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Chu HY, Smith Y, Lytton WW, Grafton S, Villalba R, Masilamoni G, Wichmann T. Dysfunction of motor cortices in Parkinson's disease. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae294. [PMID: 39066504 PMCID: PMC11281850 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex has long been thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The impaired cortical function is believed to be a direct and immediate effect of pathologically patterned basal ganglia output, mediated to the cerebral cortex by way of the ventral motor thalamus. However, recent studies in humans with Parkinson's disease and in animal models of the disease have provided strong evidence suggesting that the involvement of the cerebral cortex is much broader than merely serving as a passive conduit for subcortical disturbances. In the present review, we discuss Parkinson's disease-related changes in frontal cortical motor regions, focusing on neuropathology, plasticity, changes in neurotransmission, and altered network interactions. We will also examine recent studies exploring the cortical circuits as potential targets for neuromodulation to treat Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yuan Chu
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd N.W., Washington D.C. 20007, United States
| | - Yoland Smith
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 12 Executive Drive N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - William W Lytton
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
- Department of Neurology, Kings County Hospital, 451 Clarkson Avenue,Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Scott Grafton
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, 551 UCEN Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Rosa Villalba
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Gunasingh Masilamoni
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 12 Executive Drive N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
- Emory National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road N.E., Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
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2
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Asaad WF, Sheth SA. What's the n? On sample size vs. subject number for brain-behavior neurophysiology and neuromodulation. Neuron 2024; 112:2086-2090. [PMID: 38781973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurophysiology and neuromodulation strive to understand the neural basis of behavior through a one-to-one correspondence between a particular brain and its behavioral output. Within this framework, studies with few subjects but sufficient sample sizes can be both rigorous and impactful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael F Asaad
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Norman Prince Neurosciences Institute, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Xu J, Mawase F, Schieber MH. Evolution, biomechanics, and neurobiology converge to explain selective finger motor control. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:983-1020. [PMID: 38385888 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans use their fingers to perform a variety of tasks, from simple grasping to manipulating objects, to typing and playing musical instruments, a variety wider than any other species. The more sophisticated the task, the more it involves individuated finger movements, those in which one or more selected fingers perform an intended action while the motion of other digits is constrained. Here we review the neurobiology of such individuated finger movements. We consider their evolutionary origins, the extent to which finger movements are in fact individuated, and the evolved features of neuromuscular control that both enable and limit individuation. We go on to discuss other features of motor control that combine with individuation to create dexterity, the impairment of individuation by disease, and the broad extent of capabilities that individuation confers on humans. We comment on the challenges facing the development of a truly dexterous bionic hand. We conclude by identifying topics for future investigation that will advance our understanding of how neural networks interact across multiple regions of the central nervous system to create individuated movements for the skills humans use to express their cognitive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Firas Mawase
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marc H Schieber
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
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4
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Urbin MA. Adaptation in the spinal cord after stroke: Implications for restoring cortical control over the final common pathway. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38787922 DOI: 10.1113/jp285563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of voluntary movement is predicated on integration between circuits in the brain and spinal cord. Although damage is often restricted to supraspinal or spinal circuits in cases of neurological injury, both spinal motor neurons and axons linking these cells to the cortical origins of descending motor commands begin showing changes soon after the brain is injured by stroke. The concept of 'transneuronal degeneration' is not new and has been documented in histological, imaging and electrophysiological studies dating back over a century. Taken together, evidence from these studies agrees more with a system attempting to survive rather than one passively surrendering to degeneration. There tends to be at least some preservation of fibres at the brainstem origin and along the spinal course of the descending white matter tracts, even in severe cases. Myelin-associated proteins are observed in the spinal cord years after stroke onset. Spinal motor neurons remain morphometrically unaltered. Skeletal muscle fibres once innervated by neurons that lose their source of trophic input receive collaterals from adjacent neurons, causing spinal motor units to consolidate and increase in size. Although some level of excitability within the distributed brain network mediating voluntary movement is needed to facilitate recovery, minimal structural connectivity between cortical and spinal motor neurons can support meaningful distal limb function. Restoring access to the final common pathway via the descending input that remains in the spinal cord therefore represents a viable target for directed plasticity, particularly in light of recent advances in rehabilitation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Urbin
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA RR&D Center of Excellence, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Baroni A, Antonioni A, Fregna G, Lamberti N, Manfredini F, Koch G, D’Ausilio A, Straudi S. The Effectiveness of Paired Associative Stimulation on Motor Recovery after Stroke: A Scoping Review. Neurol Int 2024; 16:567-589. [PMID: 38804482 PMCID: PMC11130975 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint16030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Paired associative stimulation (PAS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation. PAS allows connections between cortical areas and peripheral nerves (C/P PAS) or between cortical regions (C/C PAS) to be strengthened or weakened by spike-timing-dependent neural plasticity mechanisms. Since PAS modulates both neurophysiological features and motor performance, there is growing interest in its application in neurorehabilitation. We aimed to synthesize evidence on the motor rehabilitation role of PAS in stroke patients. We performed a literature search following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews Framework. Eight studies were included: one investigated C/C PAS between the cerebellum and the affected primary motor area (M1), seven applied C/P PAS over the lesional, contralesional, or both M1. Seven studies evaluated the outcome on upper limb and one on lower limb motor recovery. Although several studies omit crucial methodological details, PAS highlighted effects mainly on corticospinal excitability, and, more rarely, an improvement in motor performance. However, most studies failed to prove a correlation between neurophysiological changes and motor improvement. Although current studies seem to suggest a role of PAS in post-stroke rehabilitation, their heterogeneity and limited number do not yet allow definitive conclusions to be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baroni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (G.F.); (N.L.); (F.M.); (G.K.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annibale Antonioni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (G.F.); (N.L.); (F.M.); (G.K.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- Doctoral Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Fregna
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (G.F.); (N.L.); (F.M.); (G.K.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Doctoral Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicola Lamberti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (G.F.); (N.L.); (F.M.); (G.K.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (G.F.); (N.L.); (F.M.); (G.K.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (G.F.); (N.L.); (F.M.); (G.K.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro D’Ausilio
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (G.F.); (N.L.); (F.M.); (G.K.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sofia Straudi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (G.F.); (N.L.); (F.M.); (G.K.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
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6
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Cobia D, Haut MW, Revill KP, Rellick SL, Nudo RJ, Wischnewski M, Buetefisch CM. Gray matter volume of functionally relevant primary motor cortex is causally related to learning a hand motor task. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae210. [PMID: 38771243 PMCID: PMC11107379 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Variability in brain structure is associated with the capacity for behavioral change. However, a causal link between specific brain areas and behavioral change (such as motor learning) has not been demonstrated. We hypothesized that greater gray matter volume of a primary motor cortex (M1) area active during a hand motor learning task is positively correlated with subsequent learning of the task, and that the disruption of this area blocks learning of the task. Healthy participants underwent structural MRI before learning a skilled hand motor task. Next, participants performed this learning task during fMRI to determine M1 areas functionally active during this task. This functional ROI was anatomically constrained with M1 boundaries to create a group-level "Active-M1" ROI used to measure gray matter volume in each participant. Greater gray matter volume in the left hemisphere Active-M1 ROI was related to greater motor learning in the corresponding right hand. When M1 hand area was disrupted with repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS), learning of the motor task was blocked, confirming its causal link to motor learning. Our combined imaging and rTMS approach revealed greater cortical volume in a task-relevant M1 area is causally related to learning of a hand motor task in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin Cobia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, 1036 KMBL, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Marc W Haut
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, 33 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Neurology, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, 33 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Radiology, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, 33 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kate P Revill
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephanie L Rellick
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, 33 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Randolph J Nudo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Miles Wischnewski
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, 1441 Clifton Road NE, Suite 236 C, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cathrin M Buetefisch
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, 1441 Clifton Road NE, Suite 236 C, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, 1441 Clifton Road NE, Suite 236 C, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiology, Emory University, 1441 Clifton Road NE, Suite 236 C, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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7
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Gmaz JM, Keller JA, Dudman JT, Gallego JA. Integrating across behaviors and timescales to understand the neural control of movement. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 85:102843. [PMID: 38354477 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The nervous system evolved to enable navigation throughout the environment in the pursuit of resources. Evolutionarily newer structures allowed increasingly complex adaptations but necessarily added redundancy. A dominant view of movement neuroscientists is that there is a one-to-one mapping between brain region and function. However, recent experimental data is hard to reconcile with the most conservative interpretation of this framework, suggesting a degree of functional redundancy during the performance of well-learned, constrained behaviors. This apparent redundancy likely stems from the bidirectional interactions between the various cortical and subcortical structures involved in motor control. We posit that these bidirectional connections enable flexible interactions across structures that change depending upon behavioral demands, such as during acquisition, execution or adaptation of a skill. Observing the system across both multiple actions and behavioral timescales can help isolate the functional contributions of individual structures, leading to an integrated understanding of the neural control of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmie M Gmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK. https://twitter.com/j_gmaz
| | - Jason A Keller
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn VA, USA. https://twitter.com/jakNeurd
| | - Joshua T Dudman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn VA, USA.
