Flint maize inbred lines are used as a source of adaptation to cold in most breeding programs in Northern Europe. A deep understanding of their adaptation strategy could thus provide valuable clues for further improvement, which is required in the current context of climate change. We therefore compared six inbreds and two derived Flint x Dent hybrids for their response to one-week at low temperature (10 °C day/7 or 4 °C night) during steady-state vegetative growth. RESULTS Leaf growth was arrested during chilling treatment but recovered fast upon return to warm temperature, so that no negative effect on shoot biomass was measured. Gene expression analyses of the emerging leaf in the hybrids suggest that plants maintained a 'ready-to-grow' state during chilling since cell cycle genes were not differentially expressed in the division zone and genes coding for expansins were on the opposite up-regulated in the elongation zone. In photosynthetic tissues, a strong reduction in PSII efficiency was measured. Chilling repressed chlorophyll biosynthesis; we detected accumulation of the precursor geranylgeranyl chlorophyll a and down-regulation of GERANYLGERANYL REDUCTASE (GGR) in mature leaf tissues. Excess light energy was mostly dissipated through fluorescence and constitutive thermal dissipation processes, rather than by light-regulated thermal dissipation. Consistently, only weak clues of xanthophyll cycle activation were found. CO2 assimilation was reduced by chilling, as well as the expression levels of genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), and the small subunit of Rubisco. Accumulation of sugars was correlated with a strong decrease of the specific leaf area (SLA). CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our study reveals good tolerance of the photosynthetic machinery of Northern European maize to chilling and suggests that growth arrest might be their strategy for fast recovery after a mild stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Riva-Roveda
- Arvalis – Institut du Végétal, Service Génétique, Physiologie et Protection des Plantes, Chemin de Pau 21, F-64121 Montardon, France
- UMR SADV, INRA, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, F-80203 Estrées-Mons, France
- InBioS, PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman Campus Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la Vallée 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Escale
- Arvalis – Institut du Végétal, Service Génétique, Physiologie et Protection des Plantes, Chemin de Pau 21, F-64121 Montardon, France
| | - Catherine Giauffret
- UMR SADV, INRA, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, F-80203 Estrées-Mons, France
- UR AgroImpact, INRA, F-80203 Estrées-Mons, France
| | - Claire Périlleux
- InBioS, PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman Campus Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la Vallée 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Chen YB, Wang D, Ge XL, Zhao BG, Wang XC, Wang BC. Comparative proteomics of leaves found at different stem positions of maize seedlings. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 198:116-28. [PMID: 27176136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the roles of leaves at different stem positions during plant development, we measured the physiological properties of leaves 1-4 on maize seedling stems, and performed a proteomics study to investigate the differences in protein expression in the four leaves using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry in conjunction with database searching. A total of 167 significantly differentially expressed protein spots were found and identified. Of these, 35% are involved in photosynthesis. By further analysis of the data, we speculated that in leaf 1 the seedling has started to transition from a heterotroph to an autotroph, development of leaf 2 is the time at which the seedling fully transitions from a heterotroph to an autotroph, and leaf maturity was reached only with fully expanded leaves 3 and 4, although there were still some protein expression differences in the two leaves. These results suggest that the different leaves make different contributions to maize seedling growth via modulation of the expression of the photosynthetic proteins. Together, these results provide insight into the roles of the different maize leaves as the plant develops from a heterotroph to an autotroph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bo Chen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xuan-Liang Ge
- Institute of Cultivation and Tillage of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haerbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Biligen-Gaowa Zhao
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Chu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Bai-Chen Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China.
