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Siniscalco ER, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. All roads lead to IgA: Mapping the many pathways of IgA induction in the gut. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39046160 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of food allergy and related pathologies in recent years has underscored the need to understand the factors affecting adverse reactions to food. Food allergy is caused when food-specific IgE triggers the release of histamine from mast cells. However, other food-specific antibody isotypes exist as well, including IgG and IgA. IgA is the main antibody isotype in the gut and mediates noninflammatory reactions to toxins, commensal bacteria, and food antigens. It has also been thought to induce tolerance to food, thus antagonizing the role of food-specific IgE. However, this has remained unclear as food-specific IgA generation is poorly understood. Particularly, the location of IgA induction, the role of T cell help, and the fates of food-specific B cells remain elusive. In this review, we outline what is known about food-specific IgA induction and highlight areas requiring further study. We also explore how knowledge of food-specific IgA induction can be informed by and subsequently contribute to our overall knowledge of gut immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Siniscalco
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Department Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Department Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Xu T, Zhang T, Xu C, Yang F, Zhang W, Huang C. Notch2 signaling governs activated B cells to form memory B cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114454. [PMID: 38990721 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are essential for humoral immunological memory and can emerge during both the pre-germinal center (GC) and GC phases. However, the transcription regulators governing MBC development remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the transcription regulator Notch2 is highly expressed in MBCs and their precursors at the pre-GC stage and required for MBC development without influencing the fate of GC and plasma cells. Mechanistically, Notch2 signaling promotes the expression of complement receptor CD21 and augments B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Reciprocally, BCR activation up-regulates Notch2 surface expression in activated B cells via a translation-dependent mechanism. Intriguingly, Notch2 is dispensable for GC-derived MBC formation. In summary, our findings establish Notch2 as a pivotal transcription regulator orchestrating MBC development through the reciprocal enforcement of BCR signaling during the pre-GC phase and suggest that the generation of GC-independent and -dependent MBCs is governed by distinct transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuqiao Xu
- Departments of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanxin Huang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Banderwal R, Kadian M, Garg S, Kumar A. 'Comprehensive review of emerging drug targets in traumatic brain injury (TBI): challenges and future scope. Inflammopharmacology 2024:10.1007/s10787-024-01524-w. [PMID: 39023681 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex brain problem that causes significant morbidity and mortality among people of all age groups. The complex pathophysiology, varied symptoms, and inadequate treatment further precipitate the problem. Further, TBI produces several psychiatric problems and other related complications in post-TBI survival patients, which are often treated symptomatically or inadequately. Several approaches, including neuroprotective agents targeting several pathways of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, cytokines, immune system GABA, glutamatergic, microglia, and astrocytes, are being tried by researchers to develop effective treatments or magic bullets to manage the condition effectively. The problem of TBI is therefore treated as a challenge among pharmaceutical scientists or researchers to develop drugs for the effective management of this problem. The goal of the present comprehensive review is to provide an overview of the several pharmacological targets, processes, and cellular pathways that researchers are focusing on, along with an update on their current state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittu Banderwal
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC- Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Monika Kadian
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC- Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sukant Garg
- Department of General Pathology, Dr HS Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC- Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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4
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Cyster JG, Wilson PC. Antibody modulation of B cell responses-Incorporating positive and negative feedback. Immunity 2024; 57:1466-1481. [PMID: 38986442 PMCID: PMC11257158 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies are powerful modulators of ongoing and future B cell responses. While the concept of antibody feedback has been appreciated for over a century, the topic has seen a surge in interest due to the evidence that the broadening of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 after a third mRNA vaccination is a consequence of antibody feedback. Moreover, the discovery that slow antigen delivery can lead to more robust humoral immunity has put a spotlight on the capacity for early antibodies to augment B cell responses. Here, we review the mechanisms whereby antibody feedback shapes B cell responses, integrating findings in humans and in mouse models. We consider the major influence of epitope masking and the diverse actions of complement and Fc receptors and provide a framework for conceptualizing the ways antigen-specific antibodies may influence B cell responses to any form of antigen, in conditions as diverse as infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Schiepers A, Van't Wout MFL, Hobbs A, Mesin L, Victora GD. Opposing effects of pre-existing antibody and memory T cell help on the dynamics of recall germinal centers. Immunity 2024; 57:1618-1628.e4. [PMID: 38838672 PMCID: PMC11236515 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Re-exposure to an antigen generates abundant antibody responses and drives the formation of secondary germinal centers (GCs). Recall GCs in mice consist almost entirely of naïve B cells, whereas recall antibodies derive overwhelmingly from memory B cells. Here, we examine this division between cellular and serum compartments. After repeated immunization with the same antigen, tetramer analyses of recall GCs revealed a marked decrease in the ability of B cells in these structures to bind the antigen. Boosting with viral variant proteins restored antigen binding in recall GCs, as did genetic ablation of primary-derived antibody-secreting cells through conditional deletion of Prdm1, demonstrating suppression of GC recall responses by pre-existing antibodies. In hapten-carrier experiments in which B and T cell specificities were uncoupled, memory T cell help allowed B cells with undetectable antigen binding to access GCs. Thus, antibody-mediated feedback steers recall GC B cells away from previously targeted epitopes and enables specific targeting of variant epitopes, with implications for vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Alvaro Hobbs
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Elsner RA, Smita S, Shlomchik MJ. IL-12 induces a B cell-intrinsic IL-12/IFNγ feed-forward loop promoting extrafollicular B cell responses. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1283-1295. [PMID: 38862796 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
While some infections elicit germinal centers, others produce only extrafollicular responses. The mechanisms controlling these dichotomous fates are poorly understood. We identify IL-12 as a cytokine switch, acting directly on B cells to promote extrafollicular and suppress germinal center responses. IL-12 initiates a B cell-intrinsic feed-forward loop between IL-12 and IFNγ, amplifying IFNγ production, which promotes proliferation and plasmablast differentiation from mouse and human B cells, in synergy with IL-12. IL-12 sustains the expression of a portion of IFNγ-inducible genes. Together, they also induce unique gene changes, reflecting both IFNγ amplification and cooperative effects between both cytokines. In vivo, cells lacking both IL-12 and IFNγ receptors are more impaired in plasmablast production than those lacking either receptor alone. Further, B cell-derived IL-12 enhances both plasmablast responses and T helper 1 cell commitment. Thus, B cell-derived IL-12, acting on T and B cells, determines the immune response mode, with implications for vaccines, pathogen protection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Wang Y, Shao W, Liu X, Liang Q, Lei J, Shi W, Mei M, Li Y, Tan X, Yu G, Yu L, Zhang L, Qi H. High recallability of memory B cells requires ZFP318-dependent transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function. Immunity 2024:S1074-7613(24)00276-0. [PMID: 38889716 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Expression of the transcriptional regulator ZFP318 is induced in germinal center (GC)-exiting memory B cell precursors and memory B cells (MBCs). Using a conditional ZFP318 fluorescence reporter that also enables ablation of ZFP318-expressing cells, we found that ZFP318-expressing MBCs were highly enriched with GC-derived cells. Although ZFP318-expressing MBCs constituted only a minority of the antigen-specific MBC compartment, their ablation severely impaired recall responses. Deletion of Zfp318 did not alter the magnitude of primary responses but markedly reduced MBC participation in recall. CD40 ligation promoted Zfp318 expression, whereas B cell receptor (BCR) signaling was inhibitory. Enforced ZFP318 expression enhanced recall performance of MBCs that otherwise responded poorly. ZFP318-deficient MBCs expressed less mitochondrial genes, had structurally compromised mitochondria, and were susceptible to reactivation-induced cell death. The abundance of ZFP318-expressing MBCs, instead of the number of antigen-specific MBCs, correlated with the potency of prime-boost vaccination. Therefore, ZFP318 controls the MBC recallability and represents a quality checkpoint of humoral immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wen Shao
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingtai Liang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Miao Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guocan Yu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Yu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Rd., Changping District, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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8
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Lam N, Lee Y, Farber DL. A guide to adaptive immune memory. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6. [PMID: 38831162 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Immune memory - comprising T cells, B cells and plasma cells and their secreted antibodies - is crucial for human survival. It enables the rapid and effective clearance of a pathogen after re-exposure, to minimize damage to the host. When antigen-experienced, memory T cells become activated, they proliferate and produce effector molecules at faster rates and in greater magnitudes than antigen-inexperienced, naive cells. Similarly, memory B cells become activated and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells more rapidly than naive B cells, and they undergo processes that increase their affinity for antigen. The ability of T cells and B cells to form memory cells after antigen exposure is the rationale behind vaccination. Understanding immune memory not only is crucial for the design of more-efficacious vaccines but also has important implications for immunotherapies in infectious disease and cancer. This 'guide to' article provides an overview of the current understanding of the phenotype, function, location, and pathways for the generation, maintenance and protective capacity of memory T cells and memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - YoonSeung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Konecny AJ, Mage P, Tyznik AJ, Prlic M, Mair F. OMIP-102: 50-color phenotyping of the human immune system with in-depth assessment of T cells and dendritic cells. Cytometry A 2024; 105:430-436. [PMID: 38634730 PMCID: PMC11178442 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
