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Jiang G, Zheng JY, Ren SN, Yin W, Xia X, Li Y, Wang HL. A comprehensive workflow for optimizing RNA-seq data analysis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:631. [PMID: 38914930 PMCID: PMC11197194 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current RNA-seq analysis software for RNA-seq data tends to use similar parameters across different species without considering species-specific differences. However, the suitability and accuracy of these tools may vary when analyzing data from different species, such as humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. For most laboratory researchers lacking a background in information science, determining how to construct an analysis workflow that meets their specific needs from the array of complex analytical tools available poses a significant challenge. RESULTS By utilizing RNA-seq data from plants, animals, and fungi, it was observed that different analytical tools demonstrate some variations in performance when applied to different species. A comprehensive experiment was conducted specifically for analyzing plant pathogenic fungal data, focusing on differential gene analysis as the ultimate goal. In this study, 288 pipelines using different tools were applied to analyze five fungal RNA-seq datasets, and the performance of their results was evaluated based on simulation. This led to the establishment of a relatively universal and superior fungal RNA-seq analysis pipeline that can serve as a reference, and certain standards for selecting analysis tools were derived for reference. Additionally, we compared various tools for alternative splicing analysis. The results based on simulated data indicated that rMATS remained the optimal choice, although consideration could be given to supplementing with tools such as SpliceWiz. CONCLUSION The experimental results demonstrate that, in comparison to the default software parameter configurations, the analysis combination results after tuning can provide more accurate biological insights. It is beneficial to carefully select suitable analysis software based on the data, rather than indiscriminately choosing tools, in order to achieve high-quality analysis results more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Jiang
- School of Information Science and Technology, School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Yu Zheng
- School of Information Science and Technology, School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ning Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Chen A, Morrison S, Gregson A, Le DP, Urquhart AS, Smith LJ, Aitken EAB, Gardiner DM. Fluorescently Tagged Verticillium dahliae to Understand the Infection Process on Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum) and Weed Plant Species. Pathogens 2024; 13:442. [PMID: 38921740 PMCID: PMC11207081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne disease caused by distinct vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) of the fungus Verticillium dahliae. Defoliating (VCG 1A) and non-defoliating (VCG 2A) pathotypes of V. dahliae have contributed to yield losses of cotton production in Australia. To study the virulence and the infection process of V. dahliae on cotton, two isolates, one representing each VCG, have been transformed with fluorescent protein genes. The transformants maintained their ability to infect the host, and both strains were observed to move through the plant vasculature to induce wilt symptoms. Furthermore, virulence testing suggests that the cotton V. dahliae strains can endophytically colonise common weed plant species found in the Australian landscape, and that is contrasted by their ability to infect and colonise native tobacco plants. The fluorescently labelled strains of V. dahliae not only allowed us to gain a thorough understanding of the infection process but also provided a method to rapidly identify recovered isolates from host colonisation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chen
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Sabrina Morrison
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.M.); (A.G.)
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aphrika Gregson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.M.); (A.G.)
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Duy P. Le
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia;
| | - Andrew S. Urquhart
- Applied Biosciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Linda J. Smith
- EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Elizabeth A. B. Aitken
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (S.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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3
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Wu Y, Zhou J, Wei F, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Feng Z, Feng H. The role of VdSti1 in Verticillium dahliae: insights into pathogenicity and stress responses. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1377713. [PMID: 38638896 PMCID: PMC11024458 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1377713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sti1/Hop, a stress-induced co-chaperone protein, serves as a crucial link between Hsp70 and Hsp90 during cellular stress responses. Despite its importance in stress defense mechanisms, the biological role of Sti1 in Verticillium dahliae, a destructive fungal pathogen, remains largely unexplored. This study focused on identifying and characterizing Sti1 homologues in V. dahliae by comparing them to those found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results indicated that the VdSti1-deficient mutant displayed increased sensitivity to drugs targeting the ergosterol synthesis pathway, leading to a notable inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Moreover, the mutant exhibited reduced production of microsclerotia and melanin, accompanied by decreased expression of microsclerotia and melanin-related genes VDH1, Vayg1, and VaflM. Additionally, the mutant's conidia showed more severe damage under heat shock conditions and displayed growth defects under various stressors such as temperature, SDS, and CR stress, as well as increased sensitivity to H2O2, while osmotic stress did not impact its growth. Importantly, the VdSti1-deficient mutant demonstrated significantly diminished pathogenicity compared to the wild-type strain. This study sheds light on the functional conservation and divergence of Sti1 homologues in fungal biology and underscores the critical role of VdSti1 in microsclerotia development, stress response, and pathogenicity of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Wu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Jinglong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zili Feng
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
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Xiong X, Sun C, Chen B, Sun J, Fei C, Xue F. Transcriptomic datasets of Verticillium wilt resistant and non-resistant Gossypium barbadense varieties during pathogen inoculation. Sci Data 2024; 11:11. [PMID: 38167492 PMCID: PMC10762110 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cotton is a significant cash crop and the primary source of natural fiber globally. Among the numerous diseases encountered in cotton production, Verticillium wilt is one of the most serious, caused by the pathogen Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae). Unfortunately, there are no effective targeted methods to combat this disease. Genomic resources for Verticillium wilt resistance primarily exist in Gossypium barbadense (G. barbadense). Regrettably, there have been limited transcriptomic comparisons between V. dahliae-resistant and -susceptible varieties of G. barbadense due to the scarcity of susceptible resources. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis on both V. dahliae-resistant and -susceptible varieties of G. barbadense at the 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours after V. dahliae inoculation. This comparative transcriptome analysis yielded high-quality data and offered new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cotton's resistance against this destructive pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Xiong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Cong Fei
- Department of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, 044000, China.
| | - Fei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China.
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Li H, Sheng RC, Zhang CN, Wang LC, Li M, Wang YH, Qiao YH, Klosterman SJ, Chen JY, Kong ZQ, Subbarao KV, Chen FM, Zhang DD. Two zinc finger proteins, VdZFP1 and VdZFP2, interact with VdCmr1 to promote melanized microsclerotia development and stress tolerance in Verticillium dahliae. BMC Biol 2023; 21:237. [PMID: 37904147 PMCID: PMC10617112 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin plays important roles in morphological development, survival, host-pathogen interactions and in the virulence of phytopathogenic fungi. In Verticillum dahliae, increases in melanin are recognized as markers of maturation of microsclerotia which ensures the long-term survival and stress tolerance, while decreases in melanin are correlated with increased hyphal growth in the host. The conserved upstream components of the VdCmr1-regulated pathway controlling melanin production in V. dahliae have been extensively identified, but the direct activators of this pathway are still unclear. RESULTS We identified two genes encoding conserved C2H2-type zinc finger proteins VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 adjacent to VdPKS9, a gene encoding a negative regulator of both melanin biosynthesis and microsclerotia formation in V. dahliae. Both VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 were induced during microsclerotia development and were involved in melanin deposition. Their localization changed from cytoplasmic to nuclear in response to osmotic pressure. VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 act as modulators of microsclerotia melanization in V. dahliae, as confirmed by melanin biosynthesis inhibition and supplementation with the melanin pathway intermediate scytalone in albino strains. The results indicate that VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 participate in melanin biosynthesis by positively regulating VdCmr1. Based on the results obtained with yeast one- and two-hybrid (Y1H and Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) systems, we determined the melanin biosynthesis relies on the direct interactions among VdZFP1, VdZFP2 and VdCmr1, and these interactions occur on the cell walls of microsclerotia. Additionally, VdZFP1 and/or VdZFP2 mutants displayed increased sensitivity to stress factors rather than alterations in pathogenicity, reflecting the importance of melanin in stress tolerance of V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that VdZFP1 and VdZFP2 positively regulate VdCmr1 to promote melanin deposition during microsclerotia development, providing novel insight into the regulation of melanin biosynthesis in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruo-Cheng Sheng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chen-Ning Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Chao Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Hong Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Hang Qiao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, USA
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research Station,, Salinas, CA, USA.
| | - Feng-Mao Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China.
