The Wnt signaling pathway in development and disease

Crosstalk among canonical Wnt and Hippo pathway members in skeletal muscle and at the neuromuscular junction

Skeletal muscles are essential for locomotion, posture, and metabolic regulation. To understand physiological processes, exercise adaptation, and muscle-related disorders, it is critical to understand the molecular pathways that underlie skeletal muscle function. The process of muscle contraction, orchestrated by a complex interplay of molecular events, is at the core of skeletal muscle function. Muscle contraction is initiated by an action potential and neuromuscular transmission requiring a neuromuscular junction. Within muscle fibers, calcium ions play a critical role in mediating the interaction between actin and myosin filaments that generate force. Regulation of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling. The development and growth of skeletal muscle are regulated by a network of molecular pathways collectively known as myogenesis. Myogenic regulators coordinate the differentiation of myoblasts into mature muscle fibers. Signaling pathways regulate muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy in response to mechanical stimuli and nutrient availability. Several muscle-related diseases, including congenital myasthenic disorders, sarcopenia, muscular dystrophies, and metabolic myopathies, are underpinned by dysregulated molecular pathways in skeletal muscle. Therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving muscle mass and function, enhancing regeneration, and improving metabolic health hold promise by targeting specific molecular pathways. Other molecular signaling pathways in skeletal muscle include the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, a critical regulator of myogenesis, muscle regeneration, and metabolic function, and the Hippo signaling pathway. In recent years, more details have been uncovered about the role of these two pathways during myogenesis and in developing and adult skeletal muscle fibers, and at the neuromuscular junction. In fact, research in the last few years now suggests that these two signaling pathways are interconnected and that they jointly control physiological and pathophysiological processes in muscle fibers. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the data on these two pathways, focusing on their concerted action next to their contribution to skeletal muscle biology. However, an in-depth discussion of the non-canonical Wnt pathway, the fibro/adipogenic precursors, or the mechanosensory aspects of these pathways is not the focus of this review.

Molecular landscape of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma and is characterized by a complex molecular landscape driven by genetic and epigenetic alternations. Among the crucial signaling pathways implicated in ccRCC, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a significant role in tumor progression and prognosis. This review delves into the molecular basis of ccRCC, highlighting the genetic and epigenetic modifications that contribute to its pathogenesis. We explore the significance of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, focusing on its role in disease development, particularly the nuclear transport of β-catenin and its activation and downstream effects. Furthermore, we examine the role of antagonist genes in regulating this pathway within the context of ccRCC, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets. Dysregulation of this pathway, which is characterized by abnormal activation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, plays a significant role in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. We explore the intricate molecular aspects of ccRCC, with a particular emphasis on this topic, underscoring the role of the pathway and emphasizing the importance and relevance of antagonist genes. Understanding the intricate interplay between these molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing innovative strategies to improve ccRCC treatment and patient outcomes.

The bone microenvironment: new insights into the role of stem cells and cell communication in bone regeneration

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a crucial role in bone formation and remodeling. Intrinsic genetic factors and extrinsic environmental cues regulate their differentiation into osteoblasts. Within the bone microenvironment, a complex network of biochemical and biomechanical signals orchestrates bone homeostasis and regeneration. In addition, the crosstalk among MSCs, immune cells, and neighboring cells-mediated by extracellular vesicles and non-coding RNAs (such as circular RNAs and micro RNAs) -profoundly influences osteogenic differentiation and bone remodeling. Recent studies have explored specific signaling pathways that contribute to effective bone regeneration, highlighting the potential of manipulating the bone microenvironment to enhance MSC functionality. The integration of advanced biomaterials, gene editing techniques, and controlled delivery systems is paving the way for more targeted and efficient regenerative therapies. Furthermore, artificial intelligence could improve bone tissue engineering, optimize biomaterial design, and enable personalized treatment strategies. This review explores the latest advancements in bone regeneration, emphasizing the intricate interplay among stem cells, immune cells, and signaling molecules. By providing a comprehensive overview of these mechanisms and their clinical implications, we aim to shed light on future research directions in this rapidly evolving field.

New Roles of Artemisinins in Atherosclerosis Progression

Artemisinin is a natural compound derived from the Chinese plant Artemisia annua, which was officially approved by the FDA for its antimalarial effects. In recent years, a growing body of studies has shown the novel function of artemisinin in atherosclerosis therapy. In vivo studies have shown that artemisinin can inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis plaque. In the present review, the evidence showing the inhibitory effects of artemisinin on the progression of atherosclerosis plaque and its underlying mechanisms is discussed. Mechanistically, artemisinin and its derivatives act by modulating various atherosclerosis-mediating risk factors, including hyperlipidemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and malfunctioning vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Notably, artesunate, but not artemisinin, can attenuate the plasma levels of TG, TC, VLDL-C, and LDL-c, along with a substantial decline in arterial lipid deposition through enhancing the LDPL activity via inducing the KFL2/NRF2/TCF7L2 axis. Artemisinin was found to ameliorate the atherosclerosis plaque inflammation by reducing monocyte adhesion and subsequent transmigration to the intima, via inhibiting the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, diminishing NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and reducing the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, MCP-1, and TGF-β1 mechanistically and mainly via suppressing the by NF-κB activity. Artemisinin could exert antioxidant effects through activating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway and suppressing the ROS-mediated NF-κB signal pathway. Artemisinin could also improve the VSMC function in the atherosclerosis plaque. These findings can suggest artemisinin as a new therapeutic agent for treating atherosclerosis; however, future clinical trials are warranted to validate its therapeutic efficiency in patients with atherosclerosis.

Contribution of S1pr1 -featured astrocyte subpopulation to cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy accompanied by neuropathic pain (CIPN) is a major neurotoxicity of cisplatin, a platinum-based drug widely used for lung, ovarian, and testicular cancer treatment. CIPN causes drug discontinuation and severely impacts life quality with no FDA-approved interventions. We previously reported that platinum-based drugs increase levels of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in the spinal cord and drive CIPN through activating the S1P receptor subtype 1 (S1PR1). However, the mechanisms engaged downstream of S1PR1 remain poorly understood. Using single cell transcriptomics on male mouse spinal cord, our findings uncovered subpopulation-specific responses to cisplatin associated with CIPN. Particularly, cisplatin increased the proportion of astrocytes with high expression levels of S1pr1 ( S1pr1 high astrocytes), specific to which a Wnt signaling pathway was identified. To this end, several genes involved in Wnt signaling, such as the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene ( Fgfr3 ), were highly expressed in S1pr1 high astrocytes. The functional S1PR1 antagonist, ozanimod, prevented cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain and astrocytic upregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway genes. FGFR3 belongs to the FGF/FGFR family which often signals to activate Wnt signaling. Intrathecal injection of the FGFR3 antagonist, PD173074, prevented the development of CIPN in male mice. These data not only highlight FGFR3 as one of the astrocytic targets of S1PR1 but raise the possibility that S1PR1-induced engagement of Wnt signaling in S1pr1 high astrocytes may contribute to CIPN. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive mapping of cellular and molecular changes engaged in cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain and decipher novel S1PR1-based mechanisms of action.

Wnt signaling pathways in biology and disease: mechanisms and therapeutic advances

The Wnt signaling pathway is critically involved in orchestrating cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, survival, and cell fate determination during development. Given its pivotal role in cellular communication, aberrant Wnt signaling has been extensively linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the Wnt pathway, detailing its signal transduction mechanisms and principal components. Furthermore, the complex network of interactions between Wnt cascades and other key signaling pathways, such as Notch, Hedgehog, TGF-β, FGF, and NF-κB, is explored. Genetic mutations affecting the Wnt pathway play a pivotal role in disease progression, with particular emphasis on Wnt signaling's involvement in cancer stem cell biology and the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, this review underscores the diverse mechanisms through which Wnt signaling contributes to diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Finally, a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic progress targeting Wnt signaling was given, and the latest progress in disease treatment targeting key components of the Wnt signaling pathway was summarized in detail, including Wnt ligands/receptors, β-catenin destruction complexes, and β-catenin/TCF transcription complexes. The development of small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and combination therapy strategies was emphasized, while the current potential therapeutic challenges were summarized. This aims to enhance the current understanding of this key pathway.

Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in gastrointestinal cancer: Focus on signaling pathways and improvement strategies (Review)

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds distributed in vegetables, fruits and other plants, which have considerable antioxidant, anti‑tumor and anti‑inflammatory activities. Several types of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer are the most common malignant tumors in the world. A large number of studies have shown that flavonoids have inhibitory effects on cancer, and they are recognized as a class of potential anti‑tumor drugs. Therefore, the present review investigated the molecular mechanisms of flavonoids in the treatment of different types of GI cancer and summarized the drug delivery systems commonly used to improve their bioavailability. First, the classification of flavonoids and the therapeutic effects of various flavonoids on human diseases were briefly introduced. Then, to clarify the mechanism of action of flavonoids on different types of GI cancer in the human body, the metabolic process of flavonoids in the human body and the associated signaling pathways causing five common types of GI cancer were discussed, as well as the corresponding therapeutic targets of flavonoids. Finally, in clinical settings, flavonoids have poor water solubility, low permeability and inferior stability, which lead to low absorption efficiency in vivo. Therefore, the three most widely used drug delivery systems were summarized. Suggestions for improving the bioavailability of flavonoids and the focus of the next stage of research were also put forward.

Neurodevelopmental effects of omega-3 fatty acids and its combination with Methylphenidate in iPSC models of ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been linked to altered neurodevelopmental processes, including proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSC). We aimed to investigate the role of Wnt signaling, a pathway critical for brain development, in ADHD and to determine if modulation of this pathway using ω-3/6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may provide a beneficial treatment approach. Given the symptom heterogeneity in ADHD and the limited response to conventional therapies for some patients, we examined the effects of ω-3/6 PUFA treatment combined with Methylphenidate (MPH) on neurodevelopmental mechanisms using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NSCs, comparing controls to ADHD patients. Our results show that ω-3/6 PUFAs differentially regulate Wnt activity in NSCs depending on the patient's condition and the composition of the treatments. These findings highlight the potential of ω-3 PUFA treatment as personalized support for neurodevelopmental processes in ADHD. They also emphasize the importance of investigating ADHD subgroups, including those unresponsive to stimulant treatments, as they may exhibit distinct phenotypes.

Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Dickkopf-1 Gene Transduction Reduces Silica-Induced Oxidative Stress and Silicosis in Mouse Lung

Aims: Silicosis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of silica particles. Both silica-induced oxidative stress and aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway are potential targets in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, plays regulatory roles in cell fate determination and immune responses. Our previous study demonstrated that adenoviral vector-mediated Dkk1 gene transfer alleviated the silica-induced mouse silicosis. However, the mechanism of therapeutic action of Dkk1 in silicosis is yet completely understood; together with the drawbacks of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy, we investigated the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of Dkk1 by employing an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector in a silicosis mouse model. Results: The AAV vector could efficiently transduce the Dkk1 gene in silicotic lung during both the early and the late phases of disease, resulting in an alleviation of silicotic lesions, improvement of pulmonary compliance, and radiological findings. Mechanistic studies further demonstrated that the transduction of Dkk1 inhibited the silica-activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and reduced the silica-induced reactive oxygen species-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase 4, oxidative stress regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and signaling molecules binding immunoglobulin protein and C/EBP homologous protein. In addition, shRNA-mediated downregulation of Dkk1 exacerbated the progression of silicosis in mice, whereas the treatment of ROS scavenger n-acetylcysteine showed a comparable mitigation of silicosis that was seen in the AAV-Dkk1 treatment. Innovation and Conclusion: This study provides an insight into the mechanism by which Dkk1 inhibits the silica-induced Wnt signaling and oxidative stress to mitigate the pathogenesis of lung silicosis and evidence of the potential of AAV-mediated Dkk1 gene transfer as an alternative approach in silicosis treatment. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 42, 529-546.

WNT5a export onto extracellular vesicles studied at single-molecule and single-vesicle resolution

WNT signaling governs development, homeostasis, and aging of cells and tissues, and is frequently dysregulated in pathophysiological processes such as cancer. WNT proteins are hydrophobic and traverse the intercellular space between the secreting and receiving cells on various carriers, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we address the relevance of different EV fractions and other vehicles for WNT5a protein, a non-canonical WNT ligand that signals independently of beta-catenin. Its highly context-dependent roles in cancer (either tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting) have been attributed to two distinct isoforms, WNT5a Short (WNT5aS) and WNT5a Long (WNT5aL), resulting from different signal peptide cleavage sites. To explore possible differences in secretion and extracellular transport, we developed fusion constructs with the fluorescent proteins (FPs) mScarlet and mOxNeonGreen. Functional reporter assays revealed that both WNT5a isoforms inhibit canonical WNT signaling, and EVs produced by WNT5a-bearing tumor cells, carrying either of the WNT5a isoforms, induced invasiveness of the luminal A breast cancer cell line MCF7. We used fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (FIDA) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to characterize at single-molecule sensitivity WNT5aL-bearing entities secreted by HEK293T cells. Importantly, we found that most WNT5aL proteins remained monomeric in the supernatant after ultracentrifugation; only a minor fraction was EV-bound. We further determined the average sizes of the EV fractions and the average number of WNT5aL proteins per EV. Our detailed biophysical analysis of the physical nature of the EV populations is an important step toward understanding context-dependent WNT cargo loading and signaling in future studies.

Transcriptome analysis of testis and epididymis identifies key genes and pathways regulating gander sperm motility

Sperm motility is a critical indicator of semen quality and determines the reproduction performance in male poultry. However, compared to chickens and ducks, very little is known about the physiological basis of varying levels of sperm motility as well the underlying regulatory mechanisms in geese. To address this, in the present study, a systematic comparison of semen quality parameters and histomorphological characteristics and genome-wide transcriptomic profiles of testes and epididymis were performed in ganders with high and low sperm motility. Our results showed that the size, weight, and organ index of bilateral testes and epididymis of ganders from high sperm motility (HSM) group tended to be higher (P > 0.05) than those of ganders from low sperm motility (LSM) group, implying better reproductive organ development in HSM. The ejaculate volume, sperm density, sperm viability, and semen quality factor of the ganders were observed to be significantly higher in HSM than in LSM (P < 0.01), and the opposite was seen in sperm deformity rate (P < 0.01). Moreover, the ganders in HSM showed significantly higher testicular seminiferous epithelial thickness and seminiferous tubule diameter (P < 0.05), higher number of Sertoli cells (SC), spermatids (Sd), and spermatozoa (Sa, P < 0.05), as well as greater diameter and area of epididymal proximal efferent ductule (PED, P < 0.05) than those in LSM. Comparative transcriptomic analysis identified 1,828 and 483 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the testis and epididymis of ganders between HSM and LSM, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in the Wnt signaling, Apelin signaling, melanogenesis, and GnRH signaling pathways. The protein-protein interaction network analysis further highlighted the hub genes. The testicular DEGs including PLCB1, PLCB2, WNT11, WNT4, and LRP6 were identified to regulate sperm motility through the Wnt signaling pathway, while the epididymal DEGs including WNT3A, WNT9B, SOX2, and SOX10 could affect sperm motility by regulating epididymal cellular proliferation and differentiation. These data provided new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of male poultry reproductive organ development and sperm quality and would be helpful for developing molecular approaches in the genetic improvement of goose fertility.

Screening, expression, and functional validation of camelid-derived nanobodies targeting RSPO2

OBJECTIVE

RSPO2 (R-spondin 2) is a key regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, involved in embryogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and cancer progression. Despite its therapeutic potential, effective agents targeting RSPO2 remain elusive. To address the unmet need for RSPO2-targeted therapies, we aimed to develop high-affinity nanobodies via phage display and prokaryotic expression, characterizing their binding specificity and functional blockade of RSPO2-LGR4 interactions. This study provides foundational insights into nanobody-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling, supporting future therapeutic strategies against RSPO2-driven pathologies.