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Sage RF. A portrait of the C4 photosynthetic family on the 50th anniversary of its discovery: species number, evolutionary lineages, and Hall of Fame. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4039-56. [PMID: 27053721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, the C4 photosynthetic pathway was first characterized. In the subsequent five decades, much has been learned about C4 plants, such that it is now possible to place nearly all C4 species into their respective evolutionary lineages. Sixty-one independent lineages of C4 photosynthesis are identified, with additional, ancillary C4 origins possible in 12 of these principal lineages. The lineages produced ~8100 C4 species (5044 grasses, 1322 sedges, and 1777 eudicots). Using midpoints of stem and crown node dates in their respective phylogenies, the oldest and most speciose C4 lineage is the grass lineage Chloridoideae, estimated to be near 30 million years old. Most C4 lineages are estimated to be younger than 15 million years. Older C4 lineages tend to be more speciose, while those younger than 7 million years have <43 species each. To further highlight C4 photosynthesis for a 50th anniversary snapshot, a Hall of Fame comprised of the 40 most significant C4 species is presented. Over the next 50 years, preservation of the Earth's C4 diversity is a concern, largely because of habitat loss due to elevated CO2 effects, invasive species, and expanded agricultural activities. Ironically, some members of the C4 Hall of Fame are leading threats to the natural C4 flora due to their association with human activities on landscapes where most C4 plants occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5R3C6
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Friesen PC, Sage RF. Photosynthetic responses to chilling in a chilling-tolerant and chilling-sensitive Miscanthus hybrid. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1420-1431. [PMID: 26714623 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus is a C4 perennial grass being developed for bioenergy production in temperate regions where chilling events are common. To evaluate chilling effects on Miscanthus, we assessed the processes controlling net CO2 assimilation rate (A) in Miscanthus x giganteus (M161) and a chilling-sensitive Miscanthus hybrid (M115) before and after a chilling treatment of 12/5 °C. The temperature response of A and maximum Rubisco activity in vitro were identical below 20 °C in chilled and unchilled M161, demonstrating Rubisco capacity limits or co-limits A at cooler temperatures. By contrast, A in M115 decreased at all measurement temperatures after growth at 12/5 °C. Rubisco activity in vitro declined in proportion to the reduction in A in chilled M115 plants, indicating Rubisco capacity is responsible in part for the decline in A. Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase activities were also reduced by the chilling treatment when assayed at 28 °C, indicating this enzyme may also contribute to the reduction in A in M115. The maximum extractable activities of PEPCase and NADP-ME remained largely unchanged after chilling. The carboxylation efficiency of the C4 cycle was depressed in both genotypes to a similar extent after chilling. ΦP :ΦCO2 remained unchanged in both genotypes indicating the C3 and C4 cycles decline equivalently upon chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Friesen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - R F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Jiao X, Kørup K, Andersen MN, Petersen KK, Prade T, Jeżowski S, Ornatowski S, Górynowicz B, Spitz I, Lærke PE, Jørgensen U. Low-temperature leaf photosynthesis of a Miscanthus germplasm collection correlates positively to shoot growth rate and specific leaf area. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:1229-39. [PMID: 27192706 PMCID: PMC4904170 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The C4 perennial grass miscanthus has been found to be less sensitive to cold than most other C4 species, but still emerges later in spring than C3 species. Genotypic differences in miscanthus were investigated to identify genotypes with a high cold tolerance at low temperatures and quick recovery upon rising temperatures to enable them to exploit the early growing season in maritime cold climates. Suitable methods for field screening of cold tolerance in miscanthus were also identified. METHODS Fourteen genotypes of M. sacchariflorus, M. sinensis, M. tinctorius and M. × giganteus were selected and grown under warm (24 °C) and cold (14 °C) conditions in a controlled environment. Dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence, specific leaf area (SLA) and net photosynthetic rate at a photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of 1000 μmol m(-2) s(-1) (A1000) were measured. Photosynthetic light and CO2 response curves were obtained from 11 of the genotypes, and shoot growth rate was measured under field conditions. KEY RESULTS A positive linear relationship was found between SLA and light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat) across genotypes, and also between shoot growth rate under cool field conditions and A1000 at 14 °C in a climate chamber. When lowering the temperature from 24 to 14 °C, one M. sacchariflorus exhibited significantly higher Asat and maximum photosynthetic rate in the CO2 response curve (Vmax) than other genotypes at 14 °C, except M × giganteus 'Hornum'. Several genotypes returned to their pre-chilling A1000 values when the temperature was increased to 24 °C after 24 d growth at 14 °C. CONCLUSIONS One M. sacchariflorus genotype had similar or higher photosynthetic capacity than M × giganteus, and may be used for cultivation together with M × giganteus or for breeding new interspecies hybrids with improved traits for temperate climates. Two easily measured variables, SLA and shoot growth rate, may be useful for genotype screening of productivity and cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Jiao
