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Chauhan A, Banerjee A, Kar AK, Srivastava R. Metal-Free N-Doped Carbon Catalyst Derived from Chitosan for Aqueous Formic Acid-Mediated Selective Reductive Formylation of Quinoline and Nitroarenes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201560. [PMID: 36134620 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A chitosan-derived metal-free N-doped carbon catalyst was synthesized and investigated for selective reductive formylation of quinoline to N-formyl-tetrahydroquinoline and nitroarenes to N-formyl anilides via aqueous formic acid (FA)-mediated catalytic transformation. FA dissociated on the catalyst surface and acted as a hydrogenating and formylating source for selective N-formylation of N-heteroarenes. The carbonized catalyst prepared at 700 °C offered the best activity. A 92 % yield of N-formyl-tetrahydroquinoline after 14 h and >99 % yield for N-formyl anilide after 12 h at 160 °C were obtained. The excellent catalytic activity was correlated with the type of "N" species and the basicity of the catalyst. Density functional theory calculations revealed that a water-assisted FA decomposition pathway (deprotonation and dehydroxylation) generated the surface adsorbed -H and -HCOO species, required for the formation of N-formylated products. In addition, the selective formation of N-formyl-tetrahydroquinoline and N-formyl anilides was explained by a comprehensive reaction energetics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzoo Chauhan
- Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Kar
- Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
| | - Rajendra Srivastava
- Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, 140001, India
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Ghiat I, AlNouss A, McKay G, Al-Ansari T. Biomass-based integrated gasification combined cycle with post-combustion CO2 recovery by potassium carbonate: Techno-economic and environmental analysis. Comput Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Striving towards the Deployment of Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): A Review of Research Priorities and Assessment Needs. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10072206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Bioethanol a Microbial Biofuel Metabolite; New Insights of Yeasts Metabolic Engineering. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation4010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Highly active carbon supported ternary PdSnPt (x= 0.1–0.7) catalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation in alkaline and acid media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 468:200-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bussamra BC, Freitas S, Costa ACD. Improvement on sugar cane bagasse hydrolysis using enzymatic mixture designed cocktail. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 187:173-181. [PMID: 25846188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study cocktail supplementation for sugar cane bagasse hydrolysis, where the enzymes were provided from both commercial source and microorganism cultivation (Trichoderma reesei and genetically modified Escherichia coli), followed by purification. Experimental simplex lattice mixture design was performed to optimize the enzymatic proportion. The response was evaluated through hydrolysis microassays validated here. The optimized enzyme mixture, comprised of T. reesei fraction (80%), endoglucanase (10%) and β-glucosidase (10%), converted, theoretically, 72% of cellulose present in hydrothermally pretreated bagasse, whereas commercial Celluclast 1.5L converts 49.11%±0.49. Thus, a rational enzyme mixture designed by using synergism concept and statistical analysis was capable of improving biomass saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Consorti Bussamra
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000, Post Code: 6192, Zip Code: 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sindelia Freitas
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000, Post Code: 6192, Zip Code: 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho da Costa
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Av. Albert Einstein, 500, Post Code: 6066, Zip Code: 13083-852, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Crop Management Effects on the Energy and Carbon Balances of Maize Stover-Based Ethanol Production. ENERGIES 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/en8010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Corno L, Pilu R, Adani F. Arundo donax L.: a non-food crop for bioenergy and bio-compound production. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1535-49. [PMID: 25457226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Arundo donax L., common name giant cane or giant reed, is a plant that grows spontaneously in different kinds of environments and that it is widespread in temperate and hot areas all over the world. Plant adaptability to different kinds of environment, soils and growing conditions, in combination with the high biomass production and the low input required for its cultivation, give to A. donax many advantages when compared to other energy crops. A. donax can be used in the production of biofuels/bioenergy not only by biological fermentation, i.e. biogas and bio-ethanol, but also, by direct biomass combustion. Both its industrial uses and the extraction of chemical compounds are largely proved, so that A. donax can be proposed as the feedstock to develop a bio-refinery. Nowadays, the use of this non-food plant in both biofuel/bioenergy and bio-based compound production is just beginning, with great possibilities for expanding its cultivation in the future. To this end, this review highlights the potential of using A. donax for energy and bio-compound production, by collecting and critically discussing the data available on these first applications for the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Corno
- Di.S.A.A., Gruppo Ricicla, Biomass and Bioenergy Laboratory, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Pilu