METHODS

Recombinant RSPO2 proteins were constructed and purified using PCR-based recombination. Camels (Camelus bactrianus) were immunized with RSPO2, and phage display was employed to screen nanobody libraries. High-affinity nanobodies were cloned, expressed, purified, and assessed for specificity and binding affinity using biolayer interferometry and protein blotting. Functional validation was performed using TOPFLASH assays to evaluate their impact on Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

RESULTS

Nanobodies with high specificity and nanomolar-range affinity constants (KDs) for RSPO2 were identified. The nanobody effectively inhibited RSPO2-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human renal epithelial cells.

CONCLUSION

The development of RSPO2-targeting nanobodies offers new prospects for treating RSPO2-related diseases. The nanobody serve as valuable tools for functional research and hold potential as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for RSPO2-driven conditions.

β-Catenin Drives the FOXC2-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Acquisition of Stem Cell Properties

Background: Aggressive forms of breast cancer, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), are associated with an increase in cancer cells that exhibit stem cell properties. The activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program, mediated by the transcription factor FOXC2, generates these stem-like cells. FOXC2 is linked to poor prognoses across various cancer types and is notably upregulated in TNBC, where it establishes and sustains these stem-like cells within the tumor population. Methods: Here, we decode the pathways regulating FOXC2 activation using EMT-enriched cell line models. Stemness was assessed using mammosphere assays and mesenchymal markers by western blot. Expression correlations with clinical data was examined using the EMTome. Results: We demonstrate that β-catenin serves as a critical mediator of mesenchymal and stemness characteristics through FOXC2 upregulation. By disrupting β-catenin, we find that FOXC2 expression, mesenchymal properties, and stemness are reduced; however, the introduction of exogenous FOXC2 expression in β-catenin deficient cells is enough to restore the mesenchymal and stemness phenotype. These findings support the idea that FOXC2 acts as the downstream regulator of β-catenin and influences both mesenchymal and stemness properties. Moreover, there is a positive correlation between the expression of β-catenin and FOXC2 in various cancer subtypes observed in clinical patient samples. Conclusions: Our study clarifies the role of the β-catenin/FOXC2 signaling axis in maintaining stemness properties, suggesting potential targets for TNBC and other cancers driven by EMT-related mesenchymal and stemness characteristics.

A Longitudinal Study of E-Cadherin and Beta-Catenin in Progression of Oral Epithelial Dysplasia

BACKGROUND

This study explored the expression patterns of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers E-cadherin and beta-catenin in mild and moderate oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) to determine whether their expression predicts malignant progression in oral tissue.

METHODS

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens with mild or moderate dysplasia were retrieved from 87 patients. Immunohistochemistry was performed to compare E-cadherin and beta-catenin expression in tissue sections that progressed to severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or squamous cell carcinoma (n = 29) with those that did not progress (n = 58). Expression patterns were observed in the basal, parabasal, lower spinous, and upper spinous epithelial layers. Expression was assessed in the cell membrane for E-cadherin and beta-catenin (low expression = absent/weak staining, high = moderate/strong) and in the cytoplasm and nucleus for beta-catenin (low = absence, high = presence). Logistic regression was used to predict progression based on the expression pattern.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in the progression and expression patterns of E-cadherin and beta-catenin (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study found that the expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin was not a predictor of early malignant progression, highlighting the importance of longitudinal studies in studying progression.

INS2 lineage cell tracking and insulin expression in the related organs of mice

We tracked lineage map of the Ins2 cells in mice and insulin expression in migration sites of cells. We studied effect of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway on the migration. We studied insulin secretion status in submandibular gland of mice under hyperglycemia stress. Cre/loxp system was used to observe migration sites and timing of the Ins2-cre lineage cells. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence was used to detecte presence of insulin in the Ins2-cre lineage cells. Knockout mice from E9.5 to adulthood was studied to explore role of the Wnt/β-catenin on the migration. Immunofluorescence and the QRT-PCR (Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction) was used to study insulin secretion in submandibular gland under hyperglycemic conditions. Expression sites of the Ins2-cre gene in adult mice decreased compared with postnatal mice, including the pancreas, tongue, submandibular, and brain. In the migration tissues of ins-cre cells, positive insulin expression was detected in the submandibular acinus, vessel element and pancreatic islets. In comparison to wild-type mice, Wnt/β-catenin signaling knockout mice displayed a slight rise of INS2 expression during the neonatal stage, with a notable increase in adulthood, particularly in areas near the oral cavity. Expression of insulin in submandibular gland of mice increased after 6 h of hyperglycemic stimulation (P < 0.05). Ins2 lineage cells can migrate to multiple organs in mice, where insulin may expressed. Inhibition or knockout of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may indirectly enhance the migratory capacity of INS2 cells. Submandibular glands may secrete insulin under stress of maintaining organismal homeostasis. Wnt/β-catenin may be the therapeutic target of diabetes. Submandibular glands may be a new target organ of gene therapy for diabetic patients.

Beyond chemotherapy: Exploring 5-FU resistance and stemness in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health challenge, demanding continuous advancements in treatment strategies. This review explores the complexities of targeting colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the mechanisms contributing to resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The efficacy of 5-FU is enhanced by combination therapies such as FOLFOXIRI and targeted treatments like bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab, particularly in KRAS wild-type tumors, despite associated toxicity. Biomarkers like thymidylate synthase (TYMS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) are crucial for predicting 5-FU efficacy and resistance. Targeting CRC-CSCs remains challenging due to their inherent resistance to conventional therapies, marker variability, and the protective influence of the tumor microenvironment which promotes stemness and survival. Personalized treatment strategies are increasingly essential to address CRC's genetic and phenotypic diversity. Advances in immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines, along with nanomedicine-based therapies, offer promising targeted drug delivery systems that enhance specificity, reduce toxicity, and provide novel approaches for overcoming resistance mechanisms. Integrating these innovative strategies with traditional therapies may enhance the effectiveness of CRC therapy by addressing the underlying causes of 5-FU resistance in CSCs.

Identifying the function of kinesin superfamily proteins in gastric cancer: Implications for signal transduction, clinical significance, and potential therapeutic approaches

Gastric cancer (GC), a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, poses a significant global health challenge. Given its complex etiology, understanding the molecular pathways driving GC progression is crucial for developing innovative therapeutic strategies. Among the diverse proteins involved in cellular transport and mitotic regulation, kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) have emerged as key players in tumor biology. These motor proteins mediate intracellular transport along microtubules and are essential for processes such as cell division, signaling, and organelle distribution. Evidence indicates that specific KIFs are dysregulated in GC, potentially driving cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Moreover, aberrant KIF expression has been associated with poorer prognoses, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. This review explores the roles of KIFs in GC and assesses their implications for research and clinical applications. By elucidating the significance of KIFs in GC, this discussion aims to inspire novel insights in cancer biology and advance targeted therapeutic strategies.

Targeting Wnt signaling in cancer drug resistance: Insights from pre-clinical and clinical research

Cancer drug resistance, encompassing both acquired and intrinsic chemoresistance, remains a significant challenge in the clinical management of tumors. While advancements in drug discovery and the development of various small molecules and anti-cancer compounds have improved patient responses to chemotherapy, the frequent and prolonged use of these drugs continues to pose a high risk of developing chemoresistance. Therefore, understanding the primary mechanisms underlying drug resistance is crucial. Wnt proteins, as secreted signaling molecules, play a pivotal role in transmitting signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. Aberrant expression of Wnt proteins has been observed in a variety of solid and hematological tumors, where they contribute to key processes such as proliferation, metastasis, stemness, and immune evasion, often acting in an oncogenic manner. Notably, the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in modulating chemotherapy response in human cancers has garnered significant attention. This review focuses on the involvement of Wnt signaling and its related molecular pathways in drug resistance, highlighting their associations with cancer hallmarks, stemness, and tumorigenesis linked to chemoresistance. Additionally, the overexpression of Wnt proteins has been shown to accelerate cancer drug resistance, with regulation mediated by non-coding RNAs. Elevated Wnt activity reduces cell death in cancers, particularly by affecting mechanisms like apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Furthermore, pharmacological compounds and small molecules have demonstrated the potential to modulate Wnt signaling in cancer therapy. Given its impact, Wnt expression can also serve as a prognostic marker and a factor influencing survival outcomes in human cancers.