| | - Juan A Gallego
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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8
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Wirthlin ME, Schmid TA, Elie JE, Zhang X, Kowalczyk A, Redlich R, Shvareva VA, Rakuljic A, Ji MB, Bhat NS, Kaplow IM, Schäffer DE, Lawler AJ, Wang AZ, Phan BN, Annaldasula S, Brown AR, Lu T, Lim BK, Azim E, Clark NL, Meyer WK, Pond SLK, Chikina M, Yartsev MM, Pfenning AR. Vocal learning-associated convergent evolution in mammalian proteins and regulatory elements. Science 2024; 383:eabn3263. [PMID: 38422184 PMCID: PMC11313673 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Vocal production learning ("vocal learning") is a convergently evolved trait in vertebrates. To identify brain genomic elements associated with mammalian vocal learning, we integrated genomic, anatomical, and neurophysiological data from the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with analyses of the genomes of 215 placental mammals. First, we identified a set of proteins evolving more slowly in vocal learners. Then, we discovered a vocal motor cortical region in the Egyptian fruit bat, an emergent vocal learner, and leveraged that knowledge to identify active cis-regulatory elements in the motor cortex of vocal learners. Machine learning methods applied to motor cortex open chromatin revealed 50 enhancers robustly associated with vocal learning whose activity tended to be lower in vocal learners. Our research implicates convergent losses of motor cortex regulatory elements in mammalian vocal learning evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Wirthlin
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University; Durham, NC 27705
| | - Tobias A. Schmid
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Julie E. Elie
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amanda Kowalczyk
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University; Durham, NC 27705
| | - Ruby Redlich
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Varvara A. Shvareva
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Ashley Rakuljic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Maria B. Ji
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Ninad S. Bhat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Irene M. Kaplow
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University; Durham, NC 27705
| | - Daniel E. Schäffer
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alyssa J. Lawler
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University; Durham, NC 27705
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andrew Z. Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - BaDoi N. Phan
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University; Durham, NC 27705
| | - Siddharth Annaldasula
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ashley R. Brown
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University; Durham, NC 27705
| | - Tianyu Lu
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Neurobiology section, Division of Biological Science, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eiman Azim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan L. Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wynn K. Meyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University; Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | | | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael M. Yartsev
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Andreas R. Pfenning
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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9
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Chiappini E, Turrini S, Zanon M, Marangon M, Borgomaneri S, Avenanti A. Driving Hebbian plasticity over ventral premotor-motor projections transiently enhances motor resonance. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:211-220. [PMID: 38387557 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Making sense of others' actions relies on the activation of an action observation network (AON), which maps visual information about observed actions onto the observer's motor system. This motor resonance process manifests in the primary motor cortex (M1) as increased corticospinal excitability finely tuned to the muscles engaged in the observed action. Motor resonance in M1 is facilitated by projections from higher-order AON regions. However, whether manipulating the strength of AON-to-M1 connectivity affects motor resonance remains unclear. METHODS We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in 48 healthy humans. Cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS) was administered over M1 and the ventral premotor cortex (PMv), a key AON node, to induce spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) in the pathway connecting them. Single-pulse TMS assessed motor resonance during action observation. RESULTS Before ccPAS, action observation increased corticospinal excitability in the muscles corresponding to the observed movements, reflecting motor resonance in M1. Notably, ccPAS aimed at strengthening projections from PMv to M1 (PMv→M1) induced short-term enhancement of motor resonance. The enhancement specifically occurred with the ccPAS configuration consistent with forward PMv→M1 projections and dissipated 20 min post-stimulation; ccPAS administered in the reverse order (M1→PMv) and sham stimulation did not affect motor resonance. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence that inducing STDP to strengthen PMv input to M1 neurons causally enhances muscle-specific motor resonance in M1. Our study sheds light on the plastic mechanisms that shape AON functionality and demonstrates that exogenous manipulation of AON connectivity can influence basic mirror mechanisms that underlie social perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Chiappini
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, 1010, Vienna, Austria; Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Campus di Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy; Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Sonia Turrini
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Campus di Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy; Precision Neuroscience & Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Marco Zanon
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Campus di Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy; Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mattia Marangon
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Campus di Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Scienze del Movimento, Sezione di Fisiologia e Psicologia, Università di Verona, 37124, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Campus di Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Campus di Cesena, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521, Cesena, Italy; Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Católica Del Maule, 346000, Talca, Chile.
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10
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Rissardo JP, Byroju VV, Mukkamalla S, Caprara ALF. A Narrative Review of Stroke of Cortical Hand Knob Area. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:318. [PMID: 38399606 PMCID: PMC10890039 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The cortical hand knob region of the brain is a knob-like segment of the precentral gyrus, projecting into the middle genu of the central sulcus. This anatomic landmark is responsible for intricate control of hand motor movements and has often been implicated in motor weakness following stroke. In some instances, damage to this area has been mistaken for peripheral causes of hand weakness. Our article aims to consolidate clinically relevant information on the cortical hand knob area in a comprehensive review to guide clinicians regarding diagnosis and treatment strategies. We conducted a systematic search within the Medline/PubMed database for reports of strokes in the cortical hand knob region. All studies were published electronically up until December 2023. The search was conducted using the keyword "hand knob". A total of 24 reports containing 150 patients were found. The mean and median ages were 65 and 67 years, respectively. Sixty-two percent of the individuals were male. According to the TOAST criteria for the classification of the stroke, 59 individuals had a stroke due to large-artery atherosclerosis, 8 had small-vessel occlusion, 20 had cardioembolism, 25 were determined, and 38 were undetermined. The most common etiologies for stroke in the hand knob area can be attributed to large vessel occlusions, small vessel occlusions, or cardioembolism. Presentations following damage to this area can mimic ulnar, median, or radial neuropathy as well. Our comprehensive review serves as a resource for recognizing and managing stroke in the cortical hand knob area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamir Pitton Rissardo
- Neurology Department, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (J.P.R.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Vishnu Vardhan Byroju
- Neurology Department, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (J.P.R.); (V.V.B.)
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Wüthrich F, Lefebvre S, Mittal VA, Shankman SA, Alexander N, Brosch K, Flinkenflügel K, Goltermann J, Grotegerd D, Hahn T, Jamalabadi H, Jansen A, Leehr EJ, Meinert S, Nenadić I, Nitsch R, Stein F, Straube B, Teutenberg L, Thiel K, Thomas-Odenthal F, Usemann P, Winter A, Dannlowski U, Kircher T, Walther S. The neural signature of psychomotor disturbance in depression. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:317-326. [PMID: 38036604 PMCID: PMC11116107 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Up to 70% of patients with major depressive disorder present with psychomotor disturbance (PmD), but at the present time understanding of its pathophysiology is limited. In this study, we capitalized on a large sample of patients to examine the neural correlates of PmD in depression. This study included 820 healthy participants and 699 patients with remitted (n = 402) or current (n = 297) depression. Patients were further categorized as having psychomotor retardation, agitation, or no PmD. We compared resting-state functional connectivity (ROI-to-ROI) between nodes of the cerebral motor network between the groups, including primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, sensory cortex, superior parietal lobe, caudate, putamen, pallidum, thalamus, and cerebellum. Additionally, we examined network topology of the motor network using graph theory. Among the currently depressed 55% had PmD (15% agitation, 29% retardation, and 11% concurrent agitation and retardation), while 16% of the remitted patients had PmD (8% retardation and 8% agitation). When compared with controls, currently depressed patients with PmD showed higher thalamo-cortical and pallido-cortical connectivity, but no network topology alterations. Currently depressed patients with retardation only had higher thalamo-cortical connectivity, while those with agitation had predominant higher pallido-cortical connectivity. Currently depressed patients without PmD showed higher thalamo-cortical, pallido-cortical, and cortico-cortical connectivity, as well as altered network topology compared to healthy controls. Remitted patients with PmD showed no differences in single connections but altered network topology, while remitted patients without PmD did not differ from healthy controls in any measure. We found evidence for compensatory increased cortico-cortical resting-state functional connectivity that may prevent psychomotor disturbance in current depression, but may perturb network topology. Agitation and retardation show specific connectivity signatures. Motor network topology is slightly altered in remitted patients arguing for persistent changes in depression. These alterations in functional connectivity may be addressed with non-invasive brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wüthrich
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School of Health Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Lefebvre
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Evanston/Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Institute for Policy Research, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Medical Social Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stewart A Shankman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Nina Alexander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Brosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kira Flinkenflügel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Janik Goltermann
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hamidreza Jamalabadi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core-Facility Brain imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Leehr
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lea Teutenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Thiel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Thomas-Odenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Paula Usemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Winter