We report the development of an optimized 50-color spectral flow cytometry panel designed for the in-depth analysis of the immune system in human blood and tissues, with the goal of maximizing the amount of information that can be collected using currently available flow cytometry platforms. We established and tested this panel using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but included CD45 to enable its future use for the analysis of human tissue samples. The panel contains lineage markers for all major immune cell subsets, and an extensive set of phenotyping markers focused on the activation and differentiation status of the T cell and dendritic cell (DC) compartment. We outline the biological insight that can be gained from the simultaneous measurement of such a large number of proteins and propose that this approach provides a unique opportunity for the comprehensive exploration of the immune status in human samples with a limited number of cells. Of note, we tested the panel to be compatible with cell sorting for further downstream applications. Furthermore, to facilitate the wide-spread implementation of such a panel across different cohorts and samples, we established a trimmed-down 45-color version which can be used with different spectral cytometry platforms. Finally, to generate this panel, we utilized not only existing panel design guidelines, but also developed new metrics to systematically identify the optimal combination of 50 fluorochromes and evaluate fluorochrome-specific resolution in the context of a 50-color unmixing matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Konecny
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter Mage
- Advanced Technology Group, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA 95131, USA
| | - Aaron J. Tyznik
- Applied Research & Technology, Medical and Scientific Affairs, BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98109, USA
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Obare LM, Bonami RH, Doran A, Wanjalla CN. B cells and atherosclerosis: A HIV perspective. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31270. [PMID: 38651687 PMCID: PMC11209796 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) globally, with the complex interplay of inflammation and lipid metabolism at its core. Recent evidence suggests a role of B cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, this relationship remains poorly understood, particularly in the context of HIV. We review the multifaceted functions of B cells in atherosclerosis, with a specific focus on HIV. Unique to atherosclerosis is the pivotal role of natural antibodies, particularly those targeting oxidized epitopes abundant in modified lipoproteins and cellular debris. B cells can exert control over cellular immune responses within atherosclerotic arteries through antigen presentation, chemokine production, cytokine production, and cell-cell interactions, actively participating in local and systemic immune responses. We explore how HIV, characterized by chronic immune activation and dysregulation, influences B cells in the context of atherosclerosis, potentially exacerbating CVD risk in persons with HIV. By examining the proatherogenic and antiatherogenic properties of B cells, we aim to deepen our understanding of how B cells influence atherosclerotic plaque development, especially within the framework of HIV. This research provides a foundation for novel B cell-targeted interventions, with the potential to mitigate inflammation-driven cardiovascular events, offering new perspectives on CVD risk management in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laventa M. Obare
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel H. Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda Doran
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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11
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Etesami NS, Barker KA, Shenoy AT, De Ana CL, Arafa EI, Grifno GN, Matschulat AM, Vannini ME, Pihl RMF, Breen MP, Soucy AM, Goltry WN, Ha CT, Betsuyaku H, Browning JL, Varelas X, Traber KE, Jones MR, Quinton LJ, Maglione PJ, Nia HT, Belkina AC, Mizgerd JP. B cells in the pneumococcus-infected lung are heterogeneous and require CD4 + T cell help including CD40L to become resident memory B cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382638. [PMID: 38715601 PMCID: PMC11074383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recovery from respiratory pneumococcal infections generates lung-localized protection against heterotypic bacteria, mediated by resident memory lymphocytes. Optimal protection in mice requires re-exposure to pneumococcus within days of initial infection. Serial surface marker phenotyping of B cell populations in a model of pneumococcal heterotypic immunity revealed that bacterial re-exposure stimulates the immediate accumulation of dynamic and heterogeneous populations of B cells in the lung, and is essential for the establishment of lung resident memory B (BRM) cells. The B cells in the early wave were activated, proliferating locally, and associated with both CD4+ T cells and CXCL13. Antagonist- and antibody-mediated interventions were implemented during this early timeframe to demonstrate that lymphocyte recirculation, CD4+ cells, and CD40 ligand (CD40L) signaling were all needed for lung BRM cell establishment, whereas CXCL13 signaling was not. While most prominent as aggregates in the loose connective tissue of bronchovascular bundles, morphometry and live lung imaging analyses showed that lung BRM cells were equally numerous as single cells dispersed throughout the alveolar septae. We propose that CD40L signaling from antigen-stimulated CD4+ T cells in the infected lung is critical to establishment of local BRM cells, which subsequently protect the airways and parenchyma against future potential infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelou S. Etesami
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Barker
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anukul T. Shenoy
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Carolina Lyon De Ana
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emad I. Arafa
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gabrielle N. Grifno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University College of Engineering, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adeline M. Matschulat
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael E. Vannini
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Riley M. F. Pihl
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael P. Breen
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alicia M. Soucy
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wesley N. Goltry
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Catherine T. Ha
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hanae Betsuyaku
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Browning
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katrina E. Traber
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew R. Jones
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lee J. Quinton
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul J. Maglione
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hadi T. Nia
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University College of Engineering, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna C. Belkina
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph P. Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Heeger PS, Haro MC, Jordan S. Translating B cell immunology to the treatment of antibody-mediated allograft rejection. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:218-232. [PMID: 38168662 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), including chronic AMR (cAMR), causes ~50% of kidney allograft losses each year. Despite attempts to develop well-tolerated and effective therapeutics for the management of AMR, to date, none has obtained FDA approval, thereby highlighting an urgent unmet medical need. Discoveries over the past decade from basic, translational and clinical studies of transplant recipients have provided a foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches to preventing and treating AMR and cAMR. These interventions are aimed at reducing donor-specific antibody levels, decreasing graft injury and fibrosis, and preserving kidney function. Innovative approaches emerging from basic science findings include targeting interactions between alloreactive T cells and B cells, and depleting alloreactive memory B cells, as well as donor-specific antibody-producing plasmablasts and plasma cells. Therapies aimed at reducing the cytotoxic antibody effector functions mediated by natural killer cells and the complement system, and their associated pro-inflammatory cytokines, are also undergoing evaluation. The complexity of the pathogenesis of AMR and cAMR suggest that multiple approaches will probably be required to treat these disease processes effectively. Definitive answers await results from large, double-blind, multicentre, randomized controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Heeger
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Carrera Haro
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Stanley Jordan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Ambegaonkar AA, Holla P, Sohn H, George R, Tran TM, Pierce SK. Isotype switching in human memory B cells sets intrinsic antigen-affinity thresholds that dictate antigen-driven fates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313672121. [PMID: 38502693 PMCID: PMC10990115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313672121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) play a critical role in protection against homologous and variant pathogen challenge by either differentiating to plasma cells (PCs) or to germinal center (GC) B cells. The human MBC compartment contains both switched IgG+ and unswitched IgM+ MBCs; however, whether these MBC subpopulations are equivalent in their response to B cell receptor cross-linking and their resulting fates is incompletely understood. Here, we show that IgG+ and IgM+ MBCs can be distinguished based on their response to κ-specific monoclonal antibodies of differing affinities. IgG+ MBCs responded only to high-affinity anti-κ and differentiated almost exclusively toward PC fates. In contrast, IgM+ MBCs were eliminated by apoptosis by high-affinity anti-κ but responded to low-affinity anti-κ by differentiating toward GC B cell fates. These results suggest that IgG+ and IgM+ MBCs may play distinct yet complementary roles in response to pathogen challenge ensuring the immediate production of high-affinity antibodies to homologous and closely related challenges and the generation of variant-specific MBCs through GC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit A. Ambegaonkar
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Prasida Holla
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Rachel George
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
| | - Tuan M. Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
| | - Susan K. Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD20852