- Di.S.A.A., Gruppo Ricicla, Genetic Laboratory, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Di.S.A.A., Gruppo Ricicla, Biomass and Bioenergy Laboratory, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Sung MG, Lee H, Nam K, Rexroth S, Rögner M, Kwon JH, Yang JW. A simple method for decomposition of peracetic acid in a microalgal cultivation system. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2014; 38:517-22. [PMID: 25270405 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A cost-efficient process devoid of several washing steps was developed, which is related to direct cultivation following the decomposition of the sterilizer. Peracetic acid (PAA) is known to be an efficient antimicrobial agent due to its high oxidizing potential. Sterilization by 2 mM PAA demands at least 1 h incubation time for an effective disinfection. Direct degradation of PAA was demonstrated by utilizing components in conventional algal medium. Consequently, ferric ion and pH buffer (HEPES) showed a synergetic effect for the decomposition of PAA within 6 h. On the contrary, NaNO3, one of the main components in algal media, inhibits the decomposition of PAA. The improved growth of Chlorella vulgaris and Synechocystis PCC6803 was observed in the prepared BG11 by decomposition of PAA. This process involving sterilization and decomposition of PAA should help cost-efficient management of photobioreactors in a large scale for the production of value-added products and biofuels from microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gyu Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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11
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Sugano Y, Latonen RM, Akieh-Pirkanniemi M, Bobacka J, Ivaska A. Electrocatalytic oxidation of cellulose at a gold electrode. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:2240-2247. [PMID: 24910456 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of cellulose dissolved in NaOH solution at a Au surface were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, FTIR spectroscopy, the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The reaction products were characterized by SEM, TEM, and FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The results imply that cellulose is irreversibly oxidized. Adsorption and desorption of hydroxide ions at the Au surface during potential cycling have an important catalytic role in the reaction (e.g., approach of cellulose to the electrode surface, electron transfer, adsorption/desorption of the reaction species at the electrode surface). Moreover, two types of cellulose derivatives were obtained as products. One is a water-soluble cellulose derivative in which some hydroxyl groups are oxidized to carboxylic groups. The other derivative is a water-insoluble hybrid material composed of cellulose and Au nanoparticles (≈4 nm). Furthermore, a reaction scheme of the electrocatalytic oxidation of cellulose at a gold electrode in a basic medium is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Sugano
- Analytical Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku (Finland)
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12
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Yang YJ, Goodrich JA. Toward quantitative analysis of water-energy-urban-climate nexus for urban adaptation planning. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Wang Z, Pecha B, Westerhof RJM, Kersten SRA, Li CZ, McDonald AG, Garcia-Perez M. Effect of Cellulose Crystallinity on Solid/Liquid Phase Reactions Responsible for the Formation of Carbonaceous Residues during Pyrolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4014259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Wang
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Brennan Pecha
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Roel J. M. Westerhof
- Thermo-Chemical
Conversion of Biomass Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha R. A. Kersten
- Thermo-Chemical
Conversion of Biomass Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Chun-Zhu Li
- Fuels
and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Armando G. McDonald
- Department
of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Manuel Garcia-Perez
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Gabhane J, William SPMP, Gadhe A, Rath R, Vaidya AN, Wate S. Pretreatment of banana agricultural waste for bio-ethanol production: individual and interactive effects of acid and alkali pretreatments with autoclaving, microwave heating and ultrasonication. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:498-503. [PMID: 24268472 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Banana agricultural waste is one of the potential lignocellulosic substrates which are mostly un-utilized but sufficiently available in many parts of the world. In the present study, suitability of banana waste for biofuel production with respect to pretreatment and reducing sugar yield was assessed. The effectiveness of both acid and alkali pretreatments along with autoclaving, microwave heating and ultrasonication on different morphological parts of banana (BMPs) was studied. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and numerical point prediction tool of MINITAB RELEASE 14. Accordingly, the optimum cumulative conditions for maximum recovery of reducing sugar through acid pretreatment are: leaf (LF) as the substrate with 25 min of reaction time and 180°C of reaction temperature using microwave. Whereas, the optimum conditions for alkaline pretreatments are: pith (PH) as the substrate with 51 min of reaction time and 50°C of reaction temperature using ultrasonication (US).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Gabhane
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - S P M Prince William
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Abhijit Gadhe
- Vishweshraiya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ritika Rath
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Atul Narayan Vaidya
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish Wate
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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15
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16
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El-Ahmady N, Deraz S, Khalil A. Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks Based on Enzymatic Hydrolysis:
