1
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Shakhawat AMD, Foltz JG, Nance AB, Bhateja J, Raymond JL. Systemic pharmacological suppression of neural activity reverses learning impairment in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. eLife 2024; 12:RP92543. [PMID: 38953282 PMCID: PMC11219043 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of associative synaptic plasticity often results in impaired rather than enhanced learning. Previously, we proposed that such learning impairments can result from saturation of the plasticity mechanism (Nguyen-Vu et al., 2017), or, more generally, from a history-dependent change in the threshold for plasticity. This hypothesis was based on experimental results from mice lacking two class I major histocompatibility molecules, MHCI H2-Kb and H2-Db (MHCI KbDb-/-), which have enhanced associative long-term depression at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellum (PF-Purkinje cell LTD). Here, we extend this work by testing predictions of the threshold metaplasticity hypothesis in a second mouse line with enhanced PF-Purkinje cell LTD, the Fmr1 knockout mouse model of Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Mice lacking Fmr1 gene expression in cerebellar Purkinje cells (L7-Fmr1 KO) were selectively impaired on two oculomotor learning tasks in which PF-Purkinje cell LTD has been implicated, with no impairment on LTD-independent oculomotor learning tasks. Consistent with the threshold metaplasticity hypothesis, behavioral pre-training designed to reverse LTD at the PF-Purkinje cell synapses eliminated the oculomotor learning deficit in the L7-Fmr1 KO mice, as previously reported in MHCI KbDb-/-mice. In addition, diazepam treatment to suppress neural activity and thereby limit the induction of associative LTD during the pre-training period also eliminated the learning deficits in L7-Fmr1 KO mice. These results support the hypothesis that cerebellar LTD-dependent learning is governed by an experience-dependent sliding threshold for plasticity. An increased threshold for LTD in response to elevated neural activity would tend to oppose firing rate stability, but could serve to stabilize synaptic weights and recently acquired memories. The metaplasticity perspective could inform the development of new clinical approaches for addressing learning impairments in autism and other disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin MD Shakhawat
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | | | - Adam B Nance
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jaydev Bhateja
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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2
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Garcia-Garcia MG, Kapoor A, Akinwale O, Takemaru L, Kim TH, Paton C, Litwin-Kumar A, Schnitzer MJ, Luo L, Wagner MJ. A cerebellar granule cell-climbing fiber computation to learn to track long time intervals. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00366-0. [PMID: 38870929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In classical cerebellar learning, Purkinje cells (PkCs) associate climbing fiber (CF) error signals with predictive granule cells (GrCs) that were active just prior (∼150 ms). The cerebellum also contributes to behaviors characterized by longer timescales. To investigate how GrC-CF-PkC circuits might learn seconds-long predictions, we imaged simultaneous GrC-CF activity over days of forelimb operant conditioning for delayed water reward. As mice learned reward timing, numerous GrCs developed anticipatory activity ramping at different rates until reward delivery, followed by widespread time-locked CF spiking. Relearning longer delays further lengthened GrC activations. We computed CF-dependent GrC→PkC plasticity rules, demonstrating that reward-evoked CF spikes sufficed to grade many GrC synapses by anticipatory timing. We predicted and confirmed that PkCs could thereby continuously ramp across seconds-long intervals from movement to reward. Learning thus leads to new GrC temporal bases linking predictors to remote CF reward signals-a strategy well suited for learning to track the long intervals common in cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha G Garcia-Garcia
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Akash Kapoor
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Oluwatobi Akinwale
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Lina Takemaru
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Tony Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Casey Paton
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Ashok Litwin-Kumar
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Wagner
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
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3
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Silva NT, Ramírez-Buriticá J, Pritchett DL, Carey MR. Climbing fibers provide essential instructive signals for associative learning. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:940-951. [PMID: 38565684 PMCID: PMC11088996 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Supervised learning depends on instructive signals that shape the output of neural circuits to support learned changes in behavior. Climbing fiber (CF) inputs to the cerebellar cortex represent one of the strongest candidates in the vertebrate brain for conveying neural instructive signals. However, recent studies have shown that Purkinje cell stimulation can also drive cerebellar learning and the relative importance of these two neuron types in providing instructive signals for cerebellum-dependent behaviors remains unresolved. In the present study we used cell-type-specific perturbations of various cerebellar circuit elements to systematically evaluate their contributions to delay eyeblink conditioning in mice. Our findings reveal that, although optogenetic stimulation of either CFs or Purkinje cells can drive learning under some conditions, even subtle reductions in CF signaling completely block learning to natural stimuli. We conclude that CFs and corresponding Purkinje cell complex spike events provide essential instructive signals for associative cerebellar learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tatiana Silva
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Dominique L Pritchett
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Biology Department, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Megan R Carey
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
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4
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Shao Z, Tan Y, Zhan Y, He L. Modular organization of functional brain networks in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8593. [PMID: 38615051 PMCID: PMC11016091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that brain functional plasticity and reorganization in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). However, the effects of cervical cord compression on the functional integration and separation between and/or within modules remain unclear. This study aimed to address these questions using graph theory. Functional MRI was conducted on 46 DCM patients and 35 healthy controls (HCs). The intra- and inter-modular connectivity properties of the whole-brain functional network and nodal topological properties were then calculated using theoretical graph analysis. The difference in categorical variables between groups was compared using a chi-squared test, while that between continuous variables was evaluated using a two-sample t-test. Correlation analysis was conducted between modular connectivity properties and clinical parameters. Modules interaction analyses showed that the DCM group had significantly greater inter-module connections than the HCs group (DMN-FPN: t = 2.38, p = 0.02); inversely, the DCM group had significantly lower intra-module connections than the HCs group (SMN: t = - 2.13, p = 0.036). Compared to HCs, DCM patients exhibited higher nodal topological properties in the default-mode network and frontal-parietal network. In contrast, DCM patients exhibited lower nodal topological properties in the sensorimotor network. The Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score was positively correlated with inter-module connections (r = 0.330, FDR p = 0.029) but not correlated with intra-module connections. This study reported alterations in modular connections and nodal centralities in DCM patients. Decreased nodal topological properties and intra-modular connection in the sensory-motor regions may indicate sensory-motor dysfunction. Additionally, increased nodal topological properties and inter-modular connection in the default mode network and frontal-parietal network may serve as a compensatory mechanism for sensory-motor dysfunction in DCM patients. This could provide an implicative neural basis to better understand alterations in brain networks and the patterns of changes in brain plasticity in DCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Shao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging In Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongming Tan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging In Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Yaru Zhan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging In Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Laichang He
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging In Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.
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5
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Shakhawat AM, Foltz JG, Nance AB, Bhateja J, Raymond JL. Systemic pharmacological suppression of neural activity reverses learning impairment in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.05.561013. [PMID: 37873217 PMCID: PMC10592955 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.05.561013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of associative synaptic plasticity often results in impaired rather than enhanced learning. Previously, we proposed that such learning impairments can result from saturation of the plasticity mechanism (Nguyen-Vu et al., 2017), or, more generally, from a history-dependent change in the threshold for plasticity. This hypothesis was based on experimental results from mice lacking two class I major histocompatibility molecules, MHCI H2-Kb and H2Db (MH-CI KbDb-/-), which have enhanced associative long-term depression at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellum (PF-Purkinje cell LTD). Here, we extend this work by testing predictions of the threshold metaplasticity hypothesis in a second mouse line with enhanced PF-Purkinje cell LTD, the Fmr1 knockout mouse model of Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Mice lacking Fmr1 gene expression in cerebellar Purkinje cells (L7-Fmr1 KO) were selectively impaired on two oculomotor learning tasks in which PF-Purkinje cell LTD has been implicated, with no impairment on LTD-independent oculomotor learning tasks. Consistent with the threshold metaplasticity hypothesis, behavioral pre-training designed to reverse LTD at the PF-Purkinje cell synapses eliminated the oculomotor learning deficit in the L7-Fmr1 KO mice, as previously reported in MHCI KbDb-/-mice. In addition, diazepam treatment to suppress neural activity and thereby limit the induction of associative LTD during the pre-training period also eliminated the learning deficits in L7-Fmr1 KO mice. These results support the hypothesis that cerebellar LTD-dependent learning is governed by an experience-dependent sliding threshold for plasticity. An increased threshold for LTD in response to elevated neural activity would tend to oppose firing rate stability, but could serve to stabilize synaptic weights and recently acquired memories. The metaplasticity perspective could inform the development of new clinical approaches for addressing learning impairments in autism and other disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Md Shakhawat
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5125
| | - Jacqueline G Foltz
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5125
| | | | - Jaydev Bhateja
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5125
| | - Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5125
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6
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Fleming EA, Field GD, Tadross MR, Hull C. Local synaptic inhibition mediates cerebellar granule cell pattern separation and enables learned sensorimotor associations. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:689-701. [PMID: 38321293 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellar cortex has a key role in generating predictive sensorimotor associations. To do so, the granule cell layer is thought to establish unique sensorimotor representations for learning. However, how this is achieved and how granule cell population responses contribute to behavior have remained unclear. To address these questions, we have used in vivo calcium imaging and granule cell-specific pharmacological manipulation of synaptic inhibition in awake, behaving mice. These experiments indicate that inhibition sparsens and thresholds sensory responses, limiting overlap between sensory ensembles and preventing spiking in many granule cells that receive excitatory input. Moreover, inhibition can be recruited in a stimulus-specific manner to powerfully decorrelate multisensory ensembles. Consistent with these results, granule cell inhibition is required for accurate cerebellum-dependent sensorimotor behavior. These data thus reveal key mechanisms for granule cell layer pattern separation beyond those envisioned by classical models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg D Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Tadross
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA.
