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Venkatachalam S, Jabir T, Vipindas PV, Krishnan KP. Ecological significance of Candidatus ARS69 and Gemmatimonadota in the Arctic glacier foreland ecosystems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:128. [PMID: 38229335 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The Gemmatimonadota phylum has been widely detected in diverse natural environments, yet their specific ecological roles in many habitats remain poorly investigated. Similarly, the Candidatus ARS69 phylum has been identified only in a few habitats, and literature on their metabolic functions is relatively scarce. In the present study, we investigated the ecological significance of phyla Ca. ARS69 and Gemmatimonadota in the Arctic glacier foreland (GF) ecosystems through genome-resolved metagenomics. We have reconstructed the first high-quality metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) belonging to Ca. ARS69 and 12 other MAGs belonging to phylum Gemmatimonadota from the three different Arctic GF samples. We further elucidated these two groups phylogenetic lineage and their metabolic function through phylogenomic and pangenomic analysis. The analysis showed that all the reconstructed MAGs potentially belonged to novel species. The MAGs belonged to Ca. ARS69 consist about 8296 gene clusters, of which only about 8% of single-copy core genes (n = 980) were shared among them. The study also revealed the potential ecological role of Ca. ARS69 is associated with carbon fixation, denitrification, sulfite oxidation, and reduction biochemical processes in the GF ecosystems. Similarly, the study demonstrates the widespread distribution of different classes of Gemmatimonadota across wide ranges of ecosystems and their metabolic functions, including in the polar region. KEY POINTS: • Glacier foreland ecosystems act as a natural laboratory to study microbial community structure. • We have reconstructed 13 metagenome-assembled genomes from the soil samples. • All the reconstructed MAGs belonged to novel species with different metabolic processes. • Ca. ARS69 and Gemmatimonadota MAGs were found to participate in carbon fixation and denitrification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddarthan Venkatachalam
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Govt. of India), Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India.
| | - Thajudeen Jabir
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Govt. of India), Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India
| | - Puthiya Veettil Vipindas
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Govt. of India), Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India
| | - Kottekkatu Padinchati Krishnan
- Arctic Ecology and Biogeochemistry Division, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Govt. of India), Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India
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Ficetola GF, Marta S, Guerrieri A, Cantera I, Bonin A, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Ambrosini R, Caccianiga M, Anthelme F, Azzoni RS, Almond P, Alviz Gazitúa P, Ceballos Lievano JL, Chand P, Chand Sharma M, Clague JJ, Cochachín Rapre JA, Compostella C, Encarnación RC, Dangles O, Deline P, Eger A, Erokhin S, Franzetti A, Gielly L, Gili F, Gobbi M, Hågvar S, Kaufmann R, Khedim N, Meneses RI, Morales-Martínez MA, Peyre G, Pittino F, Proietto A, Rabatel A, Sieron K, Tielidze L, Urseitova N, Yang Y, Zaginaev V, Zerboni A, Zimmer A, Diolaiuti GA, Taberlet P, Poulenard J, Fontaneto D, Thuiller W, Carteron A. The development of terrestrial ecosystems emerging after glacier retreat. Nature 2024; 632:336-342. [PMID: 39085613 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The global retreat of glaciers is dramatically altering mountain and high-latitude landscapes, with new ecosystems developing from apparently barren substrates1-4. The study of these emerging ecosystems is critical to understanding how climate change interacts with microhabitat and biotic communities and determines the future of ice-free terrains1,5. Here, using a comprehensive characterization of ecosystems (soil properties, microclimate, productivity and biodiversity by environmental DNA metabarcoding6) across 46 proglacial landscapes worldwide, we found that all the environmental properties change with time since glaciers retreated, and that temperature modulates the accumulation of soil nutrients. The richness of bacteria, fungi, plants and animals increases with time since deglaciation, but their temporal patterns differ. Microorganisms colonized most rapidly in the first decades after glacier retreat, whereas most macroorganisms took longer. Increased habitat suitability, growing complexity of biotic interactions and temporal colonization all contribute to the increase in biodiversity over time. These processes also modify community composition for all the groups of organisms. Plant communities show positive links with all other biodiversity components and have a key role in ecosystem development. These unifying patterns provide new insights into the early dynamics of deglaciated terrains and highlight the need for integrated surveillance of their multiple environmental properties5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France.
