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Pabon A, Bhupana JN, Wong CO. Crosstalk between degradation and bioenergetics: how autophagy and endolysosomal processes regulate energy production. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:671-681. [PMID: 38886933 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, cellular activity, and transitions in cell states. The balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration is crucial for energy production, and metabolic reprogramming stipulates a shift in such balance to optimize both bioenergetic efficiency and anabolic requirements. Failure in switching bioenergetic dependence can lead to maladaptation and pathogenesis. While cellular degradation is known to recycle precursor molecules for anabolism, its potential role in regulating energy production remains less explored. The bioenergetic switch between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration involves transcription factors and organelle homeostasis, which are both regulated by the cellular degradation pathways. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that both stem cells and differentiated cells exhibit bioenergetic switch upon perturbations of autophagic activity or endolysosomal processes. Here, we highlighted the current understanding of the interplay between degradation processes, specifically autophagy and endolysosomes, transcription factors, endolysosomal signaling, and mitochondrial homeostasis in shaping cellular bioenergetics. This review aims to summarize the relationship between degradation processes and bioenergetics, providing a foundation for future research to unveil deeper mechanistic insights into bioenergetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelid Pabon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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Liu X, Zou D, Wang Y, Zhuang Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Sun Z, Ye C. Replacement of fish meal with cottonseed protein concentrate in Chinese mitten crab ( Eriocheir sinensis): Nutrient digestibility, growth performance, free amino acid profile, and expression of genes related to nutrient metabolism. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:447-462. [PMID: 38846720 PMCID: PMC11153942 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the application of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis). First, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of CPC, fish meal and soybean meal were compared in crabs (21.72 ± 0.33 g). The protein ADC of CPC was 90.42%, which was significantly higher than that of soybean meal (83.16%) (P < 0.05). The ADC of Phe, Cys and Glu of CPC were significantly higher than those of fish meal, while the ADC of Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Thr and Ala of CPC were significantly lower (P < 0.05). Second, we investigated the effects of fish meal substitution by CPC on growth performance, free amino acid profile, and expression of genes related to nutrient metabolism in crabs. Six diets were formulated by replacing 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% fish meal with CPC, namely FM, CPC15, CPC30, CPC45, CPC60, and CPC75. A total of 630 crabs (1.68 ± 0.00 g) were randomly divided into 18 tanks (3 tanks per group) and fed 3 times daily for 9 weeks. Results showed that CPC75 group significantly reduced growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and free Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, and Thr contents in muscle (P < 0.05). The contents of free amino acids (Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Val, Ala, Cys, Glu, Gly, Ser and Tyr) in hepatopancreas decreased linearly with the increase of dietary CPC level (P < 0.05). The substitution of more than 45% fish meal with CPC significantly decreased the concentration of delicious amino acids (Ala, Glu and Gly) in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05), which might adversely affect crab flavor. The expression of genes related to antioxidant capacity, protein transport, TOR pathway and lipid metabolism was significantly downregulated by increasing dietary CPC level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, based on the quadratic regression analysis of FCR and PER, the optimal replacement levels of fish meal with CPC in crab diet containing 35% fish meal were 32.36% and 35.38%, respectively. It is recommended that Ile, Leu and Thr be supplemented in addition to Met and Lys in the application of CPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Danyang Zou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yizhu Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yutong Zhuang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanyu Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhenzhu Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chaoxia Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Shao M, Liang H, Xu G, Zhu J, Li S, Ren M. Dietary leucine supplementation improves growth performance, metabolic responses of liver via GCN2/ATF4, and insulin signaling pathways in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:331-347. [PMID: 36173585 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary leucine on growth performance, body composition, and gene expression of hepatic nutrient metabolism in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Six isonitrogenous (49.87%) diets with graded leucine levels (2.62, 3.07, 3.60, 3.87, 4.20, 4.71% of dry diet) were fed to triplicate groups with 20 juvenile fish (20.00 ± 0.13 g). The results revealed that the specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG) increased significantly with increasing dietary leucine levels, reached their maximal value in the Leu-4.20% groups, and then decreased slightly. Although the feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed decreasing trends, no significant difference was detected. Leucine supplementation significantly improved the content of body protein and total plasma protein (TP). Additionally, a higher expression level of target of rapamycin (TOR) and ribosomal protein S6 (S6) mRNA was observed in the Leu-3.87% and Leu-4.20% diets, whereas the GCN2 (general control nonderepressible2 kinase) and AFT4 (activating transcription factor 4) mRNA expression levels were suppressed. The lipid content of the body was not influenced by leucine levels, whereas the content of total triglyceride (TG) first decreased significantly with increasing dietary leucine levels from 2.62 to 3.87% and then increased with increasing leucine levels (4.20% to 4.71%). The total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) trended in a similar direction but did not achieve statistical significance (P > 0.05). The expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) was significantly elevated by dietary leucine levels, while protein kinase B (AKT) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) expression was inconsistently upregulated. Furthermore, leucine supplementation decreased plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen contents, and the expression levels of glucokinase (GK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pase) were significantly inhibited at 4.20% and 4.71% leucine diets. Analyses of the change in SGR and FCR using the quadratic regression model estimated that the optimum dietary leucine requirement of juvenile largemouth bass was 4.42% and 4.63% of the dry diet (8.86% and 9.28% of dietary protein), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Hualiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Gangchun Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Songlin Li
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs On Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
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Dai X, Li X, Yin D, Chen X, Wang L, Pang L, Fu Y. Identification and characterization of TOR in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its role in muscle protein and lipid production. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2082. [PMID: 38267514 PMCID: PMC10810085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent scarcity of fishmeal and other resources means that studies on the intrinsic mechanisms of nutrients in the growth and development of aquatic animals at the molecular level have received widespread attention. The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway has been reported to receive signals from nutrients and environmental stresses, and regulates cellular anabolism and catabolism to achieve precise regulation of cell growth and physiological activities. In this study, we cloned and characterized the full-length cDNA sequence of the TOR gene of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MrTOR). MrTOR was expressed in all tissues, with higher expression in heart and muscle tissues. In situ hybridization also indicated that MrTOR was expressed in muscle, mainly around the nucleus. RNA interference decreased the expression levels of MrTOR and downstream protein synthesis-related genes (S6K, eIF4E, and eIF4B) (P < 0.05) and the expression and enzyme activity of the lipid synthesis-related enzyme, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and increased enzyme activity of the lipolysis-related enzyme, lipase (LPS). In addition, amino acid injection significantly increased the transcript levels of MrTOR and downstream related genes (S6K, eIF4E, eIF4B, and FAS), as well as triglyceride and total cholesterol tissue levels and FAS activity. Starvation significantly increased transcript levels and enzyme activities of adenylate-activated protein kinase and LPS and decreased transcript levels and enzyme activities of FAS, as well as transcript levels of MrTOR and its downstream genes (P < 0.05), whereas amino acid injection alleviated the starvation-induced decreases in transcript levels of these genes. These results suggested that arginine and leucine activated the TOR signaling pathway, promoted protein and lipid syntheses, and alleviated the pathway changes induced by starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre for Aquatic Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xuenan Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Danhui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Linwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Luyao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yuanshuai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre for Aquatic Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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Lewis AG, Carmichael L, Wang RY, Gibney PA. Characterizing a panel of amino acid auxotrophs under auxotrophic starvation conditions. Yeast 2024; 41:5-18. [PMID: 37997284 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxotrophic strains starving for their cognate nutrient, termed auxotrophic starvation, are characterized by a shorter lifespan, higher glucose wasting phenotype, and inability to accomplish cell cycle arrest when compared to a "natural starvation," where a cell is starving for natural environmental growth-limiting nutrients such as phosphate. Since evidence of this physiological response is limited to only a subset of auxotrophs, we evaluated a panel of auxotrophic mutants to determine whether these responses are characteristic of a broader range of amino acid auxotrophs. Based on the starvation survival kinetics, the panel of strains was grouped into three categories-short-lived strains, strains with survival similar to a prototrophic wild type strain, and long-lived strains. Among the short-lived strains, we observed that the tyrosine, asparagine, threonine, and aspartic acid auxotrophs rapidly decline in viability, with all strains unable to arrest cell cycle progression. The three basic amino acid auxotrophs had a survival similar to a prototrophic strain starving in minimal media. The leucine, tryptophan, methionine, and cysteine auxotrophs displayed the longest lifespan. We also demonstrate how the phenomenon of glucose wasting is limited to only a subset of the tested auxotrophs, namely the asparagine, leucine, and lysine auxotrophs. Furthermore, we observed pleiotropic phenotypes associated with a subgroup of auxotrophs, highlighting the importance of considering unintended phenotypic effects when using auxotrophic strains especially in chronological aging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha G Lewis
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Laurin Carmichael
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Y Wang