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6
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Tan Q, Li R, Liu L, Wang D, Dai XF, Song LM, Zhang DD, Kong ZQ, Klosterman SJ, Usami T, Subbarao KV, Liang WX, Chen JY. Functional Characterization of Verticillium dahliae Race 3-Specific Gene VdR3e in Virulence and Elicitation of Plant Immune Responses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0108323. [PMID: 37378525 PMCID: PMC10434166 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01083-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes disease on many economically important crops. Based on the resistance or susceptibility of differential cultivars in tomato, isolates of V. dahliae are divided into three races. Avirulence (avr) genes within the genomes of the three races have also been identified. However, the functional role of the avr gene in race 3 isolates of V. dahliae has not been characterized. In this study, bioinformatics analysis showed that VdR3e, a cysteine-rich secreted protein encoded by the gene characterizing race 3 in V. dahliae, was likely obtained by horizontal gene transfer from the fungal genus Bipolaris. We demonstrate that VdR3e causes cell death by triggering multiple defense responses. In addition, VdR3e localized at the periphery of the plant cell and triggered immunity depending on its subcellular localization and the cell membrane receptor BAK1. Furthermore, VdR3e is a virulence factor and shows differential pathogenicity in race 3-resistant and -susceptible hosts. These results suggest that VdR3e is a virulence factor that can also interact with BAK1 as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) to trigger immune responses. IMPORTANCE Based on the gene-for-gene model, research on the function of avirulence genes and resistance genes has had an unparalleled impact on breeding for resistance in most crops against individual pathogens. The soilborne fungal pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, is a major pathogen on many economically important crops. Currently, avr genes of the three races in V. dahliae have been identified, but the function of avr gene representing race 3 has not been described. We investigated the characteristics of VdR3e-mediated immunity and demonstrated that VdR3e acts as a PAMP to activate a variety of plant defense responses and induce plant cell death. We also demonstrated that the role of VdR3e in pathogenicity was host dependent. This is the first study to describe the immune and virulence functions of the avr gene from race 3 in V. dahliae, and we provide support for the identification of genes mediating resistance against race 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Song
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Steve J. Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, California, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Usami
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo City, Japan
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California—Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, California, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Liang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, People’s Republic of China
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Gallego-Clemente E, Moreno-González V, Ibáñez A, Calvo-Peña C, Ghoreshizadeh S, Radišek S, Cobos R, Coque JJR. Changes in the Microbial Composition of the Rhizosphere of Hop Plants Affected by Verticillium Wilt Caused by Verticillium nonalfalfae. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1819. [PMID: 37512991 PMCID: PMC10385175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a devastating disease affecting many crops, including hops. This study aims to describe fungal and bacterial populations associated with bulk and rhizosphere soils in a hop field cultivated in Slovenia with the Celeia variety, which is highly susceptible to Verticillium nonalfalfae. As both healthy and diseased plants coexist in the same field, we focused this study on the detection of putative differences in the microbial communities associated with the two types of plants. Bacterial communities were characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, whereas sequencing of the ITS2 region was performed for fungal communities. The bacterial community was dominated by phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Planctomycetota, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadota, and Verrucomicrobiota, which are typically found in crop soils throughout the world. At a fungal level, Fusarium sp. was the dominant taxon in both bulk and rhizosphere soils. Verticillium sp. levels were very low in all samples analyzed and could only be detected by qPCR in the rhizosphere of diseased plants. The rhizosphere of diseased plants underwent important changes with respect to the rhizosphere of healthy plants where significant increases in potentially beneficial fungi such as the basidiomycetes Ceratobasidium sp. and Mycena sp., the zygomycete Mortierella sp., and a member of Glomeralles were observed. However, the rhizosphere of diseased plants experienced a decrease in pathogenic basidiomycetes that can affect the root system, such as Thanatephorus cucumeris (the teleomorph of Rhizoctonia solani) and Calyptella sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gallego-Clemente
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, 24009 León, Spain
- BioDatev, 24195 Villaobispo de las Regueras, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-González
- BioDatev, 24195 Villaobispo de las Regueras, Spain
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ana Ibáñez
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, 24009 León, Spain
| | - Carla Calvo-Peña
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, 24009 León, Spain
| | - Seyedehtannaz Ghoreshizadeh
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, 24009 León, Spain
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Rebeca Cobos
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, 24009 León, Spain
| | - Juan José R Coque
- Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria, Universidad de León, 24009 León, Spain
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8
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Liu T, Qin J, Shang W, Chen J, Subbarao KV, Hu X. The Phosphatase VdPtc3 Regulates Virulence in Verticillium dahliae by Interacting with VdAtg1. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1048-1057. [PMID: 36449525 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0320-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Type 2C protein phosphatases regulate various biological processes in eukaryotes. However, their functions in Verticillium dahliae have not been characterized. In this study, homologs VdPtc1, VdPtc3, VdPtc5, VdPtc6, and VdPtc7 were identified in V. dahliae on the basis of homologous comparison with those in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. VdPtc2 and VdPtc4 are missing in the genome of the V. dahliae XJ592 strain. VdPtc3 is the homolog of Ptc2, Ptc3, and Ptc4 proteins in S. cerevisiae, implying that VdPtc3 may play versatile functions in V. dahliae. VdPtc3 promoted conidium development, melanin, and microsclerotium formation in V. dahliae. The ΔVdPtc3 strains showed increased sensitivity to NaCl and sorbitol and augmented the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog Hog1 induced by osmotic stress. Besides, the ΔVdPtc3 strains also showed milder Verticillium wilt symptom on cotton. Furthermore, VdPtc3 interacts with VdAtg1, which modulates melanin and microsclerotium formation, as well as pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Jieyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, P.R. China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA, U.S.A
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
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9
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Liu Q, Li Y, Wu H, Zhang B, Liu C, Gao Y, Guo H, Zhao J. Hyphopodium-Specific Signaling Is Required for Plant Infection by Verticillium dahliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040484. [PMID: 37108938 PMCID: PMC10143791 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful colonization, fungal pathogens have evolved specialized infection structures to overcome the barriers present in host plants. The morphology of infection structures and pathogenic mechanisms are diverse according to host specificity. Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus, generates hyphopodium with a penetration peg on cotton roots while developing appressoria, that are typically associated with leaf infection on lettuce and fiber flax roots. In this study, we isolated the pathogenic fungus, V. dahliae (VdaSm), from Verticillium wilt eggplants and generated a GFP-labeled isolate to explore the colonization process of VdaSm on eggplants. We found that the formation of hyphopodium with penetration peg is crucial for the initial colonization of VdaSm on eggplant roots, indicating that the colonization processes on eggplant and cotton share a similar feature. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the VdNoxB/VdPls1-dependent Ca2+ elevation activating VdCrz1 signaling is a common genetic pathway to regulate infection-related development in V. dahliae. Our results indicated that VdNoxB/VdPls1-dependent pathway may be a desirable target to develop effective fungicides, to protect crops from V. dahliae infection by interrupting the formation of specialized infection structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Huawei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bosen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Qilu Zhongke Academy of Modern Microbiology Technology, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Huishan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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10
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Transcription Factor VdCf2 Regulates Growth, Pathogenicity, and the Expression of a Putative Secondary Metabolism Gene Cluster in Verticillium dahliae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0138522. [PMID: 36342142 PMCID: PMC9680623 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01385-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae
is an important soilborne phytopathogen which can ruinously attack numerous host plants and cause significant economic losses. Transcription factors (TFs) were reported to be involved in various biological processes, such as hyphal growth and virulence of pathogenic fungi.
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11
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Ntemafack A, Chouhan R, Kapoor N, Kumar A, Dhiman SK, Manhas RS, Chaubey A, Hassan QP, Gandhi SG. Protective effect of Bacillus species associated with Rumex dentatus against postharvest soil borne disease in potato tubers and GC-MS metabolite profile. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:583. [PMID: 36042050 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Potato is constantly exposed to various kinds of phytopathogens which cause diseases during the developmental stage and post-harvest storage. This investigation was designed to assay the anti-phytopathogen activity of bacterial endophytes and their suppressive effects on rot disease in potato. The study also aimed to screen isolates for their plant growth-promoting traits and establish GC-MS-based metabolite profile of the potent isolate. Endophytes were isolated from Rumex dentatus and identified based on 16S rRNA gene. They were screened in dual culture assay against fungal phytopathogens and the potent isolate was tested for its capability to suppress Fusarium rot disease in potato tubers. The mechanism of action of endophytes on the phytopathogens was assessed using scanning electron microcopy. Isolates were also screened in vitro to assay their capability to produce phytohormones, hydrolytic enzymes, and to solubilize phosphates. Endophytic isolates produced proteases with a diameter of halo zone ranging from 7 to 32 mm. Bacillus sp. KL5 exhibited the highest production of indole acetic acid (IAA) with the amount of 104.28 µg/mL and was the most potent antagonist of Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae with an inhibitory percentage of 61.53 and 100%, respectively. It showed a reduction of potato rot disease severity by more than 50%. GC-MS of active fractions of KL5 showed the presence of dibutylphthalate and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol as major metabolites. From this study, it is evident that endophytic Bacillus species from R. dentatus are potent antagonists of F. oxysporum and V. dahliae. Bacillus sp. KL5 is a potent inhibitor of pathogenic F. oxysporum in potato tubers and can be developed as a biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Ntemafack
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Rekha Chouhan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.,Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Nitika Kapoor
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Instrumentation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Shakti Kumar Dhiman
- Instrumentation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Ravi Singh Manhas
- Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Asha Chaubey
- Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Qazi Parvaiz Hassan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, India.
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India. .,Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.
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12
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De La Fuente L, Merfa MV, Cobine PA, Coleman JJ. Pathogen Adaptation to the Xylem Environment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:163-186. [PMID: 35472277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021021-041716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A group of aggressive pathogens have evolved to colonize the plant xylem. In this vascular tissue, where water and nutrients are transported from the roots to the rest of the plant, pathogens must be able to thrive under acropetal xylem sap flow and scarcity of nutrients while having direct contact only with predominantly dead cells. Nevertheless, a few bacteria have adapted to exclusively live in the xylem, and various pathogens may colonize other plant niches without causing symptoms unless they reach the xylem. Once established, the pathogens modulate its physicochemical conditions to enhance their growth and virulence. Adaptation to the restrictive lifestyle of the xylem leads to genome reduction in xylem-restricted bacteria, as they have a higher proportion of pseudogenes in their genome. The basis of xylem adaptation is not completely understood; therefore, a need still exists for model systems to advance the knowledge on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA;
| | - Marcus V Merfa
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA;
| | - Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Coleman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA;
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13
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Characterization of a novel magoulivirus isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium dahlia. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2387-2390. [PMID: 35927384 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A new positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) mycovirus, Verticillium dahliae magoulivirus 1 (VdMoV1), was isolated from two strains (2-19 and XLZ70) of Verticillium dahliae. The complete genome of VdMoV1 is 2303 nucleotides (nt) in length and has a large open reading frame (nt positions from 61 to 1938) encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). A multiple sequence alignment indicated that the central region of the RdRp encoded by VdMoV1 contains eight typical viral RdRp motifs. BLASTp analysis demonstrated that VdMoV1 has the highest sequence identity (86.88%) to Bremia lactucae associated ourmia-like virus 2 (BlaOLV2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VdMoV1 is a new member of the genus Magoulivirus. As far as we know, VdMoV1 is the first reported member of the family Botourmiaviridae infecting V. dahliae.