Endometrial stromal tumor with whorling and GREB1::CTNNB1 fusion-a case report on a rare entity

Endometrial stromal tumors are rare lesions with a diverse morphology, which may make achieving the correct diagnosis challenging in some cases. We report a case of a uterine mesenchymal tumor diagnosed as endometrial stromal nodule with a peculiar whorled morphology and GREB1::CTNNB1 fusion confirmed by transcriptome RNA sequencing. The tumor was sharply demarcated, lacked invasive growth, and had benign behavior, as the patient remained without disease recurrence 15 years later. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed diffuse nuclear expression of beta-catenin, confirming the activation of the beta-catenin pathway. Our case represents only the 4th reported case of CTNNB1-rearranged endometrial stromal tumor with extensive whorling. The biological nature of uterine tumors characterized by whorled morphology and rearrangement of CTNNB1 is not yet clear, which underscores the importance of genetic profiling for accurate diagnosis and potential targeted therapies in malignant cases.

Transcriptome and Functional Comparison of Primary and Immortalized Endothelial Cells of the Human Choroid Plexus at the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier

The human choroid plexus (CP) is the location of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB). Whereas the epithelial cells of the CP mainly contribute to the formation of the BCSFB, the vessels of the CP are built by fenestrated endothelial cells. Still, the CP endothelium can contribute to barrier function. By ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in primary human CP endothelial cells (HCPEnCs), we recently generated and characterized immortalized HCPEnCs (iHCPEnCs). Here, we compared primary cells of the sixth passage (HCPEnCs p6) with a lower (p20) and a higher passage (p50) of iHCPEnCs by transcriptome analysis. A high concordance of HCPEnCs and both passages of iHCPEnCs was observed, as only small proportions of the transcripts examined were significantly altered. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and assigned to potentially affected biological processes by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Various components of the endothelial barrier-relevant Wnt signaling were detected in HCPEnCs and iHCPEnCs. Functional analysis of HCPEnCs and iHCPEnCs showed equal marginal activation of Wnt signaling, supporting the downregulation of β-catenin (CTNNB) signaling in CP endothelial cells, and a contribution to the barrier function by the CP endothelium was retained until passage 100 (p100) of iHCPEnCs. Overall, our data support the suitability of iHCPEnCs as an in vitro model of the CP endothelium over extended passages.

Exploring TGF-β Signaling in Cancer Progression: Prospects and Therapeutic Strategies

Cancer persists as a ubiquitous global challenge despite the remarkable advances. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and metastasis. The Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is considered a primary regulator of various normal physiological processes in the human body. Recently, factors determining the nature of TGF-β response have received attention, specifically its signaling pathway which can be an attractive therapeutic target for various cancer treatments. The TGF-β receptor is activated by its ligands and undergoes transduction of signals via canonical (SMAD dependent) or non-canonical (SMAD independent) signaling pathways regulating several cellular functions. Furthermore, the cross talk of the TGF-β signaling pathway cross with other signaling pathways has shown the controlled regulation of cellular functions. This review highlights the cross talk between various major signaling pathways and TGF-β. These signaling pathways include Wnt, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and Hedgehog (Hh). TGF-β signaling pathway has a dual role at different stages. It can suppress tumor formation at early stages and promote progression at advanced stages. This complex behaviour of TGF-β has made it a promising target for therapeutic interventions. Moreover, many strategies have been designed to control TGF-β signaling pathways at different levels, inhibiting tumor-promoting while enhancing tumor-suppressive effects, each with unique molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. This review also discusses various therapeutic inhibitors including ligand traps, small molecule inhibitors (SMIs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and antisense oligonucleotides which target specific components of TGF-β signaling pathway to inhibit TGF-β signaling and are studied in both preclinical and clinical trials for different types of cancer. The review also highlights the prospect of TGF-β signaling in normal physiology and in the case of dysregulation, TGF-β inhibitors, and different therapeutic effects in cancer therapy along with the perspective of combinational therapies to treat cancer.

Advances and insights for DKK3 in non-cancerous diseases: a systematic review

This review delves into the role of Dickkopf-3 (DKK3), a secreted glycoprotein and member of the Dickkopf family, in non-malignant diseases. DKK3 is particularly known for its regulatory effects on the Wnt signaling pathway, a critical mediator in various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Our review highlights DKK3's influence in disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and muscular systems, where it contributes to disease progression by modulating these key biological processes. As an emerging biomarker, DKK3's levels have been found to correlate with various disease states, underscoring its potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

Mapping chromatin remodelling in glioblastoma identifies epigenetic regulation of key molecular pathways and novel druggable targets

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumour in the adult population and its prognosis is dismal. The heterogeneous nature of the tumour, to which epigenetic dysregulation significantly contributes, is among the main therapeutic challenges of the disease.

RESULTS

We have leveraged SYNGN, an experimental pipeline enabling the syngeneic comparison of glioblastoma stem cells and expanded potential stem cell (EPSC)-derived neural stem cells to identify regulatory features driven by chromatin remodelling specifically in glioblastoma stem cells.

CONCLUSIONS

We show epigenetic regulation of the expression of genes and related signalling pathways contributing to glioblastoma development. We also identify novel epigenetically regulated druggable target genes on a patient-specific level, including SMOX and GABBR2.

Disruption of the β-catenin destruction complex via Ephexin1-Axin1 interaction promotes colorectal cancer proliferation

Wnt signaling is essential for cell growth and tumor formation and is abnormally activated in colorectal cancer (CRC), contributing to tumor progression; however, the specific role and regulatory mechanisms involved in tumor development remain unclear. Here, we show that Ephexin1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is significantly overexpressed in CRC and is correlated with increased Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity. Through comprehensive analysis, including RNA sequencing data from TCGA and functional assays, we observed that Ephexin1 promotes tumor proliferation and migration by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This effect was mediated by the interaction of Ephexin1 with Axin1, a critical component of the β-catenin destruction complex, which in turn enhanced the stability and activity of β-catenin in signaling pathways critical for tumor development. Importantly, our findings also suggest that targeting Ephexin1 may increase the efficacy of Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitors in CRC treatment. These findings highlight the potential of targeting Ephexin1 as a strategy for developing effective treatments for CRC, suggesting a novel and promising approach to therapy aimed at inhibiting cancer progression.

From infection to immortality: The role of HPV and telomerase in head and neck cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies with multifactorial aetiologies. High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infections, particularly HPV16, and the dysregulation of telomerase activity, specifically through its catalytic subunit, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) are among the key contributors to HNSCC development and progression. HPV promotes oncogenesis via the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which inactivate tumour suppressors TP53 and RB1, leading to unchecked cellular proliferation. Concurrently, telomerase activation plays a critical role in HNSCC by maintaining telomere length, thus enabling cellular immortality, and facilitating tumour development and progression. The interplay between HPV and telomerase is significant; HPV oncoprotein E6 enhances telomerase activity through multiple regulatory mechanisms, including upregulating TERT expression. Beyond telomere maintenance, TERT influences signalling pathways, cellular metabolism, and the tumour microenvironment, contributing to aggressive tumour behaviour and poor prognosis. This review integrates the roles of HPV and telomerase in HNSCC, focusing on their molecular mechanisms and interactions that drive carcinogenesis and influence disease progression. Understanding the synergistic effects of HPV and TERT in HNSCC may be crucial for risk stratification, prognostic assessment, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these specific molecular pathways.

A tale of two tissues: Patterning of the epidermis through morphogens and their role in establishing tracheal system organization

Throughout embryonic development, cells respond to a diverse set of signals and forces, making individual or collective decisions that drive the formation of specialized tissues. The development of these structures is tightly regulated in space and time. In recent years, the possibility that neighboring tissues influence one another's morphogenesis has been explored, as some of them develop simultaneously. We study this issue by reviewing the interactions between Drosophila epidermal and tracheal tissues in early and late stages of embryogenesis. Early in development, the epidermis emerges from the ectodermal layer. During its differentiation, epidermal cells produce morphogen gradients that influence the fundamental organization of the embryo. In this work, we analyze how molecules produced by the epidermis guide tracheal system development. Since both tissues emerge from the same germ layer and lie in close proximity all along their development, they are an excellent model for studying induction processes and tissue interactions.