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Patrick A Gibney
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Yang J, Zhang L, Qiao W, Luo Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e353. [PMID: 37674971 PMCID: PMC10477518 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in the 21st century, especially due to drug resistance, coinfection with diseases like immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease 2019, and the lengthy and costly treatment protocols. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of TB infection, therapeutic targets, and corresponding modulators, including first-line medications, current clinical trial drugs and molecules in preclinical assessment. Understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and important biological targets can lead to innovative treatments. While most antitubercular agents target pathogen-related processes, host-directed therapy (HDT) modalities addressing immune defense, survival mechanisms, and immunopathology also hold promise. Mtb's adaptation to the human host involves manipulating host cellular mechanisms, and HDT aims to disrupt this manipulation to enhance treatment effectiveness. Our review provides valuable insights for future anti-TB drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Laiying Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Lung Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Youfu Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Dou X, Liu Y, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Fu X, Deng J, Tan B. Effects of Dietary Lysine Level on Growth Performance and Protein Metabolism in Juvenile Leopard Coral Grouper ( Plectropomus leopardus). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:1017222. [PMID: 37324657 PMCID: PMC10264133 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1017222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lysine level on growth performance and protein metabolism of juvenile leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) and thereby obtained the optimal dietary lysine requirement of P. leopardus. Six isoproteic and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain 1.10%, 1.69%, 2.30%, 3.08%, 3.56%, and 4.36% lysine of diets, respectively. Each diet was assigned at random to triplicate groups of 25 juveniles (initial mean weight is 10.57 g) per tank in a flow-through mariculture system maintained at 27-30°C. Dietary inclusion of 2.30-3.08% lysine improved the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of juveniles (P < 0.05). The intestinal digestive enzyme (trypsin, amylase, and lipase) activities were overall enhanced by dietary inclusion of 3.08-3.56% lysine (P < 0.05). The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was activated in fish fed diets with 1.69-2.30% lysine by upregulating the relative expression levels of hepatic TOR and S6K1 (p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1) but downregulating the relative expression level of hepatic 4E-BP2 (eIF4E-binding protein 2). Conversely, the amino acid response signaling pathway was inhibited in fish fed diet with 2.30% lysine by downregulating the relative expression levels of hepatic GCN2 (general control nondepressible 2), ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3), ATF4a (activating transcription factor 4a), and ATF4b (activating transcription factor 4b). Additionally, dietary 1.69-3.08% lysine enhanced the plasma total protein level and hepatic lysine α-ketoglutarate reductase activity but depressed the blood urea nitrogen level and hepatic adenosine monophosphate deaminase activity (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary 3.08% lysine increased the contents of whole-body crude protein and total amino acids, while 1.69%-4.36% lysine depressed the whole-body lipid content (P < 0.05). These results indicated that optimal dietary lysine increased the digestive enzyme activities, promoted protein synthesis but depressed protein degradation, and thereby improved the growth performance of P. leopardus. Based on the second-order polynomial model, the optimal lysine requirement of juvenile P. leopardus for WGR, FCR, and lysine deposition was 2.60%-2.97% of diets (4.91%-5.60% of dietary protein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Dou
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yixiong Cao
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xinlangji Fu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Junming Deng
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Beiping Tan
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Keller CW, Adamopoulos IE, Lünemann JD. Autophagy pathways in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 136:103030. [PMID: 37001435 PMCID: PMC10709713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy comprises a growing range of cellular pathways, which occupy central roles in response to energy deprivation, organelle turnover and proteostasis. Over the years, autophagy has been increasingly linked to governing several aspects of immunity, including host defence against various pathogens, unconventional secretion of cytokines and antigen presentation. While canonical autophagy-mediated antigen processing in thymic epithelial cells supports the generation of a self-tolerant CD4+ T cell repertoire, mounting evidence suggests that deregulated autophagy pathways contribute to or sustain autoimmune responses. In animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), non-canonical autophagy pathways such as microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1 B-light chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis can contribute to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II presentation of autoantigen, thereby amplifying autoreactive CD4+ T cell responses. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), increased type 1 interferon production is linked to excessive autophagy in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs). In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autophagy proteins contribute to pathological citrullination of autoantigen. Immunotherapies effective in autoimmune diseases modulate autophagy functions, and strategies harnessing autophagy pathways to restrain autoimmune responses have been developed. This review illustrates recent insights in how autophagy, distinct autophagy pathways and autophagy protein functions intersect with the evolution and progression of autoimmune diseases, focusing on MS, SLE and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.
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Wang J, Yu S, Wang L, Liu T, Yang X, Hu X, Wang Y. Capsaicin decreases fecundity in the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi by inhibiting the target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:458. [PMID: 36510333 PMCID: PMC9743593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne diseases threaten human health, but mosquito control faces various challenges, such as resistance to chemical insecticides. Thus, there is an urgent need for more effective and environment-friendly control agents. Capsaicin can downregulate the mTOR signaling pathway of tumor cells. The TOR signaling pathway can mediate the expression of vitellogenin (Vg) to regulate the fecundity of insects. Whether capsaicin has the potential to inhibit fecundity of mosquitoes by regulating TOR pathway and Vg expression is currently unclear. METHODS Anopheles stephensi were fed with blood of mice administered capsaicin by gavage or sugar containing capsaicin followed by a blood feeding with normal mice. Then, the engorged female mosquitoes were tubed individually and underwent oviposition. The eggs and individuals in the subsequent development stages, including larvae, pupae, and emerging adults, were counted and compared between the capsaicin treatment and control groups. Additionally, total RNA and protein were extracted from the engorged mosquitoes at 24 h post blood feeding. Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to detect the transcriptional level and protein expression of the key fecundity-related molecules of mosquitoes. Finally, TOR signaling pathway was inhibited via rapamycin treatment, and changes in fecundity and the key molecule transcription and protein expression levels were examined to verify the role of TOR signaling pathway in the effect of capsaicin on mosquito fecundity. RESULTS The laid and total eggs (laid eggs plus retained eggs) of An. stephensi were significantly reduced by feeding on the blood of capsaicin-treated mice (P < 0.01) or capsaicin-containing sugar (P < 0.01) compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the transcription and protein expression or phosphorylation levels of fecundity-related molecules, such as Akt, TOR, S6K, and Vg, were significantly decreased by capsaicin treatment. However, the effects disappeared between control group and CAP group after the TOR signaling pathway was inhibited by rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS Capsaicin can decrease the fecundity of An. stephensi by inhibiting the TOR signaling pathway. These data can help us to not only understand the effect of capsaicin on the reproductive ability of An. stephensi and its underlying mechanism, but also develop new efficient, safe, and pollution-free mosquito vector control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Shasha Yu
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Luhan Wang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Tingting Liu
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xuesen Yang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Western Theater Command, Lanzhou, 730020 China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
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Bu X, Song Y, Cai X, Tang L, Huang Q, Wang X, Du Z, Qin C, Qin JG, Chen L. Enhancement of protein deposition and meat quality of male Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis): Application of myo-inositol in crustacean nutrition. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lal MK, Sharma E, Tiwari RK, Devi R, Mishra UN, Thakur R, Gupta R, Dey A, Lal P, Kumar A, Altaf MA, Sahu DN, Kumar R, Singh B, Sahu SK. Nutrient-Mediated Perception and Signalling in Human Metabolism: A Perspective of Nutrigenomics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911305. [PMID: 36232603 PMCID: PMC9569568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between selective nutrients and linked genes involving a specific organ reveals the genetic make-up of an individual in response to a particular nutrient. The interaction of genes with food opens opportunities for the addition of bioactive compounds for specific populations comprising identical genotypes. The slight difference in the genetic blueprints of humans is advantageous in determining the effect of nutrients and their metabolism in the body. The basic knowledge of emerging nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics can be applied to optimize health, prevention, and treatment of diseases. In addition, nutrient-mediated pathways detecting the cellular concentration of nutrients such as sugars, amino acids, lipids, and metabolites are integrated and coordinated at the organismal level via hormone signals. This review deals with the interaction of nutrients with various aspects of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics along with pathways involved in nutrient sensing and regulation, which can provide a detailed understanding of this new leading edge in nutrition research and its potential application to dietetic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kumar Lal
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, India
| | - Eshita Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, India
| | - Rajni Devi
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | | | - Richa Thakur
- Division of Silviculture and Forest Management, Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus, Shimla 171001, India
| | - Rucku Gupta
- Department of horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology of Jammu, Jammu 181101, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Priyanka Lal
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar GT Road (NH1), Phagwara 144402, India
| | - Awadhesh Kumar
- Division of Crop Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 754006, India
| | | | - Durgesh Nandini Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, India
| | - Brajesh Singh
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, India
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (S.K.S.)