| | - Silvio Marta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- CNR - Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessia Guerrieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Argaly, Bâtiment CleanSpace, Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac, France
| | - Isabel Cantera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurélie Bonin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Argaly, Bâtiment CleanSpace, Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac, France
| | | | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabien Anthelme
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Roberto Sergio Azzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "Ardito Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Almond
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Pablo Alviz Gazitúa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | | | - Pritam Chand
- Department of Geography, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Milap Chand Sharma
- Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - John J Clague
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Colombia, Canada
| | | | - Chiara Compostella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "Ardito Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Olivier Dangles
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Deline
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, University of Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, Chambéry, France
| | - Andre Eger
- Mannaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Soils and Landscapes, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Sergey Erokhin
- Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovic Gielly
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrizio Gili
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- Research and Museum Collections Office, Climate and Ecology Unit, MUSE-Science Museum, Trento, Italy
| | - Sigmund Hågvar
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (INA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Rüdiger Kaufmann
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Norine Khedim
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, University of Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, Chambéry, France
| | - Rosa Isela Meneses
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia: La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia
- Millenium Nucleus in Andean Peatlands, Arica, Chile
| | | | - Gwendolyn Peyre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Francesca Pittino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Angela Proietto
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antoine Rabatel
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE UMR 5001), Grenoble, France
| | - Katrin Sieron
- Universidad Veracruzana, Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Levan Tielidze
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nurai Urseitova
- Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Vitalii Zaginaev
- Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Mountain Societies Research Institute, University of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Andrea Zerboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "Ardito Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anaïs Zimmer
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Pierre Taberlet
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jerome Poulenard
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, University of Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, Chambéry, France
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- CNR - Water Research Institute, Verbania, Italy
- NBFC - National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexis Carteron
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Université de Toulouse, École d'Ingénieurs de PURPAN, UMR INRAE-INPT DYNAFOR, Toulouse, France.
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Carteron A, Cantera I, Guerrieri A, Marta S, Bonin A, Ambrosini R, Anthelme F, Azzoni RS, Almond P, Alviz Gazitúa P, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Ceballos Lievano JL, Chand P, Chand Sharma M, Clague JJ, Cochachín Rapre JA, Compostella C, Cruz Encarnación R, Dangles O, Eger A, Erokhin S, Franzetti A, Gielly L, Gili F, Gobbi M, Hågvar S, Khedim N, Meneses RI, Peyre G, Pittino F, Rabatel A, Urseitova N, Yang Y, Zaginaev V, Zerboni A, Zimmer A, Taberlet P, Diolaiuti GA, Poulenard J, Thuiller W, Caccianiga M, Ficetola GF. Dynamics and drivers of mycorrhizal fungi after glacier retreat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1739-1752. [PMID: 38581206 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The development of terrestrial ecosystems depends greatly on plant mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi. The global retreat of glaciers exposes nutrient-poor substrates in extreme environments and provides a unique opportunity to study early successions of mycorrhizal fungi by assessing their dynamics and drivers. We combined environmental DNA metabarcoding and measurements of local conditions to assess the succession of mycorrhizal communities during soil development in 46 glacier forelands around the globe, testing whether dynamics and drivers differ between mycorrhizal types. Mycorrhizal fungi colonized deglaciated areas very quickly (< 10 yr), with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi tending to become more diverse through time compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi. Both alpha- and beta-diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were significantly related to time since glacier retreat and plant communities, while microclimate and primary productivity were more important for ectomycorrhizal fungi. The richness and composition of mycorrhizal communities were also significantly explained by soil chemistry, highlighting the importance of microhabitat for community dynamics. The acceleration of ice melt and the modifications of microclimate forecasted by climate change scenarios are expected to impact the diversity of mycorrhizal partners. These changes could alter the interactions underlying biotic colonization and belowground-aboveground linkages, with multifaceted impacts on soil development and associated ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Carteron
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de PURPAN, UMR INRAE-INPT DYNAFOR, Toulouse, 31076, France
| | - Isabel Cantera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Guerrieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Argaly, Bâtiment CleanSpace, 354 Voie Magellan, 73800, Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac, France
| | - Silvio Marta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aurélie Bonin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Argaly, Bâtiment CleanSpace, 354 Voie Magellan, 73800, Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac, France
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabien Anthelme
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, 34398, France
| | - Roberto Sergio Azzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra 'Ardito Desio', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Peter Almond
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Pablo Alviz Gazitúa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, CW76+76, Osorno, Chile