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14
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Motta RV, Culver EL. IgG4 autoantibodies and autoantigens in the context of IgG4-autoimmune disease and IgG4-related disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1272084. [PMID: 38433835 PMCID: PMC10904653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1272084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are an essential part of the humoral immune response. IgG4 antibodies are the least prevalent subclass and have unique structural and functional properties. In this review, we discuss IgG4 class switch and B cell production. We review the importance of IgG4 antibodies in the context of allergic responses, helminth infections and malignancy. We discuss their anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic effects in allergen-specific immunotherapy, and ability to evade the immune system in parasitic infection and tumour cells. We then focus on the role of IgG4 autoantibodies and autoantigens in IgG4-autoimmune diseases and IgG4-related disease, highlighting important parallels and differences between them. In IgG4-autoimmune diseases, pathogenesis is based on a direct role of IgG4 antibodies binding to self-antigens and disturbing homeostasis. In IgG4-related disease, where affected organs are infiltrated with IgG4-expressing plasma cells, IgG4 antibodies may also directly target a number of self-antigens or be overexpressed as an epiphenomenon of the disease. These antigen-driven processes require critical T and B cell interaction. Lastly, we explore the current gaps in our knowledge and how these may be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo V. Motta
- Translational Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Culver
- Translational Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Steggerda JA, Heeger PS. The Promise of Complement Therapeutics in Solid Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00655. [PMID: 38361233 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Transplantation is the ideal therapy for end-stage organ failure, but outcomes for all transplant organs are suboptimal, underscoring the need to develop novel approaches to improve graft survival and function. The complement system, traditionally considered a component of innate immunity, is now known to broadly control inflammation and crucially contribute to induction and function of adaptive T-cell and B-cell immune responses, including those induced by alloantigens. Interest of pharmaceutical industries in complement therapeutics for nontransplant indications and the understanding that the complement system contributes to solid organ transplantation injury through multiple mechanisms raise the possibility that targeting specific complement components could improve transplant outcomes and patient health. Here, we provide an overview of complement biology and review the roles and mechanisms through which the complement system is pathogenically linked to solid organ transplant injury. We then discuss how this knowledge has been translated into novel therapeutic strategies to improve organ transplant outcomes and identify areas for future investigation. Although the clinical application of complement-targeted therapies in transplantation remains in its infancy, the increasing availability of new agents in this arena provides a rich environment for potentially transformative translational transplant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Steggerda
- Division of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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16
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Zhang P, Liu Y, Chen S, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Li J, Yang Z, Xiong K, Duan S, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang P. Distribution of multi-level B cell subsets in thymoma and thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2674. [PMID: 38302676 PMCID: PMC10834956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
B-cell subsets in peripheral blood (PB) and tumor microenvironment (TME) were evaluated to determine myasthenia gravis (MG) severity in patients with thymoma-associated MG (TMG) and the distribution of B cells in type B TMG. The distribution of mature B cells, including Bm1-Bm5, CD19+ and CD20+ B cells and non-switched (NSMBCs) and switched (SMBCs) memory B cells, were determined in 79 patients with thymoma or TMG. Quantitative relationships between the T and TMG groups and the TMG-low and TMG-high subgroups were determined. NSMBCs and SMBCs were compared in TME and PB. Type B thymoma was more likely to develop into MG, with types B2 and B3 being especially associated with MG worsening. The percentage of CD19+ B cells in PB gradually increased, whereas the percentage of CD20+ B cells and the CD19/CD20 ratio were not altered. The (Bm2 + Bm2')/(eBm5 + Bm5) index was significantly higher in the TMG-high than in thymoma group. The difference between SMBC/CD19+ and NSMBC/CD19+ B cell ratios was significantly lower in the thymoma than TMG group. NSMBCs assembled around tertiary lymphoid tissue in thymomas of patients with TMG. Few NSMBCs were observed in patients with thymoma alone, with these cells being diffusely distributed. MG severity in patients with TMG can be determined by measuring CD19+ B cells and Bm1-Bm5 in PB. The CD19/CD20 ratio is a marker of disease severity in TMG patients. Differences between NSMBCs and SMBCs in PB and TME of thymomas can synergistically determine MG severity in patients with TMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Kai Xiong
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shuning Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zeyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Tianjin Ruichuang Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Tianjin, China
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17
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DiToro D, Murakami N, Pillai S. T-B Collaboration in Autoimmunity, Infection, and Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:386-398. [PMID: 37314442 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have attempted here to provide an up-to-date review of the collaboration between helper T cells and B cells in response to protein and glycoprotein antigens. This collaboration is essential as it not only protects from many pathogens but also contributes to a litany of autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiToro
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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18
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Desai AK, Smith PB, Yi JS, Rosenberg AS, Burt TD, Kishnani PS. Immunophenotype associated with high sustained antibody titers against enzyme replacement therapy in infantile-onset Pompe disease. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1301912. [PMID: 38250073 PMCID: PMC10798041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1301912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with alglucosidase alfa for infantile-onset Pompe disease (IOPD) is limited in some patients due to the development of high and sustained antibody titers (HSAT; ≥12,800). Methods We carried out detailed immunophenotyping of IOPD patients (n=40), including analysis of circulating cell populations by flow cytometry and plasma cytokines by multiplex array, to determine whether patients with HSAT have unique immunological characteristics compared to those with low titers (LT; <12,800). Results Compared to patients with LT, patients who develop HSAT were skewed toward a type 2 immune profile, with an increased frequency of Th2 cells that was positively correlated with levels of Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MIP-1β) cytokines. B cells were increased in HSAT patients with a decreased fraction of unswitched memory B cells. Plasma GM-CSF concentrations were lower on average in HSAT patients, while CXCL11 was elevated. Finally, using principal components analysis, we derived an HSAT Signature Score that successfully stratified patients according to their antibody titers. Discussion The immune profiles revealed in this study not only identify potential biomarkers of patients that developed HSAT but also provide insights into the pathophysiology of HSAT that will ultimately lead to improved immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit K. Desai
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
| | - P. Brian Smith
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - John S. Yi
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Trevor D. Burt
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, United States
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19
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Yadav I, Kumar R, Fatima Z, Rema V. Ocimum sanctum [Tulsi] as a Potential Immunomodulator for the Treatment of Ischemic Injury in the Brain. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:60-73. [PMID: 36515030 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666221212155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke causes brain damage and is one of the main reasons for death. Most survivors of stroke face long-term physical disabilities and cognitive dysfunctions. In addition, they also have persistent emotional and behavioral changes. The two main treatments that are effective are reperfusion with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and recanalization of penumbra using mechanical thrombectomy. However, these treatments are suitable only for a few patients due to limitations such as susceptibility to hemorrhage and the requirement for administering tissue plasminogen activators within the short therapeutic window during the early hours following a stroke. The paucity of interventions and treatments could be because of the multiple pathological mechanisms induced in the brain by stroke. The ongoing immune response following stroke has been attributed to the worsening brain injury. Hence, novel compounds with immunomodulatory properties that could improve the outcome of stroke patients are required. Natural compounds and medicinal herbs with anti-inflammatory activities and having minimal or no adverse systemic effect could be beneficial in treating stroke. Ocimum sanctum is a medicinal herb that can be considered an effective therapeutic option for ischemic brain injury. Ocimum sanctum, commonly known as holy basil or "Tulsi," is mentioned as the "Elixir of Life" for its healing powers. Since antiquity, Tulsi has been used in the Ayurvedic and Siddha medical systems to treat several diseases. It possesses immuno-modulatory activity, which can alter cellular and humoral immune responses. Tulsi can be considered a potential option as an immuno-modulator for treating various diseases, including brain stroke. In this review, we will focus on the immunomodulatory properties of Tulsi, specifically its effect on both innate and adaptive immunity, as well as its antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, which could potentially be effective in treating ongoing immune reactions following ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjeet Yadav
- National Brain Research Centre [NBRC], Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- National Brain Research Centre [NBRC], Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
- Amity Institute of Biotechno logy, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram (Manesar)-122413, India
| | - Velayudhan Rema
- National Brain Research Centre [NBRC], Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
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20
