1
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Sidhu JS, Lynch JP. Cortical cell size regulates root metabolic cost. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1343-1357. [PMID: 38340035 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that vacuolar occupancy in mature root cortical parenchyma cells regulates root metabolic cost and thereby plant fitness under conditions of drought, suboptimal nutrient availability, and increased soil mechanical impedance. However, the mechanistic role of vacuoles in reducing root metabolic cost was unproven. Here we provide evidence to support this hypothesis. We first show that root cortical cell size is determined by both cortical cell diameter and cell length. Significant genotypic variation for both cortical cell diameter (~1.1- to 1.5-fold) and cortical cell length (~ 1.3- to 7-fold) was observed in maize and wheat. GWAS and QTL analyses indicate cortical cell diameter and length are heritable and under independent genetic control. We identify candidate genes for both phenes. Empirical results from isophenic lines contrasting for cortical cell diameter and length show that increased cell size, due to either diameter or length, is associated with reduced root respiration, nitrogen content, and phosphorus content. RootSlice, a functional-structural model of root anatomy, predicts that an increased vacuolar: cytoplasmic ratio per unit cortical volume causes reduced root respiration and nutrient content. Ultrastructural imaging of cortical parenchyma cells with varying cortical diameter and cortical cell length confirms the in silico predictions and shows that an increase in cell size is correlated with increased vacuolar volume and reduced cytoplasmic volume. Vacuolar occupancy and its relationship with cell size merits further investigation as a phene for improving crop adaptation to edaphic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Singh Sidhu
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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2
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Rodriguez-Zaccaro FD, Lieberman M, Groover A. A systems genetic analysis identifies putative mechanisms and candidate genes regulating vessel traits in poplar wood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1375506. [PMID: 38867883 PMCID: PMC11167656 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1375506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Wood is the water conducting tissue of tree stems. Like most angiosperm trees, poplar wood contains water-conducting vessel elements whose functional properties affect water transport and growth rates, as well as susceptibility to embolism and hydraulic failure during water stress and drought. Here we used a unique hybrid poplar pedigree carrying genomically characterized chromosomal insertions and deletions to undertake a systems genomics analysis of vessel traits. We assayed gene expression in wood forming tissues from clonal replicates of genotypes covering dosage quantitative trait loci with insertions and deletions, genotypes with extreme vessel trait phenotypes, and control genotypes. A gene co-expression analysis was used to assign genes to modules, which were then used in integrative analyses to identify modules associated with traits, to identify putative molecular and cellular processes associated with each module, and finally to identify candidate genes using multiple criteria including dosage responsiveness. These analyses identified known processes associated with vessel traits including stress response, abscisic acid and cell wall biosynthesis, and in addition identified previously unexplored processes including cell cycle and protein ubiquitination. We discuss our findings relative to component processes contributing to vessel trait variation including signaling, cell cycle, cell expansion, and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meric Lieberman
- University of California Davis, Genome Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Groover
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, United States
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Burlington, VT, United States
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3
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Ezaki K, Koga H, Takeda-Kamiya N, Toyooka K, Higaki T, Sakamoto S, Tsukaya H. Precocious cell differentiation occurs in proliferating cells in leaf primordia in Arabidopsis angustifolia3 mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1322223. [PMID: 38689848 PMCID: PMC11058843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1322223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
During leaf development, the timing of transition from cell proliferation to expansion is an important factor in determining the final organ size. However, the regulatory system involved in this transition remains less understood. To get an insight into this system, we investigated the compensation phenomenon, in which the cell number decreases while the cell size increases in organs with determinate growth. Compensation is observed in several plant species suggesting coordination between cell proliferation and expansion. In this study, we examined an Arabidopsis mutant of ANGUSTIFOLIA 3 (AN3)/GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR 1, a positive regulator of cell proliferation, which exhibits the compensation. Though the AN3 role has been extensively investigated, the mechanism underlying excess cell expansion in the an3 mutant remains unknown. Focusing on the early stage of leaf development, we performed kinematic, cytological, biochemical, and transcriptome analyses, and found that the cell size had already increased during the proliferation phase, with active cell proliferation in the an3 mutant. Moreover, at this stage, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and xylem cells developed earlier than in the wild-type cells. Transcriptome data showed that photosynthetic activity and secondary cell wall biosynthesis were activated in an3 proliferating cells. These results indicated that precocious cell differentiation occurs in an3 cells. Therefore, we suggest a novel AN3 role in the suppression of cell expansion/differentiation during the cell proliferation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazune Ezaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Takeda-Kamiya
- Technology Platform Division, Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- Technology Platform Division, Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Pinto SC, Stojilković B, Zhang X, Sablowski R. Plant cell size: Links to cell cycle, differentiation and ploidy. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 78:102527. [PMID: 38484440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Cell size affects many processes, including exchange of nutrients and external signals, cell division and tissue mechanics. Across eukaryotes, cells have evolved mechanisms that assess their own size to inform processes such as cell cycle progression or gene expression. Here, we review recent progress in understanding plant cell size regulation and its implications, relating these findings to work in other eukaryotes. Highlights include use of DNA contents as reference point to control the cell cycle in shoot meristems, a size-dependent cell fate decision during stomatal development and insights into the interconnection between ploidy, cell size and cell wall mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Pinto