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7
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Bhasin BJ, Raymond JL, Goldman MS. Synaptic weight dynamics underlying systems consolidation of a memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.586036. [PMID: 38585936 PMCID: PMC10996481 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.586036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Systems consolidation is a common feature of learning and memory systems, in which a long-term memory initially stored in one brain region becomes persistently stored in another region. We studied the dynamics of systems consolidation in simple circuit architectures modeling core features of many memory systems: an early- and late-learning brain region and two sites of plasticity. We show that the synaptic dynamics of the circuit during consolidation of an analog memory can be understood as a temporal integration process, by which transient changes in activity driven by plasticity in the early-learning area are accumulated into persistent synaptic changes at the late-learning site. This simple principle leads to two constraints on the circuit operation for consolidation to be implemented successfully. First, the plasticity rule at the late-learning site must stably support a continuum of possible outputs for a given input. We show that this is readily achieved by heterosynaptic but not standard Hebbian rules, that it naturally leads to a speed-accuracy tradeoff in systems consolidation, and that it provides a concrete circuit instantiation for how systems consolidation solves the stability-plasticity dilemma. Second, to turn off the consolidation process and prevent erroneous changes at the late-learning site, neural activity in the early-learning area must be reset to its baseline activity. We propose two biologically plausible implementations for this reset that suggest novel roles for core elements of the cerebellar circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Bhasin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark S Goldman
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, and Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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8
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Sendhilnathan N, Bostan AC, Strick PL, Goldberg ME. A cerebro-cerebellar network for learning visuomotor associations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2519. [PMID: 38514616 PMCID: PMC10957870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Consensus is rapidly building to support a role for the cerebellum beyond motor function, but its contributions to non-motor learning remain poorly understood. Here, we provide behavioral, anatomical and computational evidence to demonstrate a causal role for the primate posterior lateral cerebellum in learning new visuomotor associations. Reversible inactivation of the posterior lateral cerebellum of male monkeys impeded the learning of new visuomotor associations, but had no effect on movement parameters, or on well-practiced performance of the same task. Using retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus, we identified a distinct cerebro-cerebellar network linking Purkinje cells in the posterior lateral cerebellum with a region of the prefrontal cortex that is critical in learning visuomotor associations. Together, these results demonstrate a causal role for the primate posterior lateral cerebellum in non-motor, reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sendhilnathan
- Doctoral program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andreea C Bostan
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, and Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Peter L Strick
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, and Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael E Goldberg
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Dept. of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Palacios ER, Chadderton P, Friston K, Houghton C. Cerebellar state estimation enables resilient coupling across behavioural domains. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6641. [PMID: 38503802 PMCID: PMC10951354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar computations are necessary for fine behavioural control and may rely on internal models for estimation of behaviourally relevant states. Here, we propose that the central cerebellar function is to estimate how states interact with each other, and to use these estimates to coordinates extra-cerebellar neuronal dynamics underpinning a range of interconnected behaviours. To support this claim, we describe a cerebellar model for state estimation that includes state interactions, and link this model with the neuronal architecture and dynamics observed empirically. This is formalised using the free energy principle, which provides a dual perspective on a system in terms of both the dynamics of its physical-in this case neuronal-states, and the inferential process they entail. As a demonstration of this proposal, we simulate cerebellar-dependent synchronisation of whisking and respiration, which are known to be tightly coupled in rodents, as well as limb and tail coordination during locomotion. In summary, we propose that the ubiquitous involvement of the cerebellum in behaviour arises from its central role in precisely coupling behavioural domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensor Rafael Palacios
- University of Bristol, School of Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Paul Chadderton
- University of Bristol, School of Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Karl Friston
- UCL, Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Conor Houghton
- University of Bristol, Department of Computer Science, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
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10
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Gilbert M, Rasmussen A. Gap Junctions May Have A Computational Function In The Cerebellum: A Hypothesis. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01680-3. [PMID: 38499814 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In the cerebellum, granule cells make parallel fibre contact on (and excite) Golgi cells and Golgi cells inhibit granule cells, forming an open feedback loop. Parallel fibres excite Golgi cells synaptically, each making a single contact. Golgi cells inhibit granule cells in a structure called a glomerulus almost exclusively by GABA spillover acting through extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. Golgi cells are connected dendritically by gap junctions. It has long been suspected that feedback contributes to homeostatic regulation of parallel fibre signals activity, causing the fraction of the population that are active to be maintained at a low level. We present a detailed neurophysiological and computationally-rendered model of functionally grouped Golgi cells which can infer the density of parallel fibre signals activity and convert it into proportional modulation of inhibition of granule cells. The conversion is unlearned and not actively computed; rather, output is simply the computational effect of cell morphology and network architecture. Unexpectedly, the conversion becomes more precise at low density, suggesting that self-regulation is attracted to sparse code, because it is stable. A computational function of gap junctions may not be confined to the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Gilbert
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Anders Rasmussen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC F10, 22184, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Payne HL, Raymond JL, Goldman MS. Interactions between circuit architecture and plasticity in a closed-loop cerebellar system. eLife 2024; 13:e84770. [PMID: 38451856 PMCID: PMC10919899 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining the sites and directions of plasticity underlying changes in neural activity and behavior is critical for understanding mechanisms of learning. Identifying such plasticity from neural recording data can be challenging due to feedback pathways that impede reasoning about cause and effect. We studied interactions between feedback, neural activity, and plasticity in the context of a closed-loop motor learning task for which there is disagreement about the loci and directions of plasticity: vestibulo-ocular reflex learning. We constructed a set of circuit models that differed in the strength of their recurrent feedback, from no feedback to very strong feedback. Despite these differences, each model successfully fit a large set of neural and behavioral data. However, the patterns of plasticity predicted by the models fundamentally differed, with the direction of plasticity at a key site changing from depression to potentiation as feedback strength increased. Guided by our analysis, we suggest how such models can be experimentally disambiguated. Our results address a long-standing debate regarding cerebellum-dependent motor learning, suggesting a reconciliation in which learning-related changes in the strength of synaptic inputs to Purkinje cells are compatible with seemingly oppositely directed changes in Purkinje cell spiking activity. More broadly, these results demonstrate how changes in neural activity over learning can appear to contradict the sign of the underlying plasticity when either internal feedback or feedback through the environment is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Payne
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Mark S Goldman
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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12
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Ford AN, Czarny JE, Rogalla MM, Quass GL, Apostolides PF. Auditory Corticofugal Neurons Transmit Auditory and Non-auditory Information During Behavior. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1190232023. [PMID: 38123993 PMCID: PMC10869159 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1190-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Layer 5 pyramidal neurons of sensory cortices project "corticofugal" axons to myriad sub-cortical targets, thereby broadcasting high-level signals important for perception and learning. Recent studies suggest dendritic Ca2+ spikes as key biophysical mechanisms supporting corticofugal neuron function: these long-lasting events drive burst firing, thereby initiating uniquely powerful signals to modulate sub-cortical representations and trigger learning-related plasticity. However, the behavioral relevance of corticofugal dendritic spikes is poorly understood. We shed light on this issue using 2-photon Ca2+ imaging of auditory corticofugal dendrites as mice of either sex engage in a GO/NO-GO sound-discrimination task. Unexpectedly, only a minority of dendritic spikes were triggered by behaviorally relevant sounds under our conditions. Task related dendritic activity instead mostly followed sound cue termination and co-occurred with mice's instrumental licking during the answer period of behavioral trials, irrespective of reward consumption. Temporally selective, optogenetic silencing of corticofugal neurons during the trial answer period impaired auditory discrimination learning. Thus, auditory corticofugal systems' contribution to learning and plasticity may be partially nonsensory in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Ford
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jordyn E Czarny
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Meike M Rogalla
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gunnar L Quass
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Pierre F Apostolides
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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13
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Ohmae K, Ohmae S. Emergence of syntax and word prediction in an artificial neural circuit of the cerebellum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:927. [PMID: 38296954 PMCID: PMC10831061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum, interconnected with the cerebral neocortex, plays a vital role in human-characteristic cognition such as language processing, however, knowledge about the underlying circuit computation of the cerebellum remains very limited. To gain a better understanding of the computation underlying cerebellar language processing, we developed a biologically constrained cerebellar artificial neural network (cANN) model, which implements the recently identified cerebello-cerebellar recurrent pathway. We found that while cANN acquires prediction of future words, another function of syntactic recognition emerges in the middle layer of the prediction circuit. The recurrent pathway of the cANN was essential for the two language functions, whereas cANN variants with further biological constraints preserved these functions. Considering the uniform structure of cerebellar circuitry across all functional domains, the single-circuit computation, which is the common basis of the two language functions, can be generalized to fundamental cerebellar functions of prediction and grammar-like rule extraction from sequences, that underpin a wide range of cerebellar motor and cognitive functions. This is a pioneering study to understand the circuit computation of human-characteristic cognition using biologically-constrained ANNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ohmae
- Neuroscience Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, China
| | - Shogo Ohmae
- Neuroscience Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, China.