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Immink LE, Guthmiller JJ. Isolation of Rare Antigen-Specific Memory B Cells via Antigen Tetramers. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2826:95-115. [PMID: 39017888 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3950-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Immunological memory, which sets the foundation for the adaptive immune response, plays a key role in disease protection and prevention. Obtaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon can aide in research aimed to improve vaccines and therapies. Memory B cells (MBCs) are a fundamental component of immunological memory but can exist in rare populations that prove challenging to study. By combining fluorescent antigen tetramers with multiple enrichment processes, a highly streamlined method for identifying and sorting antigen-specific MBCs from human blood and lymphoid tissues can be achieved. With the output of this process being viable cells, there is a multitude of downstream operations that can be used in conjunction with the antigen-specific cell sorting outlined in this chapter. Single-cell RNA-sequencing paired with B cell repertoire sequencing, which can be linked to distinct antigens in a high-throughput fashion, is a downstream application widely used in disease and vaccination research. Incorporation of this protocol can lead to a variety of applications and a diversity of outcomes aiding in a deeper understanding of how immunological memory not only forms but is recalled and impacted by infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Immink
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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21
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Konecny AJ, Mage P, Tyznik AJ, Prlic M, Mair F. 50-color phenotyping of the human immune system with in-depth assessment of T cells and dendritic cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571745. [PMID: 38168221 PMCID: PMC10760076 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We report the development of an optimized 50-color spectral flow cytometry panel designed for the in-depth analysis of the immune system in human blood and tissues, with the goal of maximizing the amount of information that can be collected using currently available flow cytometry platforms. We established and tested this panel using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but included CD45 to enable its use for the analysis of human tissue samples. The panel contains lineage markers for all major immune cell subsets, and an extensive set of phenotyping markers focused on the activation and differentiation status of the T cell and dendritic cell (DC) compartment. We outline the biological insight that can be gained from the simultaneous measurement of such a large number of proteins and propose that this approach provides a unique opportunity for the comprehensive exploration of the immune status in tissue biopsies and other human samples with a limited number of cells. Of note, we tested the panel to be compatible with cell sorting for further downstream applications. Furthermore, to facilitate the wide-spread implementation of such a panel across different cohorts and samples, we established a trimmed-down 45-color version which can be used with different spectral cytometry platforms. Finally, to generate this panel, we utilized not only existing panel design guidelines, but also developed new metrics to systematically identify the optimal combination of 50 fluorochromes and evaluate fluorochrome-specific resolution in the context of a 50-color unmixing matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Konecny
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98107, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter Mage
- Advanced Technology Group, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA 95131, USA
| | - Aaron J. Tyznik
- Applied Research & Technology, Medical and Scientific Affairs, BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98107, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle WA, 98107, USA
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Schiepers A, van ‘t Wout MFL, Hobbs A, Mesin L, Victora GD. Opposing effects of pre-existing antibody and memory T cell help on the dynamics of recall germinal centers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.15.571936. [PMID: 38168231 PMCID: PMC10760098 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.15.571936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Re-exposure to an antigen generates serum antibody responses that greatly exceed in magnitude those elicited by primary antigen encounter, while simultaneously driving the formation of recall germinal centers (GCs). Although recall GCs in mice are composed almost entirely of naïve B cells, recall antibody titers derive overwhelmingly from memory B cells, suggesting a division between cellular and serum compartments. Here, we show that this schism is at least partly explained by a marked decrease in the ability of recall GC B cells to detectably bind antigen. Variant priming and plasmablast ablation experiments show that this decrease is largely due to suppression by pre-existing antibody, whereas hapten-carrier experiments reveal a role for memory T cell help in allowing B cells with undetectable antigen binding to access GCs. We propose a model in which antibody-mediated feedback steers recall GC B cells away from previously targeted epitopes, thus enabling specific targeting of variant epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Alvaro Hobbs
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel D. Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Roy K, Chakraborty M, Kumar A, Manna AK, Roy NS. The NFκB signaling system in the generation of B-cell subsets: from germinal center B cells to memory B cells and plasma cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185597. [PMID: 38169968 PMCID: PMC10758606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells are the two prime effector B cell populations that drive infection- and vaccine-induced long-term antibody-mediated immunity. The antibody-mediated immunity mostly relies on the formation of specialized structures within secondary lymphoid organs, called germinal centers (GCs), that facilitate the interactions between B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Antigen-activated B cells may proliferate and differentiate into GC-independent plasmablasts and memory B cells or differentiate into GC B cells. The GC B cells undergo proliferation coupled to somatic hypermutation of their immunoglobulin genes for antibody affinity maturation. Subsequently, affinity mature GC B cells differentiate into GC-dependent plasma cells and memory B cells. Here, we review how the NFκB signaling system controls B cell proliferation and the generation of GC B cells, plasmablasts/plasma cells, and memory B cells. We also identify and discuss some important unanswered questions in this connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Roy
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mainak Chakraborty
- Division of Immunology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Asit Kumar Manna
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Neeladri Sekhar Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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24
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Sun C, Kang YF, Fang XY, Liu YN, Bu GL, Wang AJ, Li Y, Zhu QY, Zhang H, Xie C, Kong XW, Peng YJ, Lin WJ, Zhou L, Chen XC, Lu ZZ, Xu HQ, Hong DC, Zhang X, Zhong L, Feng GK, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zhong Q, Liu Z, Zeng MS. A gB nanoparticle vaccine elicits a protective neutralizing antibody response against EBV. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1882-1897.e10. [PMID: 37848029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a global public health concern, as it is known to cause multiple diseases while also being etiologically associated with a wide range of epithelial and lymphoid malignancies. Currently, there is no available prophylactic vaccine against EBV. gB is the EBV fusion protein that mediates viral membrane fusion and participates in host recognition, making it critical for EBV infection in both B cells and epithelial cells. Here, we present a gB nanoparticle, gB-I53-50 NP, that displays multiple copies of gB. Compared with the gB trimer, gB-I53-50 NP shows improved structural integrity and stability, as well as enhanced immunogenicity in mice and non-human primate (NHP) preclinical models. Immunization and passive transfer demonstrate a robust and durable protective antibody response that protects humanized mice against lethal EBV challenge. This vaccine candidate demonstrates significant potential in preventing EBV infection, providing a possible platform for developing prophylactic vaccines for EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yin-Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xin-Yan Fang
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yi-Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Guo-Long Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Ao-Jie Wang
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Qian-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Chu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xiang-Wei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yong-Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Wen-Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xin-Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Zheng-Zhou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Hui-Qin Xu
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dong-Chun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Guo-Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
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25
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Song N, Welsh RA, Sadegh-Nasseri S. Proper development of long-lived memory CD4 T cells requires HLA-DO function. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277609. [PMID: 37908352 PMCID: PMC10613709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction HLA-DO (DO) is an accessory protein that binds DM for trafficking to MIIC and has peptide editing functions. DO is mainly expressed in thymic medulla and B cells. Using biochemical experiments, our lab has discovered that DO has differential effects on editing peptides of different sequences: DO increases binding of DM-resistant peptides and reduces the binding of DM-sensitive peptides to the HLA-DR1 molecules. In a separate line of work, we have established that appropriate densities of antigen presentation by B cells during the contraction phase of an infection, induces quiescence in antigen experienced CD4 T cells, as they differentiate into memory T cells. This quiescence phenotype helps memory CD4 T cell survival and promotes effective memory responses to secondary Ag challenge. Methods Based on our mechanistic understanding of DO function, it would be expected that if the immunodominant epitope of antigen is DM-resistant, presentation of decreased densities of pMHCII by B cells would lead to faulty development of memory CD4 T cells in the absence of DO. We explored the effects of DO on development of memory CD4 T cells and B cells utilizing two model antigens, H5N1-Flu Ag bearing DM-resistant, and OVA protein, which has a DM-sensitive immunodominant epitope and four mouse strains including two DO-deficient Tg mice. Using Tetramers and multiple antibodies against markers of memory CD4 T cells and B cells, we tracked memory development. Results We found that immunized DR1+DO-KO mice had fewer CD4 memory T cells and memory B cells as compared to the DR1+DO-WT counterpart and had compromised recall responses. Conversely, OVA specific memory responses elicited in HA immunized DR1+DO-KO mice were normal. Conclusion These results demonstrate that in the absence of DO, the presentation of cognate foreign antigens in the DO-KO mice is altered and can impact the proper development of memory cells. These findings provide new insights on vaccination design leading to better immune memory responses.