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Xinyu Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
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5
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Liu D, Lopez-Paz C, Li Y, Zhuang X, Umen J. Subscaling of a cytosolic RNA binding protein governs cell size homeostasis in the multiple fission alga Chlamydomonas. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1010503. [PMID: 38498520 PMCID: PMC10977881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Coordination of growth and division in eukaryotic cells is essential for populations of proliferating cells to maintain size homeostasis, but the underlying mechanisms that govern cell size have only been investigated in a few taxa. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) proliferates using a multiple fission cell cycle that involves a long G1 phase followed by a rapid series of successive S and M phases (S/M) that produces 2n daughter cells. Two control points show cell-size dependence: the Commitment control point in mid-G1 phase requires the attainment of a minimum size to enable at least one mitotic division during S/M, and the S/M control point where mother cell size governs cell division number (n), ensuring that daughter distributions are uniform. tny1 mutants pass Commitment at a smaller size than wild type and undergo extra divisions during S/M phase to produce small daughters, indicating that TNY1 functions to inhibit size-dependent cell cycle progression. TNY1 encodes a cytosolic hnRNP A-related RNA binding protein and is produced once per cell cycle during S/M phase where it is apportioned to daughter cells, and then remains at constant absolute abundance as cells grow, a property known as subscaling. Altering the dosage of TNY1 in heterozygous diploids or through mis-expression increased Commitment cell size and daughter cell size, indicating that TNY1 is a limiting factor for both size control points. Epistasis placed TNY1 function upstream of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor complex (RBC) and one of its regulators, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase G1 (CDKG1). Moreover, CDKG1 protein and mRNA were found to over-accumulate in tny1 cells suggesting that CDKG1 may be a direct target of repression by TNY1. Our data expand the potential roles of subscaling proteins outside the nucleus and imply a control mechanism that ties TNY1 accumulation to pre-division mother cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyi Liu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- University of Missouri—St. Louis, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, St. Louis. Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cristina Lopez-Paz
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yubing Li
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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6
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Li XM, Jenke H, Strauss S, Bazakos C, Mosca G, Lymbouridou R, Kierzkowski D, Neumann U, Naik P, Huijser P, Laurent S, Smith RS, Runions A, Tsiantis M. Cell-cycle-linked growth reprogramming encodes developmental time into leaf morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:541-556.e15. [PMID: 38244542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
How is time encoded into organ growth and morphogenesis? We address this question by investigating heteroblasty, where leaf development and form are modified with progressing plant age. By combining morphometric analyses, fate-mapping through live-imaging, computational analyses, and genetics, we identify age-dependent changes in cell-cycle-associated growth and histogenesis that underpin leaf heteroblasty. We show that in juvenile leaves, cell proliferation competence is rapidly released in a "proliferation burst" coupled with fast growth, whereas in adult leaves, proliferative growth is sustained for longer and at a slower rate. These effects are mediated by the SPL9 transcription factor in response to inputs from both shoot age and individual leaf maturation along the proximodistal axis. SPL9 acts by activating CyclinD3 family genes, which are sufficient to bypass the requirement for SPL9 in the control of leaf shape and in heteroblastic reprogramming of cellular growth. In conclusion, we have identified a mechanism that bridges across cell, tissue, and whole-organism scales by linking cell-cycle-associated growth control to age-dependent changes in organ geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Li
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Jenke
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christos Bazakos
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rena Lymbouridou
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy (CeMic), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Purva Naik
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Huijser
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Laurent
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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7
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Liu D, Vargas-García CA, Singh A, Umen J. A cell-based model for size control in the multiple fission alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5215-5224.e5. [PMID: 37949064 PMCID: PMC10750806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how population-size homeostasis emerges from stochastic individual cell behaviors remains a challenge in biology.1,2,3,4,5,6,7 The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) proliferates using a multiple fission cell cycle, where a prolonged G1 phase is followed by n rounds of alternating division cycles (S/M) to produce 2n daughters. A "Commitment" sizer in mid-G1 phase ensures sufficient cell growth before completing the cell cycle. A mitotic sizer couples mother-cell size to division number (n) such that daughter size distributions are uniform regardless of mother size distributions. Although daughter size distributions were highly robust to altered growth conditions, ∼40% of daughter cells fell outside of the 2-fold range expected from a "perfect" multiple fission sizer.7,8 A simple intuitive power law model with stochastic noise failed to reproduce individual division behaviors of tracked single cells. Through additional iterative modeling, we identified an alternative modified threshold (MT) model, where cells need to cross a threshold greater than 2-fold their median starting size to become division-competent (i.e., Committed), after which their behaviors followed a power law model. The Commitment versus mitotic size threshold uncoupling in the MT model was likely a key pre-adaptation in the evolution of volvocine algal multicellularity. A similar experimental approach was used in size mutants mat3/rbr and dp1 that are, respectively, missing repressor or activator subunits of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor complex (RBC). Both mutants showed altered relationships between Commitment and mitotic sizer, suggesting that RBC functions to decouple the two sizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyi Liu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; Department of Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 1 University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | | | - Abhyudai Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - James Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA.