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Ryder LS, Cruz-Mireles N, Molinari C, Eisermann I, Eseola AB, Talbot NJ. The appressorium at a glance. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276040. [PMID: 35856284 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant pathogenic fungi have the capacity to infect their plant hosts using specialised cells called appressoria. These structures act as a gateway between the fungus and host, allowing entry to internal tissues. Appressoria apply enormous physical force to rupture the plant surface, or use a battery of enzymes to digest the cuticle and plant cell wall. Appressoria also facilitate focal secretion of effectors at the point of plant infection to suppress plant immunity. These infection cells develop in response to the physical characteristics of the leaf surface, starvation stress and signals from the plant. Appressorium morphogenesis has been linked to septin-mediated reorganisation of F-actin and microtubule networks of the cytoskeleton, and remodelling of the fungal cell wall. In this Cell Science at a Glance and accompanying poster, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of appressorium-mediated infection, and compare development on the leaf surface to the biology of invasive growth by pathogenic fungi. Finally, we outline key gaps in our current knowledge of appressorium cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Camilla Molinari
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Iris Eisermann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice B Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Qin Y, He C, Geng H, Wang W, Yang P, Mai K, Song F. Muscle Nutritive Metabolism Changes after Dietary Fishmeal Replaced by Cottonseed Meal in Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070576. [PMID: 35888699 PMCID: PMC9315803 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that based on growth performance and feed utilization, cottonseed meal (CSM) could substitute 20% fishmeal (FM) without adverse effect on golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Muscle deposition was also an important indicator to evaluate the efficiency of alternative protein sources. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the changes of physiobiochemical and nutrient metabolism in muscle after FM replaced by CSM. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets (42.5% crude protein, 14.0% crude lipid) were formulated to replace 0% (CSM0 diet), 20% (CSM20 diet), 40% (CSM40 diet), and 60% (CSM60 diet) of FM with CSM. Juvenile fish (24.8 ± 0.02 g) were fed each diet for 6 weeks. The results presented, which, compared with the CSM0 diet, CSM20 and CSM40 diets, had no effect on changing the muscle proximate composition and free essential amino acid (EAA) concentration. For glycolipid metabolism, the CSM20 diet did not change the mRNA expression of hexokinase (hk), glucose transport protein 4 (glut4), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (glp-1r), while over 20% replacement impaired glucose metabolism. However, CSM20 and CSM40 diets had no effect on altering lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, compared with the CSM0 diet, the CSM20 diet did not change muscle nutritive metabolism through keeping the activities of the nutrient sensing signaling pathways stable. Higher replacement would break this balance and lead to muscle nutritive metabolism disorders. Based on the results, CSM could substitute 20–40% FM without affecting the muscle nutritive deposition. All data supplemented the powerful support for our previous conclusion that CSM could successfully replace 20% FM based on growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Qin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Chaoqun He
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Haoyu Geng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Peng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Fei Song
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-85211375
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Yeo HC, Park SY, Tan T, Ng SK, Lakshmanan M, Lee DY. Combined multivariate statistical and flux balance analyses uncover media bottlenecks to the growth and productivity of CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1740-1754. [PMID: 35435243 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for producing recombinant proteins. To enhance their productivity and product quality, media reformulation has been a key strategy, albeit with several technical challenges, due to the myriad of complex molecular mechanisms underlying media effects on culture performance. Thus, it is imperative to characterize metabolic bottlenecks under various media conditions systematically. To do so, we combined partial least square regression (PLS-R) with the flux balance analysis of a genome-scale metabolic model to elucidate the physiological states and metabolic behaviors of human alpha-1 antitrypsin producing CHO-DG44 cells grown in one commercial and another two in-house media under development. At the onset, PLS-R was used to identify metabolite exchanges that were correlated to specific growth and productivity. Then, by comparing metabolic states described by resultant flux distributions under two of the media conditions, we found sub-optimal level of four nutrients and two metabolic wastes, which plausibly hindered cellular growth and productivity; mechanistically, lactate and ammonia recycling were modulated by glutamine and asparagine metabolisms in the media conditions, and also by hitherto unsuspected folate and choline supplements. Our work demonstrated how multivariate statistical analysis can be synergistically combined with metabolic modelling to uncover the mechanistic elements underlying differing media performance. It thus paved the way for the systematic identification of nutrient targets for medium reformulation to enhance recombinant protein production in CHO cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hock Chuan Yeo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Singapore, 138668.,Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Singapore, 138671
| | - Seo-Young Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tessa Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Singapore, 138668
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Singapore, 138668
| | - Meiyappan Lakshmanan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Singapore, 138668
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Singapore, 138668.,School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Surya A, Sarinay-Cenik E. Cell autonomous and non-autonomous consequences of deviations in translation machinery on organism growth and the connecting signalling pathways. Open Biol 2022; 12:210308. [PMID: 35472285 PMCID: PMC9042575 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation machinery is responsible for the production of cellular proteins; thus, cells devote the majority of their resources to ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. Single-copy loss of function in the translation machinery components results in rare ribosomopathy disorders, such as Diamond-Blackfan anaemia in humans and similar developmental defects in various model organisms. Somatic copy number alterations of translation machinery components are also observed in specific tumours. The organism-wide response to haploinsufficient loss-of-function mutations in ribosomal proteins or translation machinery components is complex: variations in translation machinery lead to reduced ribosome biogenesis, protein translation and altered protein homeostasis and cellular signalling pathways. Cells are affected both autonomously and non-autonomously by changes in translation machinery or ribosome biogenesis through cell-cell interactions and secreted hormones. We first briefly introduce the model organisms where mutants or knockdowns of protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis are characterized. Next, we specifically describe observations in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, where insufficient protein synthesis in a subset of cells triggers cell non-autonomous growth or apoptosis responses that affect nearby cells and tissues. We then cover the characterized signalling pathways that interact with ribosome biogenesis/protein synthesis machinery with an emphasis on their respective functions during organism development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustian Surya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Elif Sarinay-Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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A perspective on the role of autophagy in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166262. [PMID: 34481059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy refers to a ubiquitous set of catabolic pathways required to achieve proper cellular homeostasis. Aberrant autophagy has been implicated in a multitude of diseases including cancer. In this review, we highlight pioneering and groundbreaking research that centers on delineating the role of autophagy in cancer initiation, proliferation and metastasis. First, we discuss the autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and their respective roles in the de novo formation of autophagosomes and the subsequent delivery of cargo to the lysosome for recycling. Next, we touch upon the history of cancer research that centers upon ATG proteins and regulatory mechanisms that control an appropriate autophagic response and how these are altered in the diseased state. Then, we discuss the various discoveries that led to the idea of autophagy as a double-edged sword when it comes to cancer therapy. This review also briefly narrates how different types of autophagy-selective macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, have been linked to different cancers. Overall, these studies build upon a steadfast trajectory that aims to solve the monumentally daunting challenge of finding a cure for many types of cancer by modulating autophagy either through inhibition or induction.
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Huang Z, Shi X, Zhou G, Li C. Dietary soy, pork and chicken proteins induce distinct nitrogen metabolism in rat liver. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2021; 3:100050. [PMID: 35415657 PMCID: PMC8991958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary amino acid composition affected nitrogen metabolism in rat liver. Amino acid metabolizing enzymes were downregulated by meat protein diets. Ribosome assembly and protein synthesis were regulated by diet by mTOR pathway.
Diets have been shown to alter metabolism and gene expression. However, few data are available about changes in gene expression in liver after intake of different meat protein diets. This work aimed to explore the long-term effects of protein source on liver metabolic enzymes. Rats were fed protein diets for 90 days to study whether intake of chicken and pork protein diets promoted gene expression involved in hepatic metabolism. Liver proteome profiles were measured by iTRAQ labeling and LC–ESI–MS/MS. Chicken protein diet induced higher level of serum amino acids in rats than soy protein. Amino acid metabolizing enzymes were downregulated by pork and chicken protein diets compared with soy protein diet. Intake of meat protein diets downregulated enzymes involved in protein synthesis, disulfide bond formation, signal peptide addition, transport, localization, degradation and glycosylation modification, but upregulated enzymes involved in prolyl cis–trans isomerization for protein synthesis. Protein diets from different sources affected the amino acid supply, and further influenced ribosome assembly and protein synthesis through mTOR signaling pathway.
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Zhang S, Lin X, Hou Q, Hu Z, Wang Y, Wang Z. Regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids in mammalian cells: A general picture of recent advances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1009-1023. [PMID: 34738031 PMCID: PMC8536509 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates various types of signal inputs, such as energy, growth factors, and amino acids to regulate cell growth and proliferation mainly through the 2 direct downstream targets, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Most of the signal arms upstream of mTORC1 including energy status, stress signals, and growth factors converge on the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) - Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) axis. Amino acids, however, are distinct from other signals and modulate mTORC1 using a unique pathway. In recent years, the transmission mechanism of amino acid signals upstream of mTORC1 has been gradually elucidated, and some sensors or signal transmission pathways for individual amino acids have also been discovered. With the help of these findings, we propose a general picture of recent advances, which demonstrates that various amino acids from lysosomes, cytoplasm, and Golgi are sensed by their respective sensors. These signals converge on mTORC1 and form a huge and complicated signal network with multiple synergies, antagonisms, and feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuling Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Wang N, Zhang X, Liu C, Wang X, Zhou H, Mai K, He G. Fine-Tuning of Postprandial Responses via Feeding Frequency and Leucine Supplementation Affects Dietary Performance in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). J Nutr 2021; 151:2957-2966. [PMID: 34255073 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding-induced cell signaling and metabolic responses affect utilization of dietary nutrients but are rarely taken advantage of to improve animal nutrition. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that by modulating postprandial kinetics and signaling, improved dietary utilization and growth performance could be achieved in animals. METHODS Juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) with an initial mean ± SD weight of 10.1 ± 0.01 g were used. Two feeding frequencies (FFs), either 1 or 3 meals/d at a fixed 2.4% daily body weight ration, and 2 diets that were or were not supplemented with 1% crystalline leucine (Leu), were used in the 10-wk feeding trial. At the end of the trial, a 1-d force-feeding experiment was conducted using the aforementioned FF and experimental diets. Samples were collected for the analysis of postprandial kinetics of aminoacidemia, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activities, protein deposition, as well as the mRNA expression levels of key metabolic checkpoints at consecutive time points after feeding. RESULTS Increased FF and leucine supplementation significantly enhanced fish growth by 7.68% ± 0.53% (means ±SD) and 7.89% ± 1.25%, respectively, and protein retention by 4.01% ± 0.59% and 4.44% ± 1.63%, respectively, in feeding trial experiments. The durations of postprandial aminoacidemia and mTOR activation were extended by increased FF, whereas leucine supplementation enhanced mTOR signaling without influencing the postprandial free amino acids kinetics. Increased FF and leucine supplementation enhanced muscle protein deposition 21.6% ± 6.85% and 22.3% ± 1.52%, respectively, in a 24-h postfeeding period. CONCLUSIONS We provided comprehensive characterization of the postprandial kinetics of nutrient sensing and metabolic responses under different feeding regimens and leucine supplementation in turbot. Fine-tuning of postprandial kinetics could provide a new direction for better dietary utilization and animal performances in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Gen He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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20
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Insights into the Interaction of Lysosomal Amino Acid Transporters SLC38A9 and SLC36A1 Involved in mTORC1 Signaling in C2C12 Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091314. [PMID: 34572527 PMCID: PMC8467208 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are critical for mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation on the lysosomal surface. Amino acid transporters SLC38A9 and SLC36A1 are the members of the lysosomal amino acid sensing machinery that activates mTORC1. The current study aims to clarify the interaction of SLC38A9 and SLC36A1. Here, we discovered that leucine increased expressions of SLC38A9 and SLC36A1, leading to mTORC1 activation. SLC38A9 interacted with SLC36A1 and they enhanced each other's expression levels and locations on the lysosomal surface. Additionally, the interacting proteins of SLC38A9 in C2C12 cells were identified to participate in amino acid sensing mechanism, mTORC1 signaling pathway, and protein synthesis, which provided a resource for future investigations of skeletal muscle mass.