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14
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Zhang J, Jin X, Wang Y, Zhang B, Liu T. A Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase in Nondefoliating Strain of Verticillium dahliae Manipulates Virulence via Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1723-1729. [PMID: 35224980 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0318-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a broad host-range phytopathogenic fungus that causes destructive vascular wilt on plants worldwide. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, also known as CYPs/P450s, are broadly distributed in organisms and are involved in a diverse array of molecular/metabolic processes. In this study, using reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis, we observed that the expression of a P450 gene (Chr2g00380) in the E-class P450, group IV from V. dahliae isolate JR2 was highly induced during tomato infection. Targeted deletion of Chr2g00380 in JR2 did not affect hyphal growth and morphology; however, the mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to H2O2 and defects in melanized microsclerotia formation compared with the wild type. Loss of Chr2g00380 resulted in reduced virulence on tomato and tobacco plants but did not cause phenotypic changes in infection structure formation or in the penetration of cellophane membranes. These data provide evidence for an involvement of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in virulence in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xianjiang Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014 China
| | - Tingli Liu
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014 China
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15
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Chitin Synthase Genes Are Differentially Required for Growth, Stress Response, and Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070681. [PMID: 35887437 PMCID: PMC9320267 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop wilt disease caused by Verticillium dahliae usually leads to serious yield loss. Chitin, an important component of most fungal cell walls, functions to maintain the rigidity of cell walls and septa. Chitin synthesis mainly relies on the activity of chitin synthase (CHS). Eight CHS genes have been predicted in V. dahliae. In this study, we characterized the functions of these genes in terms of growth, stress responses, penetration, and virulence. Results showed that VdCHS5 is important for conidia germination and resistance to hyperosmotic stress. Conidial production is significantly decreased in Vdchs1, Vdchs4, and Vdchs8 mutants. VdCHS1, VdCHS2, VdCHS4, VdCHS6, VdCHS7, and VdCHS8 genes are important for cell wall integrity, while all mutants are important for cell membrane integrity. All of the VdCHS genes, except for VdCHS3, are required for the full pathogenicity of V. dahliae to Arabidopsis thaliana and cotton plants. The in vitro and in vivo penetration of Vdchs1, Vdchs4, Vdchs6, and Vdchs7 mutants was impaired, while that of the other mutants was normal. Overall, our results indicate that the VdCHS genes exert diverse functions to regulate the growth and development, conidial germination, conidial production, stress response, penetration, and virulence in V. dahliae.
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16
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Tian J, Kong Z. Live-cell imaging elaborating epidermal invasion and vascular proliferation/colonization strategy of Verticillium dahliae in host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:895-900. [PMID: 35322912 PMCID: PMC9104255 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae causes destructive vascular wilt disease in hundreds of dicotyledonous plant species. However, our understanding of the early invasion from the epidermis to the vasculature and the prompt proliferation and colonization in the xylem tissues remains poor. To elaborate the detailed infection strategy of V. dahliae in host plants, we traced the whole infection process of V. dahliae by live-cell imaging combined with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The 4D image series demonstrated that the apex of invading hyphae becomes tapered and directly invades the intercellular space of root epidermal cells at the initial infection. Following successful epidermal invasion, the invading hyphae extend in the intercellular space of the root cortex toward the vascular tissues. Importantly, the high-resolution microscopic and live-cell images demonstrated (a) that conidia are formed via budding at the apex of the hyphae in the xylem vessels to promote systemic propagation vertically, and (b) that the hyphae freely cross adjacent xylem vessels through the intertracheary pits to achieve horizontal colonization. Our findings provide a solid cellular basis for future studies on both intracellular invasion and vascular colonization/proliferation during V. dahliae infection and pathogenesis in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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17
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Li H, Wang D, Zhang DD, Geng Q, Li JJ, Sheng RC, Xue HS, Zhu H, Kong ZQ, Dai XF, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen FM, Chen JY. A polyketide synthase from Verticillium dahliae modulates melanin biosynthesis and hyphal growth to promote virulence. BMC Biol 2022; 20:125. [PMID: 35637443 PMCID: PMC9153097 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the disease cycle, plant pathogenic fungi exhibit a morphological transition between hyphal growth (the phase of active infection) and the production of long-term survival structures that remain dormant during “overwintering.” Verticillium dahliae is a major plant pathogen that produces heavily melanized microsclerotia (MS) that survive in the soil for 14 or more years. These MS are multicellular structures produced during the necrotrophic phase of the disease cycle. Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are responsible for catalyzing production of many secondary metabolites including melanin. While MS contribute to long-term survival, hyphal growth is key for infection and virulence, but the signaling mechanisms by which the pathogen maintains hyphal growth are unclear. Results We analyzed the VdPKSs that contain at least one conserved domain potentially involved in secondary metabolism (SM), and screened the effect of VdPKS deletions in the virulent strain AT13. Among the five VdPKSs whose deletion affected virulence on cotton, we found that VdPKS9 acted epistatically to the VdPKS1-associated melanin pathway to promote hyphal growth. The decreased hyphal growth in VdPKS9 mutants was accompanied by the up-regulation of melanin biosynthesis and MS formation. Overexpression of VdPKS9 transformed melanized hyphal-type (MH-type) into the albinistic hyaline hyphal-type (AH-type), and VdPKS9 was upregulated in the AH-type population, which also exhibited higher virulence than the MH-type. Conclusions We show that VdPKS9 is a powerful negative regulator of both melanin biosynthesis and MS formation in V. dahliae. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of how plant pathogens promote their virulence by the maintenance of vegetative hyphal growth during infection and colonization of plant hosts, and may provide novel targets for the control of melanin-producing filamentous fungi. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01330-2.
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18
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Zhang DD, Dai XF, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen JY. The secretome of Verticillium dahliae in collusion with plant defence responses modulates Verticillium wilt symptoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1810-1822. [PMID: 35478378 PMCID: PMC9542920 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a notorious soil‐borne pathogen that enters hosts through the roots and proliferates in the plant water‐conducting elements to cause Verticillium wilt. Historically, Verticillium wilt symptoms have been explained by vascular occlusion, due to the accumulation of mycelia and plant biomacromolecule aggregation, and also by phytotoxicity caused by pathogen‐secreted toxins. Beyond the direct cytotoxicity of some members of the secretome, this review systematically discusses the roles of the V. dahliae secretome in vascular occlusion, including the deposition of polysaccharides as an outcome of plant cell wall destruction, the accumulation of fungal mycelia, and modulation of plant defence responses. By modulating plant defences and hormone levels, the secretome manipulates the vascular environment to induce Verticillium wilt. Thus, the secretome of V. dahliae colludes with plant defence responses to modulate Verticillium wilt symptoms, and thereby bridges the historical concepts of both toxin production by the pathogen and vascular occlusion as the cause of wilting symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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19
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The bZip Transcription Factor VdMRTF1 is a Negative Regulator of Melanin Biosynthesis and Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0258121. [PMID: 35404080 PMCID: PMC9045294 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02581-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae infects over 400 plant species and causes serious losses of economically important crops, such as cotton and tomato, and also of woody plants, such as smoke tree, maple, and olive. Melanized long-term survival structures known as microsclerotia play crucial roles in the disease cycle of V. dahliae, enabling this soilborne fungus to survive for years in the soil in the absence of a host. Previously, we identified VdMRTF1 (microsclerotia-related transcription factor) encoding a bZip transcription factor which is downregulated during microsclerotial development in V. dahliae. In the present study, we showed that VdMRTF1 negatively controls melanin production and virulence by genetic, biological, and transcriptomic analyses. The mutant strain lacking VdMRTF1 (ΔVdMRTF1) exhibited increased melanin biosynthesis and the defect also promoted microsclerotial development and sensitivity to Ca2+. In comparison with the wild-type strain, the ΔVdMRTF1 strain showed a significant enhancement in virulence and displayed an increased capacity to eliminate reactive oxygen species in planta. Furthermore, analyses of transcriptomic profiles between the ΔVdMRTF1 and wild-type strains indicated that VdMRTF1 regulates the differential expression of genes associated with melanin biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, hydrogen peroxide catabolic processes, and oxidoreductase activity in V. dahliae. Taken together, these data show that VdMRTF1 is a negative transcriptional regulator of melanin biosynthesis, microsclerotia formation, and virulence in V. dahliae. IMPORTANCE Verticillium wilt is difficult to manage because the pathogen colonizes the plant xylem tissue and produces melanized microsclerotia which survive for more than 10 years in soil without a host. The molecular mechanisms underlying microsclerotia formation are of great importance to control the disease. Here, we provide evidence that a bZip transcription factor, VdMRTF1, plays important roles in melanin biosynthesis, microsclerotial development, resistance to elevated Ca2+ levels, and fungal virulence of V. dahliae. The findings extend and deepen our understanding of the complexities of melanin biosynthesis, microsclerotia formation, and virulence that are regulated by bZip transcription factors in V. dahliae.