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8
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Desvoyes B, Gutierrez C. Recent advances in plant cell biology. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151345. [PMID: 37596137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Desvoyes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Liu H, Wang K, Yang J, Wang X, Mei Q, Qiu L, Ma F, Mao K. The apple transcription factor MdbHLH4 regulates plant morphology and fruit development by promoting cell enlargement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 205:108207. [PMID: 38006791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The bHLH family, the second largest transcription factor (TF) family in plants, plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development processes. However, the biological functions and mechanisms of most bHLH proteins remain unknown, particularly in apples. In this study, we found that MdbHLH4 positively modulates plant growth and development by enhancing cell expansion. Overexpression (OE) of MdbHLH4 resulted in increased biomass, stem and root length, leaf area, and larger areas of pith, xylem, and cortex with greater cell size compared with wild-type apple plants. Conversely, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of MdbHLH4 led to reduced xylem and phloem as well as smaller cell size compared to wild-type apple plants. Ectopic expression of MdbHLH4 in tomatoes resulted in enlarged fruits with impaired color appearance, decreased accumulation of soluble solids, and decreased flesh firmness along with larger seeds. Subsequent investigations have shown that MdbHLH4 directly binds to the promoters of MdARF6b and MdPIF4b, enhancing their expression levels. These findings suggest that MdbHLH4 potentially regulates plant cell expansion through auxin and light signaling pathways. These study results not only provide new insights into the roles of bHLH transcription factors in regulating plant growth and development but also contribute to a deeper understanding of their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kangning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingfa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quanlin Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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Jing W, Gong F, Liu G, Deng Y, Liu J, Yang W, Sun X, Li Y, Gao J, Zhou X, Ma N. Petal size is controlled by the MYB73/TPL/HDA19-miR159-CKX6 module regulating cytokinin catabolism in Rosa hybrida. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7106. [PMID: 37925502 PMCID: PMC10625627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The size of plant lateral organs is determined by well-coordinated cell proliferation and cell expansion. Here, we report that miR159, an evolutionarily conserved microRNA, plays an essential role in regulating cell division in rose (Rosa hybrida) petals by modulating cytokinin catabolism. We uncover that Cytokinin Oxidase/Dehydrogenase6 (CKX6) is a target of miR159 in petals. Knocking down miR159 levels results in the accumulation of CKX6 transcripts and earlier cytokinin clearance, leading to a shortened cell division period and smaller petals. Conversely, knocking down CKX6 causes cytokinin accumulation and a prolonged developmental cell division period, mimicking the effects of exogenous cytokinin application. MYB73, a R2R3-type MYB transcription repressor, recruits a co-repressor (TOPLESS) and a histone deacetylase (HDA19) to form a suppression complex, which regulates MIR159 expression by modulating histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation levels at the MIR159 promoter. Our work sheds light on mechanisms for ensuring the correct timing of the exit from the cell division phase and thus organ size regulation by controlling cytokinin catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
- School of Food and Medicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Feifei Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yinglong Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- School of Food and Medicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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11
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Fung HF, Bergmann DC. Function follows form: How cell size is harnessed for developmental decisions. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151312. [PMID: 36989838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell size has profound effects on biological function, influencing a wide range of processes, including biosynthetic capacity, metabolism, and nutrient uptake. As a result, size is typically maintained within a narrow, population-specific range through size control mechanisms, which are an active area of study. While the physiological consequences of cell size are relatively well-characterized, less is known about its developmental consequences, and specifically its effects on developmental transitions. In this review, we compare systems where cell size is linked to developmental transitions, paying particular attention to examples from plants. We conclude by proposing that size can offer a simple readout of complex inputs, enabling flexible decisions during plant development.