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Urban III ET, Hudson HM, Li Y, Nishibe M, Barbay S, Guggenmos DJ, Nudo RJ. Corticocortical connections of the rostral forelimb area in rats: a quantitative tract-tracing study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad530. [PMID: 38265300 PMCID: PMC10839842 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The rostral forelimb area (RFA) in the rat is a premotor cortical region based on its dense efferent projections to primary motor cortex. This study describes corticocortical connections of RFA and the relative strength of connections with other cortical areas. The goal was to provide a better understanding of the cortical network in which RFA participates, and thus, determine its function in sensorimotor behavior. The RFA of adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 6) was identified using intracortical microstimulation techniques and injected with the tract-tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). In post-mortem tissue, locations of BDA-labeled terminal boutons and neuronal somata were plotted and superimposed on cortical field boundaries. Quantitative estimates of terminal boutons in each region of interest were based on unbiased stereological methods. The results demonstrate that RFA has dense connections with primary motor cortex and frontal cortex medial and lateral to RFA. Moderate connections were found with insular cortex, primary somatosensory cortex (S1), the M1/S1 overlap zone, and lateral somatosensory areas. Cortical connections of RFA in rat are strikingly similar to cortical connections of the ventral premotor cortex in non-human primates, suggesting that these areas share similar functions and allow greater translation of rodent premotor cortex studies to primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Urban III
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Heather M Hudson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Mariko Nishibe
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Scott Barbay
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David J Guggenmos
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Randolph J Nudo
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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13
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Bresee CS, Cooke DF, Goldring AB, Baldwin MKL, Pineda CR, Krubitzer LA. Reversible deactivation of motor cortex reveals that areas in parietal cortex are differentially dependent on motor cortex for the generation of movement. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:106-123. [PMID: 38092416 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00086.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Primates are characterized by specializations for manual manipulation, including expansion of posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and, in Catarrhines, evolution of a dexterous hand and opposable thumb. Previous studies examined functional interactions between motor cortex and PPC in New World monkeys and galagos, by inactivating M1 and evoking movements from PPC. These studies found that portions of PPC depend on M1 to generate movements. We now add a species that more closely resembles humans in hand morphology and PPC: macaques. Inactivating portions of M1 resulted in all evoked movements being reduced (28%) or completely abolished (72%) at the PPC sites tested (in areas 5L, PF, and PFG). Anterior parietal area 2 was similarly affected (26% reduced and 74% abolished) and area 1 was the least affected (12% no effect, 54% reduced, and 34% abolished). Unlike previous studies in New World monkeys and galagos, interactions between both nonanalogous (heterotopic) and analogous (homotopic) M1 and parietal movement domains were commonly found in most areas. These experiments demonstrate that there may be two parallel networks involved in motor control: a posterior parietal network dependent on M1 and a network that includes area 1 that is relatively independent of M1. Furthermore, it appears that the relative size and number of cortical fields in parietal cortex in different species correlates with homotopic and heterotopic effect prevalence. These functional differences in macaques could contribute to more numerous and varied muscle synergies across major muscle groups, supporting the expansion of the primate manual behavioral repertoire observed in Old World monkeys.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Motor cortex and anterior and posterior parietal cortex form a sensorimotor integration network. We tested the extent to which parietal areas could initiate movements independent of M1. Our findings support the contention that, although areas 2, 5L, PF, and PFG are highly dependent on M1 to produce movement, area 1 may constitute a parallel corticospinal pathway that can function somewhat independently of M1. A similar functional architecture may underlie dexterous tool use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Bresee
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Neuroscience & Neurotechnology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam B Goldring
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, California, United States
| | - Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, California, United States
| | - Carlos R Pineda
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, California, United States
| | - Leah A Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, California, United States
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14
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Lehmann N, Aye N, Kaufmann J, Heinze HJ, Düzel E, Ziegler G, Taubert M. Changes in Cortical Microstructure of the Human Brain Resulting from Long-Term Motor Learning. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8637-8648. [PMID: 37875377 PMCID: PMC10727185 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0537-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms subserving motor skill acquisition and learning in the intact human brain are not fully understood. Previous studies in animals have demonstrated a causal relationship between motor learning and structural rearrangements of synaptic connections, raising the question of whether neurite-specific changes are also observable in humans. Here, we use advanced diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), sensitive to dendritic and axonal processes, to investigate neuroplasticity in response to long-term motor learning. We recruited healthy male and female human participants (age range 19-29) who learned a challenging dynamic balancing task (DBT) over four consecutive weeks. Diffusion MRI signals were fitted using Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI), a theory-driven biophysical model of diffusion, yielding measures of tissue volume, neurite density and the organizational complexity of neurites. While NODDI indices were unchanged and reliable during the control period, neurite orientation dispersion increased significantly during the learning period mainly in primary sensorimotor, prefrontal, premotor, supplementary, and cingulate motor areas. Importantly, reorganization of cortical microstructure during the learning phase predicted concurrent behavioral changes, whereas there was no relationship between microstructural changes during the control phase and learning. Changes in neurite complexity were independent of alterations in tissue density, cortical thickness, and intracortical myelin. Our results are in line with the notion that structural modulation of neurites is a key mechanism supporting complex motor learning in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The structural correlates of motor learning in the human brain are not fully understood. Results from animal studies suggest that synaptic remodeling (e.g., reorganization of dendritic spines) in sensorimotor-related brain areas is a crucial mechanism for the formation of motor memory. Using state-of-the-art diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found a behaviorally relevant increase in the organizational complexity of neocortical microstructure, mainly in primary sensorimotor, prefrontal, premotor, supplementary, and cingulate motor regions, following training of a challenging dynamic balancing task (DBT). Follow-up analyses suggested structural modulation of synapses as a plausible mechanism driving this increase, while colocalized changes in cortical thickness, tissue density, and intracortical myelin could not be detected. These results advance our knowledge about the neurobiological basis of motor learning in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lehmann
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Norman Aye
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
| | - Jörn Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg 39118, Germany
| | - Emrah Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Ziegler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Marco Taubert
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39104, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
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15
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Bufacchi RJ, Battaglia-Mayer A, Iannetti GD, Caminiti R. Cortico-spinal modularity in the parieto-frontal system: A new perspective on action control. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102537. [PMID: 37832714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical neurophysiology suggests that the motor cortex (MI) has a unique role in action control. In contrast, this review presents evidence for multiple parieto-frontal spinal command modules that can bypass MI. Five observations support this modular perspective: (i) the statistics of cortical connectivity demonstrate functionally-related clusters of cortical areas, defining functional modules in the premotor, cingulate, and parietal cortices; (ii) different corticospinal pathways originate from the above areas, each with a distinct range of conduction velocities; (iii) the activation time of each module varies depending on task, and different modules can be activated simultaneously; (iv) a modular architecture with direct motor output is faster and less metabolically expensive than an architecture that relies on MI, given the slow connections between MI and other cortical areas; (v) lesions of the areas composing parieto-frontal modules have different effects from lesions of MI. Here we provide examples of six cortico-spinal modules and functions they subserve: module 1) arm reaching, tool use and object construction; module 2) spatial navigation and locomotion; module 3) grasping and observation of hand and mouth actions; module 4) action initiation, motor sequences, time encoding; module 5) conditional motor association and learning, action plan switching and action inhibition; module 6) planning defensive actions. These modules can serve as a library of tools to be recombined when faced with novel tasks, and MI might serve as a recombinatory hub. In conclusion, the availability of locally-stored information and multiple outflow paths supports the physiological plausibility of the proposed modular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bufacchi
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; International Center for Primate Brain Research (ICPBR), Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - A Battaglia-Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - G D Iannetti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - R Caminiti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Rizvi A, Bell K, Yang D, Montenegro MP, Kim H, Bao S, Wright DL, Buchanan JJ, Lei Y. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over human motor cortex on cognitive-motor and sensory-motor functions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20968. [PMID: 38017091 PMCID: PMC10684512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) is broadly acknowledged for its crucial role in executing voluntary movements. Yet, its contributions to cognitive and sensory functions remain largely unexplored. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive neurostimulation method that can modify brain activity, thereby enabling the establishment of a causal link between M1 activity and behavior. This study aimed to investigate the online effects of tDCS over M1 on cognitive-motor and sensory-motor functions. Sixty-four healthy participants underwent either anodal or sham tDCS while concurrently performing a set of standardized robotic tasks. These tasks provided sensitive and objective assessments of brain functions, including action selection, inhibitory control, cognitive control of visuomotor skills, proprioceptive sense, and bimanual coordination. Our results revealed that anodal tDCS applied to M1 enhances decision-making capacity in selecting appropriate motor actions and avoiding distractors compared to sham stimulation, suggesting improved action selection and inhibitory control capabilities. Furthermore, anodal tDCS reduces the movement time required to accomplish bimanual movements, suggesting enhanced bimanual performance. However, we found no impact of anodal tDCS on cognitive control of visuomotor skills and proprioceptive sense. This study suggests that augmenting M1 activity via anodal tDCS influences cognitive-motor and sensory-motor functions in a task-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoun Rizvi
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kara Bell
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Daniel Yang
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Maria P Montenegro
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hakjoo Kim
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shancheng Bao
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - David L Wright
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - John J Buchanan
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yuming Lei
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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17
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Giampiccolo D, Duncan JS. High plasticity within the precentral gyrus and its relevance for resective neurosurgery. Brain 2023; 146:e98-e99. [PMID: 37216413 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Giampiccolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Institute of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic London, London, SW1X 7HY, UK