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20
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Geng Q, Li H, Wang D, Sheng RC, Zhu H, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen JY, Chen FM, Zhang DD. The Verticillium dahliae Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase Complex Subunit Ada1 Is Essential for Conidia and Microsclerotia Production and Contributes to Virulence. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:852571. [PMID: 35283850 PMCID: PMC8905346 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.852571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a destructive soil-borne pathogen of many economically important dicots. The genetics of pathogenesis in V. dahliae has been extensively studied. Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase complex (SAGA) is an ATP-independent multifunctional chromatin remodeling complex that contributes to diverse transcriptional regulatory functions. As members of the core module in the SAGA complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ada1, together with Spt7 and Spt20, play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the complex. In this study, we identified homologs of the SAGA complex in V. dahliae and found that deletion of the Ada1 subunit (VdAda1) causes severe defects in the formation of conidia and microsclerotia, and in melanin biosynthesis and virulence. The effect of VdAda1 on histone acetylation in V. dahliae was confirmed by western blot analysis. The deletion of VdAda1 resulted in genome-wide alteration of the V. dahliae transcriptome, including genes encoding transcription factors and secreted proteins, suggesting its prominent role in the regulation of transcription and virulence. Overall, we demonstrated that VdAda1, a member of the SAGA complex, modulates multiple physiological processes by regulating global gene expression that impinge on virulence and survival in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Geng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Team of Crop Verticillium Wilt, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Cheng Sheng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Zhu
- National Cotton Industry Technology System Liaohe Comprehensive Experimental Station, The Cotton Research Center of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaoning Provincial Institute of Economic Crops, Liaoyang, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, United States
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA, United States
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- Team of Crop Verticillium Wilt, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Mao Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Team of Crop Verticillium Wilt, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Mazzotta E, Muzzalupo R, Chiappetta A, Muzzalupo I. Control of the Verticillium Wilt on Tomato Plants by Means of Olive Leaf Extracts Loaded on Chitosan Nanoparticles. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010136. [PMID: 35056586 PMCID: PMC8781408 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, a new ecofriendly and sustainable fungicide agent, with the ability to control Verticillium wilt, was developed. To this purpose, a green extract of olive leaf (OLE) was prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and characterized in terms of polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Then, OLE was loaded in chitosan nanoparticles (CTNPs) to combine the antifungal activity of CTNPs and phenolic compounds to obtain an important synergic effect. Nanoparticles were synthetized using the ionic gelation technique and characterized in terms of sizes, polydispersity index, Z-potential, encapsulation efficiency, and release profile. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of OLE were performed by the HPLC method. OLE-loaded CTNPs exhibited good physicochemical properties, such as a small size and positive surface charge that significantly contributed to a high antifungal efficacy against Verticillum dahliae. Therefore, their antifungal activity was evaluated in vitro, using the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) assay in a concentration range between 0.071 and 1.41 mg/mL. Free OLE, blank CTNPs, and OLE-loaded CTNPs possessed MIC values of 0.35, 0.71, and 0.14 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest an important synergic effect when OLE was loaded in CTNPs. Thereafter, we tested the two higher concentrations on tomato plants inoculated with V. dahliae, where no fungal growth was observed in the in vitro experiment, 0.71 and 1.41 mg/mL. Interestingly, OLE-loaded CTNPs at the higher concentration used, diminished the symptoms of Verticillium wilt in tomato plants inoculated with V. dahliae and significantly enhanced plant growth. This research offers promising results and opens the possibility to use OLE-loaded CTNPs as safe fungicides in the control strategies of Verticillium wilt at open field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura, Agrumicoltura, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA-OFA), C.da Li Rocchi-Vermicelli, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy;
| | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze della Salute e della Nutrizione, Universitá della Calabria (DFSSN-UNICAL), Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy;
| | - Adriana Chiappetta
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienza della Terra, Università della Calabria, Cubo 6B, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Innocenzo Muzzalupo
- Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura, Agrumicoltura, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA-OFA), C.da Li Rocchi-Vermicelli, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.M.)
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22
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Identification of long non-coding RNAs in Verticillium dahliae following inoculation of cotton. Microbiol Res 2022; 257:126962. [PMID: 35042052 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in diverse biological processes. However, these functions have not been assessed in Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes devastating wilt diseases in many crops. The discovery and identity of novel lncRNAs and their association with virulence may contribute to an increased understanding of the regulation of virulence in V. dahliae. Here, we identified a total of 352 lncRNAs in V. dahliae. The lncRNAs were transcribed from all V. dahliae chromosomes, typically with shorter open reading frames, lower GC content, and fewer exons than protein-coding genes. In addition, 308 protein-coding genes located within 10 kb upstream and 10 kb downstream of lncRNAs were identified as neighboring genes, and which were considered as potential targets of lncRNA. These neighboring genes encode products involved in development, stress responses, and pathogenicity of V. dahliae, such as transcription factors (TF), kinase, and members of the secretome. Furthermore, 47 lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in V. dahliae following inoculation of susceptible cotton (Gossyoiumhisutum) cultivar Junmian No.1, suggesting that lncRNAs may be involved in the regulation of virulence in V. dahliae. Moreover, correlations in expression patterns between lncRNA and their neighboring genes were detected. Expression of lncRNA012077 and its neighboring gene was up-regulated 6 h following inoculation of cotton, while the expression of lncRNA007722 was down-regulated at 6 h but up-regulated at 24 h, in a pattern opposite to that of its neighboring gene. Overexpression of lncRNA012077 in wild-type strain (Vd991) enhanced its virulence on cotton while overexpression of lncRNA009491 reduced virulence. Identification of novel lncRNAs and their association with virulence may provide new targets for disease control.
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Jia P, Tang Y, Hu G, Quan Y, Chen A, Zhong N, Peng Q, Wu J. Cotton miR319b-Targeted TCP4-Like Enhances Plant Defense Against Verticillium dahliae by Activating GhICS1 Transcription Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870882. [PMID: 35668804 PMCID: PMC9164164 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Teosinte branched1/Cincinnata/proliferating cell factor (TCP) transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and defense. However, the molecular mechanisms of TCPs participating in plant defense remain unclear. Here, we characterized a cotton TCP4-like fine-tuned by miR319b, which could interact with NON-EXPRESSER OF PATHOGEN-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) to directly activate isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1) expression, facilitating plant resistance against Verticillium dahliae. mRNA degradome data and GUS-fused assay showed that GhTCP4-like mRNA was directedly cleaved by ghr-miR319b. Knockdown of ghr-miR319b increased plant resistance to V. dahliae, whereas silencing GhTCP4-like increased plant susceptibility by the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method, suggesting that GhTCP4-like is a positive regulator of plant defense. According to the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and GUS reporter analysis, GhTCP4-like could transcriptionally activate GhICS1 expression, resulting in increased salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. Yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation image analyses demonstrated that GhTCP4-like interacts with GhNPR1, which can promote GhTCP4-like transcriptional activation in GhICS1 expression according to the GUS reporter assay. Together, these results revealed that GhTCP4-like interacts with GhNPR1 to promote GhICS1 expression through fine-tuning of ghr-miR319b, leading to SA accumulation, which is percepted by NPR1 to increase plant defense against V. dahliae. Therefore, GhTCP4-like participates in a positive feedback regulation loop of SA biosynthesis via NPR1, increasing plant defenses against fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonggang Quan
- The Key Laboratory for the Creation of Cotton Varieties in the Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Join Hope Seeds Co. Ltd., Changji, China
| | - Aimin Chen
- The Key Laboratory for the Creation of Cotton Varieties in the Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Join Hope Seeds Co. Ltd., Changji, China
| | - Naiqin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhong Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- Qingzhong Peng
| | - Jiahe Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Utilization, College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiahe Wu
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Functional Genomics and Comparative Lineage-Specific Region Analyses Reveal Novel Insights into Race Divergence in Verticillium dahliae. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0111821. [PMID: 34937170 PMCID: PMC8694104 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01118-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a widespread soilborne fungus that causes Verticillium wilt on numerous economically important plant species. In tomato, until now, three races have been characterized based on the response of differential cultivars to V. dahliae, but the genetic basis of race divergence in V. dahliae remains undetermined. To investigate the genetic basis of race divergence, we sequenced the genomes of two race 2 strains and four race 3 strains for comparative analyses with two known race 1 genomes. The genetic basis of race divergence was described by the pathogenicity-related genes among the three races, orthologue analyses, and genomic structural variations. Global comparative genomics showed that chromosomal rearrangements are not the only source of race divergence and that race 3 should be split into two genotypes based on orthologue clustering. Lineage-specific regions (LSRs), frequently observed between genomes of the three races, encode several predicted secreted proteins that potentially function as suppressors of immunity triggered by known effectors. These likely contribute to the virulence of the three races. Two genes in particular that can act as markers for race 2 and race 3 (VdR2e and VdR3e, respectively) contribute to virulence on tomato, and the latter acts as an avirulence factor of race 3. We elucidated the genetic basis of race divergence through global comparative genomics and identified secreted proteins in LSRs that could potentially play critical roles in the differential virulence among the races in V. dahliae. IMPORTANCE Deciphering the gene-for-gene relationships during host-pathogen interactions is the basis of modern plant resistance breeding. In the Verticillium dahliae-tomato pathosystem, two races (races 1 and 2) and their corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes have been identified, but strains that lack these two Avr genes exist in nature. In this system, race 3 has been described, but the corresponding Avr gene has not been identified. We de novo-sequenced genomes of six strains and identified secreted proteins within the lineage-specific regions (LSRs) distributed among the genomes of the three races that could potentially function as manipulators of host immunity. One of the LSR genes, VdR3e, was confirmed as the Avr gene for race 3. The results indicate that differences in transcriptional regulation may contribute to race differentiation. This is the first study to describe these differences and elucidate roles of secreted proteins in LSRs that play roles in race differentiation.