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12
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Nouaze JC, Kim JH, Jeon GR, Kim JH. Monitoring of Indoor Farming of Lettuce Leaves for 16 Hours Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Double-Shell Model (DSM). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9671. [PMID: 36560040 PMCID: PMC9788501 DOI: 10.3390/s22249671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiment was performed using a double-shell electrical model to investigate the feasibility of detecting physiological changes in lettuce leaves over 16 h. Four lettuce plants were used, and the impedance spectra of the leaves were measured five times per plant every hour at frequencies of 500 Hz and 300 kHz. Estimated R-C parameters were computed, and the results show that the lettuce leaves closely fit the double-shell model (DSM). The average resistance ratios of R1 = 10.66R4 and R1 = 3.34R2 show high resistance in the extracellular fluid (ECF). A rapid increase in resistance (R1, R2, and R4) and a decrease in capacitance (C3 and C5) during water uptake were observed. In contrast, a gradual decrease in resistance and an increase in capacitance were observed while the LED light was on. Comparative studies of leaf physiology and electrical value changes support the idea that EIS is a great technique for the early monitoring of plant growth for crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Christian Nouaze
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- CAS Corporation, Headquarters, R&D Center, Yangju 11415, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- Corporate R&D Center, Hanwool Bio, Yangsan 50561, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye Rok Jeon
- Exsolit Research Center, Yangsan 50561, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Exsolit Research Center, Yangsan 50561, Republic of Korea
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13
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is extremely diverse, but its systematic quantification to determine the physical mechanisms that produce different phenotypes is possible by quantifying the underlying cell behaviours. These are limited and definable: they consist of cell proliferation, orientation of cell division, cell rearrangement, directional matrix production, cell addition/subtraction and cell size/shape change. Although minor variations in these categories are possible, in sum they capture all possible morphogenetic behaviours. This article summarises these processes, discusses their measurement, and highlights some salient examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Regeneration and Biology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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14
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Kinase Hog1 and Adr1 Opposingly Regulate Haploid Cell Morphology by Controlling Vacuole Size in Sporisorium scitamineum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080865. [PMID: 36012854 PMCID: PMC9410113 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis is a strictly regulated efficient system in eukaryotes for adapting to environmental changes. However, the morphogenesis regulatory mechanism in smut fungi is not clear. This study reports a relationship between MAP kinase Hog1 and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A catalytic subunit (Adr1) for the morphological regulation in the sugarcane pathogen Sporisorium scitamineum. The results demonstrated that MAP kinase Hog1 and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways are essential for the morphological development of S. scitamineum. Interestingly, MAP kinase Hog1 and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways’ defective mutants exhibit an opposite morphological phenotype. The morphology of cAMP/PKA defective mutants is recovered by deleting the SsHOG1 gene. However, MAP kinase Hog1 and cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit Adr1 do not interfere with each other. Further investigations showed that kinase Hog1 and Adr1 antagonistically regulates the vacuolar size, which contributes to the cell size and determines the cellular elongation rates. Kinase Hog1 and Adr1 also antagonistically balanced the cell wall integrity and permeability. Taken together, kinase Hog1- and Adr1-based opposing morphogenesis regulation of S. scitamineum by controlling the vacuolar size and cell wall permeability is established during the study.
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15
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Research Progress on the Leaf Morphology, Fruit Development and Plant Architecture of the Cucumber. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162128. [PMID: 36015432 PMCID: PMC9415855 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an annual climbing herb that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family and is one of the most important economic crops in the world. The breeding of cucumber varieties with excellent agronomic characteristics has gained more attention in recent years. The size and shape of the leaves or fruit and the plant architecture are important agronomic traits that influence crop management and productivity, thus determining the crop yields and consumer preferences. The growth of the plant is precisely regulated by both environmental stimuli and internal signals. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the plant morphological regulation of Arabidopsis, rice, and maize, our understanding of the control mechanisms of the growth and development of cucumber is still limited. This paper reviews the regulation of phytohormones in plant growth and expounds the latest progress in research regarding the genetic regulation pathways in leaf development, fruit size and shape, branching, and plant type in cucumber, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving cucumber productivity and cultivation efficiency.