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark,
| | - Kirsten Kørup
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Karen Koefoed Petersen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - Thomas Prade
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Technology, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Stanisław Jeżowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland and
| | - Szymon Ornatowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland and
| | - Barbara Górynowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland and
| | - Idan Spitz
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Poul Erik Lærke
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Uffe Jørgensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Webster RJ, Driever SM, Kromdijk J, McGrath J, Leakey ADB, Siebke K, Demetriades-Shah T, Bonnage S, Peloe T, Lawson T, Long SP. High C3 photosynthetic capacity and high intrinsic water use efficiency underlies the high productivity of the bioenergy grass Arundo donax. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20694. [PMID: 26860066 PMCID: PMC4748246 DOI: 10.1038/srep20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arundo donax has attracted interest as a potential bioenergy crop due to a high apparent productivity. It uses C3 photosynthesis yet appears competitive with C4 grass biomass feedstock's and grows in warm conditions where C4 species might be expected to be that productive. Despite this there has been no systematic study of leaf photosynthetic properties. This study determines photosynthetic and photorespiratory parameters for leaves in a natural stand of A. donax growing in southern Portugal. We hypothesise that A. donax has a high photosynthetic potential in high and low light, stomatal limitation to be small and intrinsic water use efficiency unusually low. High photosynthetic rates in A. donax resulted from a high capacity for both maximum Rubisco (Vc,max 117 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)) and ribulose-1:5-bisphosphate limited carboxylation rate (Jmax 213 μmol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)) under light-saturated conditions. Maximum quantum yield for light-limited CO2 assimilation was also high relative to other C3 species. Photorespiratory losses were similar to other C3 species under the conditions of measurement (25%), while stomatal limitation was high (0.25) resulting in a high intrinsic water use efficiency. Overall the photosynthetic capacity of A. donax is high compared to other C3 species, and comparable to C4 bioenergy grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Webster
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, U.K
| | - Steven M. Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Justin McGrath
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew D. B. Leakey
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, U.K
| | - Stephen P. Long
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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37
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Kircher M. Sustainability of biofuels and renewable chemicals production from biomass. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 29:26-31. [PMID: 26256682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the sectors of biofuel and renewable chemicals the big feedstock demand asks, first, to expand the spectrum of carbon sources beyond primary biomass, second, to establish circular processing chains and, third, to prioritize product sectors exclusively depending on carbon: chemicals and heavy-duty fuels. Large-volume production lines will reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission significantly but also low-volume chemicals are indispensable in building 'low-carbon' industries. The foreseeable feedstock change initiates innovation, securing societal wealth in the industrialized world and creating employment in regions producing biomass. When raising the investments in rerouting to sustainable biofuel and chemicals today competitiveness with fossil-based fuel and chemicals is a strong issue. Many countries adopted comprehensive bioeconomy strategies to tackle this challenge. These public actions are mostly biased to biofuel but should give well-balanced attention to renewable chemicals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kircher
- KADIB, Kurhessenstr. 63, 60431 Frankfurt, Germany(3); CLIB(2021), Völklingerstr. 4, 40219 Düsseldorf, Germany(4).