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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18
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Li Y, An X, Qian Y, Xu XH, Zhao S, Mohan H, Bachschmid-Romano L, Brunel N, Whishaw IQ, Huang ZJ. Cortical network and projection neuron types that articulate serial order in a skilled motor behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.25.563871. [PMID: 37961483 PMCID: PMC10634836 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.563871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Skilled motor behaviors require orderly coordination of multiple constituent movements with sensory cues towards achieving a goal, but the underlying brain circuit mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that target-guided reach-grasp-to-drink (RGD) in mice involves the ordering and coordination of a set of forelimb and oral actions. Cortex-wide activity imaging of multiple glutamatergic projection neuron (PN) types uncovered a network, involving the secondary motor cortex (MOs), forelimb primary motor and somatosensory cortex, that tracked RGD movements. Photo-inhibition highlighted MOs in coordinating RGD movements. Within the MOs, population neural trajectories tracked RGD progression and single neuron activities integrated across constituent movements. Notably, MOs intratelencephalic, pyramidal tract, and corticothalamic PN activities correlated with action coordination, showed distinct neural dynamics trajectories, and differentially contributed to movement coordination. Our results delineate a cortical network and key areas, PN types, and neural dynamics therein that articulate the serial order and coordination of a skilled behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
| | - Xu An
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
| | - Yongjun Qian
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
| | - X. Hermione Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hemanth Mohan
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Brunel
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ian Q. Whishaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Research, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, TIK 3M4, Canada
| | - Z. Josh Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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19
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Kogan E, Lu J, Zuo Y. Cortical circuit dynamics underlying motor skill learning: from rodents to humans. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1292685. [PMID: 37965043 PMCID: PMC10641381 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1292685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor learning is crucial for the survival of many animals. Acquiring a new motor skill involves complex alterations in both local neural circuits in many brain regions and long-range connections between them. Such changes can be observed anatomically and functionally. The primary motor cortex (M1) integrates information from diverse brain regions and plays a pivotal role in the acquisition and refinement of new motor skills. In this review, we discuss how motor learning affects the M1 at synaptic, cellular, and circuit levels. Wherever applicable, we attempt to relate and compare findings in humans, non-human primates, and rodents. Understanding the underlying principles shared by different species will deepen our understanding of the neurobiological and computational basis of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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20
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Paul T, Wiemer VM, Hensel L, Cieslak M, Tscherpel C, Grefkes C, Grafton ST, Fink GR, Volz LJ. Interhemispheric Structural Connectivity Underlies Motor Recovery after Stroke. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:785-797. [PMID: 37402647 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although ample evidence highlights that the ipsilesional corticospinal tract (CST) plays a crucial role in motor recovery after stroke, studies on cortico-cortical motor connections remain scarce and provide inconclusive results. Given their unique potential to serve as structural reserve enabling motor network reorganization, the question arises whether cortico-cortical connections may facilitate motor control depending on CST damage. METHODS Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) and a novel compartment-wise analysis approach were used to quantify structural connectivity between bilateral cortical core motor regions in chronic stroke patients. Basal and complex motor control were differentially assessed. RESULTS Both basal and complex motor performance were correlated with structural connectivity between bilateral premotor areas and ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1) as well as interhemispheric M1 to M1 connectivity. Whereas complex motor skills depended on CST integrity, a strong association between M1 to M1 connectivity and basal motor control was observed independent of CST integrity especially in patients who underwent substantial motor recovery. Harnessing the informational wealth of cortico-cortical connectivity facilitated the explanation of both basal and complex motor control. INTERPRETATION We demonstrate for the first time that distinct aspects of cortical structural reserve enable basal and complex motor control after stroke. In particular, recovery of basal motor control may be supported via an alternative route through contralesional M1 and non-crossing fibers of the contralesional CST. Our findings help to explain previous conflicting interpretations regarding the functional role of the contralesional M1 and highlight the potential of cortico-cortical structural connectivity as a future biomarker for motor recovery post-stroke. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:785-797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Paul
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Valerie M Wiemer
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Lukas Hensel
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew Cieslak
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Caroline Tscherpel
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Scott T Grafton
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Lukas J Volz
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Fadli RA, Yamanouchi Y, Jovanovic LI, Popovic MR, Marquez-Chin C, Nomura T, Milosevic M. Effectiveness of motor and prefrontal cortical areas for brain-controlled functional electrical stimulation neuromodulation. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:056022. [PMID: 37714143 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acfa22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Brain-computer interface (BCI)-controlled functional electrical stimulation (FES) could excite the central nervous system to enhance upper limb motor recovery. Our current study assessed the effectiveness of motor and prefrontal cortical activity-based BCI-FES to help elucidate the underlying neuromodulation mechanisms of this neurorehabilitation approach.Approach. The primary motor cortex (M1) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) BCI-FES interventions were performed for 25 min on separate days with twelve non-disabled participants. During the interventions, a single electrode from the contralateral M1 or PFC was used to detect event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the calibrated frequency range. If the BCI system detected ERD within 15 s of motor imagery, FES activated wrist extensor muscles. Otherwise, if the BCI system did not detect ERD within 15 s, a subsequent trial was initiated without FES. To evaluate neuromodulation effects, corticospinal excitability was assessed using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation, and cortical excitability was assessed by motor imagery ERD and resting-state functional connectivity before, immediately, 30 min, and 60 min after each intervention.Main results. M1 and PFC BCI-FES interventions had similar success rates of approximately 80%, while the M1 intervention was faster in detecting ERD activity. Consequently, only the M1 intervention effectively elicited corticospinal excitability changes for at least 60 min around the targeted cortical area in the M1, suggesting a degree of spatial localization. However, cortical excitability measures did not indicate changes after either M1 or PFC BCI-FES.Significance. Neural mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of BCI-FES neuromodulation may be attributed to the M1 direct corticospinal projections and/or the closer timing between ERD detection and FES, which likely enhanced Hebbian-like plasticity by synchronizing cortical activation detected by the BCI system with the sensory nerve activation and movement related reafference elicited by FES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldi A Fadli
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States of America
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Yuki Yamanouchi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Lazar I Jovanovic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canada
- CRANIA, University Health Network & University of Toronto. 550 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Cesar Marquez-Chin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canada
- CRANIA, University Health Network & University of Toronto. 550 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Taishin Nomura
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Matija Milosevic
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami College of Engineering, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States of America
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
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22
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Zahler SH, Taylor DE, Wright BS, Wong JY, Shvareva VA, Park YA, Feinberg EH. Hindbrain modules differentially transform activity of single collicular neurons to coordinate movements. Cell 2023; 186:3062-3078.e20. [PMID: 37343561 PMCID: PMC10424787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Seemingly simple behaviors such as swatting a mosquito or glancing at a signpost involve the precise coordination of multiple body parts. Neural control of coordinated movements is widely thought to entail transforming a desired overall displacement into displacements for each body part. Here we reveal a different logic implemented in the mouse gaze system. Stimulating superior colliculus (SC) elicits head movements with stereotyped displacements but eye movements with stereotyped endpoints. This is achieved by individual SC neurons whose branched axons innervate modules in medulla and pons that drive head movements with stereotyped displacements and eye movements with stereotyped endpoints, respectively. Thus, single neurons specify a mixture of endpoints and displacements for different body parts, not overall displacement, with displacements for different body parts computed at distinct anatomical stages. Our study establishes an approach for unraveling motor hierarchies and identifies a logic for coordinating movements and the resulting pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H Zahler
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David E Taylor
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brennan S Wright
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joey Y Wong
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Varvara A Shvareva
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yusol A Park
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Evan H Feinberg
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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23
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Jensen MA, Huang H, Valencia GO, Klassen BT, van den Boom MA, Kaufmann TJ, Schalk G, Brunner P, Worrell GA, Hermes D, Miller KJ. A motor association area in the depths of the central sulcus. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1165-1169. [PMID: 37202552 PMCID: PMC10322697 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cells in the precentral gyrus directly send signals to the periphery to generate movement and are principally organized as a topological map of the body. We find that movement-induced electrophysiological responses from depth electrodes extend this map three-dimensionally throughout the gyrus. Unexpectedly, this organization is interrupted by a previously undescribed motor association area in the depths of the midlateral aspect of the central sulcus. This 'Rolandic motor association' (RMA) area is active during movements of different body parts from both sides of the body and may be important for coordinating complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jensen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Harvey Huang
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Max A van den Boom
- Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Gerwin Schalk
- Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Chen Frontier Lab for Applied Neurotechnology, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgery, Fudan University/Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Brunner
- Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory A Worrell
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dora Hermes
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kai J Miller
- Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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24
