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Roberts BS, Mitra D, Abishek S, Beher R, Satpute-Krishnan P. The p24-family and COPII subunit SEC24C facilitate the clearance of alpha1-antitrypsin Z from the endoplasmic reticulum to lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar45. [PMID: 38294851 PMCID: PMC10916869 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation of the alpha-1-antitrypsin misfolding Z mutant (ATZ) is cleared from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via an ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) pathway. Here, we report that the COPII subunit SEC24C and the p24-family of proteins facilitate the clearance of ATZ via ERLAD. In addition to the previously reported ERLAD components calnexin and FAM134B, we discovered that ATZ coimmunoprecipitates with the p24-family members TMP21 and TMED9. This contrasts with wild type alpha1-antitrypsin, which did not coimmunoprecipitate with FAM134B, calnexin or the p24-family members. Live-cell imaging revealed that ATZ and the p24-family members traffic together from the ER to lysosomes. Using chemical inhibitors to block ER exit or autophagy, we demonstrated that p24-family members and ATZ co-accumulate at SEC24C marked ER-exit sites or in ER-derived compartments, respectively. Furthermore, depletion of SEC24C, TMP21, or TMED9 inhibited lysosomal trafficking of ATZ and resulted in the increase of intracellular ATZ levels. Conversely, overexpression of these p24-family members resulted in the reduction of ATZ levels. Intriguingly, the p24-family members coimmunoprecipitate with ATZ, FAM134B, and SEC24C. Thus, we propose a model in which the p24-family functions in an adaptor complex linking SEC24C with the ERLAD machinery for the clearance of ATZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debashree Mitra
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Sudhanshu Abishek
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Richa Beher
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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2
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Vakili O, Mafi A, Pourfarzam M. Liver Disorders Caused by Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:194-207. [PMID: 37357514 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230623120935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are a vast array of inherited/congenital disorders, affecting a wide variety of metabolic pathways and/or biochemical processes inside the cells. Although IEMs are usually rare, they can be represented as serious health problems. During the neonatal period, these inherited defects can give rise to almost all key signs of liver malfunction, including jaundice, coagulopathy, hepato- and splenomegaly, ascites, etc. Since the liver is a vital organ with multiple synthetic, metabolic, and excretory functions, IEM-related hepatic dysfunction could seriously be considered life-threatening. In this context, the identification of those hepatic manifestations and their associated characteristics may promote the differential diagnosis of IEMs immediately after birth, making therapeutic strategies more successful in preventing the occurrence of subsequent events. Among all possible liver defects caused by IEMs, cholestatic jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and liver failure have been shown to be manifested more frequently. Therefore, the current study aims to review substantial IEMs that mostly result in the aforementioned hepatic disorders, relying on clinical principles, especially through the first years of life. In this article, a group of uncommon hepatic manifestations linked to IEMs is also discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Mafi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Morteza Pourfarzam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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3
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Chinchankar MN, Taylor WB, Ko SH, Apple EC, Rodriguez KA, Chen L, Fisher AL. A novel endoplasmic reticulum adaptation is critical for the long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans rpn-10 proteasomal mutant. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194957. [PMID: 37355092 PMCID: PMC10528105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The loss of proteostasis due to reduced efficiency of protein degradation pathways plays a key role in multiple age-related diseases and is a hallmark of the aging process. Paradoxically, we have previously reported that the Caenorhabditis elegans rpn-10(ok1865) mutant, which lacks the RPN-10/RPN10/PSMD4 subunit of the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome, exhibits enhanced cytosolic proteostasis, elevated stress resistance and extended lifespan, despite possessing reduced proteasome function. However, the response of this mutant against threats to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and proteostasis was unknown. Here, we find that the rpn-10 mutant is highly ER stress resistant compared to the wildtype. Under unstressed conditions, the ER unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in the rpn-10 mutant as signified by increased xbp-1 splicing. This primed response appears to alter ER homeostasis through the upregulated expression of genes involved in ER protein quality control (ERQC), including those in the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway. Pertinently, we find that ERQC is critical for the rpn-10 mutant longevity. These changes also alter ER proteostasis, as studied using the C. elegans alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency model, which comprises an intestinal ER-localised transgenic reporter of an aggregation-prone form of AAT called ATZ. The rpn-10 mutant shows a significant reduction in the accumulation of the ATZ reporter, thus indicating that its ER proteostasis is augmented. Via a genetic screen for suppressors of decreased ATZ aggregation in the rpn-10 mutant, we then identified ecps-2/H04D03.3, a novel ortholog of the proteasome-associated adaptor and scaffold protein ECM29/ECPAS. We further show that ecps-2 is required for improved ER proteostasis as well as lifespan extension of the rpn-10 mutant. Thus, we propose that ECPS-2-proteasome functional interactions, alongside additional putative molecular processes, contribute to a novel ERQC adaptation which underlies the superior proteostasis and longevity of the rpn-10 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna N Chinchankar
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio (UTHSCSA), SA, TX, United States of America; Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UTHSCSA, SA, TX, United States of America
| | - William B Taylor
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Su-Hyuk Ko
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio (UTHSCSA), SA, TX, United States of America; Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UTHSCSA, SA, TX, United States of America
| | - Ellen C Apple
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio (UTHSCSA), SA, TX, United States of America; Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UTHSCSA, SA, TX, United States of America
| | - Karl A Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UTHSCSA, SA, TX, United States of America
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio (UTHSCSA), SA, TX, United States of America; Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UTHSCSA, SA, TX, United States of America
| | - Alfred L Fisher
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America.
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4
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Rudinskiy M, Molinari M. ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation in a nutshell: mammalian, yeast, and plant ER-phagy as induced by misfolded proteins. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1928-1945. [PMID: 37259628 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conserved catabolic pathways operate to remove aberrant polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the major biosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic cells. The best known are the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathways that control the retrotranslocation of terminally misfolded proteins across the ER membrane for clearance by the cytoplasmic ubiquitin/proteasome system. In this review, we catalog folding-defective mammalian, yeast, and plant proteins that fail to engage ERAD machineries. We describe that they rather segregate in ER subdomains that eventually vesiculate. These ER-derived vesicles are captured by double membrane autophagosomes, engulfed by endolysosomes/vacuoles, or fused with degradative organelles to clear cells from their toxic cargo. These client-specific, mechanistically diverse ER-phagy pathways are grouped under the umbrella term of ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation for description in this essay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Rudinskiy
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Dang TT, Kim MJ, Lee YY, Le HT, Kim KH, Nam S, Hyun SH, Kim HL, Chung SW, Chung HT, Jho EH, Yoshida H, Kim K, Park CY, Lee MS, Back SH. Phosphorylation of EIF2S1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha) is indispensable for nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3 during ER stress. Autophagy 2023; 19:2111-2142. [PMID: 36719671 PMCID: PMC10283430 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2173900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are diverse links between macroautophagy/autophagy pathways and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions to restore ER homeostasis. Phosphorylation of EIF2S1/eIF2α is an important mechanism that can regulate all three UPR pathways through transcriptional and translational reprogramming to maintain cellular homeostasis and overcome cellular stresses. In this study, to investigate the roles of EIF2S1 phosphorylation in regulation of autophagy during ER stress, we used EIF2S1 phosphorylation-deficient (A/A) cells in which residue 51 was mutated from serine to alanine. A/A cells exhibited defects in several steps of autophagic processes (such as autophagosome and autolysosome formation) that are regulated by the transcriptional activities of the autophagy master transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 under ER stress conditions. EIF2S1 phosphorylation was required for nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3 during ER stress. In addition, EIF2AK3/PERK, PPP3/calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of TFEB and TFE3, and YWHA/14-3-3 dissociation were required for their nuclear translocation, but were insufficient to induce their nuclear retention during ER stress. Overexpression of the activated ATF6/ATF6α form, XBP1s, and ATF4 differentially rescued defects of TFEB and TFE3 nuclear translocation in A/A cells during ER stress. Consequently, overexpression of the activated ATF6 or TFEB form more efficiently rescued autophagic defects, although XBP1s and ATF4 also displayed an ability to restore autophagy in A/A cells during ER stress. Our results suggest that EIF2S1 phosphorylation is important for autophagy and UPR pathways, to restore ER homeostasis and reveal how EIF2S1 phosphorylation connects UPR pathways to autophagy.Abbreviations: A/A: EIF2S1 phosphorylation-deficient; ACTB: actin beta; Ad-: adenovirus-; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATZ: SERPINA1/α1-antitrypsin with an E342K (Z) mutation; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CDK4: cyclin dependent kinase 4; CDK6: cyclin dependent kinase 6; CHX: cycloheximide; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; Co-IP: coimmunoprecipitation; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; CTSL: cathepsin L; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DTT: dithiothreitol; EBSS: Earle's Balanced Salt Solution; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; EIF2S1/eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FBS: fetal bovine serum; gRNA: guide RNA; GSK3B/GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HA: hemagglutinin; Hep: immortalized hepatocyte; IF: immunofluorescence; IRES: internal ribosome entry site; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LMB: leptomycin B; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3A/B/LC3A/B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha/beta; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NES: nuclear export signal; NFE2L2/NRF2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; OE: overexpression; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PLA: proximity ligation assay; PPP3/calcineurin: protein phosphatase 3; PTM: post-translational modification; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEM: standard error of the mean; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TFE3: transcription factor E3; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFs: transcription factors; Tg: thapsigargin; Tm: tunicamycin; UPR: unfolded protein response; WB: western blot; WT: wild-type; Xbp1s: spliced Xbp1; XPO1/CRM1: exportin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Thi Dang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Yoon Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Hien Thi Le
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Kook Hwan Kim
- Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 03722, Seoul, Korea
| | - Somi Nam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Hyun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Hong Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Wol Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Eek-Hoon Jho
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiderou Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 678-1297, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, 02841, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science & Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, SIMS (Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science) & Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, 31151, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