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21
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Hou X, Yang H, Chen X, Wang J, Wang C. RNA interference of mTOR gene delays molting process in Eriocheir sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 256:110651. [PMID: 34320378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
mTOR is a typical and conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth and metabolism of organisms. Molting is a fundamental biological process in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) and is monitored by a series of genes and pathways. The structural and functional characteristics of EsmTOR was investigated to determine the role of mTOR in the molting process of. The intact CDS of EsmTOR is 7449 bp in length and encodes a polypeptide consisting of 2482 amino acids. EsmTOR was expressed in all eight tissues examined during the three molting stages (postmolt, intermolt andpremolt), with levels fluctuating significantly during the molting. RNA interference of EsmTOR significantly delayed molting, indicating that mTOR may be involved in the molting process of E. sinensis. Meanwhile, a substantial downregulation was observed for the expression of upstream genes involved in amino acid transport (EsSLC7A5 and EsVATB) and downstream genes promoting ribosomal protein synthesis (EsS6K1) in the mTOR signaling pathway, as well as typical molt-related genes (EsMIH and EsEcR) after EsmTOR RNAi treatment. In addition, EsRheb, a molecular marker for tissue growth, was also significantly down-regulated. This study suggests that EsmTOR plays a fundamental role in molting regulation through the SLC7A5-V-ATPase-mTORC1 gene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China
| | - He Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Chenghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China.
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22
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mTORC1 activity regulates post-translational modifications of glycine decarboxylase to modulate glycine metabolism and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4227. [PMID: 34244482 PMCID: PMC8270999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) is a key enzyme of glycine cleavage system that converts glycine into one-carbon units. GLDC is commonly up-regulated and plays important roles in many human cancers. Whether and how GLDC is regulated by post-translational modifications is unknown. Here we report that mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signal inhibits GLDC acetylation at lysine (K) 514 by inducing transcription of the deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). Upon inhibition of mTORC1, the acetyltransferase acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) catalyzes GLDC K514 acetylation. This acetylation of GLDC impairs its enzymatic activity. In addition, this acetylation of GLDC primes for its K33-linked polyubiquitination at K544 by the ubiquitin ligase NF-X1, leading to its degradation by the proteasomal pathway. Finally, we find that GLDC K514 acetylation inhibits glycine catabolism, pyrimidines synthesis and glioma tumorigenesis. Our finding reveals critical roles of post-translational modifications of GLDC in regulation of its enzymatic activity, glycine metabolism and tumorigenesis, and provides potential targets for therapeutics of cancers such as glioma.
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23
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Zheleznova NN, Kumar V, Kurth T, Cowley AW. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) mediated activation of mTORC2 increases intracellular Na + concentration in the renal medullary thick ascending limb of Henle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7300. [PMID: 33790341 PMCID: PMC8012714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the renal outer medulla is an important determinant of renal medullary blood flow and blood pressure (BP) salt-sensitivity in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. The mechanisms and pathways responsible for these actions are poorly understood. Recently, we have discovered that the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) plays a critical role in BP salt-sensitivity of SS rats by regulating Na+ homeostasis. PP242, an inhibitor of mTORC1/2 pathways exhibits potent natriuretic actions and completely prevented salt-induced hypertension in SS rats. In the present study, we have found that chronic infusion of H2O2 into the single remaining kidney of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (3 days) stimulated the functional marker (pAKTSer473/AKT) of mTORC2 activity measured by Western Blot analysis. No changes in mTORC1 activity in OM were observed as determined by pS6Ser235/236/S6. Using fluorescent microscopy and the Na+ sensitive dye Sodium Green, we have shown that H2O2 (100 µM added in the bath) increased intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) in renal medullary thick ascending limbs (mTALs) isolated from SD rats. These responses were almost completely abolished by pretreatment of mTAL with 10 µM PP242, indicating that mTORC1/2 pathways were involved in the H2O2 induced increase of [Na+]i. mTAL cell volume remained unchanged (± 1%) by H2O2 as determined by 3D reconstruction confocal laser scanning microscopy techniques. Consistent with the microscopy data, Western Blot analysis of proteins obtained from freshly isolated mTAL treated with 100 µM H2O2 exhibited increased activity/phosphorylation of AKT (pAKTSer473/AKT) that was inhibited by PP242. This was associated with increased protein activity of the apical membrane cotransporter Na+-K+-2Cl- (NKCC2) and the Na/H exchanger (NHE-3). Na+-K+-ATPase activity was increased as reflected an increase in the ratio of pNa+-K+-ATPaseSer16 to total Na+-K+-ATPase. Overall, the results indicate that H2O2 mediated activation of mTORC2 plays a key role in transducing the observed increases of cytosolic [Na+]i despite associated increases of basolateral pump activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda N Zheleznova
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Theresa Kurth
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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24
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Li S, Zhou Q, Liu W, Fu Z, Zhao H, Xi S. Targeting SLC1A5 blocks cell proliferation through inhibition of mTORC1 in arsenite-treated human uroepithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 345:1-11. [PMID: 33781819 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental contaminant, which is widely distributed in soil, air, and water. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that arsenic increases the risk of bladder cancer in humans. However, its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Glutamine (Gln) has multiple functions that promote carcinogenesis. Indeed, Gln transporters on cancer cells surface are often upregulated. Elevated expression levels of Alanine, serine, cysteine-preferring transporter 2 (ASCT2; SLC1A5) have been reported in many types of human tumors. This study characterized the role of SLC1A5 in cell proliferation in arsenite-treated cells. In short-term experiments, SV-40 immortalized human uroepithelial (SV-HUC-1) cells were treated with Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 μM) for 24 h. In long-term experiments, SV-HUC-1 cells were exposed to 0.5 μM NaAsO2 for 40 weeks. In both short-term and long-term experiments, arsenite increased expression of SLC1A5 by 1.89-fold and 2.25-fold, respectively. Arsenite increased Gln consumption of SV-HUC-1 cells, and Gln starvation inhibited cell proliferation in long-term arsenite-treated cells. Importantly, inhibiting SLC1A5 blocked cell proliferation by downregulating mTORC1 in long-term arsenite-treated cells. Moreover, SLC1A5 regulated mTORC1 in an αKG-dependent manner. Our results suggest that SLC1A5 plays an important role in cell proliferation of arsenite-treated SV-HUC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Weijue Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Zhushan Fu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
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25
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Zumbaugh MD, Geiger AE, Luo J, Shen Z, Shi H, Gerrard DE. O-GlcNAc transferase is required to maintain satellite cell function. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:945-958. [PMID: 33634918 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a posttranslational modification considered to be a nutrient sensor that reports nutrient scarcity or surplus. Although O-GlcNAcylation exists in a wide range of cells and/or tissues, its functional role in muscle satellite cells (SCs) remains largely unknown. Using a genetic approach, we ablated O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), and thus O-GlcNAcylation, in SCs. We first evaluated SC function in vivo using a muscle injury model and found that OGT deficient SCs had compromised capacity to repair muscle after an acute injury compared with the wild-type SCs. By tracing SC cycling rates in vivo using the doxycycline-inducible H2B-GFP mouse model, we found that SCs lacking OGT cycled at lower rates and reduced in abundance with time. Additionally, the self-renewal ability of OGT-deficient SCs after injury was decreased compared to that of the wild-type SCs. Moreover, in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo proliferation assays revealed that SCs lacking OGT were incapable of expanding compared with their wild-type counterparts, a phenotype that may be explained, at least in part, by an HCF1-mediated arrest in the cell cycle. Taken together, our findings suggest that O-GlcNAcylation plays a critical role in the maintenance of SC health and function in normal and injured skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan D Zumbaugh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ashley E Geiger
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Zhengxing Shen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - David E Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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26
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Feng Y, Chen L, Gao L, Dong L, Wen H, Song X, Luo F, Cheng G, Wang J. Rapamycin inhibits pathogen transmission in mosquitoes by promoting immune activation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009353. [PMID: 33626094 PMCID: PMC7939355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated blood meals provide essential nutrients for mosquito egg development and routes for pathogen transmission. The target of rapamycin, the TOR pathway, is essential for vitellogenesis. However, its influence on pathogen transmission remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that rapamycin, an inhibitor of the TOR pathway, effectively suppresses Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles stephensi. An. stephensi injected with rapamycin or feeding on rapamycin-treated mice showed increased resistance to P. berghei infection. Exposing An. stephensi to a rapamycin-coated surface not only decreased the numbers of both oocysts and sporozoites but also impaired mosquito survival and fecundity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the inhibitory effect of rapamycin on parasite infection was through the enhanced activation of immune responses, especially the NF-κB transcription factor REL2, a regulator of the immune pathway and complement system. Knockdown of REL2 in rapamycin-treated mosquitoes abrogated the induction of the complement-like proteins TEP1 and SPCLIP1 and abolished rapamycin-mediated refractoriness to Plasmodium infection. Together, these findings demonstrate a key role of the TOR pathway in regulating mosquito immune responses, thereby influencing vector competence. Anautogenous mosquitoes must consume vertebrate blood meals to complete oogenesis. Repeated blood feeding makes the mosquitoes efficient disease-transmitting vectors. The TOR pathway activated by ingested blood is known as an important regulator for vitellogenesis in mosquitoes. Herein, we show that the protein kinase TOR is involved in the regulation of mosquitoes’ susceptibility to Plasmodium infection. Inhibition of the TOR pathway by rapamycin upregulates the expression of REL2, a transcription factor controlling the expression of a variety of immune effectors. The enhanced immune responses in turn promote parasite elimination. Therefore, the TOR pathway plays a dual role in not only regulating mosquito reproduction but also in their vector potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebiao Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wen