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Bazzini MC, Nuara A, Branchini G, De Marco D, Ferrari L, Lanini MC, Paolini S, Scalona E, Avanzini P, Fabbri-Destro M. The capacity of action observation to drag the trainees' motor pattern toward the observed model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9107. [PMID: 37277395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Action Observation Training (AOT) promotes the acquisition of motor abilities. However, while the cortical modulations associated with the AOT efficacy are well known, few studies investigated the AOT peripheral neural correlates and whether their dynamics move towards the observed model during the training. We administered seventy-two participants (randomized into AOT and Control groups) with training for learning to grasp marbles with chopsticks. Execution practice was preceded by an observation session, in which AOT participants observed an expert performing the task, whereas controls observed landscape videos. Behavioral indices were measured, and three hand muscles' electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded and compared with the expert. Behaviorally, both groups improved during the training, with AOT outperforming controls. The EMG trainee-model similarity also increased during the training, but only for the AOT group. When combining behavioral and EMG similarity findings, no global relationship emerged; however, behavioral improvements were "locally" predicted by the similarity gain in muscles and action phases more related to the specific motor act. These findings reveal that AOT plays a magnetic role in motor learning, attracting the trainee's motor pattern toward the observed model and paving the way for developing online monitoring tools and neurofeedback protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Bazzini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Arturo Nuara
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulio Branchini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Doriana De Marco
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy
- School of Advanced Studies, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Lanini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Paolini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Emilia Scalona
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, Scienze Radiologiche e Sanità Pubblica (DSMC), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
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25
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Desmons M, Theberge M, Mercier C, Massé-Alarie H. Contribution of neural circuits tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation in corticomotor control of low back muscle: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1180816. [PMID: 37304019 PMCID: PMC10247989 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1180816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used to investigate central nervous system mechanisms underlying motor control. Despite thousands of TMS studies on neurophysiological underpinnings of corticomotor control, a large majority of studies have focused on distal muscles, and little is known about axial muscles (e.g., low back muscles). Yet, differences between corticomotor control of low back and distal muscles (e.g., gross vs. fine motor control) suggest differences in the neural circuits involved. This systematic review of the literature aims at detailing the organisation and neural circuitry underlying corticomotor control of low back muscles tested with TMS in healthy humans. Methods The literature search was performed in four databases (CINAHL, Embase, Medline (Ovid) and Web of science) up to May 2022. Included studies had to use TMS in combination with EMG recording of paraspinal muscles (between T12 and L5) in healthy participants. Weighted average was used to synthesise quantitative study results. Results Forty-four articles met the selection criteria. TMS studies of low back muscles provided consistent evidence of contralateral and ipsilateral motor evoked potentials (with longer ipsilateral latencies) as well as of short intracortical inhibition/facilitation. However, few or no studies using other paired pulse protocols were found (e.g., long intracortical inhibition, interhemispheric inhibition). In addition, no study explored the interaction between different cortical areas using dual TMS coil protocol (e.g., between primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area). Discussion Corticomotor control of low back muscles are distinct from hand muscles. Our main findings suggest: (i) bilateral projections from each single primary motor cortex, for which contralateral and ipsilateral tracts are probably of different nature (contra: monosynaptic; ipsi: oligo/polysynaptic) and (ii) the presence of intracortical inhibitory and excitatory circuits in M1 influencing the excitability of the contralateral corticospinal cells projecting to low back muscles. Understanding of these mechanisms are important for improving the understanding of neuromuscular function of low back muscles and to improve the management of clinical populations (e.g., low back pain, stroke).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Desmons
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Rehabilitation Department, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Theberge
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Mercier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Rehabilitation Department, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Massé-Alarie
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Rehabilitation Department, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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26
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Maurer L, Brown M, Saggi T, Cardiges A, Kolarcik CL. Hindlimb muscle representations in mouse motor cortex defined by viral tracing. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:965318. [PMID: 37303816 PMCID: PMC10248224 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.965318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Descending pathways from the cortex to the spinal cord are involved in the control of natural movement. Although mice are widely used to study the neurobiology of movement and as models of neurodegenerative disease, an understanding of motor cortical organization is lacking, particularly for hindlimb muscles. Methods In this study, we used the retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to compare the organization of descending cortical projections to fast- and slow-twitch hindlimb muscles surrounding the ankle joint in mice. Results Although the initial stage of virus transport from the soleus muscle (predominantly slow-twitch) appeared to be more rapid than that associated with the tibialis anterior muscle (predominantly fast-twitch), the rate of further transport of virus to cortical projection neurons in layer V was equivalent for the two injected muscles. After appropriate survival times, dense concentrations of layer V projection neurons were identified in three cortical areas: the primary motor cortex (M1), secondary motor cortex (M2), and primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Discussion The origin of the cortical projections to each of the two injected muscles overlapped almost entirely within these cortical areas. This organization suggests that cortical projection neurons maintain a high degree of specificity; that is, even when cortical projection neurons are closely located, each neuron could have a distinct functional role (controlling fast- versus slow-twitch and/or extensor versus flexor muscles). Our results represent an important addition to the understanding of the mouse motor system and lay the foundation for future studies investigating the mechanisms underlying motor system dysfunction and degeneration in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Maurer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maia Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tamandeep Saggi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexia Cardiges
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christi L. Kolarcik
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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27
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Trautmann EM, Hesse JK, Stine GM, Xia R, Zhu S, O'Shea DJ, Karsh B, Colonell J, Lanfranchi FF, Vyas S, Zimnik A, Steinmann NA, Wagenaar DA, Andrei A, Lopez CM, O'Callaghan J, Putzeys J, Raducanu BC, Welkenhuysen M, Churchland M, Moore T, Shadlen M, Shenoy K, Tsao D, Dutta B, Harris T. Large-scale high-density brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526664. [PMID: 37205406 PMCID: PMC10187172 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High-density, integrated silicon electrodes have begun to transform systems neuroscience, by enabling large-scale neural population recordings with single cell resolution. Existing technologies, however, have provided limited functionality in nonhuman primate species such as macaques, which offer close models of human cognition and behavior. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and performance of Neuropixels 1.0-NHP, a high channel count linear electrode array designed to enable large-scale simultaneous recording in superficial and deep structures within the macaque or other large animal brain. These devices were fabricated in two versions: 4416 electrodes along a 45 mm shank, and 2496 along a 25 mm shank. For both versions, users can programmatically select 384 channels, enabling simultaneous multi-area recording with a single probe. We demonstrate recording from over 3000 single neurons within a session, and simultaneous recordings from over 1000 neurons using multiple probes. This technology represents a significant increase in recording access and scalability relative to existing technologies, and enables new classes of experiments involving fine-grained electrophysiological characterization of brain areas, functional connectivity between cells, and simultaneous brain-wide recording at scale.
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28
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Lemon RN, Morecraft RJ. The evidence against somatotopic organization of function in the primate corticospinal tract. Brain 2023; 146:1791-1803. [PMID: 36575147 PMCID: PMC10411942 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the spatial organization of corticospinal outputs from different cortical areas and how this reflects the varied functions mediated by the corticospinal tract. A long-standing question is whether the primate corticospinal tract shows somatotopical organization. Although this has been clearly demonstrated for corticofugal outputs passing through the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle, there is accumulating evidence against somatotopy in the pyramidal tract in the lower brainstem and in the spinal course of the corticospinal tract. Answering the question on somatotopy has important consequences for understanding the effects of incomplete spinal cord injury. Our recent study in the macaque monkey, using high-resolution dextran tracers, demonstrated a great deal of intermingling of fibres originating from primary motor cortex arm/hand, shoulder and leg areas. We quantified the distribution of fibres belonging to these different projections and found no significant difference in their distribution across different subsectors of the pyramidal tract or lateral corticospinal tract, arguing against somatotopy. We further demonstrated intermingling with corticospinal outputs derived from premotor and supplementary motor arm areas. We present new evidence against somatotopy for corticospinal projections from rostral and caudal cingulate motor areas and from somatosensory areas of the parietal cortex. In the pyramidal tract and lateral corticospinal tract, fibres from the cingulate motor areas overlap with each other. Fibres from the primary somatosensory cortex arm area completely overlap those from the leg area. There is also substantial overlap of both these outputs with those from posterior parietal sensorimotor areas. We argue that the extensive intermingling of corticospinal outputs from so many different cortical regions must represent an organizational principle, closely related to its mediation of many different functions and its large range of fibre diameters. The motor sequelae of incomplete spinal injury, such as central cord syndrome and 'cruciate paralysis', include much greater deficits in upper than in lower limb movement. Current teaching and text book explanations of these symptoms are still based on a supposed corticospinal somatotopy or 'lamination', with greater vulnerability of arm and hand versus leg fibres. We suggest that such explanations should now be finally abandoned. Instead, the clinical and neurobiological implications of the complex organization of the corticospinal tract need now to be taken into consideration. This leads us to consider the evidence for a greater relative influence of the corticospinal tract on upper versus lower limb movements, the former best characterized by skilled hand and digit movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger N Lemon
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Robert J Morecraft