| | | | | | - Pritam Chand
- Department of Geography, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Milap Chand Sharma
- Centre for the Study of Regional Development - School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - John J Clague
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Chiara Compostella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra 'Ardito Desio', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Olivier Dangles
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Andre Eger
- Mannaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Soils and Landscapes, 54 Gerald St., Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Sergey Erokhin
- Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Frunze, 533, 720033, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovic Gielly
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrizio Gili
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- Research and Museum Collections Office, Climate and Ecology Unit, MUSE-Science Museum, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza, 3, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Sigmund Hågvar
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (INA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, 1433, Ås, Norway
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, 9006, Norway
| | - Norine Khedim
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Université Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, F-73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Rosa Isela Meneses
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia: La Paz, FW6J+RP2, La Paz, Bolivia
- Universidad Católica del Norte, 8HCR+94, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Gwendolyn Peyre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Andes, 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Francesca Pittino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Rabatel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nurai Urseitova
- Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Frunze, 533, 720033, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Vitalii Zaginaev
- Mountain Societies Research Institute, University of Central Asia, Toktogula 125/1, 720001, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Andrea Zerboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra 'Ardito Desio', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Anaïs Zimmer
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Pierre Taberlet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, 9006, Norway
| | - Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Jerome Poulenard
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Université Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, F-73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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Key mechanisms shaping plant succession are dynamic over time. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:202-203. [PMID: 38253879 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
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He X, Hanusch M, Böll L, Lach A, Seifert T, Junker RR. Adding experimental precision to the realism of field observations: Plant communities structure bacterial communities in a glacier forefield. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16590. [PMID: 38356117 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Ecological studies are aligned along a realism-precision continuum ranging from field observations to controlled lab experiments that each have their own strengths and limitations. Ecological insight may be most robust when combining approaches. In field observations along a successional gradient, we found correlations between plant species composition and soil bacterial communities, while bacterial Shannon diversity was unrelated to vegetation characteristics. To add a causal understanding of the processes of bacterial community assembly, we designed lab experiments to specifically test the influence of plant composition on bacterial communities. Using soil and seeds from our field site, we added different combinations of surface-sterilised seeds to homogenised soil samples in microcosms and analysed bacterial communities 4 months later. Our results confirmed the field observations suggesting that experimental plant community composition shaped bacterial community composition, while Shannon diversity was unaffected. These results reflect intimate plant-bacteria interactions that are important drivers of plant health and community assembly. While this study provided insights into the role of plants underlying the assembly of bacterial communities, we did not experimentally manipulate other drivers of community assembly such as abiotic factors. Therefore, we recommend multi-factorial laboratory experiments to quantify the relative importance of different factors contributing to microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie He
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maximilian Hanusch
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laura Böll
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Lach
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Seifert
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert R Junker
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Cantera I, Carteron A, Guerrieri A, Marta S, Bonin A, Ambrosini R, Anthelme F, Azzoni RS, Almond P, Alviz Gazitúa P, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Ceballos Lievano JL, Chand P, Chand Sharma M, Clague J, Cochachín Rapre JA, Compostella C, Cruz Encarnación R, Dangles O, Eger A, Erokhin S, Franzetti A, Gielly L, Gili F, Gobbi M, Hågvar S, Khedim N, Meneses RI, Peyre G, Pittino F, Rabatel A, Urseitova N, Yang Y, Zaginaev V, Zerboni A, Zimmer A, Taberlet P, Diolaiuti GA, Poulenard J, Thuiller W, Caccianiga M, Ficetola GF. The importance of species addition 'versus' replacement varies over succession in plant communities after glacier retreat. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:256-267. [PMID: 38233559 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying plant succession remain highly debated. Due to the local scope of most studies, we lack a global quantification of the relative importance of species addition 'versus' replacement. We assessed the role of these processes in the variation (β-diversity) of plant communities colonizing the forelands of 46 retreating glaciers worldwide, using both environmental DNA and traditional surveys. Our findings indicate that addition and replacement concur in determining community changes in deglaciated sites, but their relative importance varied over time. Taxa addition dominated immediately after glacier retreat, as expected in harsh environments, while replacement became more important for late-successional communities. These changes were aligned with total β-diversity changes, which were more pronounced between early-successional communities than between late-successional communities (>50 yr since glacier retreat). Despite the complexity of community assembly during plant succession, the observed global pattern suggests a generalized shift from the dominance of facilitation and/or stochastic processes in early-successional communities to a predominance of competition later on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cantera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Alexis Carteron