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Kaur U, Kihn KC, Ke H, Kuo W, Gierasch LM, Hebert DN, Wintrode PL, Deredge D, Gershenson A. The conformational landscape of a serpin N-terminal subdomain facilitates folding and in-cell quality control. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.537978. [PMID: 37163105 PMCID: PMC10168285 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.537978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many multi-domain proteins including the serpin family of serine protease inhibitors contain non-sequential domains composed of regions that are far apart in sequence. Because proteins are translated vectorially from N- to C-terminus, such domains pose a particular challenge: how to balance the conformational lability necessary to form productive interactions between early and late translated regions while avoiding aggregation. This balance is mediated by the protein sequence properties and the interactions of the folding protein with the cellular quality control machinery. For serpins, particularly α 1 -antitrypsin (AAT), mutations often lead to polymer accumulation in cells and consequent disease suggesting that the lability/aggregation balance is especially precarious. Therefore, we investigated the properties of progressively longer AAT N-terminal fragments in solution and in cells. The N-terminal subdomain, residues 1-190 (AAT190), is monomeric in solution and efficiently degraded in cells. More β -rich fragments, 1-290 and 1-323, form small oligomers in solution, but are still efficiently degraded, and even the polymerization promoting Siiyama (S53F) mutation did not significantly affect fragment degradation. In vitro, the AAT190 region is among the last regions incorporated into the final structure. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations show that AAT190 has a broad, dynamic conformational ensemble that helps protect one particularly aggregation prone β -strand from solvent. These AAT190 dynamics result in transient exposure of sequences that are buried in folded, full-length AAT, which may provide important recognition sites for the cellular quality control machinery and facilitate degradation and, under favorable conditions, reduce the likelihood of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upneet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Kyle C. Kihn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Haiping Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Weiwei Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Lila M. Gierasch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Daniel N. Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Patrick L. Wintrode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Anne Gershenson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
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7
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Suri A, Patel D, Teckman J. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2022; 19:89-92. [PMID: 35355837 PMCID: PMC8958251 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Content available: Author Audio Recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandini Suri
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionSaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Dhiren Patel
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionSaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Jeffery Teckman
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionSaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
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8
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Living with the enemy: from protein-misfolding pathologies we know, to those we want to know. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101391. [PMID: 34119687 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conformational diseases are caused by the aggregation of misfolded proteins. The risk for such pathologies develops years before clinical symptoms appear, and is higher in people with alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) polymorphisms. Thousands of people with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) are underdiagnosed. Enemy-aggregating proteins may reside in these underdiagnosed AATD patients for many years before a pathology for AATD fully develops. In this perspective review, we hypothesize that the AAT protein could exert a new and previously unconsidered biological effect as an endogenous metal ion chelator that plays a significant role in essential metal ion homeostasis. In this respect, AAT polymorphism may cause an imbalance of metal ions, which could be correlated with the aggregation of amylin, tau, amyloid beta, and alpha synuclein proteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively.
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Kropp PA, Bauer R, Zafra I, Graham C, Golden A. Caenorhabditis elegans for rare disease modeling and drug discovery: strategies and strengths. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm049010. [PMID: 34370008 PMCID: PMC8380043 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nearly 10% of Americans suffer from a rare disease, clinical progress in individual rare diseases is severely compromised by lack of attention and research resources compared to common diseases. It is thus imperative to investigate these diseases at their most basic level to build a foundation and provide the opportunity for understanding their mechanisms and phenotypes, as well as potential treatments. One strategy for effectively and efficiently studying rare diseases is using genetically tractable organisms to model the disease and learn about the essential cellular processes affected. Beyond investigating dysfunctional cellular processes, modeling rare diseases in simple organisms presents the opportunity to screen for pharmacological or genetic factors capable of ameliorating disease phenotypes. Among the small model organisms that excel in rare disease modeling is the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. With a staggering breadth of research tools, C. elegans provides an ideal system in which to study human disease. Molecular and cellular processes can be easily elucidated, assayed and altered in ways that can be directly translated to humans. When paired with other model organisms and collaborative efforts with clinicians, the power of these C. elegans studies cannot be overstated. This Review highlights studies that have used C. elegans in diverse ways to understand rare diseases and aid in the development of treatments. With continuing and advancing technologies, the capabilities of this small round worm will continue to yield meaningful and clinically relevant information for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andy Golden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Fregno I, Fasana E, Soldà T, Galli C, Molinari M. N-glycan processing selects ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107240. [PMID: 34152647 PMCID: PMC8327951 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient degradation of by‐products of protein biogenesis maintains cellular fitness. Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. Misfolded proteins in the ER are translocated to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation via ER‐associated degradation (ERAD). Alternatively, they are segregated in ER subdomains that are shed from the biosynthetic compartment and are delivered to endolysosomes under control of ER‐phagy receptors for ER‐to‐lysosome‐associated degradation (ERLAD). Demannosylation of N‐linked oligosaccharides targets terminally misfolded proteins for ERAD. How misfolded proteins are eventually marked for ERLAD is not known. Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro‐collagen that cycles of de‐/re‐glucosylation of selected N‐glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD‐resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B‐driven lysosomal delivery. In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N‐glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Fregno
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Fasana
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Soldà
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Galli
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Callea F, Francalanci P, Giovannoni I. Hepatic and Extrahepatic Sources and Manifestations in Endoplasmic Reticulum Storage Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115778. [PMID: 34071368 PMCID: PMC8198767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and fibrinogen are secretory acute phase reactant proteins. Circulating AAT and fibrinogen are synthesized exclusively in the liver. Mutations in the encoding genes result in conformational abnormalities of the two molecules that aggregate within the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) instead of being regularly exported. That results in AAT-deficiency (AATD) and in hereditary hypofibrinogenemia with hepatic storage (HHHS). The association of plasma deficiency and liver storage identifies a new group of pathologies: endoplasmic reticulum storage disease (ERSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Callea
- Bugando Medical Centre, Department of Molecular Histopathology, Catholic University Health Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (P.F.); Tel.: +255-754-334-3938 (F.C.)
| | - Paola Francalanci
- Department of Pathology, Childrens’ Hospital Bambino Gesù IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (P.F.); Tel.: +255-754-334-3938 (F.C.)
| | - Isabella Giovannoni
- Department of Pathology, Childrens’ Hospital Bambino Gesù IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
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12
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Patel D, McAllister SL, Teckman JH. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency liver disease. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:23. [PMID: 33824927 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2020.02.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical presentation of liver disease is highly variable in homozygous ZZ alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, and not all patients with the homozygous ZZ genotype develop liver disease. Although not fully identified, there is likely a strong influence of genetic and environmental modifiers of the intracellular injury cascade and fibrotic response. Most ZZ children are well and remain undiagnosed. Of those who come to medical attention, the most common pediatric presentation is neonatal cholestatic hepatitis, sometimes referred to as "neonatal hepatitis syndrome". The gold standard for diagnosis of AAT deficiency is analysis of the AAT protein phenotype in the patient serum or the genotype of their DNA genome. Careful follow up of all diagnosed children is important. Heterozygotes for S and Z alleles of AAT (SZ) may develop progressive liver disease similar to ZZ patients and also require close monitoring. There is no specific treatment for AAT deficiency induced liver disease and current therapy remains supportive with management of complications. Rarely, patients require liver transplant and typically the patient outcomes are excellent. With improved understanding of liver injury mechanisms, new strategies for treatment are now being explored, including siRNA technology, molecules to modulate secretion, and enhancers of proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiren Patel
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shannon L McAllister
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Teckman
- Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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13
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The Discovery of Endoplasmic Reticulum Storage Disease. The Connection between an H&E Slide and the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062899. [PMID: 33809321 PMCID: PMC8001541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The revolutionary evolution in science and technology over the last few decades has made it possible to face more adequately three main challenges of modern medicine: changes in old diseases, the appearance of new diseases, and diseases that are unknown (mostly genetic), despite research efforts. In this paper we review the road travelled by pathologists in search of a method based upon the use of routine instruments and techniques which once were available for research only. The application to tissue studies of techniques from immunology, molecular biology, and genetics has allowed dynamic interpretations of biological phenomena with special regard to gene regulation and expression. That implies stepwise investigations, including light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, electron microscopy, molecular histopathology, protein crystallography, and gene sequencing, in order to progress from suggestive features detectable in routinely stained preparations to more characteristic, specific, and finally, pathognomonic features. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-stained preparations and appropriate immunohistochemical stains have enabled the recognition of phenotypic changes which may reflect genotypic alterations. That has been the case with hepatocytic inclusions detected in H&E-stained preparations, which appeared to correspond to secretory proteins that, due to genetic mutations, were retained within the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and were deficient in plasma. The identification of this phenomenon affecting the molecules alpha-1-antitrypsin and fibrinogen has led to the discovery of a new field of cell organelle pathology, endoplasmic reticulum storage disease(s) (ERSD). Over fifty years, pathologists have wandered through a dark forest of complicated molecules with strange conformations, and by detailed observations in simple histopathological sections, accompanied by a growing background of molecular techniques and revelations, have been able to recognize and identify arrays of grotesque polypeptide arrangements.