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Gordon EM, Chauvin RJ, Van AN, Rajesh A, Nielsen A, Newbold DJ, Lynch CJ, Seider NA, Krimmel SR, Scheidter KM, Monk J, Miller RL, Metoki A, Montez DF, Zheng A, Elbau I, Madison T, Nishino T, Myers MJ, Kaplan S, Badke D'Andrea C, Demeter DV, Feigelis M, Ramirez JSB, Xu T, Barch DM, Smyser CD, Rogers CE, Zimmermann J, Botteron KN, Pruett JR, Willie JT, Brunner P, Shimony JS, Kay BP, Marek S, Norris SA, Gratton C, Sylvester CM, Power JD, Liston C, Greene DJ, Roland JL, Petersen SE, Raichle ME, Laumann TO, Fair DA, Dosenbach NUF. A somato-cognitive action network alternates with effector regions in motor cortex. Nature 2023; 617:351-359. [PMID: 37076628 PMCID: PMC10172144 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Motor cortex (M1) has been thought to form a continuous somatotopic homunculus extending down the precentral gyrus from foot to face representations1,2, despite evidence for concentric functional zones3 and maps of complex actions4. Here, using precision functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods, we find that the classic homunculus is interrupted by regions with distinct connectivity, structure and function, alternating with effector-specific (foot, hand and mouth) areas. These inter-effector regions exhibit decreased cortical thickness and strong functional connectivity to each other, as well as to the cingulo-opercular network (CON), critical for action5 and physiological control6, arousal7, errors8 and pain9. This interdigitation of action control-linked and motor effector regions was verified in the three largest fMRI datasets. Macaque and pediatric (newborn, infant and child) precision fMRI suggested cross-species homologues and developmental precursors of the inter-effector system. A battery of motor and action fMRI tasks documented concentric effector somatotopies, separated by the CON-linked inter-effector regions. The inter-effectors lacked movement specificity and co-activated during action planning (coordination of hands and feet) and axial body movement (such as of the abdomen or eyebrows). These results, together with previous studies demonstrating stimulation-evoked complex actions4 and connectivity to internal organs10 such as the adrenal medulla, suggest that M1 is punctuated by a system for whole-body action planning, the somato-cognitive action network (SCAN). In M1, two parallel systems intertwine, forming an integrate-isolate pattern: effector-specific regions (foot, hand and mouth) for isolating fine motor control and the SCAN for integrating goals, physiology and body movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Gordon
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Roselyne J Chauvin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew N Van
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aishwarya Rajesh
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ashley Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dillan J Newbold
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole A Seider
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel R Krimmel
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristen M Scheidter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julia Monk
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryland L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Athanasia Metoki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David F Montez
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Annie Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Immanuel Elbau
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Madison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Nishino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Myers
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sydney Kaplan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carolina Badke D'Andrea
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Damion V Demeter
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Feigelis
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julian S B Ramirez
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher D Smyser
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cynthia E Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jan Zimmermann
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John R Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jon T Willie
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter Brunner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin P Kay
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott Marek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Norris
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caterina Gratton
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Chad M Sylvester
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan D Power
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Conor Liston
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deanna J Greene
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jarod L Roland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marcus E Raichle
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy O Laumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Dunlop BW, Cha J, Choi KS, Rajendra JK, Nemeroff CB, Craighead WE, Mayberg HS. Shared and Unique Changes in Brain Connectivity Among Depressed Patients After Remission With Pharmacotherapy Versus Psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:218-229. [PMID: 36651624 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to determine the shared and unique changes in brain resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between patients with major depressive disorder who achieved remission with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or with antidepressant medication. METHODS The Predictors of Remission in Depression to Individual and Combined Treatments (PReDICT) trial randomized adults with treatment-naive major depressive disorder to 12 weeks of treatment with CBT (16 1-hour sessions) or medication (duloxetine 30-60 mg/day or escitalopram 10-20 mg/day). Resting-state functional MRI scans were performed at baseline and at week 12. The primary outcome was change in the whole-brain rsFC of four seeded brain networks among participants who achieved remission. RESULTS Of the 131 completers with usable MRI data (74 female; mean age, 39.8 years), remission was achieved by 19 of 40 CBT-treated and 45 of 91 medication-treated patients. Three patterns of connectivity changes were observed. First, those who remitted with either treatment shared a pattern of reduction in rsFC between the subcallosal cingulate cortex and the motor cortex. Second, reciprocal rsFC changes were observed across multiple networks, primarily increases in CBT remitters and decreases in medication remitters. And third, in CBT remitters only, rsFC increased within the executive control network and between the executive control network and parietal attention regions. CONCLUSIONS Remission from major depression via treatment with CBT or medication is associated with changes in rsFC that are mostly specific to the treatment modality, providing biological support for the clinical practice of switching between or combining these treatment approaches. Medication is associated with broadly inhibitory effects. In CBT remitters, the increase in rsFC strength between networks involved in cognitive control and attention provides biological support for the theorized mechanism of CBT. Reducing affective network connectivity with motor systems is a shared process important for remission with both CBT and medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boadie W Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Dunlop, Craighead); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Cha, Choi, Mayberg); Scientific and Statistical Computational Core, NIMH, Bethesda (Rajendra); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta (Craighead)
| | - Jungho Cha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Dunlop, Craighead); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Cha, Choi, Mayberg); Scientific and Statistical Computational Core, NIMH, Bethesda (Rajendra); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta (Craighead)
| | - Ki Sueng Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Dunlop, Craighead); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Cha, Choi, Mayberg); Scientific and Statistical Computational Core, NIMH, Bethesda (Rajendra); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta (Craighead)
| | - Justin K Rajendra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Dunlop, Craighead); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Cha, Choi, Mayberg); Scientific and Statistical Computational Core, NIMH, Bethesda (Rajendra); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta (Craighead)
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Dunlop, Craighead); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Cha, Choi, Mayberg); Scientific and Statistical Computational Core, NIMH, Bethesda (Rajendra); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta (Craighead)
| | - W Edward Craighead
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Dunlop, Craighead); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Cha, Choi, Mayberg); Scientific and Statistical Computational Core, NIMH, Bethesda (Rajendra); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta (Craighead)
| | - Helen S Mayberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Dunlop, Craighead); Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Cha, Choi, Mayberg); Scientific and Statistical Computational Core, NIMH, Bethesda (Rajendra); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin (Nemeroff); Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta (Craighead)
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Wang Q, Zhao S, He Z, Zhang S, Jiang X, Zhang T, Liu T, Liu C, Han J. Modeling functional difference between gyri and sulci within intrinsic connectivity networks. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:933-947. [PMID: 35332916 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the functional roles of the human cortical folding patterns have attracted increasing interest in the neuroimaging community. However, most existing studies have focused on the gyro-sulcal functional relationship on a whole-brain scale but possibly overlooked the localized and subtle functional differences of brain networks. Actually, accumulating evidences suggest that functional brain networks are the basic unit to realize the brain function; thus, the functional relationships between gyri and sulci still need to be further explored within different functional brain networks. Inspired by these evidences, we proposed a novel intrinsic connectivity network (ICN)-guided pooling-trimmed convolutional neural network (I-ptFCN) to revisit the functional difference between gyri and sulci. By testing the proposed model on the task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets of the Human Connectome Project, we found that the classification accuracy of gyral and sulcal fMRI signals varied significantly for different ICNs, indicating functional heterogeneity of cortical folding patterns in different brain networks. The heterogeneity may be contributed by sulci, as only sulcal signals show heterogeneous frequency features across different ICNs, whereas the frequency features of gyri are homogeneous. These results offer novel insights into the functional difference between gyri and sulci and enlighten the functional roles of cortical folding patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Wang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Shijie Zhao
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Zhibin He
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Cortical Architecture Imaging and Discovery Lab, Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, United States
| | - Cirong Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junwei Han
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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32
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Nuara A, Bazzini MC, Cardellicchio P, Scalona E, De Marco D, Rizzolatti G, Fabbri-Destro M, Avanzini P. The value of corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition in predicting motor skill improvement driven by action observation. Neuroimage 2023; 266:119825. [PMID: 36543266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation of other's actions represents an essential element for the acquisition of motor skills. While action observation is known to induce changes in the excitability of the motor cortices, whether such modulations may explain the amount of motor improvement driven by action observation training (AOT) remains to be addressed. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we first assessed in 41 volunteers the effect of action observation on corticospinal excitability, intracortical inhibition, and transcallosal inhibition. Subsequently, half of the participants (AOT-group) were asked to observe and then execute a right-hand dexterity task, while the controls had to observe a no-action video before practicing the same task. AOT participants showed greater performance improvement relative to controls. More importantly, the amount of improvement in the AOT group was predicted by the amplitude of corticospinal modulation during action observation and, even more, by the amount of intracortical inhibition induced by action observation. These relations were specific for the AOT group, while the same patterns were not found in controls. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the efficacy of AOT in promoting motor learning is rooted in the capacity of action observation to modulate the trainee's motor system excitability, especially its intracortical inhibition. Our study not only enriches the picture of the neurophysiological effects induced by action observation onto the observer's motor excitability, but linking them to the efficacy of AOT, it also paves the way for the development of models predicting the outcome of training procedures based on the observation of other's actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Nuara
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via Volturno 39/E, Parma 43125, Italy.