Phospholipase C Beta 2 as a Key Regulator of Tumor Progression and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via PI3K/AKT Signaling in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents the most common form of invasive kidney cancer in adults. Among the components critical to cellular regulation is Phospholipase C Beta 2 (PLCB2), a member of the phospholipase C enzyme family. This enzyme plays a vital role in managing key cellular functions such as growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. Despite its significant importance, the specific expression patterns and molecular mechanisms of PLCB2 in the progression of RCC are not well understood. Methods: This investigation employed a combination of bioinformatics analyses, scRNA-seq, functional assays, transcriptome sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence, rescue experiments, and Western blotting to explore the regulatory function of PLCB2 in driving the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in RCC through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Results:PLCB2 expression is significantly elevated in RCC samples, and this increase is inversely correlated with patient prognosis. The knockdown of PLCB2 in RCC cell lines leads to a marked reduction in cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT. Transcriptome sequencing further revealed that PLCB2 is significantly associated with the PI3K/AKT pathway. Notably, the PI3K activator 740Y-P was able to reverse the reductions in migration, invasion, and EMT caused by the PLCB2 knockdown. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the pivotal role of PLCB2 in regulating RCC invasion and metastasis by modulating the EMT via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This highlights PLCB2 not only as a key prognostic biomarker, but also as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of advanced-stage RCC, offering new avenues for more effective interventions.

Cancer Stem Cell Regulation as a Target of Therapeutic Intervention: Insights into Breast, Cervical and Lung Cancer

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) play an important role in the development, resistance, and recurrence of many malignancies. These subpopulations of tumor cells have the potential to self-renew, differentiate, and resist conventional therapy, highlighting their importance in cancer etiology. This review explores the regulatory mechanisms of CSCs in breast, cervical, and lung cancers, highlighting their plasticity, self-renewal, and differentiation capabilities. CD44+/CD24- cells are a known marker for breast CSCs. Markers like as CD133 and ALDH have been discovered in cervical cancer CSCs. Similarly, in lung cancer, CSCs identified by CD44, CD133, and ALDH are linked to aggressive tumor behavior and poor therapy results. The commonalities between these tumors highlight the general necessity of targeting CSCs in treatment efforts. However, the intricacies of CSC activity, such as their interaction with the tumor microenvironment and particular signaling pathways differ between cancer types, demanding specialized methods. Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways are one of the essential signaling pathways, targeting them, may show ameliorative effects on breast, lung and cervical carcinomas and their respective CSCs. Pre-clinical data suggests targeting specific signaling pathways can eliminate CSCs, but ongoing clinical trials are on utilizing signaling pathway inhibitors in patients. In recent studies it has been reported that CAR T based targeting of specific markers may be used as combination therapy. Ongoing research related to nanobiotechnology can also play a significant role in diagnosis and treatment purpose targeting CSCs, as nanomaterials can be used for precise targeting and identification of CSCs. Further research into the targeting of signaling pathways and its precursors could prove to be right step into directing therapies towards CSCs for cancer therapy.

The Lipocone Superfamily: A Unifying Theme In Metabolism Of Lipids, Peptidoglycan And Exopolysaccharides, Inter-Organismal Conflicts And Immunity

Wnt proteins are critical signaling molecules in developmental processes across animals. Despite intense study, their evolutionary roots have remained enigmatic. Using sensitive sequence analysis and structure modeling, we establish that the Wnts are part of a vast assemblage of domains, the Lipocone superfamily, defined here for the first time. It includes previously studied enzymatic domains like the phosphatidylserine synthases (PTDSS1/2) and the TelC toxin domain from Streptococcus intermedius , the enigmatic VanZ proteins, the animal Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and a further host of uncharacterized proteins in a total of 30 families. Though the metazoan Wnts are catalytically inactive, we present evidence for a conserved active site across this superfamily, versions of which are consistently predicted to operate on head groups of either phospholipids or polyisoprenoid lipids, catalyzing transesterification and phosphate-containing head group severance reactions. We argue that this superfamily originated as membrane proteins, with one branch (including Wnt and SAA) evolving into soluble versions. By comprehensively analyzing contextual information networks derived from comparative genomics, we establish that they act in varied functional contexts, including regulation of membrane lipid composition, extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis, and biogenesis of bacterial outer-membrane components, like lipopolysaccharides. On multiple occasions, members of this superfamily, including the bacterial progenitors of Wnt and SAA, have been recruited as effectors in biological conflicts spanning inter-organismal interactions and anti-viral immunity in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These findings establish a unifying theme in lipid biochemistry, explain the origins of Wnt signaling and provide new leads regarding immunity across the tree of life.

CSNK1E is involved in TGF-β1 induced epithelial mesenchymal transformationas and related to melanoma immune heterogeneity

Introduction

Melanoma (MM), the deadliest form of skin cancer, originates from melanocytes. Despite advances in immunotherapy that have somewhat improved the prognosis for MM patients, high levels of resistance to treatment continue to result in poor clinical outcomes. Identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets is critical for improving the prognosis and treatment of MM.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the expression patterns of WNT signaling pathway genes in MM and explored their potential mechanisms. Using Cox regression analysis, we identified 19 prognostic-related genes. Consistency clustering was performed to evaluate the potential of these genes as classifiers for prognosis. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm was then applied to refine the gene set and construct a 13-gene prognostic model. We validated the model at multiple time points to assess its predictive performance. Additionally, correlation analyses were performed to investigate the relationships between key genes and processes, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and immune responses.

Results

We identified that CSNK1E and RAC3 were significantly positively correlated with the EMT process, with CSNK1E showing a similar expression trend to EMT-related genes. Both genes were also negatively correlated with multiple immune cell types and immune checkpoint genes. The 13-gene prognostic model demonstrated excellent predictive performance in MM prognosis. Pan-cancer analysis further revealed heterogeneous expression patterns and prognostic potential of CSNK1E across various cancers. Wet experiments confirmed that CSNK1E promotes MM cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and enhances malignant progression through the TGF-β signaling pathway.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that CSNK1E plays a crucial role in MM progression and could serve as a potential therapeutic target. The WNT and TGF-β pathways may work synergistically in regulating the EMT process in MM, highlighting their potential as novel therapeutic targets. These insights may contribute to the development of more effective treatments for MM, particularly for overcoming resistance to current therapies.

Small-molecule inhibitors of WNT signalling in cancer therapy and their links to autophagy and apoptosis

Cancer represents an intricate and heterogeneous ailment that evolves from a multitude of epigenetic and genetic variations that disrupt normal cellular function. The WNT/β-catenin pathway is essential in maintaining the balance between cell renewal and differentiation in various tissues. Abnormal activation of this pathway can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and initiate cancer across a variety of tissues such as the colon, skin, liver, and ovary. It enhances characteristics that lead to cancer progression, including angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Processes like autophagy and apoptosis which regulate cell death and play a crucial role in maintaining cellular equilibrium are also intimately linked with WNT/ β-catenin pathway. Thus, targeting WNT pathway has become a key strategy in developing antitumor therapies. Employing small molecule inhibitors has emerged as a targeted therapy to improve the clinical outcome compared to conventional cancer treatments. Many strategies using small molecule inhibitors for modulating the WNT/β-catenin pathway, such as hindering WNT ligands' secretion or interaction, disrupting receptor complex, and blocking the nuclear translocation of β-catenin have been investigated. These interventions have shown promise in both preclinical and clinical settings. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway's role in cancer, emphasizing its regulation of autophagy and apoptosis. Our goal is to highlight the potential of specific small molecule inhibitors targeting this pathway, fostering the development of novel, tailored cancer treatments.