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Chen JY, Klosterman SJ, Hu XP, Dai XF, Subbarao KV. Key Insights and Research Prospects at the Dawn of the Population Genomics Era for Verticillium dahliae. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:31-51. [PMID: 33891830 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genomics era has ushered in exciting possibilities to examine the genetic bases that undergird the characteristic features of Verticillium dahliae and other plant pathogens. In this review, we provide historical perspectives on some of the salient biological characteristics of V. dahliae, including its morphology, microsclerotia formation, host range, disease symptoms, vascular niche, reproduction, and population structure. The kaleidoscopic population structure of this pathogen is summarized, including different races of the pathogen, defoliating and nondefoliating phenotypes, vegetative compatibility groupings, and clonal populations. Where possible, we place the characteristic differences in the context of comparative and functional genomics analyses that have offered insights into population divergence within V. dahliae and the related species.Current challenges are highlighted along with some suggested future population genomics studies that will contribute to advancing our understanding of the population divergence in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; ,
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Salinas, California 93905, USA;
| | - Xiao-Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; ,
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 93905, USA;
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Sun M, Zhang Z, Ren Z, Wang X, Sun W, Feng H, Zhao J, Zhang F, Li W, Ma X, Yang D. The GhSWEET42 Glucose Transporter Participates in Verticillium dahliae Infection in Cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690754. [PMID: 34386026 PMCID: PMC8353158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) proteins, a family of sugar transporters, mediate sugar diffusion across cell membranes. Pathogenic fungi can acquire sugars from plant cells to satisfy their nutritional demands for growth and infection by exploiting plant SWEET sugar transporters. However, the mechanism underlying the sugar allocation in cotton plants infected by Verticillium dahliae, the causative agent of Verticillium wilt, remains unclear. In this study, observations of the colonization of cotton roots by V. dahliae revealed that a large number of conidia had germinated at 48-hour post-inoculation (hpi) and massive hyphae had appeared at 96 hpi. The glucose content in the infected roots was significantly increased at 48 hpi. On the basis of an evolutionary analysis, an association analysis, and qRT-PCR assays, GhSWEET42 was found to be closely associated with V. dahliae infection in cotton. Furthermore, GhSWEET42 was shown to encode a glucose transporter localized to the plasma membrane. The overexpression of GhSWEET42 in Arabidopsis thaliana plants led to increased glucose content, and compromised their resistance to V. dahliae. In contrast, knockdown of GhSWEET42 expression in cotton plants by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) led to a decrease in glucose content, and enhanced their resistance to V. dahliae. Together, these results suggest that GhSWEET42 plays a key role in V. dahliae infection in cotton through glucose translocation, and that manipulation of GhSWEET42 expression to control the glucose level at the infected site is a useful method for inhibiting V. dahliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhongying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Daigang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Chen Y, Zhang M, Wang L, Yu X, Li X, Jin D, Zeng J, Ren H, Wang F, Song S, Yan X, Zhao J, Pei Y. GhKWL1 Upregulates GhERF105 but Its Function Is Impaired by Binding with VdISC1, a Pathogenic Effector of Verticillium dahliae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7328. [PMID: 34298948 PMCID: PMC8306359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is a devastating disease for many important crops, including cotton. Kiwellins (KWLs), a group of cysteine-rich proteins synthesized in many plants, have been shown to be involved in response to various phytopathogens. To evaluate genes for their function in resistance to Verticillium wilt, we investigated KWL homologs in cotton. Thirty-five KWL genes (GhKWLs) were identified from the genome of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Among them, GhKWL1 was shown to be localized in nucleus and cytosol, and its gene expression is induced by the infection of V. dahliae. We revealed that GhKWL1 was a positive regulator of GhERF105. Silencing of GhKWL1 resulted in a decrease, whereas overexpression led to an increase in resistance of transgenic plants to Verticillium wilt. Interestingly, through binding to GhKWL1, the pathogenic effector protein VdISC1 produced by V. dahliae could impair the defense response mediated by GhKWL1. Therefore, our study suggests there is a GhKWL1-mediated defense response in cotton, which can be hijacked by V. dahliae through the interaction of VdISC1 with GhKWL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaohan Yu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xianbi Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dan Jin
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jianyan Zeng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Fanlong Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shuiqing Song
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xingying Yan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
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Chen JY, Zhang DD, Huang JQ, Li R, Wang D, Song J, Puri KD, Yang L, Kong ZQ, Tong BZ, Li JJ, Huang YS, Simko I, Klosterman SJ, Dai XF, Subbarao KV. Dynamics of Verticillium dahliae race 1 population under managed agricultural ecosystems. BMC Biol 2021; 19:131. [PMID: 34172070 PMCID: PMC8235872 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant pathogens and their hosts undergo adaptive changes in managed agricultural ecosystems, by overcoming host resistance, but the underlying genetic adaptations are difficult to determine in natural settings. Verticillium dahliae is a fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt on many economically important crops including lettuce. We assessed the dynamics of changes in the V. dahliae genome under selection in a long-term field experiment. RESULTS In this study, a field was fumigated before the Verticillium dahliae race 1 strain (VdLs.16) was introduced. A derivative 145-strain population was collected over a 6-year period from this field in which a seggregating population of lettuce derived from Vr1/vr1 parents were evaluated. We de novo sequenced the parental genome of VdLs.16 strain and resequenced the derivative strains to analyze the genetic variations that accumulate over time in the field cropped with lettuce. Population genomics analyses identified 2769 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 750 insertion/deletions (In-Dels) in the 145 isolates compared with the parental genome. Sequence divergence was identified in the coding sequence regions of 378 genes and in the putative promoter regions of 604 genes. Five-hundred and nine SNPs/In-Dels were identified as fixed. The SNPs and In-Dels were significantly enriched in the transposon-rich, gene-sparse regions, and in those genes with functional roles in signaling and transcriptional regulation. CONCLUSIONS Under the managed ecosystem continuously cropped to lettuce, the local adaptation of V. dahliae evolves at a whole genome scale to accumulate SNPs/In-Dels nonrandomly in hypervariable regions that encode components of signal transduction and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Krishna D Puri
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jun-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ivan Simko
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, USA.
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA, USA.
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Yin Z, Wang N, Pi L, Li L, Duan W, Wang X, Dou D. Nicotiana benthamiana LRR-RLP NbEIX2 mediates the perception of an EIX-like protein from Verticillium dahliae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:949-960. [PMID: 33205907 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt diseases caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae result in devastating yield losses in many economically important crops annually. Here, we identified a novel ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX)-like protein, VdEIX3, from V. dahliae, which exhibits immunity-inducing activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. In vitro-purified VdEIX3 can induce strong oxidative burst, activate the expression of defense-related genes, and increase resistance against oomycete and fungal pathogens in N. benthamiana. VdEIX3 orthologs of other Verticillium pathogens also induce cell death in N. benthamiana, which form a new type of EIX protein family that is distinct from the known EIX proteins. A leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein, NbEIX2, regulates the perception of VdEIX3 in N. benthamiana. Our results demonstrate that VdEIX3 is a novel EIX-like protein that can be recognized by N. benthamiana NbEIX2, and also suggest that NbEIX2 is a promising receptor-like protein that is potentially applicable to transgenic breeding for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Ren Z, Liu W, Wang X, Chen M, Zhao J, Zhang F, Feng H, Liu J, Yang D, Ma X, Li W. SEVEN IN ABSENTIA Ubiquitin Ligases Positively Regulate Defense Against Verticillium dahliae in Gossypium hirsutum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:760520. [PMID: 34777442 PMCID: PMC8586545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.760520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational regulatory mechanism that controls a variety of biological processes in plants. The E3 ligases confer specificity by recognizing target proteins for ubiquitination. Here, we identified SEVEN IN ABSENTIA (SINA) ubiquitin ligases, which belong to the RING-type E3 ligase family, in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Twenty-four GhSINAs were characterized, and the expression levels of GhSINA7, GhSINA8, and GhSINA9 were upregulated at 24 h after inoculation with Verticillium dahliae. In vitro ubiquitination assays indicated that the three GhSINAs possessed E3 ubiquitin ligase activities. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves showed that they localized to the nucleus. And yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening revealed that they could interact with each other. The ectopic overexpression of GhSINA7, GhSINA8, and GhSINA9 independently in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in increased tolerance to V. dahliae, while individual knockdowns of GhSINA7, GhSINA8, and GhSINA9 compromised cotton resistance to the pathogen. Thus, GhSINA7, GhSINA8, and GhSINA9 act as positive regulators of defense responses against V. dahliae in cotton plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingjiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Daigang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Daigang Yang,
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Xiongfeng Ma,
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Wei Li,
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Verticillium Wilt of Olive and its Control: What Did We Learn during the Last Decade? PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060735. [PMID: 32545292 PMCID: PMC7356185 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) wilt is one of the most devastating diseases affecting olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) cultivation. Its effective control strongly relies on integrated management strategies. Olive cultivation systems are experiencing important changes (e.g., high-density orchards, etc.) aiming at improving productivity. The impact of these changes on soil biology and the incidence/severity of olive pests and diseases has not yet been sufficiently evaluated. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of the pathogen and its populations, the epidemiological factors contributing to exacerbating the disease, the underlying mechanisms of tolerance/resistance, and the involvement of the olive-associated microbiota in the tree's health is needed. This knowledge will be instrumental to developing more effective control measures to confront the disease in regions where the pathogen is present, or to exclude it from V. dahliae-free areas. This review compiles the most recent advances achieved to understand the olive-V. dahliae interaction as well as measures to control the disease. Aspects such as the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction, the identification of new biocontrol agents, the implementation of "-omics" approaches to unravel the basis of disease tolerance, and the utilization of remote sensing technology for the early detection of pathogen attacks are highlighted.