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, UMR INRAE-INPT DYNAFOR, Toulouse, France
| | - Alessia Guerrieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Argaly, Bâtiment CleanSpace, Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac, France
| | - Silvio Marta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aurélie Bonin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Argaly, Bâtiment CleanSpace, Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac, France
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabien Anthelme
- Laboratory AMAP, IRD, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Roberto Sergio Azzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra 'Ardito Desio', Milano, Italy
| | - Peter Almond
- Department of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Pablo Alviz Gazitúa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | | | | | - Pritam Chand
- Department of Geography, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO- Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Milap Chand Sharma
- Centre for the Study of Regional Development - School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - John Clague
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Dangles
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Andre Eger
- Mannaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Soils and Landscapes, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Sergey Erokhin
- Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), - University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovic Gielly
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrizio Gili
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- Research and Museum Collections Office, Climate and Ecology Unit, MUSE-Science Museum, Trento, Italy
| | - Sigmund Hågvar
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (INA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Norine Khedim
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, EDYTEM, Chambéry, France
| | - Rosa Isela Meneses
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia: La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia
- Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Gwendolyn Peyre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Francesca Pittino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), - University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Antoine Rabatel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), Grenoble, France
| | - Nurai Urseitova
- Institute of Water Problems and Hydro-Energy, Kyrgyz National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Vitalii Zaginaev
- Mountain Societies Research Institute, University of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Andrea Zerboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra 'Ardito Desio', Milano, Italy
| | - Anaïs Zimmer
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Pierre Taberlet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jerome Poulenard
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
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7
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Wicaksono WA, Mora M, Bickel S, Berg C, Kühn I, Cernava T, Berg G. Rhizosphere assembly alters along a chronosequence in the Hallstätter glacier forefield (Dachstein, Austria). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae005. [PMID: 38271603 PMCID: PMC10858390 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microbiome assembly is essential for plant health, but the temporal dimension of this process remains unexplored. We used a chronosequence of 150 years of the retreating Hallstätter glacier (Dachstein, Austria) to disentangle this exemplarily for the rhizosphere of three pioneer alpine plants. Time of deglaciation was an important factor shaping the rhizosphere microbiome. Microbiome functions, i.e. nutrient uptake and stress protection, were carried out by ubiquitous and cosmopolitan bacteria. The rhizosphere succession along the chronosequence was characterized by decreasing microbial richness but increasing specificity of the plant-associated bacterial community. Environmental selection is a critical factor in shaping the ecosystem, particularly in terms of plant-driven recruitment from the available edaphic pool. A higher rhizosphere microbial richness during early succession compared to late succession can be explained by the occurrence of cold-acclimated bacteria recruited from the surrounding soils. These taxa might be sensitive to changing habitat conditions that occurred at the later stages. A stronger influence of the plant host on the rhizosphere microbiome assembly was observed with increased time since deglaciation. Overall, this study indicated that well-adapted, ubiquitous microbes potentially support pioneer plants to colonize new ecosystems, while plant-specific microbes may be associated with the long-term establishment of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisnu Adi Wicaksono
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Maximilian Mora
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Samuel Bickel
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Christian Berg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Halle 06120, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Halle 06099, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle–Jena–Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy Potsdam (ATB), Potsdam 14469, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany
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8
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Zimmer A, Beach T, Riva Regalado S, Salcedo Aliaga J, Cruz Encarnación R, Anthelme F. Llamas (Llama glama) enhance proglacial ecosystem development in Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15936. [PMID: 37743358 PMCID: PMC10518316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, mountain glaciers are shrinking rapidly. Consequently, large areas are becoming available for the development of novel alpine ecosystems. These harsh environments, however, delay primary succession. In this study with a local community, we conducted an inclusion experiment to investigate whether Llama glama influences soils and vegetation primary succession following glacial retreat. At the foot of the Uruashraju glacier in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru (~ 4680 m.a.s.l.), we established four llama inclusion plots and four control plots that we studied from 2019 to 2022, 24-40 years after deglacierization. After three years, the llama plots had significantly increased soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen. In the llama plots, we found a large, significant increase in vascular plant cover (+ 57%) between the second and third years of experimentation, and we identified four new species that were not present in 2019. Our results suggest that Llama glama, through their latrine behavior and role as a seed disperser, enhances the primary succession and novel ecosystem formation in recently deglacierized landscapes. Our study provides scientific support that rewilding of native Andean camelids may favor adaptation to glacier retreat and inform conservation and management strategies in proglacial landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Zimmer
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Timothy Beach
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sebastián Riva Regalado