The Landscape of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibition in Retinal Diseases

Ever since the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonist 2 decades ago, inhibitors of VEGF have revolutionized the treatment of a variety of ocular disorders involving pathologic neovascularization and retinal exudation. In this perspective, we evaluate the current status of anti-VEGF therapies and the real-world challenges encountered with maintaining therapeutic outcomes. Finally, we describe novel VEGF-based and combinatorial approaches that are in clinical development.

The pleomorphic cholesterol sensing motifs of transmembrane proteins

Millions of years of phylogenetic evolution have shaped the crosstalk between sterols and membrane-embedded proteins. This lengthy process, which began before the appearance of eukaryotic cells, has sculpted the two types of molecules to cover a wide spectrum of structural interconnectedness, ranging from rapid touch-and-go hits of low-affinity between surfaces to stronger lock-and-key type structural contacts. The former usually involve relatively loose contacts between linear amino acid sequences on the membrane-exposed transmembrane domains of the protein, readily accessible to the sterols as they briefly visit clefts between adjacent transmembrane segments while in rapid exchange with the bulk lipid bilayer. This operational mode is probably the most ancestral one, since it was already present in primitive bacteria interacting with hopanoid lipids. At the other end of this spectrum are more complex cholesterol binding sites that have required the acquisition of complex 3D non-sequential segments of the membrane protein to establish stereochemically elaborate 3D designs complementary to the rough and smooth surfaces of the eukaryotic neutral lipid, cholesterol. This short review explores cholesterol-membrane protein interactions using membrane protein paradigms having in common their participation in intercellular communications neurotransmission, hormone signalling, amino acid/neurotransmitter transport- and in cancer.

Astrocytes-Secreted WNT5B Disrupts the Blood-Brain Barrier Via ROR1/JNK/c-JUN Cascade During Meningitic Escherichia Coli Infection

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex structure that separates the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral blood circulation. Effective communication between different cell types within the BBB is crucial for its proper functioning and maintenance of homeostasis. In this study, we demonstrate that meningitic Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced WNT5B plays a role in facilitating intercellular communication between astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). We discovered that astrocytes-derived WNT5B activates the non-canonical WNT signaling pathway JNK/c-JUN in BMECs through its receptor ROR1, leading to inhibition of ZO-1 expression and impairment of the tight junction integrity in BMECs. Notably, our findings reveal that c-JUN, a transcription factor, directly regulates ZO-1 expression. By employing a dual luciferase reporting system and chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques, we identified specific binding sites of c-JUN on the ZO-1 promoter region. Overall, our study highlights the involvement of WNT5B in mediating intercellular communication between astrocytes and BMECs, provides insights into the role of WNT5B in meningitic E. coli-induced disruption of BBB integrity, and suggests potential therapeutic targeting of WNT5B as a strategy to address BBB dysfunction.

Wnt/β-catenin and notch signaling pathways in cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and therapeutics approaches

Wnt and Notch signaling pathways play crucial roles in the development and homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. These pathways regulate important cellular processes in cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, which are the key cell types involved in the structure and function of the heart and vasculature. During embryonic development, Wnt and Notch signaling coordinate cell fate specification, proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis of the heart and blood vessels. In the adult cardiovascular system, these pathways continue to maintain tissue homeostasis and arrange adaptive responses to various physiological and pathological stimuli. Dysregulation of Wnt and Notch signaling has been involved in the pathogenesis of numerous cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Abnormal activation or suppression of these pathways in specific cell types can contribute to endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, impaired cardiac contractility and dead. Understanding the complex interplay between Wnt and Notch signaling in the cardiovascular system has led to the investigation of these pathways as potential therapeutic targets in clinical trials. In conclusion, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the roles of Wnt and Notch signaling in the development and homeostasis of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. It further discusses the dysregulation of these pathways in the context of major cardiovascular diseases and the ongoing clinical investigations targeting Wnt and Notch signaling for therapeutic intervention.

Molecular Dynamics of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) Protein and Its Inhibitors: A Special Insight to Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) initiates in colon or rectum is named as colon or rectal cancer, based on the site of inception. Various genetic alterations responsible for CRC include several signaling pathways. The Wingless/Wnt signaling pathway is the vital pathway which involved in the cancer pathogenesis. The hallmark of human CRC is adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway. Mutations in the APC gene is a critical event in the development of human CRC which may lead to overexpression and stabilization of β-catenin that enters into the nucleus and helps in cancer cell proliferation. Significant obstacles to the therapeutic intervention of the Wnt signaling system still exist, despite promising approaches for the development of anti-cancer medicines targeting this route. The advent of computational techniques for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and drug development has spurred the researchers to explore CRC at an early stage. This report had unzipped the importance of APC in Wnt signaling pathway associated with current advances and challenges in drug discovery for CRC. A combinatorial computational approach identified the potential anti-cancerous drug among XL888, 5-bromouracil, 5-fluorouracil, and Ganetespib against APC which is often treated as gatekeeper of CRC. This in silico investigation revealed Ganetespib as a potential anti-cancerous drug against APC for CRC therapeutics, which will be an alternative to chemotherapy. In vitro and in vivo studies are needed further to confirm the efficiency and evaluate potency of Ganetespib against the target.

Asynchronous Transitions from Hepatoblastoma to Carcinoma in High-Risk Pediatric Tumors

Most malignant hepatocellular tumors in children are classified as either hepatoblastoma (HB) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but some tumors demonstrate features of both HB and HCC1-3. These tumors have been recognized under a provisional diagnostic category by the World Health Organization and are distinguished from HB and HCC by a combination of histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features4-6. Their outcomes and cellular composition remain an open question7-9. The heterogeneous histological and molecular profiles of hepatoblastomas with carcinoma features (HBCs)4 may result from cells with combined HB and HCC characteristics (HBC cells) or from mixtures of cells displaying either HB or HCC signatures. We used multiomics profiling to show that HBCs are mixtures of HB, HBC, and HCC cell types. HBC cells are more chemoresistant than HB cells, and their chemoresistance-a driver of poor outcomes10-12-is determined by their cell types, genetic alterations, and embryonic differentiation stages. We showed that the prognosis of HBCs is significantly worse than that of HBs. We also showed that HBC cells are derived from HB cells at early hepatoblast differentiation stages, that aberrant activation of WNT-signaling initiates HBC transformation, and that WNT inhibition promotes differentiation and increases sensitivity to chemotherapy. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that each HBC is the product of multiple HB-to-HBC and HBC-to-HCC transitions. Thus, multiomics profiling of HBCs provided key insights into their biology and resolved major questions regarding the etiology of these childhood liver tumors.

Investigating the role of Wnt3a and Wnt5a as critical factors of hepatic stellate cell activation in acute toxicant-induced liver injury

Toxicant exposure can lead to acute liver injury, characterized by hepatic reprogramming and wound healing. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a key role in liver regeneration during wound healing by secreting fibrogenic factors and production of extracellular matrix (ECM). However, repetitive injury to the liver can lead to extensive scarring and liver fibrosis, indicating HSCs coordinate both regeneration and disease. Because the factors contributing to HSC reprogramming during wound healing are not fully defined, we sought to further characterize morphogenic pathways of regeneration in an acute model of toxicant-induced liver injury1. Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been recently associated with progressive liver fibrosis, but its role in HSC reprogramming is not well defined. Here, we investigated the canonical role of Wnt3a/Wnt5a on β-catenin-dependent HSC transdifferentiation and find that hepatic ECM gene expression is increased and associated with Wnt3a, Wnt5a, and their transducers (Frizzled-2 and Frizzled-7) after an acute exposure of the hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride(CCl4). Moreover, we find exogenous Wnt3a and Wnt5a can accelerate spontaneous, culture-induced HSC activation in vitro as evidenced by increased total expression of fibrogenic factors, including Col1a1 and α-SMA. Challenge with Wnt3a induced canonical β-catenin-dependent transcription of axin2, which was attenuated by the Wnt coreceptor antagonist, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1). These data support a role for canonical Wnt signaling as an additional mechanism by which HSCs dynamically respond to liver injury during the early wound healing response. New & noteworthy. This study elucidates novel mechanisms of fibrotic gene reprogramming in the liver. Specifically, we describe that Wnts and their transducers are increased during early liver injury which are associated with early fibrogenic responses and for the first time, causally link Wnts as direct inducers of HSC activation in the liver.