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Sarmiento-Villamil JL, García-Pedrajas NE, Cañizares MC, García-Pedrajas MD. Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Disease Cycle in the Vascular Pathogen Verticillium dahliae Characterized Through Forward Genetics and Transcriptomics. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:825-841. [PMID: 32154756 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-19-0228-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae has a worldwide distribution and a plethora of hosts of agronomic value. Molecular analysis of virulence processes can identify targets for disease control. In this work, we compared the global gene transcription profile of random T-DNA insertion mutant strain D-10-8F, which exhibits reduced virulence and alterations in microsclerotium formation and polar growth, with that of the wild-type strain. Three genes identified as differentially expressed were selected for functional characterization. To produce deletion mutants, we developed an updated version of one-step construction of Agrobacterium-recombination-ready plasmids (OSCAR) that included the negative selection marker HSVtk (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene) to prevent ectopic integration of the deletion constructs. Deletion of VdRGS1 (VDAG_00683), encoding a regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) protein and highly upregulated in the wild type versus D-10-8F, resulted in phenotypic alterations in development and virulence that were indistinguishable from those of the random T-DNA insertion mutant. In contrast, deletion of the other two genes selected, vrg1 (VDAG_07039) and vvs1 (VDAG_01858), showed that they do not play major roles in morphogenesis or virulence in V. dahliae. Taken together the results presented here on the transcriptomic analysis and phenotypic characterization of D-10-8F and ∆VdRGS1 strains provide evidence that variations in G protein signaling control the progression of the disease cycle in V. dahliae. We propose that G protein-mediated signals induce the expression of multiple virulence factors during biotrophic growth, whereas massive production of microsclerotia at late stages of infection requires repression of G protein signaling via upregulation of VdRGS1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Sarmiento-Villamil
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"- Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
- Centre d'étude de la forêt (CEF) and Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolás E García-Pedrajas
- Department of Computing and Numerical Analysis, C2 Building 3rd Floor, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Carmen Cañizares
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"- Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - María D García-Pedrajas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora"- Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Wang D, Tian L, Zhang D, Song J, Song S, Yin C, Zhou L, Liu Y, Wang B, Kong Z, Klosterman SJ, Li J, Wang J, Li T, Adamu S, Subbarao KV, Chen J, Dai X. Functional analyses of small secreted cysteine-rich proteins identified candidate effectors in Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:667-685. [PMID: 32314529 PMCID: PMC7170778 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted small cysteine-rich proteins (SCPs) play a critical role in modulating host immunity in plant-pathogen interactions. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae encodes more than 100 VdSCPs, but their roles in host-pathogen interactions have not been fully characterized. Transient expression of 123 VdSCP-encoding genes in Nicotiana benthamiana identified three candidate genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. The expression of these three proteins, VdSCP27, VdSCP113, and VdSCP126, in N. benthamiana resulted in cell death accompanied by a reactive oxygen species burst, callose deposition, and induction of defence genes. The three VdSCPs mainly localized to the periphery of the cell. BAK1 and SOBIR1 (associated with receptor-like protein) were required for the immunity triggered by these three VdSCPs in N. benthamiana. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that cysteine residues that form disulphide bonds are essential for the functioning of VdSCP126, but not VdSCP27 and VdSCP113. VdSCP27, VdSCP113, and VdSCP126 individually are not essential for V. dahliae infection of N. benthamiana and Gossypium hirsutum, although there was a significant reduction of virulence on N. benthamiana and G. hirsutum when inoculated with the VdSCP27/VdSCP126 double deletion strain. These results illustrate that the SCPs play a critical role in the V. dahliae-plant interaction via an intrinsic virulence function and suppress immunity following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li Tian
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Dan‐Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport ProcessMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Jian Song
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Chun‐Mei Yin
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lei Zhou
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport ProcessMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Life ScienceQufu Normal UniversityQufuChina
| | - Bao‐Li Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Kong
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceSalinasCAUSA
| | - Jun‐Jiao Li
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ting‐Gang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sabiu Adamu
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, c/o United States Agricultural Research StationSalinasCAUSA
| | - Jie‐Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport ProcessMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton DiseaseInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport ProcessMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
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Qin T, Hao W, Sun R, Li Y, Wang Y, Wei C, Dong T, Wu B, Dong N, Wang W, Sun J, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Yang S, Wang Q. Verticillium dahliae VdTHI20, Involved in Pyrimidine Biosynthesis, Is Required for DNA Repair Functions and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1378. [PMID: 32085660 PMCID: PMC7073022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) infects roots and colonizes the vascular vessels of host plants, significantly reducing the economic yield of cotton and other crops. In this study, the protein VdTHI20, which is involved in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway, was characterized by knocking out the corresponding VdTHI20 gene in V. dahliae via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). The deletion of VdTHI20 resulted in several phenotypic defects in vegetative growth and conidiation and in impaired virulence in tobacco seedlings. We show that VdTHI20 increases the tolerance of V. dahliae to UV damage. The impaired vegetative growth of ΔVdTHI20 mutant strains was restored by complementation with a functional copy of the VdTHI20 gene or by supplementation with additional thiamine. Furthermore, the root infection and colonization of the ΔVdTHI20 mutant strains were suppressed, as indicated by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelling under microscope observation. When the RNAi constructs of VdTHI20 were used to transform Nicotiana benthamiana, the transgenic lines expressing dsVdTHI20 showed elevated resistance to V. dahliae. Together, these results suggest that VdTHI20 plays a significant role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. In addition, the pathogenesis-related gene VdTHI20 exhibits potential for controlling V. dahliae in important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Qin
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Wei Hao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Runrun Sun
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yuqing Li
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Chunyan Wei
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Tao Dong
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Bingjie Wu
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| | - Na Dong
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jialiang Sun
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Qiuyue Yang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Song Yang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Qinglian Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
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Wang G, Xu J, Li L, Guo Z, Si Q, Zhu G, Wang X, Guo W. GbCYP86A1-1 from Gossypium barbadense positively regulates defence against Verticillium dahliae by cell wall modification and activation of immune pathways. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:222-238. [PMID: 31207065 PMCID: PMC6920168 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Suberin acts as stress-induced antipathogen barrier in the root cell wall. CYP86A1 encodes cytochrome P450 fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, which has been reported to be a key enzyme for suberin biosynthesis; however, its role in resistance to fungi and the mechanisms related to immune responses remain unknown. Here, we identified a disease resistance-related gene, GbCYP86A1-1, from Gossypium barbadense cv. Hai7124. There were three homologs of GbCYP86A1 in cotton, which are specifically expressed in roots and induced by Verticillium dahliae. Among them, GbCYP86A1-1 contributed the most significantly to resistance. Silencing of GbCYP86A1-1 in Hai7124 resulted in severely compromised resistance to V. dahliae, while heterologous overexpression of GbCYP86A1-1 in Arabidopsis improved tolerance. Tissue sections showed that the roots of GbCYP86A1-1 transgenic Arabidopsis had more suberin accumulation and significantly higher C16-C18 fatty acid content than control. Transcriptome analysis revealed that overexpression of GbCYP86A1-1 not only affected lipid biosynthesis in roots, but also activated the disease-resistant immune pathway; genes encoding the receptor-like kinases (RLKs), receptor-like proteins (RLPs), hormone-related transcription factors, and pathogenesis-related protein genes (PRs) were more highly expressed in the GbCYP86A1-1 transgenic line than control. Furthermore, we found that when comparing V. dahliae -inoculated and noninoculated plants, few differential genes related to disease immunity were detected in the GbCYP86A1-1 transgenic line; however, a large number of resistance genes were activated in the control. This study highlights the role of GbCYP86A1-1 in the defence against fungi and its underlying molecular immune mechanisms in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Lechen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Zhan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Qingxin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Guozhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
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36
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Li JJ, Zhou L, Yin CM, Zhang DD, Klosterman SJ, Wang BL, Song J, Wang D, Hu XP, Subbarao KV, Chen JY, Dai XF. The Verticillium dahliae Sho1-MAPK pathway regulates melanin biosynthesis and is required for cotton infection. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4852-4874. [PMID: 31667948 PMCID: PMC6916341 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soil‐borne fungus that causes vascular wilt on numerous plants worldwide. The fungus survives in the soil for up to 14 years by producing melanized microsclerotia. The protective function of melanin in abiotic stresses is well documented. Here, we found that the V. dahliae tetraspan transmembrane protein VdSho1, a homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sho1, acts as an osmosensor, and is required for plant penetration and melanin biosynthesis. The deletion mutant ΔSho1 was incubated on a cellophane membrane substrate that mimics the plant epidermis, revealing that the penetration of ΔSho1 strain was reduced compared to the wild‐type strain. Furthermore, VdSho1 regulates melanin biosynthesis by a signalling mechanism requiring a kinase‐kinase signalling module of Vst50‐Vst11‐Vst7. Strains, ΔVst50, ΔVst7 and ΔVst11 also displayed defective penetration and melanin production like the ΔSho1 strain. Defects in penetration and melanin production in ΔSho1 were restored by overexpression of Vst50, suggesting that Vst50 lies downstream of VdSho1 in the regulatory pathway governing penetration and melanin biosynthesis. Data analyses revealed that the transmembrane portion of VdSho1 was essential for both membrane penetration and melanin production. This study demonstrates that Vst50‐Vst11‐Vst7 module regulates VdSho1‐mediated plant penetration and melanin production in V. dahliae, contributing to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jiao Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chun-Mei Yin
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o United States Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, California, 93905, USA
| | - Bao-Li Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Song
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, California, 93905, USA
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, China