- Laboratorio de Florística, Departamento de Dicotiledóneas, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Jean Salcedo Aliaga
- Departamento de Etnobotánica y Botánica Económica, Museo de Historia Natural. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Rolando Cruz Encarnación
- Área de Evaluación de Glaciares y Lagunas, Autoridad Nacional del Agua, Huaraz, Peru
- Universidad Nacional Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo, Huaraz, Peru
| | - Fabien Anthelme
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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9
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Marta S, Zimmer A, Caccianiga M, Gobbi M, Ambrosini R, Azzoni RS, Gili F, Pittino F, Thuiller W, Provenzale A, Ficetola GF. Heterogeneous changes of soil microclimate in high mountains and glacier forelands. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5306. [PMID: 37652908 PMCID: PMC10471727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Landscapes nearby glaciers are disproportionally affected by climate change, but we lack detailed information on microclimate variations that can modulate the impacts of global warming on proglacial ecosystems and their biodiversity. Here, we use near-subsurface soil temperatures in 175 stations from polar, equatorial and alpine glacier forelands to generate high-resolution temperature reconstructions, assess spatial variability in microclimate change from 2001 to 2020, and estimate whether microclimate heterogeneity might buffer the severity of warming trends. Temporal changes in microclimate are tightly linked to broad-scale conditions, but the rate of local warming shows great spatial heterogeneity, with faster warming nearby glaciers and during the warm season, and an extension of the snow-free season. Still, most of the fine-scale spatial variability of microclimate is one-to-ten times larger than the temporal change experienced during the past 20 years, indicating the potential for microclimate to buffer climate change, possibly allowing organisms to withstand, at least temporarily, the effects of warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Marta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, IGG-CNR, Italian National Research Council, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anaïs Zimmer
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- Research & Museum Collections Office, Climate and Ecology Unit, MUSE-Science Museum, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sergio Azzoni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences "Ardito Desio", University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gili
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Pittino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT) - University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Antonello Provenzale
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, IGG-CNR, Italian National Research Council, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F38000, Grenoble, France
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10
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Hanusch M, He X, Janssen S, Selke J, Trutschnig W, Junker RR. Exploring the Frequency and Distribution of Ecological Non-monotonicity in Associations among Ecosystem Constituents. Ecosystems 2023; 26:1819-1840. [PMID: 38106357 PMCID: PMC10721710 DOI: 10.1007/s10021-023-00867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Complex links between biotic and abiotic constituents are fundamental for the functioning of ecosystems. Although non-monotonic interactions and associations are known to increase the stability, diversity, and productivity of ecosystems, they are frequently ignored by community-level standard statistical approaches. Using the copula-based dependence measure qad, capable of quantifying the directed and asymmetric dependence between variables for all forms of (functional) relationships, we determined the proportion of non-monotonic associations between different constituents of an ecosystem (plants, bacteria, fungi, and environmental parameters). Here, we show that up to 59% of all statistically significant associations are non-monotonic. Further, we show that pairwise associations between plants, bacteria, fungi, and environmental parameters are specifically characterized by their strength and degree of monotonicity, for example, microbe-microbe associations are on average stronger than and differ in degree of non-monotonicity from plant-microbe associations. Considering directed and non-monotonic associations, we extended the concept of ecosystem coupling providing more complete insights into the internal order of ecosystems. Our results emphasize the importance of ecological non-monotonicity in characterizing and understanding ecosystem patterns and processes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10021-023-00867-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Hanusch
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Xie He
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Janssen
- Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Julian Selke
- Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Trutschnig
- Department for Artificial Intelligence & Human Interfaces, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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11
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Bosson JB, Huss M, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Clément JC, Costes G, Fischer M, Poulenard J, Arthaud F. Future emergence of new ecosystems caused by glacial retreat. Nature 2023; 620:562-569. [PMID: 37587299 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Glacier shrinkage and the development of post-glacial ecosystems related to anthropogenic climate change are some of the fastest ongoing ecosystem shifts, with marked ecological and societal cascading consequences1-6. Yet, no complete spatial analysis exists, to our knowledge, to quantify or anticipate this important changeover7,8. Here we show that by 2100, the decline of all glaciers outside the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets may produce new terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems over an area ranging from the size of Nepal (149,000 ± 55,000 km2) to that of Finland (339,000 ± 99,000 km2). Our analysis shows that the loss of glacier area will range from 22 ± 8% to 51 ± 15%, depending on the climate scenario. In deglaciated areas, the emerging ecosystems will be characterized by extreme to mild ecological conditions, offering refuge for cold-adapted species or favouring primary productivity and generalist species. Exploring the future of glacierized areas highlights the importance of glaciers and emerging post-glacial ecosystems in the face of climate change, biodiversity loss and freshwater scarcity. We find that less than half of glacial areas are located in protected areas. Echoing the recent United Nations resolution declaring 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers' Preservation9 and the Global Biodiversity Framework10, we emphasize the need to urgently and simultaneously enhance climate-change mitigation and the in situ protection of these ecosystems to secure their existence, functioning and values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Bosson
- Asters, Conservatory of Natural Areas of Haute-Savoie, Annecy, France.