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14
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Carey MR. The cerebellum. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R7-R11. [PMID: 38194930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum, that stripey 'little brain', sits at the back of your head, under your visual cortex, and contains more than half of the neurons in your entire nervous system. The cerebellum is highly conserved across vertebrates, and its evolutionary expansion has tended to proceed in concert with expansion of cerebral cortex. The crystalline neuronal architecture of the cerebellar cortex was first described by Cajal a century ago, and its functional connectivity was elucidated in exquisite anatomical and physiological detail by the mid-20th century. The ability to clearly identify molecularly distinct cerebellar cell types that constitute discrete circuit elements is perhaps unparalleled among brain areas, even within the context of modern circuit neuroscience. Although traditionally thought of as primarily a motor structure, the cerebellum is highly interconnected with diverse brain areas and, as I will explain in this Primer, is well-poised to influence a wide range of motor and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Carey
- Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Bruel A, Abadía I, Collin T, Sakr I, Lorach H, Luque NR, Ros E, Ijspeert A. The spinal cord facilitates cerebellar upper limb motor learning and control; inputs from neuromusculoskeletal simulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011008. [PMID: 38166093 PMCID: PMC10786408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions between brain regions and the spinal cord (SC) govern body motion, which is ultimately driven by muscle activation. Motor planning or learning are mainly conducted at higher brain regions, whilst the SC acts as a brain-muscle gateway and as a motor control centre providing fast reflexes and muscle activity regulation. Thus, higher brain areas need to cope with the SC as an inherent and evolutionary older part of the body dynamics. Here, we address the question of how SC dynamics affects motor learning within the cerebellum; in particular, does the SC facilitate cerebellar motor learning or constitute a biological constraint? We provide an exploratory framework by integrating biologically plausible cerebellar and SC computational models in a musculoskeletal upper limb control loop. The cerebellar model, equipped with the main form of cerebellar plasticity, provides motor adaptation; whilst the SC model implements stretch reflex and reciprocal inhibition between antagonist muscles. The resulting spino-cerebellar model is tested performing a set of upper limb motor tasks, including external perturbation studies. A cerebellar model, lacking the implemented SC model and directly controlling the simulated muscles, was also tested in the same. The performances of the spino-cerebellar and cerebellar models were then compared, thus allowing directly addressing the SC influence on cerebellar motor adaptation and learning, and on handling external motor perturbations. Performance was assessed in both joint and muscle space, and compared with kinematic and EMG recordings from healthy participants. The differences in cerebellar synaptic adaptation between both models were also studied. We conclude that the SC facilitates cerebellar motor learning; when the SC circuits are in the loop, faster convergence in motor learning is achieved with simpler cerebellar synaptic weight distributions. The SC is also found to improve robustness against external perturbations, by better reproducing and modulating muscle cocontraction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bruel
- Biorobotics Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ignacio Abadía
- Research Centre for Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Computer Engineering, Automation and Robotics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Icare Sakr
- NeuroRestore, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Niceto R. Luque
- Research Centre for Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Computer Engineering, Automation and Robotics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ros
- Research Centre for Information and Communication Technologies, Department of Computer Engineering, Automation and Robotics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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Nicholas J, Amlang C, Lin CYR, Montaser-Kouhsari L, Desai N, Pan MK, Kuo SH, Shohamy D. The Role of the Cerebellum in Learning to Predict Reward: Evidence from Cerebellar Ataxia. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023:10.1007/s12311-023-01633-2. [PMID: 38066397 PMCID: PMC11161554 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent findings in animals have challenged the traditional view of the cerebellum solely as the site of motor control, suggesting that the cerebellum may also be important for learning to predict reward from trial-and-error feedback. Yet, evidence for the role of the cerebellum in reward learning in humans is lacking. Moreover, open questions remain about which specific aspects of reward learning the cerebellum may contribute to. Here we address this gap through an investigation of multiple forms of reward learning in individuals with cerebellum dysfunction, represented by cerebellar ataxia cases. Nineteen participants with cerebellar ataxia and 57 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed two separate tasks that required learning about reward contingencies from trial-and-error. To probe the selectivity of reward learning processes, the tasks differed in their underlying structure: while one task measured incremental reward learning ability alone, the other allowed participants to use an alternative learning strategy based on episodic memory alongside incremental reward learning. We found that individuals with cerebellar ataxia were profoundly impaired at reward learning from trial-and-error feedback on both tasks, but retained the ability to learn to predict reward based on episodic memory. These findings provide evidence from humans for a specific and necessary role for the cerebellum in incremental learning of reward associations based on reinforcement. More broadly, the findings suggest that alongside its role in motor learning, the cerebellum likely operates in concert with the basal ganglia to support reinforcement learning from reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nicholas
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, Quad 3D, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Christian Amlang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W. 168th St, Rm 305, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chi-Ying R Lin
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Natasha Desai
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W. 168th St, Rm 305, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W. 168th St, Rm 305, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daphna Shohamy
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, Quad 3D, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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De Zeeuw CI, Koppen J, Bregman GG, Runge M, Narain D. Heterogeneous encoding of temporal stimuli in the cerebellar cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7581. [PMID: 37989740 PMCID: PMC10663630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Local feedforward and recurrent connectivity are rife in the frontal areas of the cerebral cortex, which gives rise to rich heterogeneous dynamics observed in such areas. Recently, similar local connectivity motifs have been discovered among Purkinje and molecular layer interneurons of the cerebellar cortex, however, task-related activity in these neurons has often been associated with relatively simple facilitation and suppression dynamics. Here, we show that the rodent cerebellar cortex supports heterogeneity in task-related neuronal activity at a scale similar to the cerebral cortex. We provide a computational model that inculcates recent anatomical insights into local microcircuit motifs to show the putative basis for such heterogeneity. We also use cell-type specific chronic viral lesions to establish the involvement of cerebellar lobules in associative learning behaviors. Functional heterogeneity in neuronal profiles may not merely be the remit of the associative cerebral cortex, similar principles may be at play in subcortical areas, even those with seemingly crystalline and homogenous cytoarchitectures like the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julius Koppen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George G Bregman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Runge
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Devika Narain
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Rudolph S, Badura A, Lutzu S, Pathak SS, Thieme A, Verpeut JL, Wagner MJ, Yang YM, Fioravante D. Cognitive-Affective Functions of the Cerebellum. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7554-7564. [PMID: 37940582 PMCID: PMC10634583 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1451-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum, traditionally associated with motor coordination and balance, also plays a crucial role in various aspects of higher-order function and dysfunction. Emerging research has shed light on the cerebellum's broader contributions to cognitive, emotional, and reward processes. The cerebellum's influence on autonomic function further highlights its significance in regulating motivational and emotional states. Perturbations in cerebellar development and function have been implicated in various neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. An increasing appreciation for neuropsychiatric symptoms that arise from cerebellar dysfunction underscores the importance of elucidating the circuit mechanisms that underlie complex interactions between the cerebellum and other brain regions for a comprehensive understanding of complex behavior. By briefly discussing new advances in mapping cerebellar function in affective, cognitive, autonomic, and social processing and reviewing the role of the cerebellum in neuropathology beyond the motor domain, this Mini-Symposium review aims to provide a broad perspective of cerebellar intersections with the limbic brain in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rudolph
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461
| | - Aleksandra Badura
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Lutzu
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461
| | - Salil Saurav Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota 55812
| | - Andreas Thieme
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, Essen, D-45147, Germany
| | - Jessica L Verpeut
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Mark J Wagner