Enhanced Chondrogenic Differentiation of Electrically Primed Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising avenue for cartilage regeneration; however, their therapeutic efficacy requires substantial improvement. Cell priming using electrical stimulation (ES) is a promising approach to augmenting the therapeutic potential of MSCs and has shown potential for various regenerative applications. This study aimed to promote the ES-mediated chondrogenic differentiation of human MSCs and facilitate the repair of injured articular cartilage. Methods: MSCs were subjected to ES under various conditions (e.g., voltage, frequency, and number of repetitions) to enhance their capability of chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration. Chondrogenic differentiation of electrically primed MSCs (epMSCs) was assessed based on gene expression and sulfated glycosaminoglycan production, and epMSCs with hyaluronic acid were transplanted into a rat osteochondral defect model. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to determine changes in gene expression by ES. Results: epMSCs exhibited significantly increased chondrogenic gene expression and sulfated glycosaminoglycan production compared with those in unstimulated controls. Macroscopic and histological results showed that in vivo epMSC transplantation considerably enhanced cartilage regeneration. Furthermore, ES markedly altered the expression of numerous genes of MSCs, including those associated with the extracellular matrix, the Wnt signaling pathway, and cartilage development. Conclusion: ES can effectively prime MSCs to improve articular cartilage repair, offering a promising strategy for enhancing the efficacy of various MSC-based therapies.

Lipid-laden uterus: Investigating uterine fibroids and lipid association

Uterine Fibroids (UF) are the most common (about 70 % cases) benign gynecological smooth muscle tumors of the uterus in women of reproductive age, characterized by abnormal cholesterol, lipoproteins, and triglyceride levels, and are a major public health concern. Despite its high prevalence, this condition remains complex and poorly understood. These tumors are hormone-dependent and hormones and lipid levels are inversely related. This review delves into the existing literature and critically evaluates studies that explore the potential relationship between lipids in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids. This review concludes by critically appraising the research gaps in the involvement of lipids and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids and future directions for investigating this intriguing biological connection. By elucidating the potential link between uterine fibroids and lipids, this review paves the way for an improved understanding of fibroid pathogenesis, personalized risk assessment, and novel lipid-lowering therapeutic strategies.

Identification of the Wnt signal peptide that directs secretion on extracellular vesicles

Wnt proteins are hydrophobic glycoproteins that are nevertheless capable of long-range signaling. We found that Wnt7a is secreted long distance on the surface of extracellular vesicles (EVs) following muscle injury. We defined a signal peptide region in Wnts required for secretion on EVs, termed exosome-binding peptide (EBP). Addition of EBP to an unrelated protein directed secretion on EVs. Palmitoylation and the signal peptide were not required for Wnt7a-EV secretion. Coatomer was identified as the EV-binding protein for the EBP. Analysis of cocrystal structures, binding thermodynamics, and mutagenesis found that a dilysine motif mediates EBP binding to coatomer with a conserved function across the Wnt family. We showed that EBP is required for Wnt7a bioactivity when expressed in vivo during regeneration. Overall, our study has elucidated the structural basis and singularity of Wnt secretion on EVs, alternatively to canonical secretion, opening avenues for innovative therapeutic targeting strategies and systemic protein delivery.

Wnt Signaling Pathway in Tumor Biology

Relapse and metastasis are the major challenges that stand in the way of cancer healing and survival, mainly attributed to cancer stem cells (CSCs). Their capabilities of self-renewal and tumorigenic potential leads to treatment resistance development. CSCs function through signaling pathways such as the Wnt/β-catenin cascade. While commonly involved in embryogenesis and adult tissues homeostasis, the dysregulation of the Wnt pathway has direct correlations with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. The development of therapies that target CSCs and bulk tumors is both crucial and urgent. However, the extensive crosstalk present between Wnt and other signaling networks (Hedgehog and Notch) complicates the development of efficient long-term therapies with minimal side-effects on normal tissues. Despite the obstacles, the emergence of Wnt inhibitors and subsequent modulation of the signaling pathways would provide dynamic therapeutic approaches to impairing CSCs and reversing resistance mechanisms.

Astrocytic Alterations and Dysfunction in Down Syndrome: Focus on Neurogenesis, Synaptogenesis, and Neural Circuits Formation

Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by severe neurodevelopmental alterations that ultimately lead to the typical hallmark of DS: intellectual disability. In the DS brain, since the prenatal life stages, the number of astrocytes is disproportional compared to the healthy brain. This increase is due to a shift from neuron to astrocyte differentiation during brain development. Astrocytes are involved in numerous functions during brain development, including balancing pro-neurogenic and pro-gliogenic stimuli, sustaining synapse formation, regulating excitatory/inhibitory signal equilibrium, and supporting the maintenance and integration of functional neural circuits. The enhanced number of astrocytes in the brain of DS individuals leads to detrimental consequences for brain development. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying astrocytic dysfunction in DS, and particularly the dysregulation of key signaling pathways, which promote astrogliogenesis at the expense of neurogenesis. It further examines the implications of astrocytic alterations on dendritic branching, spinogenesis and synaptogenesis, and the impact of the abnormal astrocytic number in neural excitability and in the maintenance of the inhibitory/excitatory balance. Identifying deregulated pathways and the consequences of astrocytic alterations in early DS brain development may help in identifying new therapeutic targets, with the ultimate aim of ameliorating the cognitive disability that affects individuals with DS.

Specific features of ß-catenin-mutated hepatocellular carcinomas

CTNNB1, encoding the ß-catenin protein, is a key oncogene contributing to liver carcinogenesis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer in adult, representing the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Aberrant activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, mainly due to mutations of the CTNNB1 gene, is observed in a significant subset of HCC. In this review, we first resume the major recent advances in HCC classification with a focus on CTNNB1-mutated HCC subclass. We present the regulatory mechanisms involved in β-catenin stabilisation, transcriptional activity and binding to partner proteins. We then describe specific phenotypic characteristics of CTNNB1-mutated HCC thanks to their unique gene expression patterns. CTNNB1-mutated HCC constitute a full-fledged subclass of HCC with distinct pathological features such as well-differentiated cells with low proliferation rate, association to cholestasis, metabolic alterations, immune exclusion and invasion. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches to target ß-catenin-mutated liver tumours and innovative perspectives for future drug developments.

Normalization of WISP1 circulating level and tissue expression following metabolic and bariatric surgery using rat model

Wingless-type inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP1) is a newly recognized adipokine, associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the effect of metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) on WISP1 circulating (serum) levels and tissue expression using rat models. We initially investigated whether WISP1 circulating levels were altered between the T2DM and normal rats. After confirmation, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were obtained and randomly divided as follows: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) group (n = 10), sleeve gastrectomy (SG) group (n = 10), SHAM group (n = 10), and normal control (NC) group (n = 10). Rats were followed for 8 weeks postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative WISP1 circulating (serum) levels, glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), postoperative WISP1 expression (visceral adipose tissue, VAT; and skeletal muscle, SM), body weight, food intake, and fasting blood glucose levels were recorded. MBS significantly induced glucose control and weight loss. At postoperative week 8, WISP1 serum levels decreased in the MBS groups (P < 0.05); furthermore, WISP1 expression in VAT and SM significantly decreased in the RYGB and SG groups than SHAM (P < 0.05, and P < 0.05, respectively). Whereas the difference in the expression level between SG and RYGB did not amount to statistical significance (P > 0.05). MBS significantly decreased WISP1 serum levels, tissue expression in the VAT, and SM. As WISP1 is a regulator of low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and T2DM, further studies are needed to explore its relevance in MBS.