| | | | - Pasquale Cardellicchio
- IIT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emilia Scalona
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via Volturno 39/E, Parma 43125, Italy; Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, Scienze Radiologiche e Sanità Pubblica (DSMC), Università degli studi di Brescia, Italia
| | - Doriana De Marco
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via Volturno 39/E, Parma 43125, Italy
| | | | | | - Pietro Avanzini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via Volturno 39/E, Parma 43125, Italy; Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Rozzano, Italy
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Abstract
The frontal lobe is crucial and contributes to controlling truncal motion, postural responses, and maintaining equilibrium and locomotion. The rich repertoire of frontal gait disorders gives some indication of this complexity. For human walking, it is necessary to simultaneously achieve at least two tasks, such as maintaining a bipedal upright posture and locomotion. Particularly, postural control plays an extremely significant role in enabling the subject to maintain stable gait behaviors to adapt to the environment. To achieve these requirements, the frontal cortex (1) uses cognitive information from the parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices, (2) creates plans and programs of gait behaviors, and (3) acts on the brainstem and spinal cord, where the core posture-gait mechanisms exist. Moreover, the frontal cortex enables one to achieve a variety of gait patterns in response to environmental changes by switching gait patterns from automatic routine to intentionally controlled and learning the new paradigms of gait strategy via networks with the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and limbic structures. This chapter discusses the role of each area of the frontal cortex in behavioral control and attempts to explain how frontal lobe controls walking with special reference to postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Takakusaki
- Department of Physiology, Division of Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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Janssen P, Isa T, Lanciego J, Leech K, Logothetis N, Poo MM, Mitchell AS. Visualizing advances in the future of primate neuroscience research. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 4:100064. [PMID: 36582401 PMCID: PMC9792703 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Future neuroscience and biomedical projects involving non-human primates (NHPs) remain essential in our endeavors to understand the complexities and functioning of the mammalian central nervous system. In so doing, the NHP neuroscience researcher must be allowed to incorporate state-of-the-art technologies, including the use of novel viral vectors, gene therapy and transgenic approaches to answer continuing and emerging research questions that can only be addressed in NHP research models. This perspective piece captures these emerging technologies and some specific research questions they can address. At the same time, we highlight some current caveats to global NHP research and collaborations including the lack of common ethical and regulatory frameworks for NHP research, the limitations involving animal transportation and exports, and the ongoing influence of activist groups opposed to NHP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Jose Lanciego
- Department Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CiberNed., Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kirk Leech
- European Animal Research Association, United Kingdom
| | - Nikos Logothetis
- International Center for Primate Brain Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu-Ming Poo
- International Center for Primate Brain Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Anna S. Mitchell
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom,Corresponding author. School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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35
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Badau D, Badau A. Optimizing Reaction Time in Relation to Manual and Foot Laterality in Children Using the Fitlight Technological Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8785. [PMID: 36433379 PMCID: PMC9694787 DOI: 10.3390/s22228785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to design and implement, in the physical and sports education process and in the motor evaluation process, a program of exercises and specific tests to optimize reaction time by using the Fitlight technological systems in relation to the manual and foot laterality of the pupils and identification of gender differences regarding the development of reaction speed. The study included 231 pupils, between 10 and 11 years old, who were divided into two groups according to gender, as follows: the male sample included 109 (97.32%) subjects, and the female sample included 103 (94.45%) participants. All subjects were identified with right manual and foot laterality. Both samples performed a specific exercise program to optimize reaction time in relation to manual and foot laterality by using Fitlight technologies. In the study, four tests were applied in order to evaluate reaction times using Fitlight, two in relation to the manual laterality and two with foot laterality, and the results were statistically processed with IBM SPPS Statistic 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Through the comparative analysis of the samples and the progress aimed at optimizing the reaction time specific to our study, it was found that the female sample recorded greater progress at the level of manual laterality, both for the right hand and for the left one, while the sample of boys recorded significant progress in terms of improving reaction time at the level of right and left foot laterality. At the foot laterality level, the results for the executions with the right foot were better in the simple test with four Fitlight spotlights in a line, and for the complex test, with eight Fitlight spotlights in a square, the results were better in the executions with the left foot. This reveals the fact that the greater the execution complexity, the better the motor prevalence on the left side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Badau
- Petru Maior Faculty of Sciences and Letters, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Adela Badau
- Petru Maior Faculty of Sciences and Letters, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
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36
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Zheng Y, You T, Du R, Zhang J, Peng T, Liang J, Zhao B, Ou H, Jiang Y, Feng H, Yilifate A, Lin Q. The Effect of Non-immersive Virtual Reality Exergames Versus Band Stretching on Cardiovascular and Cerebral Hemodynamic Response: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:902757. [PMID: 35903784 PMCID: PMC9314640 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.902757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise is one of the effective ways to improve cognition. Different forms of exercises, such as aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and coordination exercise, have different effects on the improvement of cognitive impairment. In recent years, exergames based on Non-Immersive Virtual Reality (NIVR-Exergames) have been widely used in entertainment and have gradually been applied to clinical rehabilitation. However, the mechanism of NIVR-Exergames on improving motor cognition has not been clarified. Therefore, the aim of this study is to find whether NIVR-Exergames result in a better neural response mechanism to improve the area of the cerebral cortex related to motor cognition under functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) dynamic monitoring in comparison with resistance exercise (resistance band stretching). Methods A cross-over study design was adopted in this study, and 15 healthy young subjects (18–24 years old) were randomly divided into group A (n = 8) and group B (n = 7) according to a computerized digital table method. Task 1 was an NIVR-Exergame task, and Task 2 was resistance band stretching. Group A first performed Task 1, rested for 30 min (i.e., a washout period), and then performed Task 2. Group B had the reverse order. The fNIRS test was synchronized in real time during exercise tasks, and heart rate measurements, blood pressure measurements, and 2-back task synchronization fNIRS tests were performed at baseline, Post-task 1, and Post-task 2. The primary outcomes were beta values from the general linear model (GLM) in different regions of interest (ROIs), and the secondary outcomes were heart rate, blood pressure, reaction time of 2-back, and accuracy rate of 2-back. Results The activation differences of Task 1 and Task 2 in the right premotor cortex (PMC) (P = 0.025) and the left PMC (P = 0.011) were statistically significant. There were statistically significant differences in the activation of the right supplementary motor area (SMA) (P = 0.007), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (P = 0.031), left and right PMC (P = 0.005; P = 0.002) between baseline and Post-task 1. The differences in systolic pressure (SBP) between the two groups at three time points among women were statistically significant (P1 = 0.009, P2 < 0.001, P3 = 0.044). Conclusion In this study, we found that NIVR-Exergames combined with motor and challenging cognitive tasks can promote the activation of SMA, PMC and DLPFC in healthy young people compared with resistance exercise alone, providing compelling preliminary evidence of the power for the rehabilitation of motor and cognitive function in patients with central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting You
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongwei Du
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyi Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haining Ou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchun Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiping Feng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Huiping Feng,
| | - Anniwaer Yilifate
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Anniwaer Yilifate,
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Lin,
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Usuda N, Sugawara SK, Fukuyama H, Nakazawa K, Amemiya K, Nishimura Y. Quantitative comparison of corticospinal tracts arising from different cortical areas in humans. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:30-49. [PMID: 35787428 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST), which plays a major role in the control of voluntary limb movements, arises from multiple motor- and somatosensory-related areas in monkeys. Although the cortical origin and quantitative differences in CSTs among the cortical areas are well-documented in monkeys, they are unclear in humans. We quantitatively investigated the CSTs from the cerebral cortex to the cervical cord in healthy volunteers using fiber tractography of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The corticospinal (CS) streamlines arose from nine cortical areas: primary motor area (mean ± SD = 49.71 ± 1.61%), dorsal (16.33 ± 1.37%) and ventral (11.02 ± 0.90%) premotor cortex, supplementary motor area (5.14 ± 0.36%), pre-supplementary motor area (2.46 ± 0.26%), primary somatosensory cortex (11.06 ± 0.91%), Brodmann area 5 (0.88 ± 0.09%), caudal cingulate zone (1.70 ± 0.30%), and posterior part of the rostral cingulate zone (1.70 ± 0.34%). In all cortical areas, the number of CS streamlines gradually decreased from the rostral to caudal spinal segments, but the proportion was maintained throughout the cervical cord. Over 75% of CS streamlines arose from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe, which may explain the voluntary control of dexterous and flexible limb movements in humans. (197/200 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Usuda
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Sho K Sugawara
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fukuyama
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Amemiya
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Yukio Nishimura
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Yan Y, Sobinov AR, Bensmaia SJ. Prehension kinematics in humans and macaques. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1669-1678. [PMID: 35642848 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00522.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates, especially rhesus macaques, have been a dominant model to study sensorimotor control of the upper limbs. Indeed, human and macaques have similar hands and homologous neural circuits to mediate manual behavior. However, few studies have systematically and quantitatively compared the manual behaviors of the two species. Such comparison is critical for assessing the validity of using the macaque sensorimotor system as a model of its human counterpart. In this study, we systematically compared the prehensile behaviors of humans and rhesus macaques using an identical experimental setup. We found human and macaque prehension kinematics to be generally similar with a few subtle differences. While the structure of the pre-shaping hand postures is similar in humans and macaques, human postures are more object-specific and human joints are less intercorrelated. Conversely, monkeys demonstrate more stereotypical pre-shaping behaviors that are common across all objects and more variability in their postures across repeated presentations of the same object. Despite these subtle differences in manual behavior between humans and monkeys, our results bolster the use of the macaque model to understand the neural mechanisms of manual dexterity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Yan
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anton R Sobinov
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sliman J Bensmaia
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Abstract
We examined the cortical control of a laryngeal muscle that is essential for vocalization in two monkey species that differ in their vocal motor skill. Our results suggest that enhancements in vocal skill are coupled to enlargements in the descending output from two premotor areas, ventral area 6 (area 6V) and the supplementary motor area (SMA). This result challenges the view that improvements in motor skills are due largely to changes in the output from the primary motor cortex. Marmosets display remarkable vocal motor abilities. Macaques do not. What is it about the marmoset brain that enables its skill in the vocal domain? We examined the cortical control of a laryngeal muscle that is essential for vocalization in both species. We found that, in both monkeys, multiple premotor areas in the frontal lobe along with the primary motor cortex (M1) are major sources of disynaptic drive to laryngeal motoneurons. Two of the premotor areas, ventral area 6 (area 6V) and the supplementary motor area (SMA), are a substantially larger source of descending output in marmosets. We propose that the enhanced vocal motor skills of marmosets are due, in part, to the expansion of descending output from these premotor areas.