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26
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Wang Z, Muecksch F, Raspe R, Johannsen F, Turroja M, Canis M, ElTanbouly MA, Santos GSS, Johnson B, Baharani VA, Patejak R, Yao KH, Chirco BJ, Millard KG, Shimeliovich I, Gazumyan A, Oliveira TY, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Memory B cell development elicited by mRNA booster vaccinations in the elderly. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230668. [PMID: 37368240 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite mRNA vaccination, elderly individuals remain especially vulnerable to severe consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we compare the memory B cell responses in a cohort of elderly and younger individuals who received mRNA booster vaccinations. Plasma neutralizing potency and breadth were similar between the two groups. By contrast, the absolute number of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells was lower in the elderly. Antibody sequencing revealed that the SARS-CoV-2-specific elderly memory compartments were more clonal and less diverse. Notably, memory antibodies from the elderly preferentially targeted the ACE2-binding site on the RBD, while those from younger individuals targeted less accessible but more conserved epitopes. Nevertheless, individual memory antibodies elicited by booster vaccines in the elderly and younger individuals showed similar levels of neutralizing activity and breadth against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Thus, the relatively diminished protective effects of vaccination against serious disease in the elderly are associated with a smaller number of antigen-specific memory B cells that express altered antibody repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raphael Raspe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Frederik Johannsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Martina Turroja
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie Canis
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed A ElTanbouly
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Brianna Johnson
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Viren A Baharani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Patejak
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai-Hui Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Bennett J Chirco
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Katrina G Millard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Shimeliovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Maryland, MD, USA
| | | | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Maryland, MD, USA
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27
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Castleman MJ, Santos AL, Lesteberg KE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by unswitched memory B cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213344. [PMID: 37638016 PMCID: PMC10449608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells are comprised of unswitched (CD27+IgD+) and switched (CD27+IgD-) subsets. The origin and function of unswitched human memory B cells are debated in the literature, whereas switched memory B cells are primed to respond to recurrent infection. Unswitched memory B cells have been described to be reduced in frequency with severe SARS-CoV2 infection and here we characterize their activation status, BCR functionality, and contribution to virally-induced cytokine production. Analyses of whole blood from healthy individuals, people immunized against SARS-CoV2, and those who have had mild and severe SARS-CoV2 infection, confirm a reduction in the frequency of unswitched memory B cells during severe SARS-CoV2 infection and demonstrate this reduction is associated with increased levels of systemic TNFα. We further document how severe viral infection is associated with an increased frequency of 'IgD+' only memory B cells that correlate with increased IgG autoantibody levels. Unswitched and switched memory B cells from severe SARS-CoV2 infection displayed evidence of heightened activation with a concomitant reduction in the expression of the inhibitory receptor CD72. Functionally, both populations of memory B cells from severe SARS-COV2 infection harbored a signaling-competent BCR that displayed enhanced BCR signaling activity in the unswitched population. Finally, we demonstrate that B cells from mild SARS-CoV2 infection are poised to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα. Importantly, unswitched memory B cells were a major producer of IL-6 and switched memory B cells were a major producer of TNFα in response to viral TLR ligands. Together these data indicate that B cells contribute to the inflammatory milieu during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Adriana Luna Santos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA, Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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28
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Klebanoff SD, Rodda LB, Morishima C, Wener MH, Yuzefpolskiy Y, Bettelli E, Buckner JH, Speake C, Pepper M, Campbell DJ. Diminished responses to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis on immune-modifying therapies. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168663. [PMID: 37338983 PMCID: PMC10445680 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes debilitating swelling and destruction of the joints. People with RA are treated with drugs that actively suppress one or more parts of their immune system, and these may alter the response to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we analyzed blood samples from a cohort of patients with RA after receiving a 2-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccine regimen. Our data show that individuals on the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4-Ig therapy abatacept had reduced levels of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. At the cellular level, these patients showed reduced activation and class switching of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells, as well as reduced numbers and impaired helper cytokine production by SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells. Individuals on methotrexate showed similar but less severe defects in vaccine response, whereas individuals on the B cell-depleting therapy rituximab had a near-total loss of antibody production after vaccination. These data define a specific cellular phenotype associated with impaired response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with RA on different immune-modifying therapies and help inform efforts to improve vaccination strategies in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Klebanoff
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology and
| | | | - Chihiro Morishima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark H. Wener
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Estelle Bettelli
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology and
| | - Jane H. Buckner
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology and
| | - Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Campbell
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Immunology and
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Yu SC, Chen KC, Huang RYJ. Nodal reactive proliferation of monocytoid B-cells may represent atypical memory B-cells. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:729-738. [PMID: 37080839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive lymphadenopathies such as toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus lymphadenitis are associated with monocytoid cell proliferation. Monocytoid cells are B-lymphocytes with an undetermined subset. METHODS Using digital spatial profiling whole transcriptome analyses, this study compared monocytoid and control B-cells. The B-cell subset of monocytoid cells was assigned according to gene expression profiles. RESULTS This study identified 466 differentially expressed genes between monocytoid and control B-cells. The cellular deconvolution algorithm identified monocytoid cells as memory B-cells instead of as naïve B-cells. A comparison of the upregulated genes revealed that atypical memory B-cells had the largest number of genes overlapping with monocytoid cells compared with other memory B-cell subsets. Atypical memory B-cell markers, namely TBX21 (T-bet), FCRL4 (IRTA1), and ITGAX (CD11c), were all upregulated in monocytoid cells. Similar to atypical memory B-cells, monocytoid cells exhibited (1) upregulated transcription factors (TBX21, TOX), (2) upregulated genes associated with B-cell inhibition (FCRL5, FCRL4) and downregulated genes associated with B-cell activation (PIK3CG, NFKB1A, CD40), (3) downregulated cell cycle-related genes (CDK6, MYC), and (4) downregulated cytokine receptors (IL4R). This study also analyzed the expression of monocytoid cell signature genes in various memory B-cell subsets. Atypical memory B-cells exhibited a gene expression pattern similar to that of monocytoid cells, but other memory B-cell subsets did not. Furthermore, monocytoid cells and marginal zone lymphomas differed in gene expression profiles. CONCLUSION Spatial transcriptomic analyses indicated that monocytoid cells may be atypical memory B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Chi Yu
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ko-Chen Chen
- School of Medicine & Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- School of Medicine & Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Gao KM, Nündel K, Chiang K, Yin X, Utz PJ, Fitzgerald K, Marshak-Rothstein A. Activation of Autoreactive Lymphocytes in the Lung by STING Gain-of-function Mutation Radioresistant Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.28.551002. [PMID: 37546720 PMCID: PMC10402118 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.551002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the dsDNA sensing adaptor STING lead to a severe autoinflammatory syndrome known as STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in Infancy (SAVI). SAVI patients develop interstitial lung disease (ILD) and commonly produce anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs), indicative of concomitant autoimmunity. Mice heterozygous for the most common SAVI mutation, V154M (VM), also develop ILD, triggered by nonhematopoietic VM cells, but exhibit severe peripheral lymphopenia, low serum Ig titers and fail to produce autoantibodies. In contrast, we now show that lethally irradiated VM mice reconstituted with WT stem cells (WT→VM chimeras) develop ANAs and lung-reactive autoantibodies associated with accumulation of activated lymphocytes and formation of germinal centers in lung tissues. Moreover, when splenocytes from WT→VM chimeras were adoptively transferred into unmanipulated Rag1 -/- mice, donor T cells accumulated in the lung. Overall, these findings demonstrate that expression of the VM mutation in non-hematopoietic cells can promote the activation of immunocompetent autoreactive lymphocytes. Summary Chimeric mice expressing STING only in non-hematopoietic cells develop systemic and lung directed autoimmunity which recapitulates what is seen in pediatric patients with SAVI disease.