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Yi-Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota 55812
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Diasynou Fioravante
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95618
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95618
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19
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Zang Y, De Schutter E. Recent data on the cerebellum require new models and theories. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102765. [PMID: 37591124 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum has been a popular topic for theoretical studies because its structure was thought to be simple. Since David Marr and James Albus related its function to motor skill learning and proposed the Marr-Albus cerebellar learning model, this theory has guided and inspired cerebellar research. In this review, we summarize the theoretical progress that has been made within this framework of error-based supervised learning. We discuss the experimental progress that demonstrates more complicated molecular and cellular mechanisms in the cerebellum as well as new cell types and recurrent connections. We also cover its involvement in diverse non-motor functions and evidence of other forms of learning. Finally, we highlight the need to explain these new experimental findings into an integrated cerebellar model that can unify its diverse computational functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Erik De Schutter
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan. https://twitter.com/DeschutterOIST
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20
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Quass GL, Rogalla MM, Ford AN, Apostolides PF. Mixed representations of sound and action in the auditory midbrain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.19.558449. [PMID: 37786676 PMCID: PMC10541616 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.19.558449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Linking sensory input and its consequences is a fundamental brain operation. Accordingly, neural activity of neo-cortical and limbic systems often reflects dynamic combinations of sensory and behaviorally relevant variables, and these "mixed representations" are suggested to be important for perception, learning, and plasticity. However, the extent to which such integrative computations might occur in brain regions upstream of the forebrain is less clear. Here, we conduct cellular-resolution 2-photon Ca2+ imaging in the superficial "shell" layers of the inferior colliculus (IC), as head-fixed mice of either sex perform a reward-based psychometric auditory task. We find that the activity of individual shell IC neurons jointly reflects auditory cues and mice's actions, such that trajectories of neural population activity diverge depending on mice's behavioral choice. Consequently, simple classifier models trained on shell IC neuron activity can predict trial-by-trial outcomes, even when training data are restricted to neural activity occurring prior to mice's instrumental actions. Thus in behaving animals, auditory midbrain neurons transmit a population code that reflects a joint representation of sound and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- GL Quass
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - MM Rogalla
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - AN Ford
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - PF Apostolides
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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21
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Ikezoe K, Hidaka N, Manita S, Murakami M, Tsutsumi S, Isomura Y, Kano M, Kitamura K. Cerebellar climbing fibers multiplex movement and reward signals during a voluntary movement task in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:924. [PMID: 37689776 PMCID: PMC10492837 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar climbing fibers convey sensorimotor information and their errors, which are used for motor control and learning. Furthermore, they represent reward-related information. Despite such functional diversity of climbing fiber signals, it is still unclear whether each climbing fiber conveys the information of single or multiple modalities and how the climbing fibers conveying different information are distributed over the cerebellar cortex. Here we perform two-photon calcium imaging from cerebellar Purkinje cells in mice engaged in a voluntary forelimb lever-pull task and demonstrate that climbing fiber responses in 68% of Purkinje cells can be explained by the combination of multiple behavioral variables such as lever movement, licking, and reward delivery. Neighboring Purkinje cells exhibit similar climbing fiber response properties, form functional clusters, and share noise fluctuations of responses. Taken together, individual climbing fibers convey behavioral information on multiplex variables and are spatially organized into the functional modules of the cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ikezoe
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hidaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Manita
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Murakami
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Multi-scale Biological Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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22
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Nashwan AJ. A New Era in Cardiometabolic Management: Unlocking the Potential of Artificial Intelligence for Improved Patient Outcomes. Endocr Pract 2023; 29:743-745. [PMID: 37328103 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulqadir J Nashwan
- Nursing Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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23
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Ibrahimi D, Aviles M, Rodríguez-Reséndiz J. The Impact of the Test Dissociation on the Binocular Balance of Children. Clin Pract 2023; 13:977-993. [PMID: 37623269 PMCID: PMC10453251 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract13040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE this research compared the dissociated phoria at near and distance fixation in free space using the Howell test, alternate Cover test, and Thorington test. METHODS 220 healthy Mexican children (mean age 8.3±2.5 years) participated in this study. Phorias were quantified at both distances using each test, from the least to the most disruptive. The stereopsis degree and near point of convergence (break/recovery) were analyzed to understand their role in the visual system's sensorimotor balance. RESULTS statistically significant differences were found among techniques, with a higher congruence for the EF. However, only the Howell and Thorington tests can be interchanged. The break value and near exophoria relate to each other and affect the stereopsis degree, whereas age is associated with the stereopsis degree and break value. CONCLUSIONS the three techniques cannot be interchanged except for the Howell and Thorington test for the EF at far. The differences in the mode of dissociation could relate to the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danjela Ibrahimi
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico;
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76176, Mexico
| | - Marcos Aviles
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico;
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24
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Wallach A, Sawtell NB. An internal model for canceling self-generated sensory input in freely behaving electric fish. Neuron 2023; 111:2570-2582.e5. [PMID: 37321221 PMCID: PMC10524831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Internal models that predict the sensory consequences of motor actions are vital for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. However, the relationship between motor action and sensory input is complex, often varying from one moment to another depending on the state of the animal and the environment. The neural mechanisms for generating predictions under such challenging, real-world conditions remain largely unknown. Using novel methods for underwater neural recording, a quantitative analysis of unconstrained behavior, and computational modeling, we provide evidence for an unexpectedly sophisticated internal model at the first stage of active electrosensory processing in mormyrid fish. Closed-loop manipulations reveal that electrosensory lobe neurons are capable of simultaneously learning and storing multiple predictions of the sensory consequences of motor commands specific to different sensory states. These results provide mechanistic insights into how internal motor signals and information about the sensory environment are combined within a cerebellum-like circuitry to predict the sensory consequences of natural behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Wallach
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Nathaniel B Sawtell
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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25
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Zhang K, Yang Z, Gaffield MA, Gross GG, Arnold DB, Christie JM. Molecular layer disinhibition unlocks climbing-fiber-instructed motor learning in the cerebellum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.04.552059. [PMID: 38654827 PMCID: PMC11037867 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.552059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Climbing fibers supervise cerebellar learning by providing signals to Purkinje cells (PCs) that instruct adaptive changes to mistakenly performed movements. Yet, climbing fibers are regularly active, even during well performed movements, suggesting that a mechanism dynamically regulates the ability of climbing fibers to induce corrective plasticity in response to motor errors. We found that molecular layer interneurons (MLIs), whose inhibition of PCs powerfully opposes climbing-fiber-mediated excitation, serve this function. Optogenetically suppressing the activity of floccular MLIs in mice during the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) induces a learned increase in gain despite the absence of performance errors. Suppressing MLIs when the VOR is mistakenly underperformed reveled that their inhibitory output is necessary to orchestrate gain-increase learning by conditionally permitting climbing fibers to instruct plasticity induction during ipsiversive head turns. Ablation of an MLI circuit for PC disinhibition prevents gain-increase learning during VOR performance errors which was rescued by re-imposing PC disinhibition through MLI activity suppression. Our findings point to a decisive role for MLIs in gating climbing-fiber-mediated learning through their context-dependent inhibition of PCs.