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Dung JKS, Knaus BJ, Fellows HLS, Grünwald NJ, Vining KJ. Genetic Diversity of Verticillium dahliae Isolates From Mint Detected with Genotyping by Sequencing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1966-1974. [PMID: 31246137 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0475-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is the most important disease threatening the commercial production of mint grown for essential oil. An important long-term goal for mint breeders is the production of cultivars with resistance to Verticillium wilt. Before that can be accomplished, a better understanding of the genetic variation within and among populations of Verticillium dahliae is needed. We characterized the extent of phenotypic and genetic diversity present in contemporary and archival populations of V. dahliae from mint fields in Oregon and other production regions of the United States using genotyping by sequencing, PCR assays for mating type and pathogenic race, vegetative compatibility group (VCG) tests, and aggressiveness assays. We report that the population in the Pacific Northwest can be described as one common genetic group and four relatively rare genetic groups. Eighty-three percent of the isolates belonged to VCG2B, and all isolates possessed the MAT1-2 idiomorph and were characterized as pathogenic race 2. These results indicate low levels of genetic diversity and a negligible risk of sexual recombination in populations of this host-adapted pathogen population. Knowledge of the genetic structure of V. dahliae in the Pacific Northwest will inform breeders about the diversity of pathogenicity factors that may need to be considered in their breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah K S Dung
- Central Oregon Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Madras, OR 97741
| | - Brian J Knaus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Henry L S Fellows
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Kelly J Vining
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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Li X, Su X, Lu G, Sun G, Zhang Z, Guo H, Guo N, Cheng H. VdOGDH is involved in energy metabolism and required for virulence of Verticillium dahliae. Curr Genet 2019; 66:345-359. [PMID: 31422448 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungus, can invade plant vascular tissue and cause Verticillium wilt. The enzyme α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), catalyzing the oxidation of α-oxoglutarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), is vital for energy metabolism in the fungi. Here, we identified the OGDH gene in V. dahliae (VdOGDH, VDAG_10018) and investigated its function in virulence by generating gene deletion mutants (ΔVdOGDH) and complementary mutants (ΔVdOGDH-C). When the ΔVdOGDH mutants were supplemented with different carbon sources, vegetative growth on Czapek Dox medium was significantly impaired, suggesting that VdOGDH is crucial for vegetative growth and carbon utilization. Conidia of the ΔVdOGDH mutants were atypically rounded or spherical, and hyphae were irregularly branched and lacked typical whorled branches. Mutants ΔVdOGDH-1 and ΔVdOGDH-2 were highly sensitive to H2O2 in the medium plates and had higher intracellular ROS levels. ΔVdOGDH mutants also had elevated expression of oxidative response-related genes, indicating that VdOGDH is involved in response to oxidative stress. In addition, the disruption of VdOGDH caused a significant increase in the expression of energy metabolism-related genes VdICL, VdICDH, VdMDH, and VdPDH and melanin-related genes Vayg1, VdSCD, VdLAC, VT4HR, and VaflM in the ΔVdOGDH mutants; thus, VdOGDH is also important for energy metabolism and melanin accumulation. Cotton plants inoculated with ΔVdOGDH mutants exhibited mild leaf chlorosis and the disease index was lower compared with wild type and ΔVdOGDH-C strains. These results together show that VdOGDH involved in energy metabolism of V. dahliae, is also essential for full virulence by regulating multiple fungal developmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoqing Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoqing Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ning Guo
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Two Verticillium dahliae MAPKKKs, VdSsk2 and VdSte11, Have Distinct Roles in Pathogenicity, Microsclerotial Formation, and Stress Adaptation. mSphere 2019; 4:4/4/e00426-19. [PMID: 31292234 PMCID: PMC6620378 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00426-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
These data provide insights into the distinctive functions of VdSsk2 and VdSte11 in pathogenicity, stress adaptation, and microsclerotial formation in V. dahliae. Verticillium dahliae causes destructive vascular wilt diseases on more than 200 plant species, including economically important crops and ornamental trees worldwide. The melanized microsclerotia enable the fungus to survive for years in soil and are crucial for its disease cycle. Previously, we found that the VdPbs2-VdHog1 (V. dahliae Pbs2-V. dahliae Hog1) module plays key roles in microsclerotial formation, stress responses, and virulence in V. dahliae. In this study, two mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) homologous to Ssk2p and Ste11p, which activate the Pbs2p-Hog1p module by phosphorylation in budding yeast, were identified in the genome of V. dahliae. Both ΔVdSsk2 (V. dahliaeSsk2) and ΔVdSte11 strains showed severe defects in microsclerotial formation and melanin biosynthesis, but the relative importance of these two genes in microsclerotial development was different. Deletion of VdSsk2, but not VdSte11, affected responses to osmotic stress, fungicidal response, and cell wall stressors. The ΔVdSsk2 strain exhibited a significant reduction in virulence, while the ΔVdSte11 strain was nonpathogenic due to failure to penetrate and form hyphopodia. Phosphorylation assays demonstrated that VdSsk2, but not VdSte11, can phosphorylate VdHog1 in V. dahliae. Moreover, VdCrz1, encoding a calcineurin-responsive zinc finger transcription factor and a key regulator of calcium signaling in fungi, was misregulated in the ΔVdSsk2, ΔVdPbs2, and ΔVdHog1 mutants. IMPORTANCE These data provide insights into the distinctive functions of VdSsk2 and VdSte11 in pathogenicity, stress adaptation, and microsclerotial formation in V. dahliae.
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Xiong X, Sun S, Li Y, Zhang X, Sun J, Xue F. The cotton WRKY transcription factor GhWRKY70 negatively regulates the defense response against Verticillium dahliae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yu D, Fang Y, Tang C, Klosterman SJ, Tian C, Wang Y. Genomewide Transcriptome Profiles Reveal How Bacillus subtilis Lipopeptides Inhibit Microsclerotia Formation in Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:622-634. [PMID: 30489195 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-18-0233-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus and the primary causal agent of vascular wilt diseases worldwide. The fungus produces melanized microsclerotia that are crucially important for the survival and spread of V. dahliae. There are no fungicides available that are both effective and environmentally friendly to suppress the fungus. Previously, Bacillus subtilis C232 was isolated from soil and was demonstrated to suppress microsclerotia formation in V. dahliae. In this study, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed that the antifungal substance is actually a mixture of lipopeptides. Exposure of V. dahliae to these lipopeptides resulted in hyphal swelling, cell lysis, and downregulation of melanin-related genes. RNA sequencing analyses of the lipopeptide-suppressed transcriptome during microsclerotial development revealed that 5,974 genes (2,131 upregulated and 3,843 downregulated) were differentially expressed versus nonsuppressive conditions. Furthermore, gene ontology enrichment analyses revealed that genes involved in response to stress, cellular metabolic processes, and translation were significantly enriched. Additionally, the lipopeptides inhibited expression of genes associated with secondary metabolism, protein catabolism, and the high-osmolarity glycerol response signaling pathway. Together, these findings provide evidence for the mechanism by which B. subtilis lipopeptides suppress microsclerotia formation. The transcriptomic insight garnered here may facilitate the development of biological agents to combat Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimei Yu
- 1 Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yulin Fang
- 1 Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Chen Tang
- 1 Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- 2 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, U.S.A
| | - Chengming Tian
- 1 Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yonglin Wang
- 1 Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China; and
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Zhang D, Wang J, Wang D, Kong Z, Zhou L, Zhang G, Gui Y, Li J, Huang J, Wang B, Liu C, Yin C, Li R, Li T, Wang J, Short DPG, Klosterman SJ, Bostock RM, Subbarao KV, Chen J, Dai X. Population genomics demystifies the defoliation phenotype in the plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1012-1029. [PMID: 30609067 PMCID: PMC6594092 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a broad host-range pathogen that causes vascular wilts in plants. Interactions between three hosts and specific V. dahliae genotypes result in severe defoliation. The underlying mechanisms of defoliation are unresolved. Genome resequencing, gene deletion and complementation, gene expression analysis, sequence divergence, defoliating phenotype identification, virulence analysis, and quantification of V. dahliae secondary metabolites were performed. Population genomics previously revealed that G-LSR2 was horizontally transferred from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum to V. dahliae and is exclusively found in the genomes of defoliating (D) strains. Deletion of seven genes within G-LSR2, designated as VdDf genes, produced the nondefoliation phenotype on cotton, olive, and okra but complementation of two genes restored the defoliation phenotype. Genes VdDf5 and VdDf6 associated with defoliation shared homology with polyketide synthases involved in secondary metabolism, whereas VdDf7 shared homology with proteins involved in the biosynthesis of N-lauroylethanolamine (N-acylethanolamine (NAE) 12:0), a compound that induces defoliation. NAE overbiosynthesis by D strains also appears to disrupt NAE metabolism in cotton by inducing overexpression of fatty acid amide hydrolase. The VdDfs modulate the synthesis and overproduction of secondary metabolites, such as NAE 12:0, that cause defoliation either by altering abscisic acid sensitivity, hormone disruption, or sensitivity to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Kong
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | | | - Yue‐Jing Gui
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Jun‐Jiao Li
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | | | - Bao‐Li Wang
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Chun Liu
- GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhen518083China
| | - Chun‐Mei Yin
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Rui‐Xing Li
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Ting‐Gang Li
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Jin‐Long Wang
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Dylan P. G. Short
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davisc/o US Agricultural Research StationSalinasCA93905USA
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceCrop Improvement and Protection Research UnitSalinasCA93905USA
| | | | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davisc/o US Agricultural Research StationSalinasCA93905USA
| | - Jie‐Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Xiao‐Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
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Jiménez-Ruiz J, Leyva-Pérez MDLO, Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Barroso JB, Luque F, Mercado-Blanco J. The Transcriptome of Verticillium dahliae Responds Differentially Depending on the Disease Susceptibility Level of the Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Cultivar. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040251. [PMID: 30934761 PMCID: PMC6523120 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among biotic constraints affecting olive trees cultivation worldwide, the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae is considered one of the most serious threats. Olive cultivars display differential susceptibility to the disease, but our knowledge on the pathogen’s responses when infecting varieties differing in susceptibility is scarce. A comparative transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was conducted in olive cultivars Picual (susceptible) and Frantoio (tolerant). RNA samples originated from roots during the first two weeks after inoculation with V. dahliae defoliating (D) pathotype. Verticillium dahliae mRNA amount was overwhelmingly higher in roots of the susceptible cultivar, indicating that proliferation of pathogen biomass is favored in ‘Picual’. A significant larger number of V. dahliae unigenes (11 fold) were only induced in this cultivar. Seven clusters of differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified according to time-course expression patterns. Unigenes potentially coding for niche-adaptation, pathogenicity, virulence and microsclerotia development were induced in ‘Picual’, while in ‘Frantoio’ expression remained negligible or null. Verticillium dahliae D pathotype transcriptome responses are qualitatively and quantitatively different, and depend on cultivar susceptibility level. The much larger V. dahliae biomass found in ‘Picual’ roots is a consequence of both host and pathogen DEG explaining, to a large extent, the higher aggressiveness exerted over this cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Jiménez-Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - María de la O Leyva-Pérez