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31
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Casado JL, Vizcarra P, Martín-Hondarza A, Gómez-Maldonado S, Muedra-Sánchez M, del Pino J, Mirabella IG, Martín-Colmenarejo S, Haemmerle J, Fernández-Escribano M, Vallejo A. mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 Comirnaty vaccine elicits weak and short specific memory B cell response in individuals with no previous infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127379. [PMID: 37457694 PMCID: PMC10338867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The dynamics of the memory B cell (MBC) repertoire after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is crucial for assessing long-term immunity. We compare spike-specific MBC responses between SARS-CoV-2 unexposed and recovered individuals, and their impact on breakthrough infections during follow-up. Methods Spike-specific MBC and T cells were quantified at inclusion and after two doses of mRNA vaccine in a longitudinal cohort of 85 naïve and 64 recovered participants (47 with positive serology and 17 with negative serology after infection). Results At inclusion, there was minimal spike-specific MBC in naïve SARS-CoV-2 individuals. After the second vaccine dose, MBCs were significantly boosted in naïve individuals, but reached a significantly lower level than that observed even in unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 convalescents (p<0.001). Furthermore, while the secondary memory B cell (MBC) population consisted of 100%, 33%, and 76% IgG+, IgM+, and IgA+ expressing cells, respectively, in the unexposed group, the MBC response showed a significant decrease across all isotypes. Similarly, although secondary specific IgG+, IgM+, and IgA+-MBC isotypes were found in 100%, 39%, and 76% of the unexposed participants, respectively, the magnitude of the MBC levels was significantly lower for all the isotypes compared to convalescents. Interestingly, convalescents without an initial serological response had a lower MBC response, like what found in unexposed subjects. There was an inverse correlation between specific MBCs (r=-0.307; p=0.027), especially for isotype IgA+ (r=-0.279, p=0.045), and the time since the second vaccination dose. Furthermore, during a median follow-up of 434 days (IQR, 339-495), 49 out of 149 individuals (33%) became infected, 29 in naïve and 20 in convalescent individuals, showing a significant correlation between spike-specific MBC magnitude after vaccination and the time for SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially for IgA+/IgG+ MBC isotypes. Conclusions MBCs were primed by mRNA-based vaccination in most cases, but SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals had a blunted specific MBC response, and this was associated with a shorter time to breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CIBERINFEC (Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
- IRYCIS, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Vizcarra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CIBERINFEC (Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
- IRYCIS, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Gómez-Maldonado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CIBERINFEC (Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Judith del Pino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CIBERINFEC (Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
| | - Itria G. Mirabella
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Martín-Colmenarejo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CIBERINFEC (Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Haemmerle
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CIBERINFEC (Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases), Madrid, Spain
- IRYCIS, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Zurbuchen Y, Michler J, Taeschler P, Adamo S, Cervia C, Raeber ME, Acar IE, Nilsson J, Warnatz K, Soyka MB, Moor AE, Boyman O. Human memory B cells show plasticity and adopt multiple fates upon recall response to SARS-CoV-2. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:955-965. [PMID: 37106039 PMCID: PMC10232369 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The B cell response to different pathogens uses tailored effector mechanisms and results in functionally specialized memory B (Bm) cell subsets, including CD21+ resting, CD21-CD27+ activated and CD21-CD27- Bm cells. The interrelatedness between these Bm cell subsets remains unknown. Here we showed that single severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific Bm cell clones showed plasticity upon antigen rechallenge in previously exposed individuals. CD21- Bm cells were the predominant subsets during acute infection and early after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific immunization. At months 6 and 12 post-infection, CD21+ resting Bm cells were the major Bm cell subset in the circulation and were also detected in peripheral lymphoid organs, where they carried tissue residency markers. Tracking of individual B cell clones by B cell receptor sequencing revealed that previously fated Bm cell clones could redifferentiate upon antigen rechallenge into other Bm cell subsets, including CD21-CD27- Bm cells, demonstrating that single Bm cell clones can adopt functionally different trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Zurbuchen
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Michler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Taeschler
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Adamo
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Cervia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilhan E Acar
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Soyka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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33
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Conarty JP, Wieland A. The Tumor-Specific Immune Landscape in HPV+ Head and Neck Cancer. Viruses 2023; 15:1296. [PMID: 37376596 DOI: 10.3390/v15061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agent of several anogenital cancers as well as head and neck cancers, with HPV+ head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) becoming a rapidly growing public health issue in the Western world. Due its viral etiology and potentially its subanatomical location, HPV+ HNSCC exhibits an immune microenvironment which is more inflamed and thus distinct from HPV-negative HNSCC. Notably, the antigenic landscape in most HPV+ HNSCC tumors extends beyond the classical HPV oncoproteins E6/7 and is extensively targeted by both the humoral and cellular arms of the adaptive immune system. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of HPV-specific immune responses in patients with HPV+ HNSCC. We highlight the localization, antigen specificity, and differentiation states of humoral and cellular immune responses, and discuss their similarities and differences. Finally, we review currently pursued immunotherapeutic treatment modalities that attempt to harness HPV-specific immune responses for improving clinical outcomes in patients with HPV+ HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Conarty
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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34
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Rivera CE, Zhou Y, Chupp DP, Yan H, Fisher AD, Simon R, Zan H, Xu Z, Casali P. Intrinsic B cell TLR-BCR linked coengagement induces class-switched, hypermutated, neutralizing antibody responses in absence of T cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8928. [PMID: 37115935 PMCID: PMC10146914 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Maturation of antibody responses entails somatic hypermutation (SHM), class-switch DNA recombination (CSR), plasma cell differentiation, and generation of memory B cells, and it is thought to require T cell help. We showed that B cell Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-B cell receptor (BCR) (receptor for antigen) coengagement by 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP)-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Escherichia coli lipid A polysaccharide O-antigen) or TLR5-BCR coengagement by Salmonella flagellin induces mature antibody responses to NP and flagellin in Tcrβ-/-Tcrδ-/- and NSG/B mice. TLR-BCR coengagement required linkage of TLR and BCR ligands, "linked coengagement." This induced B cell CSR/SHM, germinal center-like differentiation, clonal expansion, intraconal diversification, plasma cell differentiation, and an anamnestic antibody response. In Tcrβ-/-Tcrδ-/- mice, linked coengagement of TLR4-BCR by LPS or TLR5-BCR by flagellin induced protective antibodies against E. coli or Salmonella Typhimurium. Our findings unveiled a critical role of B cell TLRs in inducing neutralizing antibody responses, including those to microbial pathogens, without T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Rivera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yulai Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Daniel P. Chupp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Amanda D. Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Raphael Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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35
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Kibler A, Seifert M, Budeus B. Age-related changes of the human splenic marginal zone B cell compartment. Immunol Lett 2023; 256-257:59-65. [PMID: 37044264 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will summarize the growing body of knowledge on the age-related changes of human splenic B cell composition and molecular evidence of immune maturation and discuss the contribution of these changes on splenic protective function. From birth on, the splenic marginal zone (sMZ) contains a specialized B cell subpopulation, which recruits and archives memory B cells from immune responses throughout the organism. The quality of sMZ B cell responses is augmented by germinal center (GC)-dependent maturation of memory B cells during childhood, however, in old age, these mechanisms likely contribute to waning of splenic protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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36
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Inoue T, Shinnakasu R, Kawai C, Yamamoto H, Sakakibara S, Ono C, Itoh Y, Terooatea T, Yamashita K, Okamoto T, Hashii N, Ishii-Watabe A, Butler NS, Matsuura Y, Matsumoto H, Otsuka S, Hiraoka K, Teshima T, Murakami M, Kurosaki T. Antibody feedback contributes to facilitating the development of Omicron-reactive memory B cells in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinees. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213745. [PMID: 36512034 PMCID: PMC9750191 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to a second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, a third dose elicits potent neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant. To address the underlying mechanism for this differential antibody response, we examined spike receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific memory B cells in vaccinated individuals. Frequency of Omicron-reactive memory B cells increased ∼9 mo after the second vaccine dose. These memory B cells show an altered distribution of epitopes from pre-second memory B cells, presumably due to an antibody feedback mechanism. This hypothesis was tested using mouse models, showing that an addition or a depletion of RBD-induced serum antibodies results in a concomitant increase or decrease, respectively, of Omicron-reactive germinal center (GC) and memory B cells. Our data suggest that pre-generated antibodies modulate the selection of GC and subsequent memory B cells after the second vaccine dose, accumulating more Omicron-reactive memory B cells over time, which contributes to the generation of Omicron-neutralizing antibodies elicited by the third vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Medical Research Support, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan.,Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Chie Kawai
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Itoh
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisatake Matsumoto
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Otsuka
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Hakodate National Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kei Hiraoka
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Hakodate National Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Team of Quantum immunology, Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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37
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Wang X, He X, Jiang S, Fu Z, Jiang S, Zhao X, Zhao C, Li Y, Li D, Zhang W, Ai J, Zhang Y, Xu C, Wang P. Limited enhancement of antibody and B-cell responses to prototype booster vaccination following SARS-CoV-2 Delta breakthrough infection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28540. [PMID: 36722359 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Nanjing Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangfan Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Ai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanliang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing, University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Nanjing Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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38
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Sato Y, Tamura M, Yanagita M. Tertiary lymphoid tissues: a regional hub for kidney inflammation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:26-33. [PMID: 34245300 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLTs) are inducible ectopic lymphoid tissues that develop at sites of chronic inflammation in nonlymphoid organs. As with lymph nodes, TLTs initiate adaptive immune responses and coordinate local tissue immunity. Although virtually ignored for decades, TLTs have recently received a great deal of attention for their ability to influence disease severity, prognosis and response to therapy in various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders and infections. TLTs are also induced in kidneys of patients with chronic kidney diseases such as immunoglobulin A nephropathy and lupus nephritis. Nevertheless, TLTs in the kidney have not been extensively investigated and their mechanism of development, functions and clinical relevance remain unknown, mainly because of the absence of adequate murine kidney TLT models and limited availability of human kidney samples containing TLTs. We recently found that aged kidneys, but not young kidneys, exhibit multiple TLTs after injury. Interestingly, although they are a minor component of TLTs, resident fibroblasts in the kidneys diversify into several distinct phenotypes that play crucial roles in TLT formation. Furthermore, the potential of TLTs as a novel kidney injury/inflammation marker as well as a novel therapeutic target for kidney diseases is also suggested. In this review article we describe the current understanding of TLTs with a focus on age-dependent TLTs in the kidney and discuss their potential as a novel therapeutic target and kidney inflammation marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Medical Innovation Center, TMK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Tamura