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GC); (JW)
| | - Jingwen Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GC); (JW)
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27
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Abstract
Cells metabolize nutrients for biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs to fuel growth and proliferation. The uptake of nutrients from the environment and their intracellular metabolism is a highly controlled process that involves cross talk between growth signaling and metabolic pathways. Despite constant fluctuations in nutrient availability and environmental signals, normal cells restore metabolic homeostasis to maintain cellular functions and prevent disease. A central signaling molecule that integrates growth with metabolism is the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is a protein kinase that responds to levels of nutrients and growth signals. mTOR forms two protein complexes, mTORC1, which is sensitive to rapamycin, and mTORC2, which is not directly inhibited by this drug. Rapamycin has facilitated the discovery of the various functions of mTORC1 in metabolism. Genetic models that disrupt either mTORC1 or mTORC2 have expanded our knowledge of their cellular, tissue, as well as systemic functions in metabolism. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the regulation and functions of mTORC2, particularly in metabolism, has lagged behind. Since mTOR is an important target for cancer, aging, and other metabolism-related pathologies, understanding the distinct and overlapping regulation and functions of the two mTOR complexes is vital for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the key discoveries and recent findings on the regulation and metabolic functions of the mTOR complexes. We highlight findings from cancer models but also discuss other examples of the mTOR-mediated metabolic reprogramming occurring in stem and immune cells, type 2 diabetes/obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelia Szwed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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28
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Zhu XM, Li L, Cai YY, Wu XY, Shi HB, Liang S, Qu YM, Naqvi NI, Del Poeta M, Dong B, Lin FC, Liu XH. A VASt-domain protein regulates autophagy, membrane tension, and sterol homeostasis in rice blast fungus. Autophagy 2020; 17:2939-2961. [PMID: 33176558 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1848129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols are a class of lipids critical for fundamental biological processes and membrane dynamics. These molecules are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are transported bi-directionally between the ER and plasma membrane (PM). However, the trafficking mechanism of sterols and their relationship with macroautophagy/autophagy are still poorly understood in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we identified the VAD1 Analog of StAR-related lipid transfer (VASt) domain-containing protein MoVast1 via co-immunoprecipitation in M. oryzae. Loss of MoVAST1 resulted in conidial defects, impaired appressorium development, and reduced pathogenicity. The MoTor (target of rapamycin in M. oryzae) activity is inhibited because MoVast1 deletion leads to high levels of sterol accumulation in the PM. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the 902 T site is essential for localization and function of MoVast1. Through filipin or Flipper-TR staining, autophagic flux detection, MoAtg8 lipidation, and drug sensitivity assays, we uncovered that MoVast1 acts as a novel autophagy inhibition factor that monitors tension in the PM by regulating the sterol content, which in turn modulates the activity of MoTor. Lipidomics and transcriptomics analyses further confirmed that MoVast1 is an important regulator of lipid metabolism and the autophagy pathway. Our results revealed and characterized a novel sterol transfer protein important for M. oryzae pathogenicity.Abbreviations: AmB: amphotericin B; ATMT: Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation; CM: complete medium; dpi: days post-inoculation; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; Flipper-TR: fluorescent lipid tension reporter; GO: Gene ontology; hpi: hours post-inoculation; IH: invasive hyphae; KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; MoTor: target of rapamycin in Magnaporthe oryzae; PalmC: palmitoylcarnitine; PM: plasma membrane; SD-N: synthetic defined medium without amino acids and ammonium sulfate; TOR: target of rapamycin; VASt: VAD1 Analog of StAR-related lipid transfer; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Cai
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Yu Wu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Min Qu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Naweed I Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA
| | - Bo Dong
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- St Ate Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Zhu H, Zheng S, Xu J, Wu Q, Song Q, Ge L. The Amino Acid-Mediated TOR Pathway Regulates Reproductive Potential and Population Growth in Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae). Front Physiol 2020; 11:617237. [PMID: 33329069 PMCID: PMC7733968 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.617237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The predatory mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, feeds on brown planthopper (BPH) eggs that are deposited on rice and gramineous plants surrounding rice fields. The development and reproduction of C. lividipennis are inhibited by feeding on BPH eggs from gramineous species, and the underlining regulatory mechanism for this phenomenon is unclear. In the present study, HPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the concentrations of six amino acids (AAs:Ala, Arg, Ser, Lys, Thr, and Pro) were significantly higher in rice than in five gramineous species. When C. lividipennis fed on gramineous plants with BPH eggs, expression of several genes in the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway (Rheb, TOR, and S6K) were significantly lower than that in the insects fed on rice plants with BPH eggs. Treatment of C. lividipennis females with rapamycin, dsRheb, dsTOR, or dsS6K caused a decrease in Rheb, TOR, and S6K expression, and these effects were partially rescued by the juvenile hormone (JH) analog, methoprene. Dietary dsTOR treatment significantly influenced a number of physiological parameters and resulted in impaired predatory capacity, fecundity, and population growth. This study indicates that these six AAs play an important role in the mediated-TOR pathway, which in turn regulates vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis, reproduction, and population growth in C. lividipennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zhu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sui Zheng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Linquan Ge
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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30
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Yang J, Tavazoie S. Regulatory and evolutionary adaptation of yeast to acute lethal ethanol stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239528. [PMID: 33170850 PMCID: PMC7654773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been the subject of many studies aimed at understanding mechanisms of adaptation to environmental stresses. Most of these studies have focused on adaptation to sub-lethal stresses, upon which a stereotypic transcriptional program called the environmental stress response (ESR) is activated. However, the genetic and regulatory factors that underlie the adaptation and survival of yeast cells to stresses that cross the lethality threshold have not been systematically studied. Here, we utilized a combination of gene expression profiling, deletion-library fitness profiling, and experimental evolution to systematically explore adaptation of S. cerevisiae to acute exposure to threshold lethal ethanol concentrations—a stress with important biotechnological implications. We found that yeast cells activate a rapid transcriptional reprogramming process that is likely adaptive in terms of post-stress survival. We also utilized repeated cycles of lethal ethanol exposure to evolve yeast strains with substantially higher ethanol tolerance and survival. Importantly, these strains displayed bulk growth-rates that were indistinguishable from the parental wild-type strain. Remarkably, these hyper-ethanol tolerant strains had reprogrammed their pre-stress gene expression states to match the likely adaptive post-stress response in the wild-type strain. Our studies reveal critical determinants of yeast survival to lethal ethanol stress and highlight potentially general principles that may underlie evolutionary adaptation to lethal stresses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Yang
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Saeed Tavazoie
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Chadha S, Behl T, Bungau S, Kumar A, Kaur R, Venkatachalam T, Gupta A, Kandhwal M, Chandel D. Focus on the Multimodal Role of Autophagy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inflammation 2020; 44:1-12. [PMID: 32954452 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy exerts its dual role in eukaryotic cells and exerts its cytoprotective action through degradation mechanism and by regulating catabolic processes which results in elimination of pathogens. Under suitable conditions, autophagy is associated with recycling of cytoplasmic components which causes regeneration of energy whereas deregulated autophagy exerts its implicated role in development and pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The immune, innate, and adaptive responses are regulated through the development, proliferation, and growth of lymphocytes. Such innate and adaptive responses can act as mediator of arthritis; along with this, stimulation of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption takes place via transferring citrullinated peptides towards MHC (major histocompatibility complex) compartments, thereby resulting in degradation of bone. Processes such as apoptosis resistance are also regulated through autophagy. In this review, the current knowledge based on role of autophagy in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis is summarized along with proteins associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | | | - Amit Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Mimansa Kandhwal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Deepak Chandel
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