| | - M Huss
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - S Cauvy-Fraunié
- INRAE, UR RIVERLY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - J C Clément
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - G Costes
- Asters, Conservatory of Natural Areas of Haute-Savoie, Annecy, France
| | - M Fischer
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Poulenard
- Laboratory Environnement Dynamique et Territoire de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - F Arthaud
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
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12
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Citterich F, Lo Giudice A, Azzaro M. A plastic world: A review of microplastic pollution in the freshwaters of the Earth's poles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161847. [PMID: 36709890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is of great environmental concern. MPs have been found all over the Earth, including in the poles, which is indicative for the important threat they constitute. Yet, while the ocean is object of major interest, the data available in the literature about MP pollution in the freshwaters of the Earth's poles are still limited. Here, we review the current knowledge of MP pollution in the freshwaters of the Arctic, Antarctica and Third Pole, and we assess its ecological implications. This review highlights the presence of MPs in the lakes, rivers, snow, and glaciers of the investigated sites, questions the transport patterns through which MPs reach these remote areas, and illustrates that MP pollution is a real problem not only in marine systems, but also in the freshwater environments of the Earth's poles. MPs can indeed be ingested by animals and can physically damage their digestive tracts, as well as escalate the trophic levels. MPs can also alter microbial communities by serving as surfaces onto which microbes can grow and develop, and can enhance ice melting when trapped in glaciers. Hence, considered the limited data available, we encourage more research on the theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Citterich
- Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP), National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Lo Giudice
- Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP), National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Azzaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP), National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy
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13
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Roggero A, Giachino PM, Casale A, Allegro G, Fiorito A, Palestrini C. Combination of Morphometric and Morphological Analyses: An Effective Approach for the Study of Platynus from the Italian W Alps (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Platynini). DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In the W Italian Alps, an area characterized by considerable environmental complexity, the widespread Platynus were studied by focusing on their species composition. The ecological niche realized by the genus in this area encompasses a preference for humid and cold environments, sometimes associated with altitude. Several specimens from private and public collections were investigated by geometric morphometrics, a powerful technique capable of detecting even minor morphological variation. The quantitative analysis was paired to a qualitative survey of anatomical traits. To classify and discriminate species, external traits (head, pronotum, right elytron) and internal structures (male and female genitalia, mouthparts) were evaluated by direct examination and dissection. The results supported the presence of the five species already known from the study area and also helped to identify four new cryptic taxa to which the specific rank was assigned. They are herein described as Platynus maritimus n. sp., Platynus occitanus n. sp., Platynus simonisi n. sp., and Platynus vignai n. sp.
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14
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Homogeneous Environmental Selection Structures the Bacterial Communities of Benthic Biofilms in Proglacial Floodplain Streams. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0201022. [PMID: 36847567 PMCID: PMC10053691 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02010-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In proglacial floodplains, glacier recession promotes biogeochemical and ecological gradients across relatively small spatial scales. The resulting environmental heterogeneity induces remarkable microbial biodiversity among proglacial stream biofilms. Yet the relative importance of environmental constraints in forming biofilm communities remains largely unknown. Extreme environmental conditions in proglacial streams may lead to the homogenizing selection of biofilm-forming microorganisms. However, environmental differences between proglacial streams may impose different selective forces, resulting in nested, spatially structured assembly processes. Here, we investigated bacterial community assembly processes by unraveling ecologically successful phylogenetic clades in two stream types (glacier-fed mainstems and non-glacier-fed tributaries) draining three proglacial floodplains in the Swiss Alps. Clades with low phylogenetic turnover rates were present in all stream types, including Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, while the other clades were specific to one stream type. These clades constituted up to 34.8% and 31.1% of the community diversity and up to 61.3% and 50.9% of the relative abundances in mainstems and tributaries, respectively, highlighting their importance and success in these communities. Furthermore, the proportion of bacteria under homogeneous selection was inversely related to the abundance of photoautotrophs, and these clades may therefore decrease in abundance with the future "greening" of proglacial habitats. Finally, we found little effect of physical distance from the glacier on clades under selection in glacier-fed streams, probably due to the high hydrological connectivity of our study reaches. Overall, these findings shed new light on the mechanisms of microbial biofilm assembly in proglacial streams and help us to predict their future in a rapidly changing environment. IMPORTANCE Streams draining proglacial floodplains harbor benthic biofilms comprised of diverse microbial communities. These high-mountain ecosystems are rapidly changing with climate warming, and it is therefore critical to better understand the mechanisms underlying the assembly of their microbial communities. We found that homogeneous selection dominates the structuring of bacterial communities in benthic biofilms in both glacier-fed mainstems and nonglacier tributary streams within three proglacial floodplains in the Swiss Alps. However, differences between glacier-fed and tributary ecosystems may impose differential selective forces. Here, we uncovered nested, spatially structured assembly processes for proglacial floodplain communities. Our analyses additionally provided insights into linkages between aquatic photoautotrophs and the bacterial taxa under homogeneous selection, potentially by providing a labile source of carbon in these otherwise carbon-deprived systems. In the future, we expect a shift in the bacterial communities under homogeneous selection in glacier-fed streams as primary production becomes more important and streams become "greener".