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14
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Pye A, Khan S, Whitehouse T, Turner AM. Personalizing liver targeted treatments and transplantation for patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2021.1862648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Pye
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sheeba Khan
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS FT, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Alice M Turner
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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15
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Morone D, Marazza A, Bergmann TJ, Molinari M. Deep learning approach for quantification of organelles and misfolded polypeptide delivery within degradative compartments. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1512-1524. [PMID: 32401604 PMCID: PMC7359569 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endolysosomal compartments maintain cellular fitness by clearing dysfunctional organelles and proteins from cells. Modulation of their activity offers therapeutic opportunities. Quantification of cargo delivery to and/or accumulation within endolysosomes is instrumental for characterizing lysosome-driven pathways at the molecular level and monitoring consequences of genetic or environmental modifications. Here we introduce LysoQuant, a deep learning approach for segmentation and classification of fluorescence images capturing cargo delivery within endolysosomes for clearance. LysoQuant is trained for unbiased and rapid recognition with human-level accuracy, and the pipeline informs on a series of quantitative parameters such as endolysosome number, size, shape, position within cells, and occupancy, which report on activity of lysosome-driven pathways. In our selected examples, LysoQuant successfully determines the magnitude of mechanistically distinct catabolic pathways that ensure lysosomal clearance of a model organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum, and of a model protein, polymerogenic ATZ. It does so with accuracy and velocity compatible with those of high-throughput analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Morone
- Università della Svizzera italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Marazza
- Università della Svizzera italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3000 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Timothy J Bergmann
- Università della Svizzera italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Università della Svizzera italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Cheeney G, Pac LJ, Gopal P, Landis CS, Konnick EQ, Swanson PE, Greene DN, Lockwood CM, Westerhoff M. Increased Frequency of Heterozygous Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency in Liver Explants From Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Patients. Liver Transpl 2020; 26:17-24. [PMID: 31597010 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhotic explanted livers occasionally have unexpected periodic acid-Schiff-diastase (PASD)-positive globules within the hepatocyte cytoplasm. It is often unclear whether this finding is a nonspecific consequence of cirrhosis or is indicative of an underlying alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) contributing to the cirrhosis. In this study, explanted livers were retrospectively evaluated for histopathology (including PASD status with confirmatory alpha-1-antitrypsin [A1AT] immunohistochemistry [IHC]), and chart review provided etiology of liver failure and general clinical parameters. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect A1AT genotype (SERPINA1 S and Z alleles) by melting curve analysis on liver explant tissue from selected cases. Of 196 explanted livers, 21 (11%) had PASD+ globules, which were significantly enriched in patients with a clinical diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH; 47%) compared with other causes (P < 0.001). IHC confirmed all PASD+ globules were A1AT+, with 20 of 21 cases demonstrating diffuse A1AT staining. In an expanded NASH cohort, 42% (14/33) of explants had PASD+ globules, 92% of which were homozygous (n = 1) or heterozygous (n = 11) for the SERPINA1 Z allele, corresponding to nearly 40% of all NASH patients. Overall, the Z allele was present in 10% of all tested liver explants, with 85% of PASD+ cases genotyping homozygous (n = 2) or heterozygous (n = 20), which is far in excess of the estimated 2% in the general population. These results indicate PASD+ A1AT globules (with confirmatory genotyping showing at least 1 Z allele) are commonly observed in NASH, suggesting a synergistic relationship toward liver fibrosis. In addition, the high frequency of SERPINA1 Z alleles in liver transplantation patients supports the utility of pretransplant genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Cheeney
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Lincoln J Pac
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Purva Gopal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Charles S Landis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric Q Konnick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul E Swanson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Dina N Greene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Christina M Lockwood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria Westerhoff
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI
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17
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Scott BM, Sheffield WP. Engineering the serpin α 1 -antitrypsin: A diversity of goals and techniques. Protein Sci 2019; 29:856-871. [PMID: 31774589 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
α1 -Antitrypsin (α1 -AT) serves as an archetypal example for the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) protein family and has been used as a scaffold for protein engineering for >35 years. Techniques used to engineer α1 -AT include targeted mutagenesis, protein fusions, phage display, glycoengineering, and consensus protein design. The goals of engineering have also been diverse, ranging from understanding serpin structure-function relationships, to the design of more potent or more specific proteinase inhibitors with potential therapeutic relevance. Here we summarize the history of these protein engineering efforts, describing the techniques applied to engineer α1 -AT, specific mutants of interest, and providing an appended catalog of the >200 α1 -AT mutants published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - William P Sheffield
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Hamesch K, Mandorfer M, Pereira VM, Moeller LS, Pons M, Dolman GE, Reichert MC, Schneider CV, Woditsch V, Voss J, Lindhauer C, Fromme M, Spivak I, Guldiken N, Zhou B, Arslanow A, Schaefer B, Zoller H, Aigner E, Reiberger T, Wetzel M, Siegmund B, Simões C, Gaspar R, Maia L, Costa D, Bento-Miranda M, van Helden J, Yagmur E, Bzdok D, Stolk J, Gleiber W, Knipel V, Windisch W, Mahadeva R, Bals R, Koczulla R, Barrecheguren M, Miravitlles M, Janciauskiene S, Stickel F, Lammert F, Liberal R, Genesca J, Griffiths WJ, Trauner M, Krag A, Trautwein C, Strnad P. Liver Fibrosis and Metabolic Alterations in Adults With alpha-1-antitrypsin Deficiency Caused by the Pi*ZZ Mutation. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:705-719.e18. [PMID: 31121167 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is among the most common genetic disorders. Severe AATD is caused by a homozygous mutation in the SERPINA1 gene that encodes the Glu342Lys substitution (called the Pi*Z mutation, Pi*ZZ genotype). Pi*ZZ carriers may develop lung and liver diseases. Mutation-associated lung disorders have been well studied, but less is known about the effects in liver. We assessed the liver disease burden and associated features in adults with this form of AATD. METHODS We collected data from 554 Pi*ZZ adults (403 in an exploratory cohort, 151 in a confirmatory cohort), in 9 European countries, with AATD who were homozygous for the Pi*Z mutation, and 234 adults without the Pi*Z mutation (controls), all without pre-existing liver disease. We collected data on demographic parameters, comorbidities, lung- and liver-related health, and blood samples for laboratory analysis. Liver fibrosis was assessed non-invasively via the serum tests Aspartate Aminotransferase to Platelet Ratio Index and HepaScore and via transient elastography. Liver steatosis was determined via transient elastography-based controlled attenuation parameter. We performed histologic analyses of livers from transgenic mice that overexpress the AATD-associated Pi*Z variant. RESULTS Serum levels of liver enzymes were significantly higher in Pi*ZZ carriers vs controls. Based on non-invasive tests for liver fibrosis, significant fibrosis was suspected in 20%-36% of Pi*ZZ carriers, whereas signs of advanced fibrosis were 9- to 20-fold more common in Pi*ZZ carriers compared to non-carriers. Male sex; age older than 50 years; increased levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or γ-glutamyl transferase; and low numbers of platelets were associated with higher liver fibrosis burden. We did not find evidence for a relationship between lung function and liver fibrosis. Controlled attenuation parameter ≥280 dB/m, suggesting severe steatosis, was detected in 39% of Pi*ZZ carriers vs 31% of controls. Carriers of Pi*ZZ had lower serum concentrations of triglyceride and low- and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than controls, suggesting impaired hepatic secretion of lipid. Livers from Pi*Z-overexpressing mice had steatosis and down-regulation of genes involved in lipid secretion. CONCLUSIONS In studies of AATD adults with the Pi*ZZ mutation, and of Pi*Z-overexpressing mice, we found evidence of liver steatosis and impaired lipid secretion. We identified factors associated with significant liver fibrosis in patients, which could facilitate hepatologic assessment and counseling of individuals who carry the Pi*ZZ mutation. ClinicalTrials.gov Number NCT02929940.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Hamesch
- Coordinating Center for Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency-Related Liver Disease of the European Reference Network "Rare Liver" and the European Association for the Study of the Liver Registry Group "Alpha1-Liver," University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vítor M Pereira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar do Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Linda S Moeller
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Monica Pons
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Grace E Dolman
- Department of Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias C Reichert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carolin V Schneider
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vivien Woditsch
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Voss
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cecilia Lindhauer
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Malin Fromme
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Igor Spivak
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nurdan Guldiken
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Biaohuan Zhou
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anita Arslanow
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schaefer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wetzel
- Department of Medicine I, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Medicine I, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolina Simões
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Gaspar
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Maia
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dalila Costa
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mário Bento-Miranda
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Josef van Helden
- Medical Care Centre, Dr Stein and Colleagues, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Eray Yagmur
- Medical Care Centre, Dr Stein and Colleagues, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Danilo Bzdok
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance-Brain, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Stolk
- Clinic for Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Gleiber
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Verena Knipel
- Department of Pneumology, Cologne Merheim Hospital, Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Windisch
- Department of Pneumology, Cologne Merheim Hospital, Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Witten/Herdecke University, Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ravi Mahadeva
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cambridge National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Medicine V, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rembert Koczulla
- Clinic for Pneumology, Marburg University Hospital, Marburg, Germany; Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Clinic Berchtesgadener Land, Member of the Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung, Schönau am Königssee, Germany
| | - Miriam Barrecheguren
- Department of Pneumology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Miravitlles
- Department of Pneumology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Clinic for Pneumology, German Center for Lung Research, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Stickel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Liberal
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joan Genesca
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - William J Griffiths