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38
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Friesen PC, Peixoto MDM, Lee DK, Sage RF. Sub-zero cold tolerance of Spartina pectinata (prairie cordgrass) and Miscanthus × giganteus: candidate bioenergy crops for cool temperate climates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4403-13. [PMID: 25873680 PMCID: PMC4493780 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus × giganteus grown in cool temperate regions of North America and Europe can exhibit severe mortality in the year after planting, and poor frost tolerance of leaves. Spartina pectinata (prairie cordgrass), a productive C4 perennial grass native to North America, has been suggested as an alternative biofuel feedstock for colder regions; however, its cold tolerance relative to M. × giganteus is uncertain. Here, we compare the cold tolerance thresholds for winter-dormant rhizomes and spring/summer leaves of M. × giganteus and three accessions of S. pectinata. All genotypes were planted at a field site in Ontario, Canada. In November and February, the temperatures corresponding to 50% rhizome mortality (LT(50)) were near -24°C for S. pectinata and -4°C for M. × giganteus. In late April, the LT50 of rhizomes rose to -10°C for S. pectinata but remained near -4°C for M. × giganteus. Twenty percent of the M. × giganteus rhizomes collected in late April were dead while S. pectinata rhizomes showed no signs of winter injury. Photosynthesis and electrolyte leakage measurements in spring and summer demonstrate that S. pectinata leaves have greater frost tolerance in the field. For example, S. pectinata leaves remained viable above -9°C while the mortality threshold was near -5°C for M. × giganteus. These results indicate M. × giganteus will be unsuitable for production in continental interiors of cool-temperate climate zones unless freezing and frost tolerance are improved. By contrast, S. pectinata has the freezing and frost tolerance required for a higher-latitude bioenergy crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Friesen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Murilo de Melo Peixoto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - D K Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
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Boersma NN, Dohleman FG, Miguez FE, Heaton EA. Autumnal leaf senescence in Miscanthus × giganteus and leaf [N] differ by stand age. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4395-401. [PMID: 25873682 PMCID: PMC4493784 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Poor first winter survival in Miscanthus × giganteus has been anecdotally attributed to incomplete first autumn senescence, but these assessments never paired first-year with older M. × giganteus in side-by-side trials to separate the effect of weather from stand age. Here CO2 assimilation rate (A), photosystem II efficiency (ΦPSII), and leaf N concentration ([N]) were used to directly compare senescence in first, second, and third-year stands of M. × giganteus. Three M. × giganteus fields were planted with eight plots, one field each in 2009, 2010, and 2011. To quantify autumnal leaf senescence of plants within each stand age, photosynthetic and leaf [N] measurements were made twice weekly from early September until a killing frost. Following chilling events (daily temperature averages below 10 °C), photosynthetic rates in first year plants rebounded to a greater degree than those in second- and third-year plants. By the end of the growing season, first-year M. × giganteus had A and ΦPSII rates up to 4 times greater than third-year M. × giganteus, while leaf [N] was up to 2.4 times greater. The increased photosynthetic capability and leaf N status in first-year M. × giganteus suggests that the photosynthetic apparatus was not dismantled before a killing frost, thus potentially limiting nutrient translocation, and may explain why young M. × giganteus stands do not survive winter when older stands do. Because previous senescence research has primarily focused on annual or woody species, our results suggest that M. × giganteus may be an interesting herbaceous perennial system to investigate the interactive effects of plant ageing and nutrient status on senescence and may highlight management strategies that could potentially increase winter survival rates in first-year stands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank G Dohleman
- Monsanto Company, 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St Louis, MO 63167, USA
| | | | - Emily A Heaton
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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40