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16
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Matz TW, Wang Y, Kulshreshtha R, Sampathkumar A, Nikoloski Z. Topological properties accurately predict cell division events and organization of shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2022; 149:276347. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.201024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cell division and the resulting changes to the cell organization affect the shape and functionality of all tissues. Thus, understanding the determinants of the tissue-wide changes imposed by cell division is a key question in developmental biology. Here, we use a network representation of live cell imaging data from shoot apical meristems (SAMs) in Arabidopsis thaliana to predict cell division events and their consequences at the tissue level. We show that a support vector machine classifier based on the SAM network properties is predictive of cell division events, with test accuracy of 76%, which matches that based on cell size alone. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the combination of topological and biological properties, including cell size, perimeter, distance and shared cell wall between cells, can further boost the prediction accuracy of resulting changes in topology triggered by cell division. Using our classifiers, we demonstrate the importance of microtubule-mediated cell-to-cell growth coordination in influencing tissue-level topology. Together, the results from our network-based analysis demonstrate a feedback mechanism between tissue topology and cell division in A. thaliana SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon W. Matz
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modelling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology 2 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Plant Cell Biology and Microscopy, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology 3 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Ritika Kulshreshtha
- Plant Cell Biology and Microscopy, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology 3 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Plant Cell Biology and Microscopy, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology 3 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modelling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology 2 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
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17
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Nakayama H, Leichty AR, Sinha NR. Molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development, morphological diversification, and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2534-2548. [PMID: 35441681 PMCID: PMC9252486 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The basic mechanisms of leaf development have been revealed through a combination of genetics and intense analyses in select model species. The genetic basis for diversity in leaf morphology seen in nature is also being unraveled through recent advances in techniques and technologies related to genomics and transcriptomics, which have had a major impact on these comparative studies. However, this has led to the emergence of new unresolved questions about the mechanisms that generate the diversity of leaf form. Here, we provide a review of the current knowledge of the fundamental molecular genetic mechanisms underlying leaf development with an emphasis on natural variation and conserved gene regulatory networks involved in leaf development. Beyond that, we discuss open questions/enigmas in the area of leaf development, how recent technologies can best be deployed to generate a unified understanding of leaf diversity and its evolution, and what untapped fields lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aaron R Leichty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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18
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Pérez AP, Artés MH, Moreno DF, Clotet J, Aldea M. Mad3 modulates the G 1 Cdk and acts as a timer in the Start network. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm4086. [PMID: 35522754 PMCID: PMC9075807 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells maintain their size within limits over successive generations to maximize fitness and survival. Sizer, timer, and adder behaviors have been proposed as possible alternatives to coordinate growth and cell cycle progression. Regarding budding yeast cells, a sizer mechanism is thought to rule cell cycle entry at Start. However, while many proteins controlling the size of these cells have been identified, the mechanistic framework in which they participate to achieve cell size homeostasis is not understood. We show here that intertwined APC and SCF degradation machineries with specific adaptor proteins drive cyclic accumulation of the G1 Cdk in the nucleus, reaching maximal levels at Start. The mechanism incorporates Mad3, a centromeric-signaling protein that subordinates G1 progression to the previous mitosis as a memory factor. This alternating-degradation device displays the properties of a timer and, together with the sizer device, would constitute a key determinant of cell cycle entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis P. Pérez
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marta H. Artés
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David F. Moreno
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Clotet
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Martí Aldea
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
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19
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Jiang S, Wei J, Li N, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Xu R, Zhou L, Huang X, Wang L, Guo S, Wang Y, Song CP, Qian W, Li Y. The UBP14-CDKB1;1-CDKG2 cascade controls endoreduplication and cell growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1308-1325. [PMID: 34999895 PMCID: PMC8972217 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication, a process in which DNA replication occurs in the absence of mitosis, is found in all eukaryotic kingdoms, especially plants, where it is assumed to be important for cell growth and cell fate maintenance. However, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism regulating endoreduplication is still lacking. We previously reported that UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE14 (UBP14), encoded by DA3, acts upstream of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE B1;1 (CDKB1;1) to influence endoreduplication and cell growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. The da3-1 mutant possesses large cotyledons with enlarged cells due to high ploidy levels. Here, we identified a suppressor of da3-1 (SUPPRESSOR OF da3-1 6; SUD6), encoding CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE G2 (CDKG2), which promotes endoreduplication and cell growth. CDKG2/SUD6 physically associates with CDKB1;1 in vivo and in vitro. CDKB1;1 directly phosphorylates SUD6 and modulates its stability. Genetic analysis indicated that SUD6 acts downstream of DA3 and CDKB1;1 to control ploidy level and cell growth. Thus, our study establishes a regulatory cascade for UBP14/DA3-CDKB1;1-CDKG2/SUD6-mediated control of endoreduplication and cell growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jinwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhibiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lixun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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20