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26
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Wang X, Liu Z, Angelov M, Feng Z, Li X, Li A, Yang Y, Gong H, Gao Z. Excitatory nucleo-olivary pathway shapes cerebellar outputs for motor control. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1394-1406. [PMID: 37474638 PMCID: PMC10400430 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The brain generates predictive motor commands to control the spatiotemporal precision of high-velocity movements. Yet, how the brain organizes automated internal feedback to coordinate the kinematics of such fast movements is unclear. Here we unveil a unique nucleo-olivary loop in the cerebellum and its involvement in coordinating high-velocity movements. Activating the excitatory nucleo-olivary pathway induces well-timed internal feedback complex spike signals in Purkinje cells to shape cerebellar outputs. Anatomical tracing reveals extensive axonal collaterals from the excitatory nucleo-olivary neurons to downstream motor regions, supporting integration of motor output and internal feedback signals within the cerebellum. This pathway directly drives saccades and head movements with a converging direction, while curtailing their amplitude and velocity via the powerful internal feedback mechanism. Our finding challenges the long-standing dogma that the cerebellum inhibits the inferior olivary pathway and provides a new circuit mechanism for the cerebellar control of high-velocity movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Milen Angelov
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhao Feng
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Anan Li
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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27
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Masselink J, Cheviet A, Froment-Tilikete C, Pélisson D, Lappe M. A triple distinction of cerebellar function for oculomotor learning and fatigue compensation. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011322. [PMID: 37540726 PMCID: PMC10456158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum implements error-based motor learning via synaptic gain adaptation of an inverse model, i.e. the mapping of a spatial movement goal onto a motor command. Recently, we modeled the motor and perceptual changes during learning of saccadic eye movements, showing that learning is actually a threefold process. Besides motor recalibration of (1) the inverse model, learning also comprises perceptual recalibration of (2) the visuospatial target map and (3) of a forward dynamics model that estimates the saccade size from corollary discharge. Yet, the site of perceptual recalibration remains unclear. Here we dissociate cerebellar contributions to the three stages of learning by modeling the learning data of eight cerebellar patients and eight healthy controls. Results showed that cerebellar pathology restrains short-term recalibration of the inverse model while the forward dynamics model is well informed about the reduced saccade change. Adaptation of the visuospatial target map trended in learning direction only in control subjects, yet without reaching significance. Moreover, some patients showed a tendency for uncompensated oculomotor fatigue caused by insufficient upregulation of saccade duration. According to our model, this could induce long-term perceptual compensation, consistent with the overestimation of target eccentricity found in the patients' baseline data. We conclude that the cerebellum mediates short-term adaptation of the inverse model, especially by control of saccade duration, while the forward dynamics model was not affected by cerebellar pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Masselink
- Institute for Psychology & Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexis Cheviet
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex, France
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Froment-Tilikete
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon—Pierre-Wertheimer Hospital, Neuro-Ophtalmology Unit, Bron cedex, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron cedex, France
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology & Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Jeon I, Kim T. Distinctive properties of biological neural networks and recent advances in bottom-up approaches toward a better biologically plausible neural network. Front Comput Neurosci 2023; 17:1092185. [PMID: 37449083 PMCID: PMC10336230 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1092185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it may appear infeasible and impractical, building artificial intelligence (AI) using a bottom-up approach based on the understanding of neuroscience is straightforward. The lack of a generalized governing principle for biological neural networks (BNNs) forces us to address this problem by converting piecemeal information on the diverse features of neurons, synapses, and neural circuits into AI. In this review, we described recent attempts to build a biologically plausible neural network by following neuroscientifically similar strategies of neural network optimization or by implanting the outcome of the optimization, such as the properties of single computational units and the characteristics of the network architecture. In addition, we proposed a formalism of the relationship between the set of objectives that neural networks attempt to achieve, and neural network classes categorized by how closely their architectural features resemble those of BNN. This formalism is expected to define the potential roles of top-down and bottom-up approaches for building a biologically plausible neural network and offer a map helping the navigation of the gap between neuroscience and AI engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taegon Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Al-Fawakhiri N, Ma A, Taylor JA, Kim OA. Exploring the role of task success in implicit motor adaptation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526533. [PMID: 36778277 PMCID: PMC9915693 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We learn to improve our motor skills using different forms of feedback: sensory-prediction error, task success, and reward/punishment. While implicit motor adaptation is driven by sensory-prediction errors, recent work has shown that task success modulates this process. Task success is often confounded with reward, so we sought to determine if the effects of these two signals on adaptation can be dissociated. To address this question, we conducted five experiments that isolated implicit learning using error-clamp visuomotor reach adaptation paradigms. Task success was manipulated by changing the size and position of the target relative to the cursor providing visual feedback, and reward expectation was established using monetary cues and auditory feedback. We found that neither monetary cues nor auditory feedback affected implicit adaptation, suggesting that task success influences implicit adaptation via mechanisms distinct from conventional reward-related processes. Additionally, we found that changes in target size, which caused the target to either exclude or fully envelop the cursor, only affected implicit adaptation for a narrow range of error sizes, while jumping the target to overlap with the cursor more reliably and robustly affected implicit adaptation. Taken together, our data indicate that, while task success exerts a small effect on implicit adaptation, these effects are susceptible to methodological variations and unlikely to be mediated by reward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambri Ma
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Jordan A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Olivia A Kim
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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30
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Wang XT, Zhou L, Dong BB, Xu FX, Wang DJ, Shen EW, Cai XY, Wang Y, Wang N, Ji SJ, Chen W, Schonewille M, Zhu JJ, De Zeeuw CI, Shen Y. cAMP-EPAC-PKCε-RIM1α signaling regulates presynaptic long-term potentiation and motor learning. eLife 2023; 12:e80875. [PMID: 37159499 PMCID: PMC10171863 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in learning of fine motor skills, yet whether presynaptic plasticity contributes to such learning remains elusive. Here, we report that the EPAC-PKCε module has a critical role in a presynaptic form of long-term potentiation in the cerebellum and motor behavior in mice. Presynaptic cAMP-EPAC-PKCε signaling cascade induces a previously unidentified threonine phosphorylation of RIM1α, and thereby initiates the assembly of the Rab3A-RIM1α-Munc13-1 tripartite complex that facilitates docking and release of synaptic vesicles. Granule cell-specific blocking of EPAC-PKCε signaling abolishes presynaptic long-term potentiation at the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses and impairs basic performance and learning of cerebellar motor behavior. These results unveil a functional relevance of presynaptic plasticity that is regulated through a novel signaling cascade, thereby enriching the spectrum of cerebellar learning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Fang-Xiao Xu
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - De-Juan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - En-Wei Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xin-Yu Cai
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cranial Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurobiology of Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Sheng-Jian Ji
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | | | - J Julius Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdamNetherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of SciencesAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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Loeffler A, Diaz-Alvarez A, Zhu R, Ganesh N, Shine JM, Nakayama T, Kuncic Z. Neuromorphic learning, working memory, and metaplasticity in nanowire networks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3289. [PMID: 37083527 PMCID: PMC10121165 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire networks (NWNs) mimic the brain's neurosynaptic connectivity and emergent dynamics. Consequently, NWNs may also emulate the synaptic processes that enable higher-order cognitive functions such as learning and memory. A quintessential cognitive task used to measure human working memory is the n-back task. In this study, task variations inspired by the n-back task are implemented in a NWN device, and external feedback is applied to emulate brain-like supervised and reinforcement learning. NWNs are found to retain information in working memory to at least n = 7 steps back, remarkably similar to the originally proposed "seven plus or minus two" rule for human subjects. Simulations elucidate how synapse-like NWN junction plasticity depends on previous synaptic modifications, analogous to "synaptic metaplasticity" in the brain, and how memory is consolidated via strengthening and pruning of synaptic conductance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Loeffler
- The University of Sydney, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia
- Corresponding author. (A.L.); (A.D.-A.); (Z.K.)
| | - Adrian Diaz-Alvarez
- International Center for Young Scientist (ICYS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Corresponding author. (A.L.); (A.D.-A.); (Z.K.)
| | - Ruomin Zhu
- The University of Sydney, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natesh Ganesh
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO, USA
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M. Shine
- The University of Sydney, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tomonobu Nakayama
- The University of Sydney, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Zdenka Kuncic
- The University of Sydney, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Corresponding author. (A.L.); (A.D.-A.); (Z.K.)
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32
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Kumar G, Ma CHE. Toward a cerebello-thalamo-cortical computational model of spinocerebellar ataxia. Neural Netw 2023; 162:541-556. [PMID: 37023628 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Computational neural network modelling is an emerging approach for optimization of drug treatment of neurological disorders and fine-tuning of rehabilitation strategies. In the current study, we constructed a cerebello-thalamo-cortical computational neural network model to simulate a mouse model of cerebellar ataxia (pcd5J mice) by manipulating cerebellar bursts through reduction of GABAergic inhibitory input. Cerebellar output neurons were projected to the thalamus and bidirectionally connected with the cortical network. Our results showed that reduction of inhibitory input in the cerebellum orchestrated the cortical local field potential (LFP) dynamics to generate specific motor outputs of oscillations of the theta, alpha, and beta bands in the computational model as well as in mouse motor cortical neurons. The therapeutic potential of deep brain stimulation (DBS) was tested in the computational model by increasing the sensory input to restore cortical output. Ataxia mice showed normalization of the motor cortex LFP after cerebellum DBS. We provide a novel approach to computational modelling to investigate the effect of DBS by mimicking cerebellar ataxia involving degeneration of Purkinje cells. Simulated neural activity coincides with findings from neural recordings of ataxia mice. Our computational model could thus represent cerebellar pathologies and provide insight into how to improve disease symptoms by restoring neuronal electrophysiological properties using DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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33
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Boven E, Pemberton J, Chadderton P, Apps R, Costa RP. Cerebro-cerebellar networks facilitate learning through feedback decoupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:51. [PMID: 36599827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioural feedback is critical for learning in the cerebral cortex. However, such feedback is often not readily available. How the cerebral cortex learns efficiently despite the sparse nature of feedback remains unclear. Inspired by recent deep learning algorithms, we introduce a systems-level computational model of cerebro-cerebellar interactions. In this model a cerebral recurrent network receives feedback predictions from a cerebellar network, thereby decoupling learning in cerebral networks from future feedback. When trained in a simple sensorimotor task the model shows faster learning and reduced dysmetria-like behaviours, in line with the widely observed functional impact of the cerebellum. Next, we demonstrate that these results generalise to more complex motor and cognitive tasks. Finally, the model makes several experimentally testable predictions regarding cerebro-cerebellar task-specific representations over learning, task-specific benefits of cerebellar predictions and the differential impact of cerebellar and inferior olive lesions. Overall, our work offers a theoretical framework of cerebro-cerebellar networks as feedback decoupling machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Boven
- Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Intelligent Systems Labs, SCEEM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Joseph Pemberton
- Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Intelligent Systems Labs, SCEEM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Paul Chadderton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Rui Ponte Costa
- Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Intelligent Systems Labs, SCEEM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.