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Sage RF, de Melo Peixoto M, Friesen P, Deen B. C4 bioenergy crops for cool climates, with special emphasis on perennial C4 grasses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4195-212. [PMID: 25873658 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is much interest in cultivating C4 perennial plants in northern climates where there is an abundance of land and a potential large market for biofuels. C4 feedstocks can exhibit superior yields to C3 alternatives during the long warm days of summer at high latitude, but their summer success depends on an ability to tolerate deep winter cold, spring frosts, and early growth-season chill. Here, we review cold tolerance limits in C4 perennial grasses. Dozens of C4 species are known from high latitudes to 63 °N and elevations up to 5200 m, demonstrating that C4 plants can adapt to cold climates. Of the three leading C4 grasses being considered for bioenergy production in cold climates--Miscanthus spp., switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata)--all are tolerant of cool temperatures (10-15 °C), but only cordgrass tolerates hard spring frosts. All three species overwinter as dormant rhizomes. In the productive Miscanthus×giganteus hybrids, exposure to temperatures below -3 °C to -7 °C will kill overwintering rhizomes, while for upland switchgrass and cordgrass, rhizomes survive exposure to temperatures above -20 °C to -24 °C. Cordgrass emerges earlier than switchgrass and M. giganteus genotypes, but lacks the Miscanthus growth potential once warmer days of late spring arrive. To enable C4-based bioenergy production in colder climates, breeding priorities should emphasize improved cold tolerance of M.×giganteus, and enhanced productivity of switchgrass and cordgrass. This should be feasible in the near future, because wild populations of each species exhibit a diverse range of cold tolerance and growth capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Murilo de Melo Peixoto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Patrick Friesen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Bill Deen
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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41
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Long SP, Marshall-Colon A, Zhu XG. Meeting the global food demand of the future by engineering crop photosynthesis and yield potential. Cell 2015; 161:56-66. [PMID: 25815985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Increase in demand for our primary foodstuffs is outstripping increase in yields, an expanding gap that indicates large potential food shortages by mid-century. This comes at a time when yield improvements are slowing or stagnating as the approaches of the Green Revolution reach their biological limits. Photosynthesis, which has been improved little in crops and falls far short of its biological limit, emerges as the key remaining route to increase the genetic yield potential of our major crops. Thus, there is a timely need to accelerate our understanding of the photosynthetic process in crops to allow informed and guided improvements via in-silico-assisted genetic engineering. Potential and emerging approaches to improving crop photosynthetic efficiency are discussed, and the new tools needed to realize these changes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Long
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Amy Marshall-Colon
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai 200031, PRC; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PRC
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42
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Głowacka K, Jørgensen U, Kjeldsen JB, Kørup K, Spitz I, Sacks EJ, Long SP. Can the exceptional chilling tolerance of C4 photosynthesis found in Miscanthus × giganteus be exceeded? Screening of a novel Miscanthus Japanese germplasm collection. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:981-90. [PMID: 25851133 PMCID: PMC4407067 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A clone of the hybrid perennial C4 grass Miscanthus × giganteus (Mxg) is known for achieving exceptionally high rates of leaf CO2 uptake during chilling. This is a requisite of success in the early spring, as is the ability of the leaves to survive occasional frosts. The aim of this study was to search for genotypes with greater potential than Mxg for photosynthesis and frost survival under these conditions. METHODS A total of 864 accessions representing 164 local populations of M. sacchariflorus (Msa), M. sinensis (Msi) and M. tinctorius (Mti) collected across Japan were studied. Accessions whose leaves survived a natural late frost in the field were screened for high maximum photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm) following chilling weather, as an indicator of their capacity for light-limited photosynthesis. Those showing the highest Fv/Fm were transferred to a high-light-controlled environment and maintained at chilling temperatures, where they were further screened for their capacities for high-light-limited and light-saturated leaf uptake of CO2 (ΦCO2,max and Asat, respectively). KEY RESULTS For the first time, relatives of Mxg with significantly superior capacities for photosynthesis at chilling temperatures were identified. Msa accession '73/2' developed leaves in the spring that survived night-time frost, and during growth under chilling maintained a statistically significant 79 % higher ΦCO2,max, as a measure of light-limited photosynthesis, and a 70 % higher Asat, as a measure of light-saturated photosynthesis. A second Msa accession, '73/3' also showed significantly higher rates of leaf uptake of CO2. CONCLUSIONS As remarkable as Mxg has proved in its chilling tolerance of C4 photosynthesis, this study shows that there is still value and potential in searching for yet more superior tolerance. Msa accession '73/2' shows rates of light-limited and light-saturated photosynthesis at chilling temperatures that are comparable with those of the most cold-tolerant C3 species. This adds further proof to the thesis that C4 photosynthesis is not inherently limited to warm climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Głowacka