- Department of Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Coordinating Center for Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency-Related Liver Disease of the European Reference Network "Rare Liver" and the European Association for the Study of the Liver Registry Group "Alpha1-Liver," University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Coordinating Center for Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency-Related Liver Disease of the European Reference Network "Rare Liver" and the European Association for the Study of the Liver Registry Group "Alpha1-Liver," University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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19
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Ji CH, Kim HY, Heo AJ, Lee SH, Lee MJ, Kim SB, Srinivasrao G, Mun SR, Cha-Molstad H, Ciechanover A, Choi CY, Lee HG, Kim BY, Kwon YT. The N-Degron Pathway Mediates ER-phagy. Mol Cell 2019; 75:1058-1072.e9. [PMID: 31375263 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is susceptible to wear-and-tear and proteotoxic stress, necessitating its turnover. Here, we show that the N-degron pathway mediates ER-phagy. This autophagic degradation initiates when the transmembrane E3 ligase TRIM13 (also known as RFP2) is ubiquitinated via the lysine 63 (K63) linkage. K63-ubiquitinated TRIM13 recruits p62 (also known as sequestosome-1), whose complex undergoes oligomerization. The oligomerization is induced when the ZZ domain of p62 is bound by the N-terminal arginine (Nt-Arg) of arginylated substrates. Upon activation by the Nt-Arg, oligomerized TRIM13-p62 complexes are separated along with the ER compartments and targeted to autophagosomes, leading to lysosomal degradation. When protein aggregates accumulate within the ER lumen, degradation-resistant autophagic cargoes are co-segregated by ER membranes for lysosomal degradation. We developed synthetic ligands to the p62 ZZ domain that enhance ER-phagy for ER protein quality control and alleviate ER stresses. Our results elucidate the biochemical mechanisms and pharmaceutical means that regulate ER homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Ji
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Kim
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; AUTOTAC, Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Jung Heo
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Lee
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Lee
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Kim
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganipisetti Srinivasrao
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; AUTOTAC, Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ran Mun
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Cha-Molstad
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Cheol Yong Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- World Class Institute, Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Protech, Yongeon 103 Daehangno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Fregno I, Molinari M. Proteasomal and lysosomal clearance of faulty secretory proteins: ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) pathways. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:153-163. [PMID: 31084437 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1610351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
About 40% of the eukaryotic cell's proteins are inserted co- or post-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they attain the native structure under the assistance of resident molecular chaperones and folding enzymes. Subsequently, these proteins are secreted from cells or are transported to their sites of function at the plasma membrane or in organelles of the secretory and endocytic compartments. Polypeptides that are not delivered within the ER (mis-localized proteins, MLPs) are rapidly destroyed by cytosolic proteasomes, with intervention of the membrane protease ZMPSTE24 if they remained trapped in the SEC61 translocation machinery. Proteins that enter the ER, but fail to attain the native structure are rapidly degraded to prevent toxic accumulation of aberrant gene products. The ER does not contain degradative devices and the majority of misfolded proteins generated in this biosynthetic compartment are dislocated across the membrane for degradation by cytosolic 26S proteasomes by mechanisms and pathways collectively defined as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Proteins that do not engage ERAD factors, that enter aggregates or polymers, are too large, display chimico/physical features that prevent dislocation across the ER membrane (ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins) are delivered to endo-lysosome for clearance, by mechanisms and pathways collectively defined as ER-to-lysosomes-associated degradation (ERLAD). Emerging evidences lead us to propose ERLAD as an umbrella term that includes the autophagic and non-autophagic pathways activated and engaged by ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins generated in the ER for delivery to degradative endo-lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Fregno
- a Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- a Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) , Bellinzona , Switzerland.,b School of Life Sciences , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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21
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Wang Y, Cobanoglu MC, Li J, Hidvegi T, Hale P, Ewing M, Chu AS, Gong Z, Muzumdar R, Pak SC, Silverman GA, Bahar I, Perlmutter DH. An analog of glibenclamide selectively enhances autophagic degradation of misfolded α1-antitrypsin Z. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209748. [PMID: 30673724 PMCID: PMC6343872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical form of α1-antitrypsin deficiency (ATD) is characterized by intracellular accumulation of the misfolded variant α1-antitrypsin Z (ATZ) and severe liver disease in some of the affected individuals. In this study, we investigated the possibility of discovering novel therapeutic agents that would reduce ATZ accumulation by interrogating a C. elegans model of ATD with high-content genome-wide RNAi screening and computational systems pharmacology strategies. The RNAi screening was utilized to identify genes that modify the intracellular accumulation of ATZ and a novel computational pipeline was developed to make high confidence predictions on repurposable drugs. This approach identified glibenclamide (GLB), a sulfonylurea drug that has been used broadly in clinical medicine as an oral hypoglycemic agent. Here we show that GLB promotes autophagic degradation of misfolded ATZ in mammalian cell line models of ATD. Furthermore, an analog of GLB reduces hepatic ATZ accumulation and hepatic fibrosis in a mouse model in vivo without affecting blood glucose or insulin levels. These results provide support for a drug discovery strategy using simple organisms as human disease models combined with genetic and computational screening methods. They also show that GLB and/or at least one of its analogs can be immediately tested to arrest the progression of human ATD liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Murat C. Cobanoglu
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tunda Hidvegi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pamela Hale
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael Ewing
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Pak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David H. Perlmutter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abstract
Pediatric cholestasis often results from mechanical obstruction of the biliary tract or dysfunction in the processes of forming and excreting bile. Various genetic defects with resulting molecular inaccuracies are increasingly being recognized, often with specific clinical characteristics. Identifying of the molecular abnormality can enable implementation of timely, appropriate treatment in some affected individuals and provide prognostic indicators for both families and care teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Squires
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, One Children's Hospital Drive, 6th Floor FP, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Patrick McKiernan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, One Children's Hospital Drive, 6th Floor FP, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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23
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Abstract
In homozygous ZZ alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, the liver synthesizes large quantities of AAT mutant Z, which folds improperly during biogenesis and is retained within the hepatocytes and directed into intracellular proteolysis pathways. These intracellular polymers trigger an injury cascade, which can lead to liver injury. This is highly variable and not all patients develop liver disease. Although not fully described, there is likely a strong influence of genetic and environmental modifiers of the injury cascade and of the fibrotic response. With improved understanding of liver injury mechanisms, new strategies for treatment are now being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiren Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1465 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Teckman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1465 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1465 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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24
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Sannino S, Guerriero CJ, Sabnis AJ, Stolz DB, Wallace CT, Wipf P, Watkins SC, Bivona TG, Brodsky JL. Compensatory increases of select proteostasis networks after Hsp70 inhibition in cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217760. [PMID: 30131440 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells thrive when challenged with proteotoxic stress by inducing components of the protein folding, proteasome, autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Consequently, specific molecular chaperones have been validated as targets for anti-cancer therapies. For example, inhibition of Hsp70 family proteins (hereafter Hsp70) in rhabdomyosarcoma triggers UPR induction and apoptosis. To define how these cancer cells respond to compromised proteostasis, we compared rhabdomyosarcoma cells that were sensitive (RMS13) or resistant (RMS13-R) to the Hsp70 inhibitor MAL3-101. We discovered that endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy were activated in RMS13-R cells, suggesting that resistant cells overcome Hsp70 ablation by increasing misfolded protein degradation. Indeed, RMS13-R cells degraded ERAD substrates more rapidly than RMS cells and induced the autophagy pathway. Surprisingly, inhibition of the proteasome or ERAD had no effect on RMS13-R cell survival, but silencing of select autophagy components or treatment with autophagy inhibitors restored MAL3-101 sensitivity and led to apoptosis. These data indicate a route through which cancer cells overcome a chaperone-based therapy, define how cells can adapt to Hsp70 inhibition, and demonstrate the value of combined chaperone and autophagy-based therapies.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Amit J Sabnis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Callen T Wallace
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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25
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α1-Antitrypsin Polymerizes in Alveolar Macrophages of Smokers With and Without α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency. Chest 2018; 154:607-616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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26
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Townsend S, Newsome P, Turner AM. Presentation and prognosis of liver disease in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:745-747. [PMID: 29768056 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1477589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Townsend
- a Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology , National Institute for Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Unit at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Philip Newsome
- a Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology , National Institute for Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Unit at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Alice M Turner
- b Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Applied Health Research , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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27
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NFκB mitigates the pathological effects of misfolded α1-antitrypsin by activating autophagy and an integrated program of proteostasis mechanisms. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:455-469. [PMID: 29795336 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatocytic accumulation of misfolded α1-antitrypsin Z variant (ATZ) is responsible for liver disease in some individuals with α1-antitrypsin deficiency (ATD), characterized by fibrosis/cirrhosis and predisposition to carcinogenesis. Previous results showing that accumulation of ATZ in model systems activates the NFκB signaling pathway have led us to hypothesize that downstream targets of NFκB are elements of a proteostasis response network for this type of proteinopathy. Here we show that only a subset of downstream targets within the NFκB transcriptomic repertoire are activated in model systems of this proteinopathy. Breeding of the PiZ mouse model of ATD to two different mouse models with NFκB deficiency led to greater intrahepatocytic accumulation of ATZ, more severe hepatic fibrosis, decreased autophagy and hyperproliferation of hepatocytes with massive ATZ inclusions. Specific downstream targets of NFκB could be implicated in each pathological effect. These results suggest a new role for NFκB signaling in which specific downstream targets of this pathway mediate an integrated program of proteostatic responses designed to mitigate the pathologic effects of proteinopathy, including autophagic disposal of misfolded protein, degradation of collagen and prevention of hyperproliferation.