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Pandiella-Alonso A, Díaz-Rodríguez E, Sanz E. Antitumoral Properties of the Nutritional Supplement Ocoxin Oral Solution: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092661. [PMID: 32878230 PMCID: PMC7551453 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocoxin Oral Solution (OOS) is a nutritional supplement whose formulation includes several plant extracts and natural products with demonstrated antitumoral properties. This review summarizes the antitumoral action of the different constituents of OOS. The action of this formulation on different preclinical models as well as clinical trials is reviewed, paying special attention to the mechanism of action and quality of life improvement properties of this nutritional supplement. Molecularly, its mode of action includes a double edge role on tumor biology, that involves a slowdown in cell proliferation accompanied by cell death induction. Given the safety and good tolerability of OOS, and its potentiation of the antitumoral effect of other standard of care drugs, OOS may be used in the oncology clinic in combination with conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanasio Pandiella-Alonso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Díaz-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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Toriyama K, Kuwahara M, Kondoh H, Mikawa T, Takemori N, Konishi A, Yorozuya T, Yamada T, Soga T, Shiraishi A, Yamashita M. T cell-specific deletion of Pgam1 reveals a critical role for glycolysis in T cell responses. Commun Biol 2020; 3:394. [PMID: 32709928 PMCID: PMC7382475 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the important roles of glycolysis in T cells have been demonstrated, the regulatory mechanism of glycolysis in activated T cells has not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, the influences of glycolytic failure on the T cell-dependent immune response in vivo remain unclear. We therefore assessed the role of glycolysis in the T cell-dependent immune response using T cell-specific Pgam1-deficient mice. Both CD8 and CD4 T cell-dependent immune responses were attenuated by Pgam1 deficiency. The helper T cell-dependent inflammation was ameliorated in Pgam1-deficient mice. Glycolysis augments the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and the T-cell receptor (TCR) signals. Glutamine acts as a metabolic hub in activated T cells, since the TCR-dependent increase in intracellular glutamine is required to augment glycolysis, increase mTORC1 activity and augment TCR signals. These findings suggest that mTORC1, glycolysis and glutamine affect each other and cooperate to induce T cell proliferation and differentiation. Toriyama et al. delete the glycolytic enzyme Pgam1 in T cells to investigate the role of glycolysis in T cell-mediated immune responses. They find that glycolysis, mTORC1 and glutamine affect each other and cooperate to induce T cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Toriyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuwahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takumi Mikawa
- Geriatric Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takemori
- Advanced Research Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Amane Konishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yorozuya
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Infection and Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Keio University, Tsuruoka City, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiraishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Yamashita
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan. .,Department of Infection and Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan. .,Department of Translational Immunology, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of liver transplantation (LT) is increasingly being limited by the unavailability of liver grafts. Unique regenerative capacity of liver in response to injuries makes living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) a feasible strategy to meet clinical demands. Serine hydroxymethyl-transferase 2 (SHMT2) serves as the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of glycine. Glycine affects the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is important for cellular growth and proliferation. In this study, the effects of SHMT2 on mouse liver regeneration were investigated using a classical partial hepatectomy (PH) model. METHODS In vivo, PH was performed on mice with or without knockdown of SHMT2. In vitro, SHMT2 was overexpressed in primary hepatocytes, which were cultured in customized Dulbecco's modified eagle media and LY294002 (an Akt inhibitor). Relevant indexes of liver regeneration, cell proliferation, and Akt/mTOR signal pathways were analyzed. RESULTS After PH, the expression levels of SHMT2 fluctuated with time and knockdown of SHMT2 in vivo lowered the regenerative ability of liver, with reduced glycine levels compared to the scramble group. In addition, overexpression of SHMT2 in hepatocytes boosted glycine production while enhancing Akt/mTOR pathway activity. These results were validated by the application of LY294002 in vitro. CONCLUSIONS SHMT2 can contribute to liver regeneration after PH, and this is likely related to the activation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by its metabolic product, glycine, in hepatocytes. These results might have therapeutic implications for the prognosis of patients undergoing hepatic resection or transplantation.
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A regulatory circuit between lncRNA and TOR directs amino acid uptake in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118680. [PMID: 32081726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as crucial players of several central cellular processes across eukaryotes. Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is a central regulator of myriad of fundamental cellular processes including amino acid transport under diverse environmental conditions. Here we investigated the role of lncRNA in TOR regulated amino acid uptake in S. cerevisiae. Transcription of lncRNA regulates local gene expression in eukaryotes. In silico analysis of many genome wide studies in S. cerevisiae revealed that transcriptome includes conditional expression of numerous lncRNAs in proximity to amino acid transporters (AATs). Considering regulatory role of these lncRNAs, we selected highly conserved TOR regulated locus of a pair of AATs present in tandem BAP2 and TAT1. We observed that the expression of antisense lncRNA XUT_2F-154 (TBRT) and AATs BAP2 and TAT1 depends on activities of TOR signaling pathway. The expression of TBRT is induced, while that of BAP2 TAT1 is repressed upon TOR inhibition by Torin2. Notably, upon TOR inhibition loss of TBRT contributed to enhanced activities of Bap2 and Tat1 leading to improved growth. Interestingly, nucleosome scanning assay reveal that TOR signaling pathway governs chromatin remodeling at BAP2 biphasic promoter to control the antagonism of TBRT and BAP2 expression. Further TBRT also reprograms local chromatin landscapes to decrease the transcription of TAT1. The current work demonstrates a functional correlation between lncRNA production and TOR governed amino acid uptake in yeast. Thus this work brings forth a novel avenue for identification of potential regulators for therapeutic interventions against TOR mediated diseases.
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Odle RI, Walker SA, Oxley D, Kidger AM, Balmanno K, Gilley R, Okkenhaug H, Florey O, Ktistakis NT, Cook SJ. An mTORC1-to-CDK1 Switch Maintains Autophagy Suppression during Mitosis. Mol Cell 2020; 77:228-240.e7. [PMID: 31733992 PMCID: PMC6964153 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since nuclear envelope breakdown occurs during mitosis in metazoan cells, it has been proposed that macroautophagy must be inhibited to maintain genome integrity. However, repression of macroautophagy during mitosis remains controversial and mechanistic detail limited to the suggestion that CDK1 phosphorylates VPS34. Here, we show that initiation of macroautophagy, measured by the translocation of the ULK complex to autophagic puncta, is repressed during mitosis, even when mTORC1 is inhibited. Indeed, mTORC1 is inactive during mitosis, reflecting its failure to localize to lysosomes due to CDK1-dependent RAPTOR phosphorylation. While mTORC1 normally represses autophagy via phosphorylation of ULK1, ATG13, ATG14, and TFEB, we show that the mitotic phosphorylation of these autophagy regulators, including at known repressive sites, is dependent on CDK1 but independent of mTOR. Thus, CDK1 substitutes for inhibited mTORC1 as the master regulator of macroautophagy during mitosis, uncoupling autophagy regulation from nutrient status to ensure repression of macroautophagy during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Odle
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
| | - Simon A Walker
- Imaging Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - David Oxley
- Proteomics Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Andrew M Kidger
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Kathryn Balmanno
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Rebecca Gilley
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Hanneke Okkenhaug
- Imaging Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Oliver Florey
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Nicholas T Ktistakis
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Simon J Cook
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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Kessi-Pérez EI, Molinet J, Martínez C. Disentangling the genetic bases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae nitrogen consumption and adaptation to low nitrogen environments in wine fermentation. Biol Res 2020; 53:2. [PMID: 31918759 PMCID: PMC6950849 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been considered for more than 20 years as a premier model organism for biological sciences, also being the main microorganism used in wide industrial applications, like alcoholic fermentation in the winemaking process. Grape juice is a challenging environment for S. cerevisiae, with nitrogen deficiencies impairing fermentation rate and yeast biomass production, causing stuck or sluggish fermentations, thus generating sizeable economic losses for wine industry. In the present review, we summarize some recent efforts in the search of causative genes that account for yeast adaptation to low nitrogen environments, specially focused in wine fermentation conditions. We start presenting a brief perspective of yeast nitrogen utilization under wine fermentative conditions, highlighting yeast preference for some nitrogen sources above others. Then, we give an outlook of S. cerevisiae genetic diversity studies, paying special attention to efforts in genome sequencing for population structure determination and presenting QTL mapping as a powerful tool for phenotype-genotype correlations. Finally, we do a recapitulation of S. cerevisiae natural diversity related to low nitrogen adaptation, specially showing how different studies have left in evidence the central role of the TORC1 signalling pathway in nitrogen utilization and positioned wild S. cerevisiae strains as a reservoir of beneficial alleles with potential industrial applications (e.g. improvement of industrial yeasts for wine production). More studies focused in disentangling the genetic bases of S. cerevisiae adaptation in wine fermentation will be key to determine the domestication effects over low nitrogen adaptation, as well as to definitely proof that wild S. cerevisiae strains have potential genetic determinants for better adaptation to low nitrogen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Kessi-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Molinet
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile.