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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39
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Schaefer-Babajew D, Wang Z, Muecksch F, Cho A, Loewe M, Cipolla M, Raspe R, Johnson B, Canis M, DaSilva J, Ramos V, Turroja M, Millard KG, Schmidt F, Witte L, Dizon J, Shimeliovich I, Yao KH, Oliveira TY, Gazumyan A, Gaebler C, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Antibody feedback regulates immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Nature 2023; 613:735-742. [PMID: 36473496 PMCID: PMC9876794 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Feedback inhibition of humoral immunity by antibodies was first documented in 19091. Subsequent studies showed that, depending on the context, antibodies can enhance or inhibit immune responses2,3. However, little is known about how pre-existing antibodies influence the development of memory B cells. Here we examined the memory B cell response in individuals who received two high-affinity anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and subsequently two doses of an mRNA vaccine4-8. We found that the recipients of the monoclonal antibodies produced antigen-binding and neutralizing titres that were only fractionally lower compared than in control individuals. However, the memory B cells of the individuals who received the monoclonal antibodies differed from those of control individuals in that they predominantly expressed low-affinity IgM antibodies that carried small numbers of somatic mutations and showed altered receptor binding domain (RBD) target specificity, consistent with epitope masking. Moreover, only 1 out of 77 anti-RBD memory antibodies tested neutralized the virus. The mechanism underlying these findings was examined in experiments in mice that showed that germinal centres formed in the presence of the same antibodies were dominated by low-affinity B cells. Our results indicate that pre-existing high-affinity antibodies bias germinal centre and memory B cell selection through two distinct mechanisms: (1) by lowering the activation threshold for B cells, thereby permitting abundant lower-affinity clones to participate in the immune response; and (2) through direct masking of their cognate epitopes. This may in part explain the shifting target profile of memory antibodies elicited by booster vaccinations9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maximilian Loewe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raphael Raspe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brianna Johnson
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie Canis
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin DaSilva
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martina Turroja
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katrina G Millard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leander Witte
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Dizon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Shimeliovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai-Hui Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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40
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Wang L, Zhao J, Schank M, Khanal S, Dang X, Cao D, Nguyen LNT, Zhang Y, Wu XY, Adkins JL, Brueggeman J, Zhang J, Ning S, El Gazzar M, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Identification of virus-specific B-cell epitopes by convalescent plasma from COVID-19 patients. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:215-223. [PMID: 36379129 PMCID: PMC9630139 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Identification of immunologic epitopes against SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for the discovery of diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive targets. In this study, we used a pan-coronavirus peptide microarray to screen for potential B-cell epitopes and validated the results with peptide-based ELISA. Specifically, we identified three linear B-cell epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, which were recognized by convalescent plasma from COVID-19 patients. Interestingly, two epitopes (S 809-823 and R1ab 909-923) strongly reacted to convalescent plasma collected at the early phase (< 90 days) of COVID-19 symptom onset, whereas one epitope (M 5-19) reacted to convalescent plasma collected > 90 days after COVID-19 symptom onset. Neutralization assays using antibody depletion with the identified spike (S) peptides revealed that three S epitopes (S 557-571, S 789-803, and S 809-823) elicited neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 patients. However, the levels of virus-specific antibody targeting S 789-803 only positively correlated with the neutralizing rates at the early phase (<60 days) after disease onset, and the antibody titers diminished quickly with no correlation to the neutralizing activity beyond two months after recovery from COVID-19. Importantly, stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from COVID-19-recovered patients with these SARS-CoV-2 S peptides resulted in poor virus-specific B cell activation, proliferation, differentiation into memory B cells, and production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, despite the B-cells being functionally competent as demonstrated by their response to non-specific stimulation. Taken together, these findings indicate that these newly identified SARS-CoV-2-specific B-cell epitopes can elicit neutralizing antibodies, with titers and/or neutralizing activities declining significantly within 2-3 months in the convalescent plasma of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Lam N T Nguyen
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xiao Y Wu
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - James L Adkins
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Justin Brueggeman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) has a strongly negative impact on long-term renal allograft survival. Currently, no recognized effective treatments are available, especially for chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR). Donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) secreted by long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells are acknowledged as biomarkers of AMR. Nevertheless, it may be too late for the DSA routine examination production since DSAs may have binded to graft vascular endothelial cells through complement-dependent or complement-independent pathways. Therefore, methods to effectively monitor memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells and subsequently prevent DSA production are key to reducing the adverse effects of AMR. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the production pathways of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells and provides suggestions for the prevention of AMR after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yue
- Kidney Transplantation Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Dietetics Teaching and Research Section, Henan Medical College, Xinzheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- Kidney Transplantation Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Kidney Transplantation Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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42
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Haase P, Schäfer S, Gerlach RG, Winkler TH, Voehringer D. B cell fate mapping reveals their contribution to the memory immune response against helminths. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016142. [PMID: 36505408 PMCID: PMC9730276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated quarter of the human world population is infected with gastrointestinal helminths causing major socioeconomic problems in endemic countries. A better understanding of humoral immune responses against helminths is urgently needed to develop effective vaccination strategies. Here, we used a fate mapping (FM) approach to mark germinal center (GC) B cells and their developmental fates by induced expression of a fluorescent protein during infection of mice with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We could show that FM+ cells persist weeks after clearance of the primary infection mainly as CD80+CD73+PD-L2+ memory B cells. A secondary infection elicited expansion of helminth-specific memory B cells and plasma cells (PCs). Adoptive transfers and analysis of somatic mutations in immunoglobulin genes further revealed that FM+ B cells rapidly convert to PCs rather than participating again in a GC reaction. These results provide new insights in the population dynamics of the humoral immune response against helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haase
- Department of Infection Biology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Schäfer
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roman G. Gerlach
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany,*Correspondence: David Voehringer,
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43
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Wolf C, Köppert S, Becza N, Kuerten S, Kirchenbaum GA, Lehmann PV. Antibody Levels Poorly Reflect on the Frequency of Memory B Cells Generated following SARS-CoV-2, Seasonal Influenza, or EBV Infection. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223662. [PMID: 36429090 PMCID: PMC9688940 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of immune monitoring is to define the existence, magnitude, and quality of immune mechanisms operational in a host. In clinical trials and praxis, the assessment of humoral immunity is commonly confined to measurements of serum antibody reactivity without accounting for the memory B cell potential. Relying on fundamentally different mechanisms, however, passive immunity conveyed by pre-existing antibodies needs to be distinguished from active B cell memory. Here, we tested whether, in healthy human individuals, the antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2, seasonal influenza, or Epstein-Barr virus antigens correlated with the frequency of recirculating memory B cells reactive with the respective antigens. Weak correlations were found. The data suggest that the assessment of humoral immunity by measurement of antibody levels does not reflect on memory B cell frequencies and thus an individual's potential to engage in an anamnestic antibody response against the same or an antigenically related virus. Direct monitoring of the antigen-reactive memory B cell compartment is both required and feasible towards that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Wolf
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Köppert
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Noémi Becza
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Greg A. Kirchenbaum
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd. (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(216)-791-5084
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44
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You Z, Liu B, Qi H. Neuronal regulation of B-cell immunity: Anticipatory immune posturing? Neuron 2022; 110:3582-3596. [PMID: 36327899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain may sense, evaluate, modulate, and intervene in the operation of immune system, which would otherwise function autonomously in defense against pathogens. Antibody-mediated immunity is one arm of adaptive immunity that may achieve sterilizing protection against infection. Lymphoid organs are densely innervated. Immune cells supporting the antigen-specific antibody response express receptors for neurotransmitters and glucocorticoid hormones, and they are subjected to collective regulation by the neuroendocrine and the autonomic nervous system. Emerging evidence reveals a brain-spleen axis that regulates antigen-specific B cell responses and antibody-mediated immunity. In this article, we provide a synthesis of those studies as pertinent to neuronal regulation of B cell responses in secondary lymphoid organs. We propose the concept of defensive immune posturing as a brain-initiated top-down reaction in anticipation of potential tissue injury that requires immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei You
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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45
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Epigenetic regulation of B cells and its role in autoimmune pathogenesis. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1215-1234. [PMID: 36220996 PMCID: PMC9622816 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Although previous studies have shown many genetic polymorphisms associated with B-cell activation in patients with various autoimmune disorders, progress in epigenetic research has revealed new mechanisms leading to B-cell hyperactivation. Epigenetic mechanisms, including those involving histone modifications, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs, regulate B-cell responses, and their dysregulation can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Patients with autoimmune diseases show epigenetic alterations that lead to the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune inflammation. Moreover, many clinical and animal model studies have shown the promising potential of epigenetic therapies for patients. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview of epigenetic mechanisms with a focus on their roles in regulating functional B-cell subsets. Furthermore, we discuss epigenetic dysregulation in B cells and highlight its contribution to the development of autoimmune diseases. Based on clinical and preclinical evidence, we discuss novel epigenetic biomarkers and therapies for patients with autoimmune disorders.