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34
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Hawks ZW, Todorov A, Marrus N, Nishino T, Talovic M, Nebel MB, Girault JB, Davis S, Marek S, Seitzman BA, Eggebrecht AT, Elison J, Dager S, Mosconi MW, Tychsen L, Snyder AZ, Botteron K, Estes A, Evans A, Gerig G, Hazlett HC, McKinstry RC, Pandey J, Schultz RT, Styner M, Wolff JJ, Zwaigenbaum L, Markson L, Petersen SE, Constantino JN, White DA, Piven J, Pruett JR. A Prospective Evaluation of Infant Cerebellar-Cerebral Functional Connectivity in Relation to Behavioral Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:149-161. [PMID: 36712571 PMCID: PMC9874081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed based on social impairment, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. Contemporary theories posit that cerebellar pathology contributes causally to ASD by disrupting error-based learning (EBL) during infancy. The present study represents the first test of this theory in a prospective infant sample, with potential implications for ASD detection. Methods Data from the Infant Brain Imaging Study (n = 94, 68 male) were used to examine 6-month cerebellar functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging in relation to later (12/24-month) ASD-associated behaviors and outcomes. Hypothesis-driven univariate analyses and machine learning-based predictive tests examined cerebellar-frontoparietal network (FPN; subserves error signaling in support of EBL) and cerebellar-default mode network (DMN; broadly implicated in ASD) connections. Cerebellar-FPN functional connectivity was used as a proxy for EBL, and cerebellar-DMN functional connectivity provided a comparative foil. Data-driven functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging enrichment examined brain-wide behavioral associations, with post hoc tests of cerebellar connections. Results Cerebellar-FPN and cerebellar-DMN connections did not demonstrate associations with ASD. Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging enrichment identified 6-month correlates of later ASD-associated behaviors in networks of a priori interest (FPN, DMN), as well as in cingulo-opercular (also implicated in error signaling) and medial visual networks. Post hoc tests did not suggest a role for cerebellar connections. Conclusions We failed to identify cerebellar functional connectivity-based contributions to ASD. However, we observed prospective correlates of ASD-associated behaviors in networks that support EBL. Future studies may replicate and extend network-level positive results, and tests of the cerebellum may investigate brain-behavior associations at different developmental stages and/or using different neuroimaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë W. Hawks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Address correspondence to Zoë W. Hawks, Ph.D.
| | - Alexandre Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Natasha Marrus
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tomoyuki Nishino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Muhamed Talovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mary Beth Nebel
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica B. Girault
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Savannah Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Scott Marek
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Benjamin A. Seitzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Adam T. Eggebrecht
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jed Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen Dager
- Departments of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Matthew W. Mosconi
- Life Span Institute and Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Lawrence Tychsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Abraham Z. Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kelly Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Annette Estes
- Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alan Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guido Gerig
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Heather C. Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert C. McKinstry
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert T. Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason J. Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lori Markson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven E. Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John N. Constantino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Desirée A. White
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John R. Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Gilmer JI, Farries MA, Kilpatrick Z, Delis I, Cohen JD, Person AL. An emergent temporal basis set robustly supports cerebellar time-series learning. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:159-176. [PMID: 36416445 PMCID: PMC9990911 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00312.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is considered a "learning machine" essential for time interval estimation underlying motor coordination and other behaviors. Theoretical work has proposed that the cerebellum's input recipient structure, the granule cell layer (GCL), performs pattern separation of inputs that facilitates learning in Purkinje cells (P-cells). However, the relationship between input reformatting and learning has remained debated, with roles emphasized for pattern separation features from sparsification to decorrelation. We took a novel approach by training a minimalist model of the cerebellar cortex to learn complex time-series data from time-varying inputs, typical during movements. The model robustly produced temporal basis sets from these inputs, and the resultant GCL output supported better learning of temporally complex target functions than mossy fibers alone. Learning was optimized at intermediate threshold levels, supporting relatively dense granule cell activity, yet the key statistical features in GCL population activity that drove learning differed from those seen previously for classification tasks. These findings advance testable hypotheses for mechanisms of temporal basis set formation and predict that moderately dense population activity optimizes learning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During movement, mossy fiber inputs to the cerebellum relay time-varying information with strong intrinsic relationships to ongoing movement. Are such mossy fibers signals sufficient to support Purkinje signals and learning? In a model, we show how the GCL greatly improves Purkinje learning of complex, temporally dynamic signals relative to mossy fibers alone. Learning-optimized GCL population activity was moderately dense, which retained intrinsic input variance while also performing pattern separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse I Gilmer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael A Farries
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Zachary Kilpatrick
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Ioannis Delis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy D Cohen
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Abigail L Person
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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36
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Bae H, Park SY, Kim SJ, Kim CE. Cerebellum as a kernel machine: A novel perspective on expansion recoding in granule cell layer. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:1062392. [PMID: 36618271 PMCID: PMC9815768 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.1062392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor information provided by mossy fibers (MF) is mapped to high-dimensional space by a huge number of granule cells (GrC) in the cerebellar cortex's input layer. Significant studies have demonstrated the computational advantages and primary contributor of this expansion recoding. Here, we propose a novel perspective on the expansion recoding where each GrC serve as a kernel basis function, thereby the cerebellum can operate like a kernel machine that implicitly use high dimensional (even infinite) feature spaces. We highlight that the generation of kernel basis function is indeed biologically plausible scenario, considering that the key idea of kernel machine is to memorize important input patterns. We present potential regimes for developing kernels under constrained resources and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each regime using various simulation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Bae
- Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Korean Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Korean Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Sang Jeong Kim,
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Korean Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea,Chang-Eop Kim,
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Yoshida J, Oñate M, Khatami L, Vera J, Nadim F, Khodakhah K. Cerebellar Contributions to the Basal Ganglia Influence Motor Coordination, Reward Processing, and Movement Vigor. J Neurosci 2022; 42:8406-8415. [PMID: 36351826 PMCID: PMC9665921 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1535-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are known for their roles in motor control and motivated behavior. These two systems have been classically considered as independent structures that coordinate their contributions to behavior via separate cortico-thalamic loops. However, recent evidence demonstrates the presence of a rich set of direct connections between these two regions. Although there is strong evidence for connections in both directions, for brevity we limit our discussion to the better-characterized connections from the cerebellum to the basal ganglia. We review two sets of such connections: disynaptic projections through the thalamus and direct monosynaptic projections to the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei, the VTA and the SNc. In each case, we review the evidence for these pathways from anatomic tracing and physiological recordings, and discuss their potential functional roles. We present evidence that the disynaptic pathway through the thalamus is involved in motor coordination, and that its dysfunction contributes to motor deficits, such as dystonia. We then discuss how cerebellar projections to the VTA and SNc influence dopamine release in the respective targets of these nuclei: the NAc and the dorsal striatum. We argue that the cerebellar projections to the VTA may play a role in reward-based learning and therefore contribute to addictive behavior, whereas the projection to the SNc may contribute to movement vigor. Finally, we speculate how these projections may explain many of the observations that indicate a role for the cerebellum in mental disorders, such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Yoshida
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Maritza Oñate
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Leila Khatami
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Jorge Vera
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Farzan Nadim
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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38
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Entorhinal cortex directs learning-related changes in CA1 representations. Nature 2022; 611:554-562. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLearning-related changes in brain activity are thought to underlie adaptive behaviours1,2. For instance, the learning of a reward site by rodents requires the development of an over-representation of that location in the hippocampus3–6. How this learning-related change occurs remains unknown. Here we recorded hippocampal CA1 population activity as mice learned a reward location on a linear treadmill. Physiological and pharmacological evidence suggests that the adaptive over-representation required behavioural timescale synaptic plasticity (BTSP)7. BTSP is known to be driven by dendritic voltage signals that we proposed were initiated by input from entorhinal cortex layer 3 (EC3). Accordingly, the CA1 over-representation was largely removed by optogenetic inhibition of EC3 activity. Recordings from EC3 neurons revealed an activity pattern that could provide an instructive signal directing BTSP to generate the over-representation. Consistent with this function, our observations show that exposure to a second environment possessing a prominent reward-predictive cue resulted in both EC3 activity and CA1 place field density that were more elevated at the cue than at the reward. These data indicate that learning-related changes in the hippocampus are produced by synaptic plasticity directed by an instructive signal from the EC3 that seems to be specifically adapted to the behaviourally relevant features of the environment.