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Francisco Luque
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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Zheng J, Tang C, Deng C, Wang Y. Involvement of a Response Regulator VdSsk1 in Stress Response, Melanin Biosynthesis and Full Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:606. [PMID: 30967857 PMCID: PMC6439524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on over 200 plant species worldwide. This fungus forms melanized microsclerotia which help it to survive under adverse conditions and these structures are vital to the disease spread. Here, we identified and characterized a V. dahliae homolog to of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ssk1, a response regulator of the two-component system. Herein, we demonstrated that the VdSsk1 deletion strains were more sensitive to various stresses, including oxidative stress conferred by H2O2 and sodium nitroprusside dihydrate, while the mutants confered higher resistance to fungicides such as fludioxonil and iprodione. Furthermore, disruption of VdSsk1 resulted in significant downregulation of melanin biosynthesis-related genes but did not affect microsclerotial development. Phosphorylation of VdHog1 was not detected in the VdSsk1 deletion strains under the treatment of sorbitol, indicating that phosphorylation of VdHog1 is dependent on VdSsk1. Finally, we demonstrated that VdSsk1 is required for full virulence. Taken together, this study suggests that VdSsk1 modulates stress response, melanin biosynthesis and virulence of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Wang Y, Deng C, Tian L, Xiong D, Tian C, Klosterman SJ. The Transcription Factor VdHapX Controls Iron Homeostasis and Is Crucial for Virulence in the Vascular Pathogen Verticillium dahliae. mSphere 2018; 3:e00400-18. [PMID: 30185514 PMCID: PMC6126142 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00400-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is essential for full virulence and viability in many pathogenic fungi. Here, we showed that the bZip transcription factor VdHapX functions as a key regulator of iron homeostasis for adaptation to iron-depleted and iron-excess conditions and is required for full virulence in the vascular wilt fungus, Verticillium dahliae Deletion of VdHapX impaired mycelial growth and conidiation under both iron starvation and iron sufficiency. Furthermore, disruption of VdHapX led to decreased formation of the long-lived survival structures of V. dahliae, known as microsclerotia. Expression of genes involved in iron utilization pathways and siderophore biosynthesis was misregulated in the ΔVdHapX strain under the iron-depleted condition. Additionally, the ΔVdHapX strain exhibited increased sensitivity to high iron concentrations and H2O2, indicating that VdHapX also contributes to iron or H2O2 detoxification. The ΔVdHapX strain showed a strong reduction in virulence on smoke tree seedlings (Cotinus coggygria) and was delayed in its ability to penetrate plant epidermal tissue.IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated that VdHapX is a conserved protein that mediates adaptation to iron starvation and excesses, affects microsclerotium formation, and is crucial for virulence of V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Longyan Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Salinas, California, USA
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Nazar RN, Xu X, Blaya Fernandez J, Shittu H, Kurosky A, Robb J. Defence cascade in Verticillium-infected grafted tomato. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1475807. [PMID: 29939825 PMCID: PMC6207417 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1475807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In tomato the Ve1-gene provides resistance to the vascular pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, race 1; ve1 plants are susceptible. Reciprocal grafts of resistant and susceptible tomato near-isolines were used to examine proteomic changes and, in particular, the effect of the Ve1-gene on the defence/stress protein cascade induced during Verticillium wilt. Based on label-free LC-MS, the results indicate that this defence response is cell-specific, correlates with overall fungal colonization and is mitigated by Ve1 function. The influence of the Ve1-gene in resistant tissues, however, is not actually transferred to susceptible tissues in the grafted plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N. Nazar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada
| | | | - Hakeem Shittu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Alexander Kurosky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Jane Robb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada
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Marton K, Flajšman M, Radišek S, Košmelj K, Jakše J, Javornik B, Berne S. Comprehensive analysis of Verticillium nonalfalfae in silico secretome uncovers putative effector proteins expressed during hop invasion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198971. [PMID: 29894496 PMCID: PMC5997321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular plant pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae causes Verticillium wilt in several important crops. VnaSSP4.2 was recently discovered as a V. nonalfalfae virulence effector protein in the xylem sap of infected hop. Here, we expanded our search for candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) in the V. nonalfalfae predicted secretome using a bioinformatic pipeline built on V. nonalfalfae genome data, RNA-Seq and proteomic studies of the interaction with hop. The secretome, rich in carbohydrate active enzymes, proteases, redox proteins and proteins involved in secondary metabolism, cellular processing and signaling, includes 263 CSEPs. Several homologs of known fungal effectors (LysM, NLPs, Hce2, Cerato-platanins, Cyanovirin-N lectins, hydrophobins and CFEM domain containing proteins) and avirulence determinants in the PHI database (Avr-Pita1 and MgSM1) were found. The majority of CSEPs were non-annotated and were narrowed down to 44 top priority candidates based on their likelihood of being effectors. These were examined by spatio-temporal gene expression profiling of infected hop. Among the highest in planta expressed CSEPs, five deletion mutants were tested in pathogenicity assays. A deletion mutant of VnaUn.279, a lethal pathotype specific gene with sequence similarity to SAM-dependent methyltransferase (LaeA), had lower infectivity and showed highly reduced virulence, but no changes in morphology, fungal growth or conidiation were observed. Several putative secreted effector proteins that probably contribute to V. nonalfalfae colonization of hop were identified in this study. Among them, LaeA gene homolog was found to act as a potential novel virulence effector of V. nonalfalfae. The combined results will serve for future characterization of V. nonalfalfae effectors, which will advance our understanding of Verticillium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Marton
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Katarina Košmelj
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Feng Z, Tian J, Han L, Geng Y, Sun J, Kong Z. The Myosin5-mediated actomyosin motility system is required for Verticillium
pathogenesis of cotton. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1607-1621. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidi Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture; College of Agriculture, Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang 832000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Yuan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture; College of Agriculture, Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang 832000 China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomic; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
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Wang Y, Hu X, Fang Y, Anchieta A, Goldman PH, Hernandez G, Klosterman SJ. Transcription factor VdCmr1 is required for pigment production, protection from UV irradiation, and regulates expression of melanin biosynthetic genes in Verticillium dahliae. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2018; 164:685-696. [PMID: 29485393 PMCID: PMC5982140 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus that causes vascular wilt diseases on numerous plant species worldwide. The production of darkly melanized microsclerotia is crucial in the disease cycle of V. dahliae, as these structures allow for long-term survival in soil. Previously, transcriptomic and genomic analysis identified a cluster of genes in V. dahliae that encodes some dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin biosynthetic pathway homologues found in related fungi. In this study, we explored the roles of cluster-specific transcription factor VdCmr1, as well as two other genes within the cluster encoding a polyketide synthase (VdPKS1) and a laccase (VdLac1), enzymes at initial and endpoint steps in DHN melanin production. The results revealed that VdCmr1 and VdPKS1 are required for melanin production, but neither is required for microsclerotia production. None of the three genes were required for pathogenesis on tobacco and lettuce. Exposure of ΔVdCmr1 and wild-type strains to UV irradiation, or to high temperature (40 °C), revealed an approx. 50 % reduction of survival in the ΔVdCmr1 strain, relative to the wild-type strain, in response to either condition. Expression profiles revealed that expression of some melanin biosynthetic genes are in part dependent on VdCmr1. Combined data indicate VdCmr1 is a key regulator of melanin biosynthesis, and that via regulation of melanogenesis, VdCmr1 affects survival of V. dahliae in response to abiotic threats. We conclude with a model showing regulation of VdCmr1 by a high osmolarity glycerol response (Hog)-type MAP kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yulin Fang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Amy Anchieta
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | - Polly H. Goldman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | - Gustavo Hernandez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905, USA
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905, USA
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Sarmiento‐Villamil JL, Prieto P, Klosterman SJ, García‐Pedrajas MD. Characterization of two homeodomain transcription factors with critical but distinct roles in virulence in the vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:986-1004. [PMID: 28727279 PMCID: PMC6638091 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Vascular wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a destructive disease that represents a chronic economic problem for crop production worldwide. In this work, we characterized two new regulators of pathogenicity in this species. Vph1 (VDAG_06555) was identified in a candidate gene approach as a putative homologue of the transcription factor Ste12. Vhb1 (VDAG_08786), identified in a forward genetics approach, is similar to the homeobox transcription factor Htf1, reported as a regulator of conidiogenesis in several fungi. Deletion of vph1 did not affect vegetative growth, whereas deletion of vhb1 greatly reduced sporulation rates in liquid medium. Both mutants failed to induce Verticillium wilt symptoms. However, unlike Δvph1, Δvhb1 could be re-isolated from the vascular system of some asymptomatic plants. Confocal microscopy further indicated that Δvph1 and Δvhb1 differed in their behaviour in planta; Δvph1 could not penetrate the root cortex, whereas Δvhb1 was impaired in its ability to colonize the xylem. In agreement with these observations, only Δvhb1 could penetrate cellophane paper. On cellophane, wild-type and Δvhb1 strains produced numerous short branches with swollen tips, resembling the hyphopodia formed on root surfaces, contrasting with Δvph1, which generated unbranched long filaments without swollen tips. A microarray analysis showed that these differences in growth were associated with differences in global transcription patterns, and allowed us to identify a large set of novel genes potentially involved in virulence in V. dahliae. Ste12 homologues are known regulators of invasive growth, but Vhb1 is the first putative Htf1 homologue identified with a critical role in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Sarmiento‐Villamil
- Estación Experimental ‘La Mayora’Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC)Algarrobo‐CostaMálaga 29750Spain
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Departamento de Mejora Genética, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Córdoba14004Spain
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- Agricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureSalinasCA 93905USA
| | - María D. García‐Pedrajas
- Estación Experimental ‘La Mayora’Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC)Algarrobo‐CostaMálaga 29750Spain
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