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40
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Goldring AB, Cooke DF, Pineda CR, Recanzone GH, Krubitzer LA. Functional characterization of the fronto-parietal reaching and grasping network: reversible deactivation of M1 and areas 2, 5, and 7b in awake behaving monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1363-1387. [PMID: 35417261 PMCID: PMC9109808 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00279.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, we examined the role of different cortical fields in the fronto-parietal reaching and grasping network in awake, behaving macaque monkeys. This network is greatly expanded in primates compared to other mammals and coevolved with glabrous hands with opposable thumbs and the extraordinary dexterous behaviors employed by a number of primates, including humans. To examine this, we reversibly deactivated the primary motor area (M1), anterior parietal area 2, and posterior parietal areas 5L and 7b individually while monkeys were performing two types of reaching and grasping tasks. Reversible deactivation was accomplished with small microfluidic thermal regulators abutting specifically targeted cortical areas. Placement of these devices in the different cortical fields was confirmed post hoc in histologically processed tissue. Our results indicate that the different areas examined form a complex network of motor control that is overlapping. However, several consistent themes emerged that suggest the independent roles that motor cortex, area 2, area 7b, and area 5L play in the motor planning and execution of reaching and grasping movements. Area 5L is involved in the early stages and area 7b the later stages of a reaching and grasping movement, motor cortex is involved in all aspects of the execution of the movement, and area 2 provides proprioceptive feedback throughout the movement. We discuss our results in the context of previous studies that explored the fronto-parietal network, the overlapping (but also independent) functions of different nodes of this network, and the rapid compensatory plasticity of this network.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to directly compare the results of cooling different portions of the fronto-parietal reaching and grasping network (motor cortex, anterior and posterior parietal cortex) in the same animals and the first to employ a complex, bimanual reaching and grasping task that is ethologically relevant. Whereas cooling area 7b or area 5L evoked deficits at distinct task phases, cooling M1 evoked a general set of deficits and cooling area 2 evoked proprioceptive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Goldring
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology (BPK), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carlos R Pineda
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gregg H Recanzone
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Leah A Krubitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
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Saltão da Silva MA, Baune NA, Belagaje S, Borich MR. Clinical Imaging-Derived Metrics of Corticospinal Tract Structural Integrity Are Associated With Post-stroke Motor Outcomes: A Retrospective Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:804133. [PMID: 35250812 PMCID: PMC8893034 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.804133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to retrospectively investigate associations between clinical magnetic resonance imaging-based (MRI) metrics of corticospinal tract (CST) status and paretic upper extremity (PUE) motor recovery in patients that completed acute inpatient rehabilitation (AR) post-stroke.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal chart review of patients post-stroke who received care in the Emory University Hospital system during acute hospitalization, AR, and outpatient therapy. We extracted demographic information, stroke characteristics, and longitudinal documentation of post-stroke motor function from institutional electronic medical records. Serial assessments of paretic shoulder abduction and finger extension were estimated (E-SAFE) and an estimated Action Research Arm Test (E-ARAT) score was used to quantify 3-month PUE motor function outcome. Clinically-diagnostic MRI were used to create lesion masks that were spatially normalized and overlaid onto a white matter tract atlas delineating CST contributions emanating from six cortical seed regions to obtain the percentage of CST lesion overlap. Metric associations were investigated with correlation and cluster analyses, Kruskal-Wallis tests, classification and regression tree analysis.ResultsThirty-four patients met study eligibility criteria. All CST overlap percentages were correlated with E-ARAT however, ventral premotor tract (PMv) overlap was the only tract that remained significantly correlated after multiple comparisons adjustment. Lesion overlap percentage in CST contributions from all seed regions was significantly different between outcome categories. Using MRI metrics alone, dorsal premotor (PMd) and PMv tracts classified recovery outcome category with 79.4% accuracy. When clinical and MRI metrics were combined, AR E-SAFE, patient age, and overall CST lesion overlap classified patients with 88.2% accuracy.ConclusionsStudy findings revealed clinical MRI-derived CST lesion overlap was associated with PUE motor outcome post-stroke and that cortical projections within the CST, particularly those emanating from non-M1 cortical areas, prominently ventral premotor (PMv) and dorsal premotor (PMd) cortices, distinguished between PUE outcome groups. Exploratory predictive models using clinical MRI metrics, either alone or in combination with clinical measures, were able to accurately identify recovery outcome category for the study cohort during both the acute and early subacute phases of post-stroke recovery. Prospective studies are recommended to determine the predictive utility of including clinical imaging-based biomarkers of white matter tract structural integrity in predictive models of post-stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alice Saltão da Silva
- Neural Plasticity Research Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nathan Allen Baune
- Neural Plasticity Research Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samir Belagaje
- Departments of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael R. Borich
- Neural Plasticity Research Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael R. Borich
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Going beyond primary motor cortex to improve brain–computer interfaces. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Del Cerro P, Rodríguez-De-Lope Á, Collazos-Castro JE. The Cortical Motor System in the Domestic Pig: Origin and Termination of the Corticospinal Tract and Cortico-Brainstem Projections. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:748050. [PMID: 34790101 PMCID: PMC8591036 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.748050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of the cortical motor system and its relationship to motor repertoire in artiodactyls is for the most part unknown. We studied the origin and termination of the corticospinal tract (CST) and cortico-brainstem projections in domestic pigs. Pyramidal neurons were retrogradely labeled by injecting aminostilbamidine in the spinal segment C1. After identifying the dual origin of the porcine CST in the primary motor cortex (M1) and premotor cortex (PM), the axons descending from those regions to the spinal cord and brainstem were anterogradely labeled by unilateral injections of dextran alexa-594 in M1 and dextran alexa-488 in PM. Numerous corticospinal projections from M1 and PM were detected up to T6 spinal segment and showed a similar pattern of decussation and distribution in the white matter funiculi and the gray matter laminae. They terminated mostly on dendrites of the lateral intermediate laminae and the internal basilar nucleus, and some innervated the ventromedial laminae, but were essentially absent in lateral laminae IX. Corticofugal axons terminated predominantly ipsilaterally in the midbrain and bilaterally in the medulla oblongata. Most corticorubral projections arose from M1, whereas the mesencephalic reticular formation, superior colliculus, lateral reticular nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and raphe received abundant axonal contacts from both M1 and PM. Our data suggest that the porcine cortical motor system has some common features with that of primates and humans and may control posture and movement through parallel motor descending pathways. However, less cortical regions project to the spinal cord in pigs, and the CST neither seems to reach the lumbar enlargement nor to have a significant direct innervation of cervical, foreleg motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Del Cerro
- Neural Repair and Biomaterials Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.,Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Autonoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
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Innocenti GM, Schmidt K, Milleret C, Fabri M, Knyazeva MG, Battaglia-Mayer A, Aboitiz F, Ptito M, Caleo M, Marzi CA, Barakovic M, Lepore F, Caminiti R. The functional characterization of callosal connections. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102186. [PMID: 34780864 PMCID: PMC8752969 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functional characterization of callosal connections is informed by anatomical data. Callosal connections play a conditional driving role depending on the brain state and behavioral demands. Callosal connections play a modulatory function, in addition to a driving role. The corpus callosum participates in learning and interhemispheric transfer of sensorimotor habits. The corpus callosum contributes to language processing and cognitive functions.
The brain operates through the synaptic interaction of distant neurons within flexible, often heterogeneous, distributed systems. Histological studies have detailed the connections between distant neurons, but their functional characterization deserves further exploration. Studies performed on the corpus callosum in animals and humans are unique in that they capitalize on results obtained from several neuroscience disciplines. Such data inspire a new interpretation of the function of callosal connections and delineate a novel road map, thus paving the way toward a general theory of cortico-cortical connectivity. Here we suggest that callosal axons can drive their post-synaptic targets preferentially when coupled to other inputs endowing the cortical network with a high degree of conditionality. This might depend on several factors, such as their pattern of convergence-divergence, the excitatory and inhibitory operation mode, the range of conduction velocities, the variety of homotopic and heterotopic projections and, finally, the state-dependency of their firing. We propose that, in addition to direct stimulation of post-synaptic targets, callosal axons often play a conditional driving or modulatory role, which depends on task contingencies, as documented by several recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio M Innocenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), École Polytechnique Fédérale (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Schmidt
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Chantal Milleret
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U 1050, Label Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria G Knyazeva
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Leenaards Memory Centre and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias and Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maurice Ptito
- Harland Sanders Chair in Visual Science, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Qc, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy; CNR Neuroscience Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo A Marzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Muhamed Barakovic
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), École Polytechnique Fédérale (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franco Lepore
- Department of Psychology, Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome SAPIENZA, Rome, Italy; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
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Sobinov AR, Bensmaia SJ. The neural mechanisms of manual dexterity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:741-757. [PMID: 34711956 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hand endows us with unparalleled precision and versatility in our interactions with objects, from mundane activities such as grasping to extraordinary ones such as virtuoso pianism. The complex anatomy of the human hand combined with expansive and specialized neuronal control circuits allows a wide range of precise manual behaviours. To support these behaviours, an exquisite sensory apparatus, spanning the modalities of touch and proprioception, conveys detailed and timely information about our interactions with objects and about the objects themselves. The study of manual dexterity provides a unique lens into the sensorimotor mechanisms that endow the nervous system with the ability to flexibly generate complex behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton R Sobinov
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sliman J Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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