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28
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Navid F, Layh-Schmitt G, Sikora KA, Cougnoux A, Colbert RA. The Role of Autophagy in the Degradation of Misfolded HLA-B27 Heavy Chains. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:746-755. [PMID: 29342507 PMCID: PMC6101661 DOI: 10.1002/art.40414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether autophagy is involved in the degradation of misfolded HLA-B27 in experimental spondyloarthritis. METHODS Bone marrow-derived macrophages from HLA-B27/human β2 -microglobulin (hβ2 m)-transgenic rats were incubated in the presence or absence of interferon-γ and proteasome or autophagy inhibitors. Immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence analysis were used to measure HLA-B27 heavy chains and autophagy. Autophagy was induced using rapamycin. Macrophages from HLA-B7/hβ2 m-transgenic and wild-type rats were used as controls. RESULTS HLA-B27-expressing macrophages showed phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B levels similar to those in both control groups, before and after manipulation of autophagy. Blocking autophagic flux with bafilomycin resulted in the accumulation of misfolded HLA-B27 dimers and oligomers as well as monomers, which was comparable with the results of blocking endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. HLA-B7 monomers also accumulated after blocking each degradation pathway. The ubiquitin-to-heavy chain ratio was 2-3-fold lower for HLA-B27 than for HLA-B7. Activation of autophagy with rapamycin rapidly eliminated ~50% of misfolded HLA-B27, while folded HLA-B27 or HLA-B7 monomeric heavy chains were minimally affected. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate that both autophagy and ERAD play roles in the elimination of excess HLA class I heavy chains expressed in transgenic rats. We observed no evidence that HLA-B27 expression modulated the autophagy pathway. Our results suggest that impaired ubiquitination of HLA-B27 may play a role in the accumulation of misfolded disulfide-linked dimers, the elimination of which can be enhanced by activation of autophagy. Manipulation of the autophagy pathway should be further investigated as a potential therapeutic target in spondyloarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Navid
- Pediatric Translational Research Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | | | - Keith A. Sikora
- Pediatric Translational Research Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Antony Cougnoux
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Robert A. Colbert
- Pediatric Translational Research Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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29
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Joly P, Lachaux A, Ruiz M, Restier L, Belmalih A, Chapuis-Cellier C, Francina A, Renoux C, Bouchecareilh M. SERPINA1 and MAN1B1 polymorphisms are not linked to severe liver disease in a French cohort of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency children. Liver Int 2017; 37:1608-1611. [PMID: 28887821 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fifteen to twenty percent of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency patients (A1ATD) have a severe liver outcome (portal hypertension - PHT) during childhood. Since they all share the same ZZSERPINA1 genotype and that environmental factors such as alcohol cannot be advanced, the presence of modifier genes is now well recognized. SNPs located on the SERPINA1 and MAN1B1 genes have already been tested in very few studies with contradictory or not replicated results. METHODS Our genotype-phenotype correlation study, performed on 92 ZZ children, aimed at determining once and for all if SERPINA1 and MAN1B1 polymorphisms may be implied in the onset of PHT. To do so, we also performed for the first time a complete haplotype reconstruction for data analysis. RESULTS The two genetic associations with severe liver disease that had been suspected previously (one SNP for SERPINA1 and another for MAN1B1) were not confirmed in our cohort. Moreover, the haplotype analysis identified only one major genetic background for the SERPINA1 Z-allele, allowing us to exclude the presence of a frequent modifier SNP within. For MAN1B1, four major haplotypes were identified but the prevalence of PHT did not significantly differ between them. CONCLUSION We conclude that genetic polymorphisms in these two genes probably do not influence the onset of severe liver disease in A1ATD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Joly
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand-Est, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Univ Lyon - University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - EA 7424, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Lachaux
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Ruiz
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lioara Restier
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Abdelhouaed Belmalih
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Colette Chapuis-Cellier
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon & Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Francina
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand-Est, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Renoux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand-Est, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Univ Lyon - University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - EA 7424, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marion Bouchecareilh
- Université de Bordeaux-Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Bordeaux, France.,France CNRS-UMR5095 Bordeaux, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, Univ. Bordeaux, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
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30
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Vincenz-Donnelly L, Hipp MS. The endoplasmic reticulum: A hub of protein quality control in health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:383-393. [PMID: 28363604 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One third of the eukaryotic proteome is synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whose unique properties provide a folding environment substantially different from the cytosol. A healthy, balanced proteome in the ER is maintained by a network of factors referred to as the ER quality control (ERQC) machinery. This network consists of various protein folding chaperones and modifying enzymes, and is regulated by stress response pathways that prevent the build-up as well as the secretion of potentially toxic and aggregation-prone misfolded protein species. Here, we describe the components of the ERQC machinery, investigate their response to different forms of stress, and discuss the consequences of ERQC break-down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Vincenz-Donnelly
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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31
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Callea F, Giovannoni I, Sari S, Aksu AU, Esendagly G, Dalgic B, Boldrini R, Akyol G, Francalanci P, Bellacchio E. A novel fibrinogen gamma chain mutation (c.1096C>G; p.His340Asp), fibrinogen Ankara, causing hypofibrinogenaemia and hepatic storage. Pathology 2017; 49:534-537. [PMID: 28673429 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Callea
- Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Isabella Giovannoni
- Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sinan Sari
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Turkey
| | | | - Guldal Esendagly
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine in Ankara, Turkey
| | - Buket Dalgic
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Turkey
| | - Renata Boldrini
- Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gulen Akyol
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine in Ankara, Turkey
| | - Paola Francalanci
- Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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32
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Joly P, Vignaud H, Di Martino J, Ruiz M, Garin R, Restier L, Belmalih A, Marchal C, Cullin C, Arveiler B, Fergelot P, Gitler AD, Lachaux A, Couthouis J, Bouchecareilh M. ERAD defects and the HFE-H63D variant are associated with increased risk of liver damages in Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179369. [PMID: 28617828 PMCID: PMC5472284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common and severe disease causing allele of Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (1ATD) is Z-1AT. This protein aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is the main cause of liver disease in childhood. Based on recent evidences and on the frequency of liver disease occurrence in Z-1AT patients, it seems that liver disease progression is linked to still unknown genetic factors. METHODS We used an innovative approach combining yeast genetic screens with next generation exome sequencing to identify and functionally characterize the genes involved in 1ATD associated liver disease. RESULTS Using yeast genetic screens, we identified HRD1, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation (ERAD) associated protein, as an inducer of Z-mediated toxicity. Whole exome sequencing of 1ATD patients resulted in the identification of two variants associated with liver damages in Z-1AT homozygous cases: HFE H63D and HERPUD1 R50H. Functional characterization in Z-1AT model cell lines demonstrated that impairment of the ERAD machinery combined with the HFE H63D variant expression decreased both cell proliferation and cell viability, while Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)-mediated cell death was hyperstimulated. CONCLUSION This powerful experimental pipeline allowed us to identify and functionally validate two genes involved in Z-1AT-mediated severe liver toxicity. This pilot study moves forward our understanding on genetic modifiers involved in 1ATD and highlights the UPR pathway as a target for the treatment of liver diseases associated with 1ATD. Finally, these findings support a larger scale screening for HERPUD1 R50H and HFE H63D variants in the sub-group of 1ATD patients developing significant chronic hepatic injuries (hepatomegaly, chronic cholestasis, elevated liver enzymes) and at risk developing liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Joly
- University Lyon - University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - EA 7424 – Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et biologie moléculaire Grand-Est, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Vignaud
- CNRS, University Bordeaux, UMR5095 Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Di Martino
- CNRS, University Bordeaux, UMR5095 Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, University Bordeaux, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathias Ruiz
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Roman Garin
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lioara Restier
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Abdelouahed Belmalih
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christelle Marchal
- CNRS, University Bordeaux, UMR5095 Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Cullin
- CNRS, University Bordeaux, UMR5095 Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- University Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Fergelot
- University Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Bordeaux, France
| | - Aaron D. Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alain Lachaux
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Couthouis
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marion Bouchecareilh
- CNRS, University Bordeaux, UMR5095 Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, University Bordeaux, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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33