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15
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He X, Hanusch M, Ruiz-Hernández V, Junker RR. Accuracy of mutual predictions of plant and microbial communities vary along a successional gradient in an alpine glacier forefield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1017847. [PMID: 36714711 PMCID: PMC9880484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1017847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Receding glaciers create virtually uninhabited substrates waiting for initial colonization of bacteria, fungi and plants. These glacier forefields serve as an ideal ecosystem for studying transformations in community composition and diversity over time and the interactions between taxonomic groups in a dynamic landscape. In this study, we investigated the relationships between the composition and diversity of bacteria, fungi, and plant communities as well as environmental factors along a successional gradient. We used random forest analysis assessing how well the composition and diversity of taxonomic groups and environmental factors mutually predict each other. We did not identify a single best indicator for all taxonomic and environmental properties, but found specific predictors to be most accurate for each taxon and environmental factor. The accuracy of prediction varied considerably along the successional gradient, highlighting the dynamic environmental conditions along the successional gradient that may also affect biotic interactions across taxa. This was also reflected by the high accuracy of predictions of plot age by all taxa. Next to plot age, our results indicate a strong importance of pH and temperature in structuring microbial and plant community composition. In addition, taxonomic groups predicted the community composition of each other more accurately than environmental factors, which may either suggest that these groups similarly respond to other not measured environmental factors or that direct interactions between taxa shape the composition of their communities. In contrast, diversity of taxa was not well predicted, suggesting that community composition of one taxonomic group is not a strong driver of the diversity of another group. Our study provides insights into the successional development of multidiverse communities shaped by complex interactions between taxonomic groups and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie He
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maximilian Hanusch
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victoria Ruiz-Hernández
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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16
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Schmeller DS, Urbach D, Bates K, Catalan J, Cogălniceanu D, Fisher MC, Friesen J, Füreder L, Gaube V, Haver M, Jacobsen D, Le Roux G, Lin YP, Loyau A, Machate O, Mayer A, Palomo I, Plutzar C, Sentenac H, Sommaruga R, Tiberti R, Ripple WJ. Scientists' warning of threats to mountains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158611. [PMID: 36087665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mountains are an essential component of the global life-support system. They are characterized by a rugged, heterogenous landscape with rapidly changing environmental conditions providing myriad ecological niches over relatively small spatial scales. Although montane species are well adapted to life at extremes, they are highly vulnerable to human derived ecosystem threats. Here we build on the manifesto 'World Scientists' Warning to Humanity', issued by the Alliance of World Scientists, to outline the major threats to mountain ecosystems. We highlight climate change as the greatest threat to mountain ecosystems, which are more impacted than their lowland counterparts. We further discuss the cascade of "knock-on" effects of climate change such as increased UV radiation, altered hydrological cycles, and altered pollution profiles; highlighting the biological and socio-economic consequences. Finally, we present how intensified use of mountains leads to overexploitation and abstraction of water, driving changes in carbon stock, reducing biodiversity, and impacting ecosystem functioning. These perturbations can provide opportunities for invasive species, parasites and pathogens to colonize these fragile habitats, driving further changes and losses of micro- and macro-biodiversity, as well further impacting ecosystem services. Ultimately, imbalances in the normal functioning of mountain ecosystems will lead to changes in vital biological, biochemical, and chemical processes, critically reducing ecosystem health with widespread repercussions for animal and human wellbeing. Developing tools in species/habitat conservation and future restoration is therefore essential if we are to effectively mitigate against the declining health of mountains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davnah Urbach
- Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Kieran Bates
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Jordi Catalan
- CREAF Campus UAB, Edifici C, Cerdanyola Del Valles, Spain; CSIC, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola Del Valles, Spain.
| | - Dan Cogălniceanu
- Ovidius University Constanţa, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agricultural Sciences, Al. Universităţii 1, 900470 Constanţa, Romania
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for GlobaI Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Jan Friesen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Leopold Füreder
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Veronika Gaube
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Ecology (SEC), Schottenfeldgasse 29, Austria.