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39
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Dendritic Inhibition by Shh Signaling-Dependent Stellate Cell Pool Is Critical for Motor Learning. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5130-5143. [PMID: 35589396 PMCID: PMC9236294 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2073-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar inhibitory interneurons are important regulators of neural circuit activity for diverse motor and nonmotor functions. The molecular layer interneurons (MLIs), consisting of basket cells (BCs) and stellate cells (SCs), provide dendritic and somatic inhibitory synapses onto Purkinje cells, respectively. They are sequentially generated in an inside-out pattern from Pax2+ immature interneurons, which migrate from the prospective white matter to the ML of the cortex. However, little is known about how MLI subtype identities and pool sizes are determined, nor are their contributions to motor learning well understood. Here, we show that GABAergic progenitors fated to generate both BCs and SCs respond to the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal. Conditional abrogation of Shh signaling of either sex inhibited proliferation of GABAergic progenitors and reduced the number of Pax2+ cells, whereas persistent Shh pathway activation increased their numbers. These changes, however, did not affect early born BC numbers but selectively altered the SC pool size. Moreover, genetic depletion of GABAergic progenitors when BCs are actively generated also resulted in a specific reduction of SCs, suggesting that the specification of MLI subtypes is independent of Shh signaling and their birth order and likely occurs after Pax2+ cells settle into their laminar positions in an inside-out sequence. Mutant mice with reduced SC numbers displayed decreased dendritic inhibitory synapses and neurotransmission onto Purkinje cells, resulting in an impaired acquisition of eyeblink conditioning. These findings also reveal an essential role of Shh signaling-dependent SCs in regulating inhibitory dendritic synapses and motor learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cerebellar circuit that enables fine motor learning involves MLIs of BCs and SCs, which provide dendritic and somatic inhibitory synapses onto Purkinje cells. Little is known about how their identities and numbers are determined, nor are their specific contributions to motor learning well understood. We show that MLI subtypes are specified independent of Shh signaling and their birth orders but appear to occur in their terminal laminar positions according to the inside-out sequence. This finding challenges the current view that MLI subtypes are specified sequentially at the progenitor level. We also demonstrate that dendritic inhibition by Shh signaling-dependent SC pool is necessary for motor learning.
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Lin YC, Lien YR, Lin SHN, Kung YC, Huang CC, Lin CP, Chang LH. Baseline Cerebro-Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Afferent and Efferent Pathways Reveal Dissociable Improvements in Visuomotor Learning. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:904564. [PMID: 35720694 PMCID: PMC9204583 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.904564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visuomotor coordination is a complex process involving several brain regions, primarily the cerebellum and motor cortex. Studies have shown inconsistent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) results in the cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus of the cerebro-cerebellar connections. Echoing anatomical pathways, these two different cerebellar regions are differentially responsible for afferent and efferent cerebro-cerebellar functional connections. The aim of this study was to measure the baseline resting-state functional connectivity of different cerebellar afferent and efferent pathways and to investigate their relationship to visuomotor learning abilities. We used different cerebellar repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) frequencies before a pursuit rotor task to influence visuomotor performance. Thirty-eight right-handed participants were included and randomly assigned to three different rTMS frequency groups (1 Hz, 10 Hz and sham) and underwent baseline rsfMRI and pursuit rotor task assessments. We report that greater baseline functional connectivity in the afferent cerebro-cerebellar pathways was associated with greater accuracy improvements. Interestingly, lower baseline functional connectivity in the efferent dentato-thalamo-cortical pathways was associated with greater stability in visuomotor performance, possibly associated with the inhibitory role of the dentate nucleus and caused a reduction in the efferent functional connectivity. The functional dissociation of the cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus and their connections, suggests that distinct mechanisms in the cerebellum regarding visuomotor learning, which should be investigated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun R Lien
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hua N Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Kung
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chung Huang
- Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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41
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Bernard JA. Don't forget the little brain: A framework for incorporating the cerebellum into the understanding of cognitive aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104639. [PMID: 35346747 PMCID: PMC9119942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly growing population of older adults, an improved understanding of brain and cognitive aging is critical, given the impacts on health, independence, and quality of life. To this point, we have a well-developed literature on the cortical contributions to cognition in advanced age. However, while this work has been foundational for our understanding of brain and behavior in older adults, subcortical contributions, particularly those from the cerebellum, have not been integrated into these models and frameworks. Incorporating the cerebellum into models of cognitive aging is an important step for moving the field forward. There has also been recent interest in this structure in Alzheimer's dementia, indicating that such work may be beneficial to our understanding of neurodegenerative disease. Here, I provide an updated overview of the cerebellum in advanced age and propose that it serves as a critical source of scaffolding or reserve for cortical function. Age-related impacts on cerebellar function further impact cortical processing, perhaps resulting in many of the activation patterns commonly seen in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, USA.
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42
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Modified climbing fiber/Purkinje cell synaptic connectivity in the cerebellum of the neonatal phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122544119. [PMID: 35588456 PMCID: PMC9173783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122544119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptogenesis and neural network remodeling are at their maximum during the perinatal period of human brain development. Perturbations of this highly sensitive stage might underlie the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Subchronic neonatal administration of phencyclidine, a drug of abuse, has been used to model schizophrenia in rodents. In this model, we found specific long-term synaptic changes in Purkinje cells and transient gene expression changes in the cerebellum. While transient increased neuronal activity in the cerebellum, induced using chemogenetics, reproduces some phencyclidine-induced molecular changes, it is insufficient to reproduce the long-term synaptic effects. Our results show the complex mechanism of action of phencyclidine on the development of neuronal connectivity and further highlight the potential contribution of cerebellar defects in psychiatric diseases. Environmental perturbations during the first years of life are a major factor in psychiatric diseases. Phencyclidine (PCP), a drug of abuse, has psychomimetic effects, and neonatal subchronic administration of PCP in rodents leads to long-term behavioral changes relevant for schizophrenia. The cerebellum is increasingly recognized for its role in diverse cognitive functions. However, little is known about potential cerebellar changes in models of schizophrenia. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of the cerebellum in the neonatal subchronic PCP model. We found that, while the global cerebellar cytoarchitecture and Purkinje cell spontaneous spiking properties are unchanged, climbing fiber/Purkinje cell synaptic connectivity is increased in juvenile mice. Neonatal subchronic administration of PCP is accompanied by increased cFos expression, a marker of neuronal activity, and transient modification of the neuronal surfaceome in the cerebellum. The largest change observed is the overexpression of Ctgf, a gene previously suggested as a biomarker for schizophrenia. This neonatal increase in Ctgf can be reproduced by increasing neuronal activity in the cerebellum during the second postnatal week using chemogenetics. However, it does not lead to increased climbing fiber/Purkinje cell connectivity in juvenile mice, showing the complexity of PCP action. Overall, our study shows that administration of the drug of abuse PCP during the developmental period of intense cerebellar synaptogenesis and circuit remodeling has long-term and specific effects on Purkinje cell connectivity and warrants the search for this type of synaptic changes in psychiatric diseases.