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Feng L, Zhang J, Zhu N, Ding Q, Zhang X, Yu J, Qiang W, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Huang D, Shen Y, Fang S, Yu Y, Wang H, Shen Y. Ubiquitin ligase SYVN1/HRD1 facilitates degradation of the SERPINA1 Z variant/α-1-antitrypsin Z variant via SQSTM1/p62-dependent selective autophagy. Autophagy 2017; 13:686-702. [PMID: 28121484 PMCID: PMC5388218 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1280207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SERPINA1/AAT/α-1-antitrypsin (serpin family A member 1) deficiency (SERPINA1/ AAT-D) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the retention of misfolded SERPINA1/AAT in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes and a significant reduction of serum SERPINA1/AAT level. The Z variant of SERPINA1/AAT, containing a Glu342Lys (E342K) mutation (SERPINA1E342K/ATZ), the most common form of SERPINA1/AAT-D, is prone to misfolding and polymerization, which retains it in the ER of hepatocytes and leads to liver injury. Both proteasome and macroautophagy/autophagy pathways are responsible for disposal of SERPINA1E342K/ATZ after it accumulates in the ER. However, the mechanisms by which SERPINA1E342K/ATZ is selectively degraded by autophagy remain unknown. Here, we showed that ER membrane-spanning ubiquitin ligase (E3) SYVN1/HRD1 enhances the degradation of SERPINA1E342K/ATZ through the autophagy-lysosome pathway. We found that SYVN1 promoted SERPINA1E342K/ATZ, especially Triton X 100-insoluble SERPINA1E342K/ATZ clearance. However, the effect of SYVN1 in SERPINA1E342K/ATZ clearance was impaired after autophagy inhibition, as well as in autophagy-related 5 (atg5) knockout cells. On the contrary, autophagy induction enhanced SYVN1-mediated SERPINA1E342K/ATZ degradation. Further study showed that SYVN1 mediated SERPINA1E342K/ATZ ubiquitination, which is required for autophagic degradation of SERPINA1E342K/ATZ by promoting the interaction between SERPINA1E342K/ATZ and SQSTM1/p62 for formation of the autophagy complex. Interestingly, SYVN1-mediated lysine 48 (K48)-linked polyubiquitin chains that conjugated onto SERPINA1E342K/ATZ might predominantly bind to the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain of SQSTM1 and couple the ubiquitinated SERPINA1E342K/ATZ to the lysosome for degradation. In addition, autophagy inhibition attenuated the suppressive effect of SYVN1 on SERPINA1E342K/ATZ cytotoxicity, and the autophagy inducer rapamycin enhanced the suppressive effect of SYVN1 on SERPINA1E342K/ATZ-induced cell apoptosis. Therefore, this study proved that SYVN1 enhances SERPINA1E342K/ATZ degradation through SQSTM1-dependent autophagy and attenuates SERPINA1E342K/ATZ cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Feng
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Jin Zhang
- b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Na Zhu
- b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,c The 4th Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Qian Ding
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Jishuang Yu
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Weimin Qiang
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Zhetao Zhang
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Yuyang Ma
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Dake Huang
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Yujun Shen
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Shengyun Fang
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,d Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology , University of Maryland , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Yifan Yu
- e Actuarial Science, School of Continuing Education , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Haiping Wang
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
| | - Yuxian Shen
- a School of Basic Medical Sciences , Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China.,b Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , China
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Abstract
Classical alpha-1 antitrypsin (a1AT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease associated with an increased risk of liver disease in adults and children, and with lung disease in adults (Teckman and Jain, Curr Gastroenterol Rep 16(1):367, 2014). The vast majority of the liver disease is associated with homozygosity for the Z mutant allele, the so-called PIZZ. These homozygous individuals synthesize large quantities of a1AT mutant Z protein in the liver, but the mutant protein folds improperly during biogenesis and approximately 85% of the molecules are retained within the hepatocytes rather than appropriately secreted. The resulting low, or "deficient," serum level leaves the lungs vulnerable to inflammatory injury from uninhibited neutrophil proteases. Most of the mutant Z protein molecules retained within hepatocytes are directed into intracellular proteolysis pathways, but some molecules remain in the endoplasmic reticulum for long periods of time. Some of these molecules adopt an unusual aggregated or "polymerized" conformation (Duvoix et al., Rev Mal Respir 31(10):992-1002, 2014). It is thought that these intracellular polymers trigger a cascade of intracellular injury which can lead to end-organ liver injury including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (Lindblad et al., Hepatology 46(4):1228-1235, 2007). The hepatocytes with the largest accumulations of mutant Z polymers undergo apoptotic death and possibly other death mechanisms. This intracellular death cascade appears to involve ER stress, mitochondrial depolarization, and caspase cleavage, and is possibly linked to autophagy and redox injury. Cells with lesser burdens of mutant Z protein proliferate to maintain the liver cell mass. This chronic cycle of cell death and regeneration activates hepatic stellate cells and initiates the process of hepatic fibrosis. Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma then result in some patients. Since not all patients with the same homozygous PIZZ genotype develop end-stage disease, it is hypothesized that there is likely to be a strong influence of genetic and environmental modifiers of the injury cascade and of the fibrotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Teckman
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1465 S. Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1465 S. Grand Blvd., Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cardinal Glennon's Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Mazzolini G, Sowa JP, Canbay A. Cell death mechanisms in human chronic liver diseases: a far cry from clinical applicability. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:2121-2138. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
The liver is constantly exposed to a host of injurious stimuli. This results in hepatocellular death mainly by apoptosis and necrosis, but also due to autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis and in some cases by an intricately balanced combination thereof. Overwhelming and continuous cell death in the liver leads to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Although data from various disease models may suggest a specific (predominant) cell death mode for different aetiologies, the clinical reality is not as clear cut. Reliable and non-invasive cell death markers are not available in general practice and assessment of cell death mode to absolute certainty from liver biopsies does not seem feasible, yet. Various aetiologies probably induce different predominant cell death modes within the liver, although the death modes involved may change during disease progression. Moreover, current methods applicable in patients are limited to surrogate markers for apoptosis (M30), and possibly for pyroptosis (IL-1 family) and necro(pto)sis (HMGB1). Although markers for some death modes are not available at all (autophagy), others may not be specific for a cell death mode or might not always definitely indicate dying cells. Physicians need to take care in asserting the presence of cell death. Still the serum-derived markers are valuable tools to assess severity of chronic liver diseases. This review gives a short overview of known hepatocellular cell death modes in various aetiologies of chronic liver disease. Also the limitations of current knowledge in human settings and utilization of surrogate markers for disease assessment are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Mazzolini
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas Aplicadas, Universidad Austral-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Pilar Centro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Henao MP, Craig TJ. Recent advances in understanding and treating COPD related to α 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:1281-1294. [PMID: 27771979 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2016.1249851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an orphan disease that predisposes individuals to COPD and liver disease. The following is a comprehensive review of AATD from epidemiology to treatment for physicians who treat COPD or asthma. Areas covered: In this comprehensive review of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, we describe the historical perspective, genetics, epidemiology, clinical presentation and symptoms, screening and diagnosis, and treatments of the condition. Expert commentary: The two most important directions for advancing the understanding of AATD involve improving detection of the condition, especially in asymptomatic patients, and advancing knowledge of treatments directed specifically at AATD-related conditions. With regard to treatment for AATD-related conditions, research must continue to explore the implications and importance of augmentation therapy as well as consider new implementations that may prove more successful taking into consideration not only factors of pulmonary function and liver health, but also product availability and financial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Henao
- a Department of Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine at Hershey Medical Center , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Timothy J Craig
- b Department of Medicine , Pediatrics Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine at Hershey Medical Center , Hershey , PA , USA
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Perlmutter DH. α1-antitrypsin Deficiency: A Misfolded Secretory Protein Variant with Unique Effects on the Endoplasmic Reticulum. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2016; 3:63-72. [PMID: 28217691 PMCID: PMC5310618 DOI: 10.1515/ersc-2016-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the classical form of α1-antitrypsin deficiency (ATD) a point mutation leads to accumulation of a misfolded secretory glycoprotein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver cells and so ATD has come to be considered a prototypical ER storage disease. It is associated with two major types of clinical disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by loss-of-function mechanisms and hepatic cirrhosis and carcinogenesis by gain-of-function mechanisms. The lung disease predominantly results from proteolytic damage to the pulmonary connective tissue matrix because of reduced levels of protease inhibitor activity of α1-anitrypsin (AT) in the circulating blood and body fluids. Cigarette smoking is a powerful disease-promoting modifier but other modifiers are known to exist because variation in the lung disease phenotype is still found in smoking and non-smoking homozygotes. The liver disease is highly likely to be caused by the proteotoxic effects of intracellular misfolded protein accumulation and a high degree of variation in the hepatic phenotype among affected homozygotes has been hypothetically attributed to genetic and environmental modifiers that alter proteostasis responses. Liver biopsies of homozygotes show intrahepatocytic inclusions with dilation and expansion of the ER and recent studies of iPS-derived hepatocyte-like cells from individuals with ATD indicate that the changes in the ER directly vary with the hepatic phenotype i.e there is much lesser alteration in the ER in cells derived from homozygotes that do not have clinically significant liver disease. From a signaling perspective, studies in mammalian cell line and animal models expressing the classical α1-antitrypsin Z variant (ATZ) have found that ER signaling is perturbed in a relatively unique way with powerful activation of autophagy and the NFκB pathway but relatively limited, if any, UPR signaling. It is still not known how much these unique structural and functional changes and the variation among affected homozygotes relate to the tendency of this variant to polymerize and aggregate and/or to the repertoire of proteostasis mechanisms that are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Perlmutter
- Corresponding author: David H Perlmutter, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63130, 314-362-6827,
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Kim RG, Nguyen P, Bettencourt R, Dulai PS, Haufe W, Hooker J, Minocha J, Valasek MA, Aryafar H, Brenner DA, Sirlin CB, Loomba R. Magnetic resonance elastography identifies fibrosis in adults with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency liver disease: a prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:287-99. [PMID: 27279429 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist on the clinical presentation and non-invasive detection of liver fibrosis in adults with homozygous Z genotype alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. AIMS To compare demographic, biochemical, histological and imaging data of AAT deficient patients to normal-control and biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients, and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in detecting fibrosis in AAT deficiency. METHODS Study includes 33 participants, 11 per group, who underwent clinical research evaluation, liver biopsy (AAT and NAFLD groups), and MRE. Histological fibrosis was quantified using a modified Ishak 6-point scale and liver stiffness by MRE. Diagnostic performance of MRE in detecting fibrosis was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Mean (±s.d.) of age and BMI of normal-control, AAT and NAFLD groups was 57 (±19), 57 (±18), and 57 (±13) years, and 22.7 (±2.5), 24.8 (±4.0) and 31.0 (±5.1) kg/m(2) respectively. Serum ALT [mean ± s.d.] was similar within normal-control [16.4 ± 4.0] and AAT groups [23.5 ± 10.8], but was significantly lower in AAT than NAFLD even after adjustment for stage of fibrosis (P < 0.05, P = 0.0172). For fibrosis detection, MRE-estimated stiffness had an area under the ROC curve of 0.90 (P < 0.0001); an MRE threshold of ≥3.0 kPa provided 88.9% accuracy, with 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity to detect presence of any fibrosis (stage ≥1). CONCLUSIONS This pilot prospective study suggests magnetic resonance elastography may be accurate for identifying fibrosis in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Larger validation studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Kim