| | - Marilen Haver
- LEFE, Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Dean Jacobsen
- Freshwater Biological Section, Dept. Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gael Le Roux
- LEFE, Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Yu-Pin Lin
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
| | - Adeline Loyau
- LEFE, Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Oliver Machate
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Mayer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Ecology (SEC), Schottenfeldgasse 29, Austria.
| | - Ignacio Palomo
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP*, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Christoph Plutzar
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Social Ecology (SEC), Schottenfeldgasse 29, Austria.
| | - Hugo Sentenac
- LEFE, Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Ruben Sommaruga
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Rocco Tiberti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DSTA, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - William J Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Harvey JA, Tougeron K, Gols R, Heinen R, Abarca M, Abram PK, Basset Y, Berg M, Boggs C, Brodeur J, Cardoso P, de Boer JG, De Snoo GR, Deacon C, Dell JE, Desneux N, Dillon ME, Duffy GA, Dyer LA, Ellers J, Espíndola A, Fordyce J, Forister ML, Fukushima C, Gage MJG, García‐Robledo C, Gely C, Gobbi M, Hallmann C, Hance T, Harte J, Hochkirch A, Hof C, Hoffmann AA, Kingsolver JG, Lamarre GPA, Laurance WF, Lavandero B, Leather SR, Lehmann P, Le Lann C, López‐Uribe MM, Ma C, Ma G, Moiroux J, Monticelli L, Nice C, Ode PJ, Pincebourde S, Ripple WJ, Rowe M, Samways MJ, Sentis A, Shah AA, Stork N, Terblanche JS, Thakur MP, Thomas MB, Tylianakis JM, Van Baaren J, Van de Pol M, Van der Putten WH, Van Dyck H, Verberk WCEP, Wagner DL, Weisser WW, Wetzel WC, Woods HA, Wyckhuys KAG, Chown SL. Scientists' warning on climate change and insects. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- EDYSAN, UMR 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS Amiens France
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Mariana Abarca
- Department of Biological Sciences Smith College Northampton Massachusetts USA
| | - Paul K. Abram
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre Agassiz British Columbia Canada
| | - Yves Basset
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Matty Berg
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Carol Boggs
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment and Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Gothic Colorado USA
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jetske G. de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. De Snoo
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Charl Deacon
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Jane E. Dell
- Geosciences and Natural Resources Department Western Carolina University Cullowhee North Carolina USA
| | | | - Michael E. Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
| | - Grant A. Duffy
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Marine Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Lee A. Dyer
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - James Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Caroline Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | - Claire Gely
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- MUSE‐Science Museum, Research and Museum Collections Office Climate and Ecology Unit Trento Italy
| | - Caspar Hallmann
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - John Harte
- Energy and Resources Group University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography Trier University Trier Germany
- IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee
| | - Christian Hof
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Greg P. A. Lamarre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico Universidad de Talca Talca Chile
| | - Simon R. Leather
- Center for Integrated Pest Management Harper Adams University Newport UK
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | | | - Chun‐Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | | | | | - Chris Nice
- Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS Université de Tours Tours France
| | - William J. Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Oregon USA
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAE, Aix‐Marseille University, UMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Alisha A. Shah
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Nigel Stork
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Matthew B. Thomas
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute and Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Martijn Van de Pol
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Wim H. Van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | | | - David L. Wagner
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - William C. Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Department of Integrative Biology, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Kris A. G. Wyckhuys
- Chrysalis Consulting Hanoi Vietnam
- China Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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18
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Hågvar S, Gobbi M. The role of arthropods in early colonization near melting glaciers: Contradictions between ecological assumptions and recent study results. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2022.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Most of the world’s mountain glaciers have been retreating for more than a century in response to climate change. Glacier retreat is evident on all continents, and the rate of retreat has accelerated during recent decades. Accurate, spatially explicit information on the position of glacier margins over time is useful for analyzing patterns of glacier retreat and measuring reductions in glacier surface area. This information is also essential for evaluating how mountain ecosystems are evolving due to climate warming and the attendant glacier retreat. Here, we present a non-comprehensive spatially explicit dataset showing multiple positions of glacier fronts since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maxima, including many data from the pre-satellite era. The dataset is based on multiple historical archival records including topographical maps; repeated photographs, paintings, and aerial or satellite images with a supplement of geochronology; and own field data. We provide ESRI shapefiles showing 728 past positions of 94 glacier fronts from all continents, except Antarctica, covering the period between the Little Ice Age maxima and the present. On average, the time series span the past 190 years. From 2 to 46 past positions per glacier are depicted (on average: 7.8).
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