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Sendhilnathan N, Goldberg ME, Ipata AE. Mixed Selectivity in the Cerebellar Purkinje-Cell Response during Visuomotor Association Learning. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3847-3855. [PMID: 35351828 PMCID: PMC9087720 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1771-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the cerebellum has been traditionally considered to be exclusively involved in motor control, recent anatomic and clinical studies show that it also has a role in reward-processing. However, the way in which the movement-related and the reward-related neural activity interact at the level of the cerebellar cortex and contribute toward learning is still unclear. Here, we studied the simple spike activity of Purkinje cells in the mid-lateral cerebellum when 2 male monkeys learned to associate a right or left-hand movement with one of two visual symbolic cues. These cells had distinctly different discharge patterns between an overtrained symbol-hand association and a novel symbol-hand association, responding in association with the movement of both hands, although the kinematics of the movement did not change between the two conditions. The activity change was not related to the pattern of the visual symbols, the movement kinematics, the monkeys' reaction times, or the novelty of the visual symbols. The simple spike activity changed throughout the learning process, but the concurrent complex spikes did not instruct that change. Although these neurons also have reward-related activity, the reward-related and movement-related signals were independent. We suggest that this mixed selectivity may facilitate the flexible learning of difficult reinforcement learning problems.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cerebellum receives both motor-related and reward-related information. However, it is unclear how these two signals interact at the level of cerebellar cortex and contribute to learning nonmotor skills. Here we show that in the mid-lateral cerebellum, the reward information is encoded independently from the motor information such that during reward-based learning, only the reward information carried by the Purkinje cells inform learning while the motor information remains unchanged with learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sendhilnathan
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York
- Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Columbia University, New York 10032, New York
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York
| | - Michael E Goldberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York
- Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Columbia University, New York 10032, New York
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York
- Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Ophthalmology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, New York
| | - Anna E Ipata
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York
- Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Columbia University, New York 10032, New York
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York
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44
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McNaughton N, Vann SD. Construction of complex memories via parallel distributed cortical–subcortical iterative integration. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:550-562. [PMID: 35599065 PMCID: PMC7612902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The construction of complex engrams requires hippocampal-cortical interactions. These include both direct interactions and ones via often-overlooked subcortical loops. Here, we review the anatomical organization of a hierarchy of parallel ‘Papez’ loops through the hypothalamus that are homologous in mammals from rats to humans. These hypothalamic loops supplement direct hippocampal-cortical connections with iterative re-processing paced by theta rhythmicity. We couple existing anatomy and lesion data with theory to propose that recirculation in these loops progressively enhances desired connections, while reducing interference from competing external goals and internal associations. This increases the signal-to-noise ratio in the distributed engrams (neocortical and cerebellar) necessary for complex learning and memory. The hypothalamic nodes provide key motivational input for engram enhancement during consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil McNaughton
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, POB56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Seralynne D Vann
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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45
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Zobeiri OA, Cullen KE. Distinct representations of body and head motion are dynamically encoded by Purkinje cell populations in the macaque cerebellum. eLife 2022; 11:75018. [PMID: 35467528 PMCID: PMC9075952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately control our posture and perceive our spatial orientation during self-motion requires knowledge of the motion of both the head and body. However, while the vestibular sensors and nuclei directly encode head motion, no sensors directly encode body motion. Instead, the integration of vestibular and neck proprioceptive inputs is necessary to transform vestibular information into the body-centric reference frame required for postural control. The anterior vermis of the cerebellum is thought to play a key role in this transformation, yet how its Purkinje cells transform multiple streams of sensory information into an estimate of body motion remains unknown. Here, we recorded the activity of individual anterior vermis Purkinje cells in alert monkeys during passively applied whole-body, body-under-head, and head-on-body rotations. Most Purkinje cells dynamically encoded an intermediate representation of self-motion between head and body motion. Notably, Purkinje cells responded to both vestibular and neck proprioceptive stimulation with considerable heterogeneity in their response dynamics. Furthermore, their vestibular responses were tuned to head-on-body position. In contrast, targeted neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei are known to unambiguously encode either head or body motion across conditions. Using a simple population model, we established that combining responses of~40-50 Purkinje cells could explain the responses of these deep cerebellar nuclei neurons across all self-motion conditions. We propose that the observed heterogeneity in Purkinje cell response dynamics underlies the cerebellum’s capacity to compute the dynamic representation of body motion required to ensure accurate postural control and perceptual stability in our daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid A Zobeiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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46
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Gaffield MA, Sauerbrei BA, Christie JM. Cerebellum encodes and influences the initiation, performance, and termination of discontinuous movements in mice. eLife 2022; 11:71464. [PMID: 35451957 PMCID: PMC9075950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is hypothesized to represent timing information important for organizing salient motor events during periodically performed discontinuous movements. To provide functional evidence validating this idea, we measured and manipulated Purkinje cell (PC) activity in the lateral cerebellum of mice trained to volitionally perform periodic bouts of licking for regularly allocated water rewards. Overall, PC simple spiking modulated during task performance, mapping phasic tongue protrusions and retractions, as well as ramping prior to both lick-bout initiation and termination, two important motor events delimiting movement cycles. The ramping onset occurred earlier for the initiation of uncued exploratory licking that anticipated water availability relative to licking that was reactive to water allocation, suggesting that the cerebellum is engaged differently depending on the movement context. In a subpopulation of PCs, climbing-fiber-evoked responses also increased during lick-bout initiation, but not termination, highlighting differences in how cerebellar input pathways represent task-related information. Optogenetic perturbation of PC activity disrupted the behavior by degrading lick-bout rhythmicity in addition to initiating and terminating licking bouts confirming a causative role in movement organization. Together, these results substantiate that the cerebellum contributes to the initiation and timing of repeated motor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Britton A Sauerbrei
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Jason M Christie
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
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Cognitive Dysfunction following Cerebellar Stroke: Insights Gained from Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Research. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:3148739. [PMID: 35465397 PMCID: PMC9033331 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3148739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cerebellum has been consistently noted in the process of cognition, the pathophysiology of this link is still under exploration. Cerebellar stroke, in which the lesions are focal and limited, provides an appropriate clinical model disease for studying the role of the cerebellum in the cognitive process. This review article targeting the cerebellar stroke population (1) describes a cognitive impairment profile, (2) identifies the cerebellar structural alterations linked to cognition, and (3) reveals possible mechanisms of cerebellar cognition using functional neuroimaging. The data indicates the disruption of the cerebro-cerebellar loop in cerebellar stroke and its contribution to cognitive dysfunctions. And the characteristic of cognitive deficits are mild, span a broad spectrum, dominated by executive impairment. The consideration of these findings could contribute to deeper and more sophisticated insights into the cognitive function of the cerebellum and might provide a novel approach to cognitive rehabilitation. The goal of this review is to spread awareness of cognitive impairments in cerebellar disorders.
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48
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Sedaghat-Nejad E, Pi JS, Hage P, Fakharian MA, Shadmehr R. Synchronous spiking of cerebellar Purkinje cells during control of movements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118954119. [PMID: 35349338 PMCID: PMC9168948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118954119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe information that one region of the brain transmits to another is usually viewed through the lens of firing rates. However, if the output neurons could vary the timing of their spikes, then, through synchronization, they would spotlight information that may be critical for control of behavior. Here we report that, in the cerebellum, Purkinje cell populations that share a preference for error convey, to the nucleus, when to decelerate the movement, by reducing their firing rates and temporally synchronizing the remaining spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sedaghat-Nejad
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jay S. Pi
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Paul Hage
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Mohammad Amin Fakharian
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, 1956836484, Iran
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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49
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Lien YR, Lin YC, Lin SHN, Lin CP, Chang LH. Frequency-Dependent Effects of Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Visuomotor Accuracy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:804027. [PMID: 35368261 PMCID: PMC8971901 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.804027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a critical role in acquiring visuomotor skills. Visuomotor task mastery requires improving both visuomotor accuracy and stability; however, the cerebellum’s contribution to these processes remains unclear. We hypothesized that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the cerebellum exerts frequency-dependent modulatory effects on both accuracy and stability in subjects performing a visuomotor coordination task (i.e., pursuit rotor task). We recruited 43 healthy volunteers and randomly assigned them to the high-frequency (HF), low-frequency (LF), and sham rTMS groups. We calculated changes in performance of the pursuit rotor task at the highest rotation speed and the minimum distance from target as indices of accuracy. We also calculated the intertrial variability (standard deviations) of time on target and distance from target as indices of stability. Visuomotor accuracy was significantly enhanced in the HF group and disrupted in the LF group compared to the sham group, indicating frequency-dependent effects of rTMS. In contrast, both HF and LF rTMS demonstrated no significant change in visuomotor stability. Surprisingly, our findings demonstrated that the accuracy and stability of visuomotor performance may be differentially influenced by cerebellar rTMS. This suggests that visuomotor accuracy and stability have different underlying neural mechanisms and revealed the possibility of training strategies based on cerebellar neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun R. Lien
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hua N. Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hung Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Education Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Li-Hung Chang,
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50
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The human vestibulo-ocular reflex and compensatory saccades in schwannoma patients before and after vestibular nerve section. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 138:197-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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