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Host-Directed Therapy as a Novel Treatment Strategy to Overcome Tuberculosis: Targeting Immune Modulation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9010021. [PMID: 31936156 PMCID: PMC7168302 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries, presenting a major threat to the public health. The currently recommended long term treatment regimen with multiple antibiotics is associated with poor patient compliance, which in turn, may contribute to the emergence of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The low global treatment efficacy of MDR-TB has highlighted the necessity to develop novel treatment options. Host-directed therapy (HDT) together with current standard anti-TB treatments, has gained considerable interest, as HDT targets novel host immune mechanisms. These immune mechanisms would otherwise bypass the antibiotic bactericidal targets to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which may be mutated to cause antibiotic resistance. Additionally, host-directed therapies against TB have been shown to be associated with reduced lung pathology and improved disease outcome, most likely via the modulation of host immune responses. This review will provide an update of host-directed therapies and their mechanism(s) of action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Magaway C, Kim E, Jacinto E. Targeting mTOR and Metabolism in Cancer: Lessons and Innovations. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121584. [PMID: 31817676 PMCID: PMC6952948 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells support their growth and proliferation by reprogramming their metabolism in order to gain access to nutrients. Despite the heterogeneity in genetic mutations that lead to tumorigenesis, a common alteration in tumors occurs in pathways that upregulate nutrient acquisition. A central signaling pathway that controls metabolic processes is the mTOR pathway. The elucidation of the regulation and functions of mTOR can be traced to the discovery of the natural compound, rapamycin. Studies using rapamycin have unraveled the role of mTOR in the control of cell growth and metabolism. By sensing the intracellular nutrient status, mTOR orchestrates metabolic reprogramming by controlling nutrient uptake and flux through various metabolic pathways. The central role of mTOR in metabolic rewiring makes it a promising target for cancer therapy. Numerous clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of mTOR inhibition for cancer treatment. Rapamycin analogs have been approved to treat specific types of cancer. Since rapamycin does not fully inhibit mTOR activity, new compounds have been engineered to inhibit the catalytic activity of mTOR to more potently block its functions. Despite highly promising pre-clinical studies, early clinical trial results of these second generation mTOR inhibitors revealed increased toxicity and modest antitumor activity. The plasticity of metabolic processes and seemingly enormous capacity of malignant cells to salvage nutrients through various mechanisms make cancer therapy extremely challenging. Therefore, identifying metabolic vulnerabilities in different types of tumors would present opportunities for rational therapeutic strategies. Understanding how the different sources of nutrients are metabolized not just by the growing tumor but also by other cells from the microenvironment, in particular, immune cells, will also facilitate the design of more sophisticated and effective therapeutic regimen. In this review, we discuss the functions of mTOR in cancer metabolism that have been illuminated from pre-clinical studies. We then review key findings from clinical trials that target mTOR and the lessons we have learned from both pre-clinical and clinical studies that could provide insights on innovative therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy to target mTOR signaling and the metabolic network in cancer.
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Seryl-tRNA synthetase is involved in methionine stimulation of β-casein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:489-498. [PMID: 31711551 PMCID: PMC7015878 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well-characterised mechanisms of amino acids (AA) regulation of milk protein synthesis in mammary glands (MG), the underlying specific AA regulatory machinery in bovine MG remains further elucidated. As methionine (Met) is one of the most important essential and limiting AA for dairy cows, it is crucial to expand how Met exerts its regulatory effects on dairy milk protein synthesis. Our previous work detected the potential regulatory role of seryl-tRNA synthetase (SARS) in essential AA (EAA)-stimulated bovine casein synthesis. Here, we investigated whether and how SARS participates in Met stimulation of casein production in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). With or without RNA interference against SARS, BMEC were treated with the medium in the absence (containing all other EAA and devoid of Met alone)/presence (containing 0·6 mm of Met in the medium devoid of Met alone) of Met. The protein abundance of β-casein and members of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathways was determined by immunoblot assay after 6 h treatment, the cell viability and cell cycle progression were determined by cell counting and propidium iodide-staining assay after 24 h treatment, and protein turnover was determined by l-[ring-3H5]phenylalanine isotope tracing assay after 48 h treatment. In the absence of Met, there was a general reduction in cell viability, total protein synthesis and β-casein production; in contrast, total protein degradation was enhanced. SARS knockdown strengthened these changes. Finally, SARS may work to promote Met-stimulated β-casein synthesis via affecting mTOR and GCN2 routes in BMEC.
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Aboudhiaf S, Alves G, Parrot S, Amri M, Simonnet MM, Grosjean Y, Manière G, Seugnet L. LAT1-like transporters regulate dopaminergic transmission and sleep in Drosophila. Sleep 2019; 41:5054580. [PMID: 30016498 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are involved in functions reportedly linked to the sleep/wake cycle: neurotransmitter synthesis and recycling, the regulation of synaptic strength, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism. In addition, the existence of bidirectional relationships among extracellular content, transport systems, and sleep/wake states is receiving emerging support. Nevertheless, the connection between amino acid transport and sleep/wake regulation remains elusive. To address this question, we used Drosophila melanogaster and investigated the role of LAT1 (large neutral amino acid transporter 1) transporters. We show that the two Drosophila LAT1-like transporters: Juvenile hormone Inducible-21 and minidiscs (Mnd) are required in dopaminergic neurons for sleep/wake regulation. Down-regulating either gene in dopaminergic neurons resulted in higher daily sleep and longer sleep bout duration during the night, suggesting a defect in dopaminergic transmission. Since LAT1 transporters can mediate in mammals the uptake of L-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine, we assessed amino acid transport efficiency by L-DOPA feeding. We find that downregulation of JhI-21, but not Mnd, reduced the sensitivity to L-DOPA as measured by sleep loss. JhI-21 downregulation also attenuated the sleep loss induced by continuous activation of dopaminergic neurons. Since LAT1 transporters are known to regulate target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, we investigated the role of this amino acid sensing pathway in dopaminergic neurons. Consistently, we report that TOR activity in dopaminergic neurons modulates sleep/wake states. Altogether, this study provides evidence that LAT1-mediated amino acid transport in dopaminergic neurons is playing a significant role in sleep/wake regulation and is providing several entry points to elucidate the role of nutrients such as amino acids in sleep/wake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Aboudhiaf
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon - INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR 5292 - Université de Lyon - WAKING group, Lyon, France.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, UR/11ES09 Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Georges Alves
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sandrine Parrot
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon - INSERM U1028 - UMR 5292 - Université de Lyon - NeuroDialytics Unit, Lyon, France
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, UR/11ES09 Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mégane M Simonnet
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yael Grosjean
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Manière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon - INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR 5292 - Université de Lyon - WAKING group, Lyon, France
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Bottino-Rojas V, Pereira LOR, Silva G, Talyuli OAC, Dunkov BC, Oliveira PL, Paiva-Silva GO. Non-canonical transcriptional regulation of heme oxygenase in Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13726. [PMID: 31551499 PMCID: PMC6760526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is a ubiquitous enzyme responsible for heme breakdown, which yields carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin (BV) and ferrous ion. Here we show that the Aedes aegypti heme oxygenase gene (AeHO - AAEL008136) is expressed in different developmental stages and tissues. AeHO expression increases after a blood meal in the midgut, and its maximal transcription levels overlaps with the maximal rate of the further modified A. aegypti biglutaminyl-biliverdin (AeBV) pigment production. HO is a classical component of stress response in eukaryotic cells, being activated under oxidative stress or increased heme levels. Indeed, the final product of HO activity in the mosquito midgut, AeBV, exerts a protective antioxidant activity. AeHO, however, does not seem to be under a classical redox-sensitive transcriptional regulation, being unresponsive to heme itself, and even down regulated when insects face a pro-oxidant insult. In contrast, AeHO gene expression responds to nutrient sensing mechanisms, through the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway. This unusual transcriptional control of AeHO, together with the antioxidant properties of AeBV, suggests that heme degradation by HO, in addition to its important role in protection of Aedes aegypti against heme exposure, also acts as a digestive feature, being an essential adaptation to blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bottino-Rojas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luiza O R Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Octavio A C Talyuli
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Boris C Dunkov
- Center for Insect Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0106, USA
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gabriela O Paiva-Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Waltero C, de Abreu LA, Alonso T, Nunes-da-Fonseca R, da Silva Vaz I, Logullo C. TOR as a Regulatory Target in Rhipicephalus microplus Embryogenesis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:965. [PMID: 31417424 PMCID: PMC6684781 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryogenesis is a metabolically intensive process carried out under tightly controlled conditions. The insulin signaling pathway regulates glucose homeostasis and is essential for reproduction in metazoan model species. Three key targets are part of this signaling pathway: protein kinase B (PKB, or AKT), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), and target of rapamycin (TOR). While the role of AKT and GSK-3 has been investigated during tick embryonic development, the role of TOR remains unknown. In this study, TOR and two other downstream effectors, namely S6 kinase (S6K) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), were investigated in in vitro studies using the tick embryonic cell line BME26. First, we show that exogenous insulin can stimulate TOR transcription. Second, TOR chemical inhibition led to a decrease in BME26 cell viability, loss of membrane integrity, and downregulation of S6K and 4E-BP1 transcription. Conversely, treating BME26 cells with chemical inhibitors of AKT or GSK-3 did not affect S6K and 4E-BP1 transcription, showing that TOR is specifically required to activate its downstream targets. To address the role of TOR in tick reproduction, in vivo studies were performed. Analysis of relative transcription during different stages of tick embryonic development showed different levels of transcription for TOR, and a maternal deposition of S6K and 4E-BP1 transcripts. Injection of TOR double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into partially fed females led to a slight delay in oviposition, an atypical egg external morphology, decreased vitellin content in eggs, and decreased larval hatching. Taken together, our data show that the TOR signaling pathway is important for tick reproduction, that TOR acts as a regulatory target in Rhipicephalus microplus embryogenesis and represents a promising target for the development of compounds for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Waltero
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda and Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Araujo de Abreu
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda and Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thayná Alonso
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda and Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes-da-Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda and Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda and Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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44