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Nomoto Y, Takatsuka H, Yamada K, Suzuki T, Suzuki T, Huang Y, Latrasse D, An J, Gombos M, Breuer C, Ishida T, Maeo K, Imamura M, Yamashino T, Sugimoto K, Magyar Z, Bögre L, Raynaud C, Benhamed M, Ito M. A hierarchical transcriptional network activates specific CDK inhibitors that regulate G2 to control cell size and number in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1660. [PMID: 35351906 PMCID: PMC8964727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHow cell size and number are determined during organ development remains a fundamental question in cell biology. Here, we identified a GRAS family transcription factor, called SCARECROW-LIKE28 (SCL28), with a critical role in determining cell size in Arabidopsis. SCL28 is part of a transcriptional regulatory network downstream of the central MYB3Rs that regulate G2 to M phase cell cycle transition. We show that SCL28 forms a dimer with the AP2-type transcription factor, AtSMOS1, which defines the specificity for promoter binding and directly activates transcription of a specific set of SIAMESE-RELATED (SMR) family genes, encoding plant-specific inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases and thus inhibiting cell cycle progression at G2 and promoting the onset of endoreplication. Through this dose-dependent regulation of SMR transcription, SCL28 quantitatively sets the balance between cell size and number without dramatically changing final organ size. We propose that this hierarchical transcriptional network constitutes a cell cycle regulatory mechanism that allows to adjust cell size and number to attain robust organ growth.
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21
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Karim N, Lin LW, Van Eenennaam JP, Fangue NA, Schreier AD, Phillips MA, Rice RH. Epidermal cell cultures from white and green sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus and medirostris): Expression of TGM1-like transglutaminases and CYP4501A. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265218. [PMID: 35294467 PMCID: PMC8926185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a system optimized for propagating human keratinocytes, culture of skin samples from white and green sturgeons generated epithelial cells capable of making cross-linked protein envelopes. Two distinct forms of TGM1-like mRNA were molecularly cloned from the cells of white sturgeon and detected in green sturgeon cells, accounting for their cellular envelope forming ability. The protein translated from each displayed a cluster of cysteine residues resembling the membrane anchorage region expressed in epidermal cells of teleosts and tetrapods. One of the two mRNA forms (called A) was present at considerably higher levels than the other (called B) in both species. Continuous lines of white sturgeon epidermal cells were established and characterized. Size measurements indicated that a substantial fraction of the cells became enlarged, appearing similar to squames in human epidermal keratinocyte cultures. The cultures also expressed CYP1A, a cytochrome P450 enzyme inducible by activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 in fish. The cells gradually improved in growth rate over a dozen passages while retaining envelope forming ability, TGM1 expression and CYP1A inducibility. These cell lines are thus potential models for studying evolution of fish epidermis leading to terrestrial adaptation and for testing sturgeon sensitivity to environmental stresses such as pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Karim
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lo-Wei Lin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joel P. Van Eenennaam
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nann A. Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea D. Schreier
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Marjorie A. Phillips
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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22
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Xu Y, Xing Y, Wei T, Wang P, Liang Y, Xu M, Ding H, Wang J, Feng L. Transcription Factor RrANT1 of Rosa rugosa Positively Regulates Flower Organ Size in Petunia hybrida. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031236. [PMID: 35163160 PMCID: PMC8835453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The flower is the main organ that produces essential oils in many plants. The yield of raw flowers and the number of secretory epidermal cells are the main factors for essential oil production. The cultivated rose species “Pingyin 1” in China was used to study the effect of RrANT1 on floral organ development. Eighteen AP2 transcription factors with dual AP2 domains were identified from Rosa rugosa genome. RrANT1 belonged to euANT. The subcellular localization results showed that RrANT1 protein is localized in the nucleus. The relative expression level of RrANT1 in the receptacle is higher than that in petals in the developmental stages, and both decreased from the initial phase to senescence. Compared with the RrANT1 expression level in petals in the blooming stage, RrANT1 expression level was significant in petals (~48.8) and highest in the receptacle (~102.5) in the large bud stage. It was only highly expressed in the receptacle (~39.4) in the blooming period. RrANT1 overexpression significantly increased petunia flower and leaf sizes (~1.2), as well as flower fresh weight (~30%). The total number of epidermis cells in the petals of overexpressing plants significantly increased (>40%). This study concluded that RrANT1 overexpression can increase the size and weight of flowers by promoting cell proliferation, providing a basis for creating new rose germplasm to increase rose and essential oil yield.