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Uffe Jørgensen
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jens B Kjeldsen
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kirsten Kørup
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Idan Spitz
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik J Sacks
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA University of Illinois, Institute of Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. 138 IGB, Urbana IL 61801, USA, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Głowacka K, Adhikari S, Peng J, Gifford J, Juvik JA, Long SP, Sacks EJ. Variation in chilling tolerance for photosynthesis and leaf extension growth among genotypes related to the C4 grass Miscanthus ×giganteus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5267-78. [PMID: 25039073 PMCID: PMC4157708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify cold-tolerant genotypes within two species of Miscanthus related to the exceptionally chilling-tolerant C4 biomass crop accession: M. ×giganteus 'Illinois' (Mxg) as well as in other Mxg genotypes. The ratio of leaf elongation at 10 °C/5 °C to that at 25 °C/25 °C was used to identify initially the 13 most promising Miscanthus genotypes out of 51 studied. Net leaf CO2 uptake (A sat) and the maximum operating efficiency of photosystem II (ФPSII) were measured in warm conditions (25 °C/20 °C), and then during and following a chilling treatment of 10 °C/5 °C for 11 d. Accessions of M. sacchariflorus (Msa) showed the smallest decline in leaf elongation on transfer to chilling conditions and did not differ significantly from Mxg, indicating greater chilling tolerance than diploid M. sinensis (Msi). Msa also showed the smallest reductions in A sat and ФPSII, and greater chilling-tolerant photosynthesis than Msi, and three other forms of Mxg, including new triploid accessions and a hexaploid Mxg 'Illinois'. Tetraploid Msa 'PF30153' collected in Gifu Prefecture in Honshu, Japan did not differ significantly from Mxg 'Illinois' in leaf elongation and photosynthesis at low temperature, but was significantly superior to all other forms of Mxg tested. The results suggested that the exceptional chilling tolerance of Mxg 'Illinois' cannot be explained simply by the hybrid vigour of this intraspecific allotriploid. Selection of chilling-tolerant accessions from both of Mxg's parental species, Msi and Msa, would be advisable for breeding new highly chilling-tolerant Mxg genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Głowacka
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Shivani Adhikari
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Junhua Peng
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523-1170, USA
| | - Justin Gifford
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik J Sacks
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Spence AK, Boddu J, Wang D, James B, Swaminathan K, Moose SP, Long SP. Transcriptional responses indicate maintenance of photosynthetic proteins as key to the exceptional chilling tolerance of C4 photosynthesis in Miscanthus × giganteus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3737-47. [PMID: 24958895 PMCID: PMC4085969 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus × giganteus is exceptional among C4 plants in its ability to acclimate to chilling (≤14 °C) and maintain a high photosynthetic capacity, in sharp contrast to maize, leading to very high productivity even in cool temperate climates. To identify the mechanisms that underlie this acclimation, RNA was isolated from M × giganteus leaves in chilling and nonchilling conditions and hybridized to microarrays developed for its close relative Zea mays. Among 21 000 array probes that yielded robust signals, 723 showed significant expression change under chilling. Approximately half of these were for annotated genes. Thirty genes associated with chloroplast membrane function were all upregulated. Increases in transcripts for the lhcb5 (chlorophyll a/b-binding protein CP26), ndhF (NADH dehydrogenase F, chloroplast), atpA (ATP synthase alpha subunit), psbA (D1), petA (cytochrome f), and lhcb4 (chlorophyll a/b-binding protein CP29), relative to housekeeping genes in M. × giganteus, were confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. In contrast, psbo1, lhcb5, psbA, and lhcb4 were all significantly decreased in Z. mays after 14 days of chilling. Western blot analysis of the D1 protein and LHCII type II chlorophyll a/b-binding protein also showed significant increases in M. × giganteus during chilling and significant decreases in Z. mays. Compared to other C4 species, M. × giganteus grown in chilling conditions appears to counteract the loss of photosynthetic proteins and proteins protecting photosystem II typically observed in other species by increasing mRNA levels for their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Spence