Emerging therapeutic strategies for Wnt-dependent colon cancer targeting macropinocytosis

Aberrations in the Wnt signaling pathway, particularly mutations in genes like APC and β-catenin, are pivotal in initiating and driving the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), establishing this pathway as a crucial target for therapeutic intervention. Membrane trafficking plays a key role in regulating Wnt signaling by controlling the activation, modulation, and secretion of essential signaling molecules that contribute to CRC progression. This review explores the connection between membrane trafficking and Wnt signaling, with a specific focus on macropinocytosis-an endocytic process involved in nutrient uptake that also plays a role in Wnt signal regulation. The relationship between Wnt signaling and macropinocytosis, critical in both embryonic development and cancer onset, reveals a new dimension for therapeutic intervention. Targeting Wnt signaling through the modulation of macropinocytosis and broader membrane trafficking pathways presents a promising therapeutic strategy, with several candidates already in early clinical trials. These emerging approaches underscore the potential of targeting Wnt and its associated membrane trafficking processes for CRC treatment, aligning with the development of innovative therapies.

Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling and Congenital Abnormalities of Kidney and Urinary Tract

Background

Precise regulation of cell-cell communication is vital for cell survival and normal function during embryogenesis. The Wnt protein family, a highly conserved and extensively studied group, plays a crucial role in key cell-cell signaling events essential for development and regeneration. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) represent a leading cause of chronic kidney disease in children and young adults, and include a variety of birth abnormalities resulting from disrupted genitourinary tract development during embryonic development. The incidence and progression of CAKUT may be related to the Wnt signal transduction mechanism.

Summary

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the classical Wnt signaling pathway's role in CAKUT, explores related molecular mechanisms and provides new targets and intervention methods for the future treatment of the disease.

Key Messages

The Wnt signal is intricately engaged in a variety of differentiation processes throughout kidney development.

CDC42 deficiency leads to endometrial stromal cell senescence in recurrent implantation failure

STUDY QUESTION

Does the downregulation of cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) protein in endometrial stroma lead to endometrial senescence in patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF), and what is the potential mechanism?

SUMMARY ANSWER

CDC42 deficiency causes endometrial stromal senescence and decidualization defects, impairing uterine receptivity of RIF patients, via activation of Wnt signaling pathway.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Uterine aging is unique due to the cyclic remodeling and decidualization of endometrial tissue. Several transcriptomic studies have reported increased senescence in the endometrium in young patients with RIF. Our previous transcriptomic sequencing study discovered that endometrium from women with RIF showed downregulation of CDC42, which is an essential molecule affected by various senescence-related diseases.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

The endometrial samples of a total of 71 fertile control patients and 37 RIF patients were collected to verify the association between CDC42 expression and endometrial senescence of RIF patients. Primary endometrial stromal cells (EnSCs) were isolated from endometrial biopsies taken from patients without any endometrial complications and planning to undergo IVF, then subjected to adenovirus-mediated CDC42 knockdown and decidualization induction to explore the detailed mechanism by which CDC42 governs stromal senescence and decidualization. Wnt inhibitor XAV-939 was used to correct the endometrial senescence and decidualization defect.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Senescence was determined by cell cycle arrest markers (e.g. P16, P21, and P53), SASP molecules (e.g. IL6 and CXCL8), and SA-β-gal staining. Masson's staining and Sirius Red staining were used to detect the endometrial fibrosis. Decidualization was evaluated by the mRNA expression and protein secretion of PRL and IGFBP1, F-actin immunostaining, and the BeWo spheroids 'in vitro implantation' model. Methods used to assess cell function included adenovirus transduction, RNA-sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, western blotting, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Here, we observed remarkably increased levels of stromal senescence and fibrosis, along with stromal CDC42 deficiency, in the endometrium of patients with RIF (P < 0.001). Knockdown of CDC42 effectively induced premature senescence in EnSCs, leading to aberrant accumulation of senescent EnSCs and collagen deposition during decidualization. CDC42 deficiency in EnSCs restrained the decidualization differentiation and receptivity to trophoblast cells. Transcriptomic analysis revealed Wnt signaling activation as a critical downstream alteration in CDC42-deficient EnSCs. Mechanistically, CDC42 interacted with AKT competitively to impede the binding of GSK3β to AKT. Knockdown of CDC42 increased AKT-mediated phosphorylation of GSK3β to inactivate the Axin-GSK3β destruction complex, leading to accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Importantly, Wnt signaling inhibitors partially corrected the endometrial senescence caused by CDC42 deficiency, and improved both decidualization and trophoblast invasion.

LARGE SCALE DATA

RNA-seq data sets generated in this study have been deposited at the NCBI database with BioProject accession number PRJNA1102745.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The present study was based on in vitro cell cultures. Further studies involving CDC42-regulated endometrial senescence are needed in knockout mice model and human endometrial assembloids.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

In addition to uncovering endometrial senescence in RIF, our findings underscore the significance of CDC42 in modulating EnSC senescence to maintain the decidualization function, and suggest Wnt signaling inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for alleviating endometrial senescence.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [82271698 (R.J.), 82030040 (H.S.), 82288102 (H.W.), and 82371680 (G.Y.)]; the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [BK20231117 (R.J.)]; and the Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation of Nanjing Department of Health [YKK23097 (Y.Z.)]. The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Transport of Golgi-localized β-catenin p-S47 by KIF11 or KIFC3 induces primary ciliogenesis

Primary cilium is an important hub for cell signaling and dysregulation of primary cilia assembly and disassembly is associated with the development of cancer and chemotherapeutic drug resistance, as well as the genetic disorders collectively known as ciliopathy. β-catenin plays a major role in canonical Wnt signaling; however, its association with primary cilia has only recently been highlighted in reports of β-catenin-mediated primary ciliogenesis. In this study, we found that β-catenin p-S47 was localized to the Golgi apparatus and the nucleus, and the amount of β-catenin p-S47 at these locations was significantly higher during primary ciliogenesis compared with asynchronous cell growth conditions. In addition, the novel β-catenin-binding motor proteins KIF11 and KIFC3 were shown to have a lower binding affinity in β-catenin S47A than in β-catenin wild-type. Knockdown of KIF11 or KIFC3 resulted in primary cilia deficiency and increased β-catenin p-S47 levels in the Golgi apparatus and were accompanied by a decrease in β-catenin p-S47 at the centrosome. The accumulation of β-catenin p-S47 in the nucleus was increased during primary ciliogenesis along with β-catenin-dependent transcriptional activity. The collective findings indicate the existence of a novel mechanism of primary ciliogenesis involving KIF11-/KIFC3-associated β-catenin p-S47 in the Golgi apparatus and β-catenin p-S47 transcriptional activity in the nucleus. This study revealed a new mechanism for the study of ciliopathies, cancer, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance caused by primary ciliogenesis dysregulation and provides new targets for drug development to treat these diseases.

Clinical impact of Wnt5a expression on persistence of acute kidney injury in patients with urosepsis

Abnormal Wnt5a expression is associated with dysregulated inflammation and organ dysfunction. However, the effect of Wnt5a activation on the duration of organ dysfunction remains unclear. This prospective study investigated the association between Wnt5a levels and persistent acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with urosepsis. Serum creatinine and Wnt5a levels were measured on days 1 and 5 and at discharge in 87 patients diagnosed with urosepsis. Patients with urosepsis were classified into an improving acute kidney injury (AKI) group and a persistent or worsening AKI group according to the AKI stage on days 1 and 5. AKI recovery was defined as a discharge-to-baseline serum creatinine ratio of <1.5. Twenty-eight patients with urosepsis (32.2%) had persistent or worsening AKI, and their Wnt5a levels were higher on days 1 and 5 and at discharge than those with improving AKI. The association between Wnt5a levels and persistent or worsening AKI was maintained after adjusting for age, sex, baseline serum creatinine levels, and disease severity. Moreover, elevated Wnt5a levels were associated with an increased risk of major adverse kidney events. High Wnt5a levels at discharge were associated with unrecovered AKI and participants with AKI recovery had a steeper Wnt5a slope over time than those without recovery, irrespective of age, sex, baseline serum creatinine level, or disease severity. Assessment of Wnt5a expression was helpful in predicting AKI persistence and adverse outcomes in patients with urosepsis. Therefore, Wnt5a may serve as a valuable bio-marker for identifying the risk of persistence of AKI.