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23
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Sablowski R, Gutierrez C. Cycling in a crowd: Coordination of plant cell division, growth, and cell fate. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:193-208. [PMID: 34498091 PMCID: PMC8774096 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The reiterative organogenesis that drives plant growth relies on the constant production of new cells, which remain encased by interconnected cell walls. For these reasons, plant morphogenesis strictly depends on the rate and orientation of both cell division and cell growth. Important progress has been made in recent years in understanding how cell cycle progression and the orientation of cell divisions are coordinated with cell and organ growth and with the acquisition of specialized cell fates. We review basic concepts and players in plant cell cycle and division, and then focus on their links to growth-related cues, such as metabolic state, cell size, cell geometry, and cell mechanics, and on how cell cycle progression and cell division are linked to specific cell fates. The retinoblastoma pathway has emerged as a major player in the coordination of the cell cycle with both growth and cell identity, while microtubule dynamics are central in the coordination of oriented cell divisions. Future challenges include clarifying feedbacks between growth and cell cycle progression, revealing the molecular basis of cell division orientation in response to mechanical and chemical signals, and probing the links between cell fate changes and chromatin dynamics during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Rawat N, Wungrampha S, Singla-Pareek SL, Yu M, Shabala S, Pareek A. Rewilding staple crops for the lost halophytism: Toward sustainability and profitability of agricultural production systems. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:45-64. [PMID: 34915209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress tolerance has been weakened during the domestication of all major staple crops. Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that impacts over half of the world population; however, given the increasing reliance on irrigation and the lack of available freshwater, agriculture in the 21st century will increasingly become saline. Therefore, global food security is critically dependent on the ability of plant breeders to create high-yielding staple crop varieties that will incorporate salinity tolerance traits and account for future climate scenarios. Previously, we have argued that the current agricultural practices and reliance on crops that exclude salt from uptake is counterproductive and environmentally unsustainable, and thus called for a need for a major shift in a breeding paradigm to incorporate some halophytic traits that were present in wild relatives but were lost in modern crops during domestication. In this review, we provide a comprehensive physiological and molecular analysis of the key traits conferring crop halophytism, such as vacuolar Na+ sequestration, ROS desensitization, succulence, metabolic photosynthetic switch, and salt deposition in trichomes, and discuss the strategies for incorporating them into elite germplasm, to address a pressing issue of boosting plant salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Rawat
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Silas Wungrampha
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart Tas 7001, Australia.
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, India.
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25
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Fridman Y, Strauss S, Horev G, Ackerman-Lavert M, Reiner-Benaim A, Lane B, Smith RS, Savaldi-Goldstein S. The root meristem is shaped by brassinosteroid control of cell geometry. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1475-1484. [PMID: 34782771 PMCID: PMC8592843 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Growth extent and direction determine cell and whole-organ architecture. How they are spatio-temporally modulated to control size and shape is not well known. Here we tackled this question by studying the effect of brassinosteroid (BR) signalling on the structure of the root meristem. Quantification of the three-dimensional geometry of thousands of individual meristematic cells across different tissue types showed that the modulation of BR signalling yields distinct changes in growth rate and anisotropy, which affects the time that cells spend in the meristem and has a strong impact on the final root form. By contrast, the hormone effect on cell volume was minor, establishing cell volume as invariant to the effect of BR. Thus, BR has the highest effect on cell shape and growth anisotropy, regulating the overall longitudinal and radial growth of the meristem, while maintaining a coherent distribution of cell sizes. Moving from single-cell quantification to the whole organ, we developed a computational model of radial growth. The simulation demonstrates how differential BR-regulated growth between the inner and outer tissues shapes the meristem and thus explains the non-intuitive outcomes of tissue-specific perturbation of BR signalling. The combined experimental data and simulation suggest that the inner and outer tissues have distinct but coordinated roles in growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fridman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - G Horev
- Lorey I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - M Ackerman-Lavert
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Reiner-Benaim
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - B Lane
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - R S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.