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, NAFLD Translational Research Unit, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Bettencourt
- Department of Medicine, NAFLD Translational Research Unit, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P S Dulai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W Haufe
- Department of Radiology, Liver Imaging Group, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Hooker
- Department of Radiology, Liver Imaging Group, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Minocha
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M A Valasek
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H Aryafar
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D A Brenner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C B Sirlin
- Department of Radiology, Liver Imaging Group, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Loomba
- Department of Medicine, NAFLD Translational Research Unit, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Chu AS, Chopra KB, Perlmutter DH. Is severe progressive liver disease caused by alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency more common in children or adults? Liver Transpl 2016; 22:886-94. [PMID: 26946192 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classical form of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) is known to cause liver disease in children and adults, but there is relatively little information about the risk of severe, progressive liver disease and the need for liver transplantation. To better understand how newly evolving pharmacological, genetic, and cellular therapies may be targeted according to risk for progressive liver disease, we sought to determine the age distribution of A1ATD as a cause of severe liver disease, as defined by the need for liver transplantation. Using 3 US liver transplantation databases for the period 1991-2012, we found 77.2% of 1677 liver transplants with a reported diagnosis of A1ATD were adults. The peak age range was 50-64 years. Using 2 of the databases which included specific A1AT phenotypes, we found that many of these adults who undergo liver transplantation with A1ATD as the diagnosis are heterozygotes and have other potential causes of liver disease, most notably obesity and ethanol abuse. However, even when these cases are excluded and only ZZ and SZ phenotypes are considered, severe liver disease requiring transplantation is more than 2.5 times as likely in adults. The analysis also showed a markedly increased risk for males. In the pediatric group, almost all of the transplants are done in children less than 5 years of age. In conclusion, A1ATD causes progressive liver disease most commonly in adults with males in the highest risk category. In the pediatric group, children less than 5 years of age are highest in risk. These results suggest that A1ATD most commonly causes liver disease by mechanisms similar to age-dependent degenerative diseases and more rarely in children by powerful modifiers. Liver Transplantation 22 886-894 2016 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Chu
- Pediatrics.,Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - David H Perlmutter
- Pediatrics.,Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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40
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Protein aggregation and ER stress. Brain Res 2016; 1648:658-666. [PMID: 27037184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a common feature of the protein misfolding or conformational diseases, among them most of the neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders are a major scourge, with scarce if any effective therapies at present. Recent research has identified ER stress as a major mechanism implicated in cytotoxicity in these diseases. Whether amyloid-β or tau in Alzheimer's, α-synuclein in Parkinson's, huntingtin in Huntington's disease or other aggregation-prone proteins in many other neurodegenerative diseases, there is a shared pathway of oligomerization and aggregation into amyloid fibrils. There is increasing evidence in recent years that the toxic species, and those that evoke ER stress, are the intermediate oligomeric forms and not the final amyloid aggregates. This review focuses on recent findings on the mechanisms and importance of the development of ER stress upon protein aggregation, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, and possible therapeutic approaches that are being examined. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Sergin I, Bhattacharya S, Emanuel R, Esen E, Stokes CJ, Evans TD, Arif B, Curci JA, Razani B. Inclusion bodies enriched for p62 and polyubiquitinated proteins in macrophages protect against atherosclerosis. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra2. [PMID: 26732762 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad5614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic cellular mechanism that degrades dysfunctional proteins and organelles. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is enhanced in mice with macrophages deficient for the critical autophagy protein ATG5. We showed that exposure of macrophages to lipids that promote atherosclerosis increased the abundance of the autophagy chaperone p62 and that p62 colocalized with polyubiquitinated proteins in cytoplasmic inclusions, which are characterized by insoluble protein aggregates. ATG5-null macrophages developed further p62 accumulation at the sites of large cytoplasmic ubiquitin-positive inclusion bodies. Aortas from atherosclerotic mice and plaques from human endarterectomy samples showed increased abundance of p62 and polyubiquitinated proteins that colocalized with plaque macrophages, suggesting that p62-enriched protein aggregates were characteristic of atherosclerosis. The formation of the cytoplasmic inclusions depended on p62 because lipid-loaded p62-null macrophages accumulated polyubiquitinated proteins in a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern. Lipid-loaded p62-null macrophages also exhibited increased secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and had an increased tendency to undergo apoptosis, which depended on the p62 ubiquitin-binding domain and at least partly involved p62-mediated clearance of NLRP3 inflammasomes. Consistent with our in vitro observations, p62-deficient mice formed greater numbers of more complex atherosclerotic plaques, and p62 deficiency further increased atherosclerotic plaque burden in mice with a macrophage-specific ablation of ATG5. Together, these data suggested that sequestration of cytotoxic ubiquitinated proteins by p62 protects against atherogenesis, a condition in which the clearance of protein aggregates is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sergin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Somashubhra Bhattacharya
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Roy Emanuel
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emel Esen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carl J Stokes
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Trent D Evans
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Batool Arif
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John A Curci
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Babak Razani
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Jan Bergmann T, Brambilla Pisoni G, Molinari M. Quality control mechanisms of protein biogenesis: proteostasis dies hard. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2016.4.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Ronzoni R, Berardelli R, Medicina D, Sitia R, Gooptu B, Fra AM. Aberrant disulphide bonding contributes to the ER retention of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency variants. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:642-50. [PMID: 26647313 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) can cause the protein to polymerise and be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. The ensuing systemic AAT deficiency leads to pulmonary emphysema, while intracellular polymers are toxic and cause chronic liver disease. The severity of this process varies considerably between individuals, suggesting the involvement of mechanistic co-factors and potential for therapeutically beneficial interventions. We show in Hepa1.6 cells that the mildly polymerogenic I (Arg39Cys) AAT mutant forms aberrant inter- and intra-molecular disulphide bonds involving the acquired Cys39 and the only cysteine residue in the wild-type (M) sequence (Cys232). Substitution of Cys39 to serine partially restores secretion, showing that disulphide bonding contributes to the intracellular retention of I AAT. Covalent homodimers mediated by inter-Cys232 bonding alone are also observed in cells expressing the common Z and other polymerising AAT variants where conformational behaviour is abnormal, but not in those expressing M AAT. Prevention of such disulphide linkage through the introduction of the Cys232Ser mutation or by treatment of cells with reducing agents increases Z AAT secretion. Our results reveal that disulphide interactions enhance intracellular accumulation of AAT mutants and implicate the oxidative ER state as a pathogenic co-factor. Redox modulation, e.g. by anti-oxidant strategies, may therefore be beneficial in AAT deficiency-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ronzoni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Romina Berardelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Bibek Gooptu
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK and Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College, London, UK
| | - Anna Maria Fra
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy,
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Cummings EE, O’Reilly LP, King DE, Silverman RM, Miedel MT, Luke CJ, Perlmutter DH, Silverman GA, Pak SC. Deficient and Null Variants of SERPINA1 Are Proteotoxic in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model of α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141542. [PMID: 26512890 PMCID: PMC4626213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
α1-antitrypsin deficiency (ATD) predisposes patients to both loss-of-function (emphysema) and gain-of-function (liver cirrhosis) phenotypes depending on the type of mutation. Although the Z mutation (ATZ) is the most prevalent cause of ATD, >120 mutant alleles have been identified. In general, these mutations are classified as deficient (<20% normal plasma levels) or null (<1% normal levels) alleles. The deficient alleles, like ATZ, misfold in the ER where they accumulate as toxic monomers, oligomers and aggregates. Thus, deficient alleles may predispose to both gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes. Null variants, if translated, typically yield truncated proteins that are efficiently degraded after being transiently retained in the ER. Clinically, null alleles are only associated with the loss-of-function phenotype. We recently developed a C. elegans model of ATD in order to further elucidate the mechanisms of proteotoxicity (gain-of-function phenotype) induced by the aggregation-prone deficient allele, ATZ. The goal of this study was to use this C. elegans model to determine whether different types of deficient and null alleles, which differentially affect polymerization and secretion rates, correlated to any extent with proteotoxicity. Animals expressing the deficient alleles, Mmalton, Siiyama and S (ATS), showed overall toxicity comparable to that observed in patients. Interestingly, Siiyama expressing animals had smaller intracellular inclusions than ATZ yet appeared to have a greater negative effect on animal fitness. Surprisingly, the null mutants, although efficiently degraded, showed a relatively mild gain-of-function proteotoxic phenotype. However, since null variant proteins are degraded differently and do not appear to accumulate, their mechanism of proteotoxicity is likely to be different to that of polymerizing, deficient mutants. Taken together, these studies showed that C. elegans is an inexpensive tool to assess the proteotoxicity of different AT variants using a transgenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Cummings
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Linda P. O’Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dale E. King