- Proctor and Gamble, 8700 South Mason-Montgomery Road Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | - Jay Boddu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 389 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dafu Wang
- Monsanto Company, Chesterfield Village Research Center, 700 Chesterfield Parkway North, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Brandon James
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 389 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kankshita Swaminathan
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois, 1200 Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen P Moose
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 389 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 389 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Davis SC, LeBauer DS, Long SP. Light to liquid fuel: theoretical and realized energy conversion efficiency of plants using crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in arid conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3471-8. [PMID: 24744431 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There has been little attention paid to crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as a mechanism for bioenergy crop tolerance to water limitation, in part, because potential yields of CAM plants have been assumed to be lower than those of most commonly studied bioenergy crops. The photochemical efficiency, water-use efficiency (WUE), biomass production, and fuel yield potentials of CAM, C3, and C4 plants that are considered or already in use for bioenergy are reviewed here. The theoretical photosynthetic efficiency of CAM plants can be similar to or greater than other photosynthetic pathways. In arid conditions, the greater WUE of CAM species results in theoretical biomass yield potentials that are 147% greater than C4 species. The realized yields of CAM plants are similar to the theoretical yields that account for water-limiting conditions. CAM plants can potentially be viable commercial bioenergy crops, but additional direct yield measurements from field trials of CAM species are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Davis
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs and Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - David S LeBauer
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA Department of Plant Biology and Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Friesen PC, Peixoto MM, Busch FA, Johnson DC, Sage RF. Chilling and frost tolerance in Miscanthus and Saccharum genotypes bred for cool temperate climates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3749-58. [PMID: 24642848 PMCID: PMC4085960 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus hybrids are leading candidates for bioenergy feedstocks in mid to high latitudes of North America and Eurasia, due to high productivity associated with the C4 photosynthetic pathway and their tolerance of cooler conditions. However, as C4 plants, they may lack tolerance of chilling conditions (0-10 °C) and frost, particularly when compared with candidate C3 crops at high latitudes. In higher latitudes, cold tolerance is particularly important if the feedstock is to utilize fully the long, early-season days of May and June. Here, leaf gas exchange and fluorescence are used to assess chilling tolerance of photosynthesis in five Miscanthus hybrids bred for cold tolerance, a complex Saccharum hybrid (energycane), and an upland sugarcane variety with some chilling tolerance. The chilling treatment consisted of transferring warm-grown plants (25/20 °C day/night growth temperatures) to chilling (12/5 °C) conditions for 1 week, followed by assessing recovery after return to warm temperatures. Chilling tolerance was also evaluated in outdoor, spring-grown Miscanthus genotypes before and after a cold front that was punctuated by a frost event. Miscanthus×giganteus was found to be the most chilling-tolerant genotype based on its ability to maintain a high net CO2 assimilation rate (A) during chilling, and recover A to a greater degree following a return to warm conditions. This was associated with increasing its capacity for short-term dark-reversible photoprotective processes (ΦREG) and the proportion of open photosystem II reaction centres (qL) while minimizing photoinactivation (ΦNF). Similarly, in the field, M.×giganteus exhibited a significantly greater A and pre-dawn F v/F m after the cold front compared with the other chilling-sensitive Miscanthus hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Friesen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Murilo M Peixoto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Florian A Busch
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200 Australia