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26
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D'Ario M, Tavares R, Schiessl K, Desvoyes B, Gutierrez C, Howard M, Sablowski R. Cell size controlled in plants using DNA content as an internal scale. Science 2021; 372:1176-1181. [PMID: 34112688 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How eukaryotic cells assess and maintain sizes specific for their species and cell type remains unclear. We show that in the Arabidopsis shoot stem cell niche, cell size variability caused by asymmetric divisions is corrected by adjusting the growth period before DNA synthesis. KIP-related protein 4 (KRP4) inhibits progression to DNA synthesis and associates with mitotic chromosomes. The F BOX-LIKE 17 (FBL17) protein removes excess KRP4. Consequently, daughter cells are born with comparable amounts of KRP4. Inhibitor dilution models predicted that KRP4 inherited through chromatin would robustly regulate size, whereas inheritance of excess free KRP4 would disrupt size homeostasis, as confirmed by mutant analyses. We propose that a cell cycle regulator, stabilized by association with mitotic chromosomes, reads DNA content as a cell size-independent scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco D'Ario
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rafael Tavares
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Bénédicte Desvoyes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Howard
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert Sablowski
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Shaw R, Tian X, Xu J. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis in Plants: Advances and Challenges. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:115-126. [PMID: 33152518 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and enthusiastic adoption of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has demonstrated that this technology is far more than just another way to perform transcriptome analysis. It is not an exaggeration to say that the advent of scRNA-seq is revolutionizing the details of whole-transcriptome snapshots from a tissue to a cell. With this disruptive technology, it is now possible to mine heterogeneity between tissue types and within cells like never before. This enables more rapid identification of rare and novel cell types, simultaneous characterization of multiple different cell types and states, more accurate and integrated understanding of their roles in life processes, and more. However, we are only at the beginning of unlocking the full potential of scRNA-seq applications. This is particularly true for plant sciences, where single-cell transcriptome profiling is in its early stage and has many exciting challenges to overcome. In this review, we compare and evaluate recent pioneering studies using the Arabidopsis root model, which has established new paradigms for scRNA-seq studies in plants. We also explore several new and promising single-cell analysis tools that are available to those wishing to study plant development and physiology at unprecedented resolution and scale. In addition, we propose some future directions on the use of scRNA-seq technology to tackle some of the critical challenges in plant research and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shaw
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Bomblies K. When everything changes at once: finding a new normal after genome duplication. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202154. [PMID: 33203329 PMCID: PMC7739491 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD), which leads to polyploidy, is implicated in adaptation and speciation. But what are the immediate effects of WGD and how do newly polyploid lineages adapt to them? With many studies of new and evolved polyploids now available, along with studies of genes under selection in polyploids, we are in an increasingly good position to understand how polyploidy generates novelty. Here, I will review consistent effects of WGD on the biology of plants, such as an increase in cell size, increased stress tolerance and more. I will discuss how a change in something as fundamental as cell size can challenge the function of some cell types in particular. I will also discuss what we have learned about the short- to medium-term evolutionary response to WGD. It is now clear that some of this evolutionary response may 'lock in' traits that happen to be beneficial, while in other cases, it might be more of an 'emergency response' to work around physiological changes that are either deleterious, or cannot be undone in the polyploid context. Yet, other traits may return rapidly to a diploid-like state. Polyploids may, by re-jigging many inter-related processes, find a new, conditionally adaptive, normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bomblies
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Williams JH, Oliveira PE. For things to stay the same, things must change: polyploidy and pollen tube growth rates. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:925-935. [PMID: 31957784 PMCID: PMC7218811 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollen tube growth rate (PTGR) is an important single-cell performance trait that may evolve rapidly under haploid selection. Angiosperms have experienced repeated cycles of polyploidy (whole genome duplication), and polyploidy has cell-level phenotypic consequences arising from increased bulk DNA amount and numbers of genes and their interactions. We sought to understand potential effects of polyploidy on several underlying determinants of PTGR - pollen tube dimensions and construction rates - by comparing diploid-polyploid near-relatives in Betula (Betulaceae) and Handroanthus (Bignoniaceae). METHODS We performed intraspecific, outcrossed hand-pollinations on pairs of flowers. In one flower, PTGR was calculated from the longest pollen tube per time of tube elongation. In the other, styles were embedded in glycol methacrylate, serial-sectioned in transverse orientation, stained and viewed at 1000× to measure tube wall thicknesses (W) and circumferences (C). Volumetric growth rate (VGR) and wall production rate (WPR) were then calculated for each tube by multiplying cross-sectional tube area (πr2) or wall area (W × C), by the mean PTGR of each maternal replicate respectively. KEY RESULTS In Betula and Handroanthus, the hexaploid species had significantly wider pollen tubes (13 and 25 %, respectively) and significantly higher WPRs (22 and 18 %, respectively) than their diploid congeners. PTGRs were not significantly different in both pairs, even though wider polyploid tubes were predicted to decrease PTGRs by 16 and 20 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The larger tube sizes of polyploids imposed a substantial materials cost on PTGR, but polyploids also exhibited higher VGRs and WPRs, probably reflecting the evolution of increased metabolic activity. Recurrent cycles of polyploidy followed by genome reorganization may have been important for the evolution of fast PTGRs in angiosperms, involving a complex interplay between correlated changes in ploidy level, genome size, cell size and pollen tube energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Paulo E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais 38405-320 Brazil
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