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46
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Jaffe DB, Shahi P, Adams BA, Chrisman AM, Finnegan PM, Raman N, Royall AE, Tsai F, Vollbrecht T, Reyes DS, Hepler NL, McDonnell WJ. Functional antibodies exhibit light chain coherence. Nature 2022; 611:352-357. [PMID: 36289331 PMCID: PMC9607724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate adaptive immune system modifies the genome of individual B cells to encode antibodies that bind particular antigens1. In most mammals, antibodies are composed of heavy and light chains that are generated sequentially by recombination of V, D (for heavy chains), J and C gene segments. Each chain contains three complementarity-determining regions (CDR1-CDR3), which contribute to antigen specificity. Certain heavy and light chains are preferred for particular antigens2-22. Here we consider pairs of B cells that share the same heavy chain V gene and CDRH3 amino acid sequence and were isolated from different donors, also known as public clonotypes23,24. We show that for naive antibodies (those not yet adapted to antigens), the probability that they use the same light chain V gene is around 10%, whereas for memory (functional) antibodies, it is around 80%, even if only one cell per clonotype is used. This property of functional antibodies is a phenomenon that we call light chain coherence. We also observe this phenomenon when similar heavy chains recur within a donor. Thus, although naive antibodies seem to recur by chance, the recurrence of functional antibodies reveals surprising constraint and determinism in the processes of V(D)J recombination and immune selection. For most functional antibodies, the heavy chain determines the light chain.
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47
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Shenoy AT, De Ana CL, Barker KA, Arafa EI, Martin IM, Mizgerd JP, Belkina AC. CPHEN-011: Comprehensive phenotyping of murine lung resident lymphocytes after recovery from pneumococcal pneumonia. Cytometry A 2022; 101:892-902. [PMID: 34854229 PMCID: PMC9160214 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recovery from pneumococcal (Spn) pneumonia induces development of tissue resident memory CD4+ TRM cells, BRM cells, and antibody secreting plasma cells in experienced lungs. These tissue resident lymphocytes confer protection against subsequent lethal challenge by serotype mismatched Spn (termed as heterotypic immunity). While traditional flow cytometry and gating strategies support premeditated identification of cells using a limited set of markers, discovery of novel tissue resident lymphocytes necessitates stable platforms that can handle larger sets of phenotypic markers and lends itself to unbiased clustering approaches. In this report, we leverage the power of full spectrum flow cytometry (FSFC) to develop a comprehensive panel of phenotypic markers that allows identification of multiple subsets of tissue resident lymphocytes in Spn-experienced murine lungs. Using Phenograph algorithm on this multidimensional data, we identify unforeseen heterogeneity in lung resident adaptive immune landscape which includes unexpected subsets of TRM and BRM cells. Further, using conventional gating strategy informed by our unsupervised clustering data, we confirm their presence exquisitely in Spn-experienced lungs as potentially relevant to heterotypic immunity and define CD73 as a highly expressed marker on TRM cells. Thus, our study emphasizes the utility of FSFC for confirmatory and discovery studies relating to tissue resident adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukul T. Shenoy
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Carolina Lyon De Ana
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Barker
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Emad I. Arafa
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ian M.C. Martin
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joseph P. Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna C. Belkina
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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48
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Liu J, Guan F. B cell phenotype, activity, and function in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Res 2022:10.1038/s41390-022-02336-w. [PMID: 36316536 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is the most frequent glomerular disease in childhood. However, its underlying etiology mechanism lacks thorough understanding. Previous studies have described INS as a T cell functional disorder resulting in increased plasma lymphocyte-derived permeability factors. In children with frequent relapses of nephrotic syndrome, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of CD20 monoclonal antibodies in depleting B cells may provide additional evidence in exploring the critical role of B lymphocytes in INS pathogenesis. Previous studies have proposed that RTX bound to CD20 through antibody-dependent and complement-dependent cytotoxicity and led to lytic clearance of B cells. Additionally, RTX exerted an effect by blocking the interaction between B and T cells or regulating homeostasis and functions of T cell subsets. Recent studies on the development, differentiation, and activation of B-lymphocytes in glomerular diseases have suggested that the B-lymphocytes participate in the INS pathogenesis through interaction with T cells, secretion of antibodies, or production of cytokines. In this study, we aimed to provide a detailed description of the current knowledge on the development, differentiation, activity, functions, and related regulating factors of B cells involved in INS. Thus, further understanding of the immunopathogenesis of INS may offer some opportunities in precisely targeting B cells during therapeutic interventions. IMPACT: The topic "B cells play a role in glomerular disease" is a novel point, which is not completely described previously. We described interactions between T and B cells and immunoglobulin, IgG, IgM, IgE, etc. as well in glomerular disease. The research of regulatory factors associated with B cell's function, like BAFF, is a hot topic in other diseases; however, it is rare in glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221002, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengjun Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221002, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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49
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Khoenkhoen S, Ádori M, Solís-Sayago D, Soulier J, Russell J, Beutler B, Pedersen GK, Karlsson Hedestam GB. IκBNS expression in B cells is dispensable for IgG responses to T cell-dependent antigens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1000755. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking the atypical inhibitory kappa B (IκB) protein, IκBNS, a regulator of the NF-κB pathway encoded by the nfkbid gene, display impaired antibody responses to both T cell-independent (TI) and T cell-dependent (TD) antigens. To better understand the basis of these defects, we crossed mice carrying floxed nfkbid alleles with mice expressing Cre under the transcriptional control of the Cd79a gene to create mice that lacked IκBNS expression only in B cells. Analyses of these conditional knock-out mice revealed intact CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations, including preserved frequencies of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, which are known to be reduced in IκBNS knock-out mice. Like IκBNS knock-out mice, mice with conditional IκBNS ablation in B cells displayed defective IgM responses to TI antigens and a severe reduction in peritoneal B-1a cells. However, in contrast to mice lacking IκBNS altogether, the conditional IκBNS knock-out mice responded well to TD antigens compared to the control mice, with potent IgG responses following immunization with the viral antigen, rSFV-βGal or the widely used hapten-protein model antigen, NP-CGG. Furthermore, B cell intrinsic IκBNS expression was dispensable for germinal center (GC) formation and T follicular helper cell responses to NP-CGG immunization. The results presented here suggest that the defect in antibody responses to TD antigens observed in IκBNS knock-out mice results from a B cell extrinsic defect.
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50
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Tas JMJ, Koo JH, Lin YC, Xie Z, Steichen JM, Jackson AM, Hauser BM, Wang X, Cottrell CA, Torres JL, Warner JE, Kirsch KH, Weldon SR, Groschel B, Nogal B, Ozorowski G, Bangaru S, Phelps N, Adachi Y, Eskandarzadeh S, Kubitz M, Burton DR, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Nair U, Ward AB, Schief WR, Batista FD. Antibodies from primary humoral responses modulate the recruitment of naive B cells during secondary responses. Immunity 2022; 55:1856-1871.e6. [PMID: 35987201 PMCID: PMC9350677 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines generate high-affinity antibodies by recruiting antigen-specific B cells to germinal centers (GCs), but the mechanisms governing the recruitment to GCs on secondary challenges remain unclear. Here, using preclinical SARS-CoV and HIV mouse models, we demonstrated that the antibodies elicited during primary humoral responses shaped the naive B cell recruitment to GCs during secondary exposures. The antibodies from primary responses could either enhance or, conversely, restrict the GC participation of naive B cells: broad-binding, low-affinity, and low-titer antibodies enhanced recruitment, whereas, by contrast, the high titers of high-affinity, mono-epitope-specific antibodies attenuated cognate naive B cell recruitment. Thus, the directionality and intensity of that effect was determined by antibody concentration, affinity, and epitope specificity. Circulating antibodies can, therefore, be important determinants of antigen immunogenicity. Future vaccines may need to overcome-or could, alternatively, leverage-the effects of circulating primary antibodies on subsequent naive B cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen M J Tas
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ja-Hyun Koo
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ying-Cing Lin
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhenfei Xie
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jon M Steichen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Abigail M Jackson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xuesong Wang
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - John E Warner
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathrin H Kirsch
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie R Weldon
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bartek Nogal
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole Phelps
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saman Eskandarzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Usha Nair
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - William R Schief
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Facundo D Batista
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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