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Vasconcelos A, Santos T, Ravasco P, Neves PM. Dairy Products: Is There an Impact on Promotion of Prostate Cancer? A Review of the Literature. Front Nutr 2019; 6:62. [PMID: 31139629 PMCID: PMC6527888 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review of the literature aims to study potential associations between high consumption of milk and/or dairy products and prostate cancer (PC). Literature is scarce, yet there is a direct relationship between mTORC1 activation and PC; several ingredients in milk/dairy products, when in high concentrations, increase signaling of the mTORC1 pathway. However, there are no studies showing an unequivocal relationship between milk products PC initiation and/or progression. Three different reviews were conducted with articles published in the last 5 years: (M1) PC and intake of dairy products, taking into account the possible mTORC1signaling mechanism; (M2) Intake of milk products and incidence/promotion of PC; (M3) mTORC1 activation signaling pathway, levels of IGF-1 and PC; (M4) mTORC pathway and dairy products. Of the 32 reviews identified, only 21 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There is little scientific evidence that directly link the three factors: incidence/promotion of PC, intake of dairy products and PC, and PC and increased mTORC1 signaling. Persistent hyper-activation of mTORC1 is associated with PC promotion. The activity of exosomal mRNA in cellular communication may lead to different impacts of different types of milk and whether or not mammalian milks will have their own characteristics within each species. Based on this review of the literature, it is possible to establish a relationship between the consumption of milk products and the progression of PC; we also found a possible association with PC initiation, hence it is likely that the intake of dairy products should be reduced or minimized in mens' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Santos
- European University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Ravasco
- University Hospital of Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Miguel Neves
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
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45
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Williams JA. Cholecystokinin (CCK) Regulation of Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Physiological Actions and Signal Transduction Mechanisms. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:535-564. [PMID: 30873601 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells synthesize and secrete about 20 digestive enzymes and ancillary proteins with the processes that match the supply of these enzymes to their need in digestion being regulated by a number of hormones (CCK, secretin and insulin), neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and VIP) and growth factors (EGF and IGF). Of these regulators, one of the most important and best studied is the gastrointestinal hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK). Furthermore, the acinar cell has become a model for seven transmembrane, heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptors to regulate multiple processes by distinct signal transduction cascades. In this review, we briefly describe the chemistry and physiology of CCK and then consider the major physiological effects of CCK on pancreatic acinar cells. The majority of the review is devoted to the physiologic signaling pathways activated by CCK receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins and the functions they affect. The pathways covered include the traditional second messenger pathways PLC-IP3-Ca2+ , DAG-PKC, and AC-cAMP-PKA/EPAC that primarily relate to secretion. Then there are the protein-protein interaction pathways Akt-mTOR-S6K, the three major MAPK pathways (ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK), and Ca2+ -calcineurin-NFAT pathways that primarily regulate non-secretory processes including biosynthesis and growth, and several miscellaneous pathways that include the Rho family small G proteins, PKD, FAK, and Src that may regulate both secretory and nonsecretory processes but are not as well understood. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:535-564, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Williams
- University of Michigan, Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (Gastroenterology), Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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46
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Kim J, Guan KL. mTOR as a central hub of nutrient signalling and cell growth. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:63-71. [PMID: 30602761 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR; originally known as mammalian target of rapamycin) is a central cell growth regulator connecting cellular metabolism and growth with a wide range of environmental inputs as part of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. In this Review, we introduce the landmark discoveries in the mTOR field, starting from the isolation of rapamycin to the molecular characterizations of key components of the mTORC signalling network with an emphasis on amino acid sensing, and discuss the perspectives of mTORC inhibitors in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungmok Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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47
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Perez Pardo P, Wu J, Garssen J, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Hogenkamp A, Hartog A, Kraneveld AD. The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders; A Focus on Amino Acids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:247. [PMID: 31057483 PMCID: PMC6477881 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental conditions that affect communication and social behavior. Besides social deficits, systemic inflammation, gastrointestinal immune-related problems, and changes in the gut microbiota composition are characteristic for people with ASD. Animal models showed that these characteristics can induce ASD-associated behavior, suggesting an intimate relationship between the microbiota, gut, immune system and the brain in ASD. Multiple factors can contribute to the development of ASD, but mutations leading to enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are reported frequently. Hyperactivation of mTOR leads to deficits in the communication between neurons in the brain and to immune impairments. Hence, mTOR might be a critical factor linking the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR is shown to improve ASD-associated behavior and immune functions, however, the clinical use is limited due to severe side reactions. Interestingly, studies have shown that mTOR activation can also be modified by nutritional stimuli, in particular by amino acids. Moreover, specific amino acids are demonstrated to inhibit inflammation, improve gut barrier function and to modify the microbiota composition. In this review we will discuss the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD and explore the potential of amino acids as a treatment option for ASD, either via modification of mTOR activity, the immune system or the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H. J. van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jiangbo Wu
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Veterinary Pharmacology, Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aletta D. Kraneveld
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48
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Clatici VG, Voicu C, Voaides C, Roseanu A, Icriverzi M, Jurcoane S. Diseases of Civilization - Cancer, Diabetes, Obesity and Acne - the Implication of Milk, IGF-1 and mTORC1. MAEDICA 2018; 13:273-281. [PMID: 30774725 PMCID: PMC6362881 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2018.13.4.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and food are one of the most complex aspects of human lives, being influenced by biochemical, psychological, social and cultural factors. The Western diet is the prototype of modern dietary pattern and is mainly characterized by the intake of large amounts of red meat, dairy products, refined grains and sugar. Large amounts of scientific evidence positively correlate Western diet to acne, obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer, the so-called "diseases of civilization". The pathophysiological common ground of all these pathologies is the IGF-1 and mTORC pathways, which will be disscussed further in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anca Roseanu
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Icriverzi
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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49
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Garza-Lombó C, Petrosyan P, Tapia-Rodríguez M, Valdovinos-Flores C, Gonsebatt ME. Systemic L-buthionine-S-R-sulfoximine administration modulates glutathione homeostasis via NGF/TrkA and mTOR signaling in the cerebellum. Neurochem Int 2018; 121:8-18. [PMID: 30300680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an essential component of intracellular antioxidant systems that plays a primordial role in the protection of cells against oxidative stress, maintaining redox homeostasis and xenobiotic detoxification. GSH synthesis in the brain is limited by the availability of cysteine and glutamate. Cystine, the disulfide form of cysteine is transported into endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and astrocytes via the system xc-, which is composed of xCT and the heavy chain of 4F2 cell surface antigen (4F2hc). Cystine is reduced inside the cells and the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) transports cysteine from the endothelial cells into the brain, cysteine is transported into the neurons through the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), also known as excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1). The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and neurotrophins can activate signaling pathways that modulate amino acid transporters for GSH synthesis. The present study found that systemic L-buthionine-S-R-sulfoximine (BSO) administration selectively altered GSH homeostasis and EAAT3 levels in the mice cerebellum. Intraperitoneal treatment of mice with 6 mmol/kg of BSO depleted GSH and GSSG in the liver at 2 h of treatment. The cerebellum, but not other brain regions, exhibited a redox response. The mTOR and the neuronal growth factor (NGF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) signaling pathways were activated and lead to an increase in the protein levels of the EAAT3 transporter, which was linked to an increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio and GSH concentration in the cerebellum at 0.5 and 2 h, respectively. Therefore, the cerebellum responds to peripheral GSH depletion via activation of the mTOR and NGF/TrkA pathways, which increase the transport of cysteine for GSH synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garza-Lombó
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Pavel Petrosyan
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Tapia-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Microscopía, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Cesar Valdovinos-Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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50
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Geoghegan D, Arnall C, Hatton D, Noble-Longster J, Sellick C, Senussi T, James DC. Control of amino acid transport into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2908-2929. [PMID: 29987891 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) represent a key interface between the cell and its environment, critical for all cellular processes: Energy generation, redox control, and synthesis of cell and product biomass. However, very little is known about the activity of different functional classes of AATs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, how they support cell growth and productivity, and the potential for engineering their activity and/or the composition of amino acids in growth media to improve CHO cell performance in vitro. In this study, we have comparatively characterized AAT expression in untransfected and monoclonal antibody (MAb)-producing CHO cells using transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq, and mechanistically dissected AAT function using a variety of transporter-specific chemical inhibitors, comparing their effect on cell proliferation, recombinant protein production, and amino acid transport. Of a possible 56 mammalian plasma membrane AATs, 16 AAT messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were relatively abundant across all CHO cell populations. Of these, a subset of nine AAT mRNAs were more abundant in CHO cells engineered to produce a recombinant MAb. Together, upregulated AATs provide additional supply of specific amino acids overrepresented in MAb biomass compared to CHO host cell biomass, enable transport of synthetic substrates for glutathione synthesis, facilitate transport of essential amino acids to maintain active protein synthesis, and provide amino acid substrates for coordinated antiport systems to maintain supplies of proteinogenic and essential amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Geoghegan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire Arnall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Joanne Noble-Longster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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