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Miedel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cliff J. Luke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David H. Perlmutter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCP); (GAS)
| | - Stephen C. Pak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCP); (GAS)
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Hidvegi T, Stolz DB, Alcorn JF, Yousem SA, Wang J, Leme AS, Houghton AM, Hale P, Ewing M, Cai H, Garchar EA, Pastore N, Annunziata P, Kaminski N, Pilewski J, Shapiro SD, Pak SC, Silverman GA, Brunetti-Pierri N, Perlmutter DH. Enhancing Autophagy with Drugs or Lung-directed Gene Therapy Reverses the Pathological Effects of Respiratory Epithelial Cell Proteinopathy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:29742-57. [PMID: 26494620 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that autophagy mitigates the pathological effects of proteinopathies in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle but this has not been investigated for proteinopathies that affect the lung. This may be due at least in part to the lack of an animal model robust enough for spontaneous pathological effects from proteinopathies even though several rare proteinopathies, surfactant protein A and C deficiencies, cause severe pulmonary fibrosis. In this report we show that the PiZ mouse, transgenic for the common misfolded variant α1-antitrypsin Z, is a model of respiratory epithelial cell proteinopathy with spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis. Intracellular accumulation of misfolded α1-antitrypsin Z in respiratory epithelial cells of the PiZ model resulted in activation of autophagy, leukocyte infiltration, and spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis severe enough to elicit functional restrictive deficits. Treatment with autophagy enhancer drugs or lung-directed gene transfer of TFEB, a master transcriptional activator of the autophagolysosomal system, reversed these proteotoxic consequences. We conclude that this mouse is an excellent model of respiratory epithelial proteinopathy with spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis and that autophagy is an important endogenous proteostasis mechanism and an attractive target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunda Hidvegi
- From the Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | | | - John F Alcorn
- From the Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | | | | | | | | | - Pamela Hale
- From the Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Michael Ewing
- From the Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Houming Cai
- From the Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Evelyn Akpadock Garchar
- From the Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Nunzia Pastore
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy, 80138
| | - Patrizia Annunziata
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy, 80138
| | | | | | | | - Stephen C Pak
- From the Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Gary A Silverman
- From the Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, Cell Biology, and
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy, 80138 Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy, 80131, and
| | - David H Perlmutter
- From the Departments of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, Cell Biology, and
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Vignaud H, Cullin C, Bouchecareilh M. [Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: A model of alteration of protein homeostasis or proteostasis]. Rev Mal Respir 2015; 32:1059-71. [PMID: 26386628 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the ninth leading cause of death in France and is predicted to become the third leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality by 2020. Risk factors for COPD include exposure to tobacco, dusts and chemicals, asthma and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. This genetic disease, significantly under-diagnosed and under-recognized, affects 1 in 2500 live births and is an important cause of lung and, occasionally, liver disease. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a pathology of proteostasis-mediated protein folding and trafficking pathways. To date, there are only palliative therapeutic approaches for the symptoms associated with this hereditary disorder. Therefore, a more detailed understanding is required of the folding and trafficking biology governing alpha-1 antitrypsin biogenesis and its response to drugs. Here, we review the cell biological, biochemical and biophysical properties of alpha-1 antitrypsin and its variants, and we suggest that alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is an example of cell autonomous and non-autonomous challenges to proteostasis. Finally, we review emerging strategies that may be used to enhance the proteostasis system and protect the lung from alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vignaud
- Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, université de Bordeaux, 1, rue Camille-Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - C Cullin
- Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, université de Bordeaux, 1, rue Camille-Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - M Bouchecareilh
- Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, université de Bordeaux, 1, rue Camille-Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France.
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Joly P, Restier L, Bouchecareilh M, Lacan P, Cabet F, Chapuis-Cellier C, Francina A, Lachaux A. Cohorte DEFI-ALPHA et projet hospitalier de recherche clinique POLYGEN DEFI-ALPHA. Étude des facteurs cliniques, biologiques et génétiques associés à l’apparition et à l’évolution de complications hépatiques chez les enfants présentant un déficit en alpha-1 antitrypsine. Rev Mal Respir 2015; 32:759-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Pisoni GB, Ruddock LW, Bulleid N, Molinari M. Division of labor among oxidoreductases: TMX1 preferentially acts on transmembrane polypeptides. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3390-400. [PMID: 26246604 PMCID: PMC4591685 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ER contains 23 members of the PDI superfamily. Their substrate specificity is largely unknown. TMX1 shows a preference for membrane-bound, cysteine-containing polypeptides. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of maturation for secretory and membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells. The lumen of the mammalian ER contains >20 members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) superfamily, which ensure formation of the correct set of intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds as crucial, rate-limiting reactions of the protein folding process. Components of the PDI superfamily may also facilitate dislocation of misfolded polypeptides across the ER membrane for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The reasons for the high redundancy of PDI family members and the substrate features required for preferential engagement of one or the other are poorly understood. Here we show that TMX1, one of the few transmembrane members of the family, forms functional complexes with the ER lectin calnexin and preferentially intervenes during maturation of cysteine-containing, membrane-associated proteins while ignoring the same cysteine-containing ectodomains if not anchored at the ER membrane. As such, TMX1 is the first example of a topology-specific client protein redox catalyst in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Brambilla Pisoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Lloyd W Ruddock
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Neil Bulleid
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Casini A, Sokollik C, Lukowski SW, Lurz E, Rieubland C, de Moerloose P, Neerman-Arbez M. Hypofibrinogenemia and liver disease: a new case of Aguadilla fibrinogen and review of the literature. Haemophilia 2015; 21:820-7. [PMID: 25990487 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrinogen storage disease (FSD) is characterized by hypofibrinogenemia and hepatic inclusions due to impaired release of mutant fibrinogen which accumulates and aggregates in the hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum. Liver disease is variable. AIM We studied a new Swiss family with fibrinogen Aguadilla. In order to understand the molecular peculiarity of FSD mutations, fibrinogen Aguadilla and the three other causative mutations, all located in the γD domain, were modelled. METHOD The proband is a Swiss girl aged 4 investigated because of fatigue and elevated liver enzymes. Protein structure models were prepared using the Swiss-PdbViewer and POV-Ray software. RESULTS The proband was found to be heterozygous for fibrinogen Aguadilla: FGG Arg375Trp. Familial screening revealed that her mother and maternal grandmother were also affected and, in addition, respectively heterozygous and homozygous for the hereditary haemochromatosis mutation HFE C282Y. Models of backbone and side-chain interactions for fibrinogen Aguadilla in a 10-angstrom region revealed the loss of five H-bonds and the gain of one H-bond between structurally important amino acids. The structure predicted for fibrinogen Angers showed a novel helical structure in place of hole 'a' on the outer edge of γD likely to have a negative impact on fibrinogen assembly and secretion. CONCLUSION The mechanism by which FSD mutations generate hepatic intracellular inclusions is still not clearly established although the promotion of aberrant intermolecular strand insertions is emerging as a likely cause. Reporting new cases is essential in the light of novel opportunities of treatment offered by increasing knowledge of the degradation pathway and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casini
- Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Sokollik
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S W Lukowski
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University Medical School of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Lurz
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Rieubland
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P de Moerloose
- Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Neerman-Arbez
- Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University Medical School of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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50
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Berthelier V, Harris JB, Estenson KN, Baudry J. Discovery of an inhibitor of Z-alpha1 antitrypsin polymerization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126256. [PMID: 25961288 PMCID: PMC4427445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerization of the Z variant alpha-1-antitrypsin (Z-α1AT) results in the most common and severe form of α1AT deficiency (α1ATD), a debilitating genetic disorder whose clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to fatal liver and/or lung disease. As the altered conformation of Z-α1AT and its attendant aggregation are responsible for pathogenesis, the polymerization process per se has become a major target for the development of therapeutics. Based on the ability of Z-α1AT to aggregate by recruiting the reactive center loop (RCL) of another Z-α1AT into its s4A cavity, we developed a high-throughput screening assay that uses a modified 6-mer peptide mimicking the RCL to screen for inhibitors of Z-α1AT polymer growth. A subset of compounds from the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC) with molecular weights ranging from 300 to 700 Da, was used to evaluate the assay's capabilities. The inhibitor S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanosine was identified as a lead compound and its ability to prevent Z-α1AT polymerization confirmed by secondary assays. To further investigate the binding location of S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanosine, an in silico strategy was pursued and the intermediate α1AT M* state modeled to allow molecular docking simulations and explore various potential binding sites. Docking results predict that S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanosine can bind at the s4A cavity and at the edge of β-sheet A. The former binding site would directly block RCL insertion whereas the latter site would prevent β-sheet A from expanding between s3A/s5A, and thus indirectly impede RCL insertion. Altogether, our investigations have revealed a novel compound that inhibits the formation of Z-α1AT polymers, as well as in vitro and in silico strategies for identifying and characterizing additional blocking molecules of Z-α1AT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Berthelier
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center—Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jason Brett Harris
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kasey Noel Estenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center—Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jerome Baudry
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
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