| | - Daniel C Johnson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G5
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
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Clark LV, Brummer JE, Głowacka K, Hall MC, Heo K, Peng J, Yamada T, Yoo JH, Yu CY, Zhao H, Long SP, Sacks EJ. A footprint of past climate change on the diversity and population structure of Miscanthus sinensis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:97-107. [PMID: 24918203 PMCID: PMC4071102 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Miscanthus is a perennial C4 grass that is a leading potential feedstock crop for the emerging bioenergy industry in North America, Europe and China. However, only a single, sterile genotype of M. × giganteus (M×g), a nothospecies derived from diploid M. sinensis (Msi) and tetraploid M. sacchariflorus (Msa), is currently available to farmers for biomass production. To facilitate breeding of Miscanthus, this study characterized genetic diversity and population structure of Msi in its native range of East Asia. METHODS A total of 767 accessions were studied, including 617 Msi from most of its native range in China, Japan and South Korea, and 77 ornamental cultivars and 43 naturalized individuals from the USA. Accessions were evaluated with 21 207 restriction site-associated DNA sequencing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, 424 GoldenGate SNPs and ten plastid microsatellite markers. KEY RESULTS Six genetic clusters of Msi from geographically distinct regions in Asia were identified. Genetic data indicated that (1) south-eastern China was the origin of Msi populations found in temperate eastern Asia, which is consistent with this area probably having been a refugium during the last glacial maximum (LGM); (2) Msi migrated directly from south-eastern China to Japan before migrating to the same latitudes in China and Korea, which is consistent with the known sequence of warming post-LGM; (3) ornamental Msi cultivars were derived from the southern Japan population, and US naturalized populations were derived from a sub-set of the ornamental cultivars; and (4) many ornamental cultivars previously described as Msi have hybrid ancestry from Msa and Msi, whereas US naturalized populations of Msi do not. CONCLUSIONS Population structure of Msi was driven by patterns of warming since the LGM, and secondarily by geographical barriers. This study will facilitate germplasm conservation, association analyses and identification of potential heterotic groups for the improvement of Miscanthus as a bioenergy crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay V Clark
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joe E Brummer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Kweon Heo
- Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Junhua Peng
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | | | - Ji Hye Yoo
- Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Chang Yeon Yu
- Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Hua Zhao
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Stephen P Long
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik J Sacks
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Blum A. Heterosis, stress, and the environment: a possible road map towards the general improvement of crop yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4829-37. [PMID: 24014873 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary plant breeding is under pressure to improve crop productivity at a rate surpassing past achievements. Different research groups dealing with this issue reached similar conclusions that the solution lies in improved biomass production by way of enhanced light capture and use efficiency, modified photosystem biochemistry, and improved partitioning of assimilates to the economic part of the plant. There seems to be a consensus of sorts. This 'opinion paper' calls attention to the phenomenon of heterosis, as expressed in maize, sorghum, and other crops where, depending on the case and the trait, larger biomass and greater yield have been achieved without a change in growth duration, photosystem biochemistry, or harvest index. This discussion maintains that there is no consensus about the genetics or the genomics of heterosis in regulating yield under diverse environments. Therefore, in a search for the basis of heterosis in yield and adaptation, the discussion bypasses the genetics and searches for answers in the phenomics of heterosis. The heterotic phenotype in itself provides challenging and important hints towards improving the yield of open-pollinated crops in general. These hints are linked to the homeostasis of photosynthesis with respect to temperature, the photobiology of the plant as mediated by phytochrome, the architectural foundations of the formation of a large sink, and the associated hormones and signals in controlling sink differentiation and source-sink communication. This discussion does not lay out plans and protocols but provides clues to explore within and beyond the current thinking about breeding for high yield.
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