Current Status and Recent Developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2014.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Wang D, LeBauer D, Kling G, Voigt T, Dietze MC. Ecophysiological screening of tree species for biomass production: trade-off between production and water use. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es13-00156.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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König CF, Schildhauer TJ, Nachtegaal M. Methane synthesis and sulfur removal over a Ru catalyst probed in situ with high sensitivity X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Wang D, LeBauer D, Dietze M. Predicting yields of short-rotation hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) for the United States through model-data synthesis. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:944-58. [PMID: 23865242 DOI: 10.1890/12-0854.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) is an important biomass crop being evaluated for cellulosic ethanol production. Predictions of poplar growth, rotation period, and soil carbon sequestration under various growing conditions, soils, and climates are critical for farmers and managers planning to establish short-rotation forestry (SRF) plantations. In this study, we used an ecoinformatics workflow, the Predictive Ecosystem Analyzer (PEcAn), to integrate literature data and field measurements into the Ecosystem Demography 2 (ED2) model to estimate yield potential of poplar plantations. Within PEcAn 164 records of seven different traits from the literature were assimilated using a Bayesian meta-analysis. Next, variance decomposition identified seven variables for further constraint that contributed > 80% to the uncertainty in modeled yields: growth respiration, dark respiration, quantum efficiency, mortality coefficient, water conductance, fine-root allocation, and root turnover rate. Assimilation of observed yields further constrained uncertainty in model parameters (especially dark respiration and root turnover rate) and biomass estimates. Additional measurements of growth respiration, mortality, water conductance, and quantum efficiency would provide the most efficient path toward further constraint of modeled yields. Modeled validation demonstrated that ED2 successfully captured the interannual and spatial variability of poplar yield observed at nine independent sites. Site-level analyses were conducted to estimate the effect of land use change to SRF poplar on soil C sequestration compared to alternate land uses. These suggest that poplar plantations became a C sink within 18 years of conversion from corn production or existing forest. Finally, poplar yields were estimated for the contiguous United States at a half degree resolution in order to determine potential productivity, estimate the optimal rotation period, and compare poplar to perennial grass yields. This regional projection suggests that poplar yield varies considerably with differences in soil and climate, reaching as much as 18 Mg x ha(-1) x yr(-1) in eastern, southern, and northwest regions. In New England, the upper Midwest, and northern California, yields are predicted to exceed those of the highly productive C4 perennial grass, Miscanthus. In these poplar-productive regions, 4-11 year rotations give the highest potential yields. In conclusion, poplar plantations are predicted to have a high yield potential across a wide range of climates and soils and could be sustainable in soil C sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Energy Bioscience Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Du W, Mackenzie KE, Milano DF, Deskins NA, Su D, Teng X. Palladium–Tin Alloyed Catalysts for the Ethanol Oxidation Reaction in an Alkaline Medium. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs2005955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Kayla E. Mackenzie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - Daniel F. Milano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
| | - N. Aaron Deskins
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
01609, United States
| | - Dong Su
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973,
United States
| | - Xiaowei Teng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
03824, United States
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Adani F, Papa G, Schievano A, Cardinale G, D'Imporzano G, Tambone F. Nanoscale structure of the cell wall protecting cellulose from enzyme attack. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1107-13. [PMID: 21174466 DOI: 10.1021/es1020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall structure protects cellulose from enzymatic attack and its successive fermentation. The nature of this protection consists in the very complex macroscopic and microscopic structure of cell wall that limits transport. Explaining this kind of protection is critical in future research to improve cell polymer availability for enzymatic attack. This research shows that the complete description of the cell wall topography at a nanoscale level allows a mechanistic understanding of cellulose protection. For this purpose, we used gas adsorption methods (CO(2) at 273 K and N(2) at 77 K) to detect mesoporosity (pore size of 1.5-30 nm diameter; MeS) and microporosity (pore size of 0.3-1.5 nm diameter; MiS) of the cell wall of five energy crops, i.e., giant cane, rivet wheat straw, miscanthus, proso millet, and sorghum. The presence of both hemicelluloses in the spaces between cellulose fibrils and the unhydrolyzable and highly cross-linked lignocarbohydrate complex (LCC) determines a microporous (80% pores having diameters below 0.8 nm) structure of the cell wall that prevents the cellulase enzymes from coming into direct contact with the cellulose, as their sizes exceed the cell wall pore size. On the other hand, the removal of the hemicelluloses and of the LCC complex determines a reduction of the MiS and an increase of the available surface for enzymatic attack, i.e., pores >5 nm diameter. This was confirmed by the good negative (r = -0.87, P < 0.001, n = 11) and positive (r = 0.78, P < 0.005, n = 11) correlations found for microporosity and mesoporosity (pores of diameters >5 nm), respectively, vs the glucose production, by cellulase enzyme attack in specific enzymatic hydrolysis tests performed on biomass samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo RICICLA, Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Abstract
Interest in liquid biofuels production and use has increased worldwide as part of government policies to address the growing scarcity and riskiness of petroleum use, and, at least in theory, to help mitigate adverse global climate change. The existing biofuels markets are dominated by U.S. ethanol production based on cornstarch, Brazilian ethanol production based on sugarcane, and European biodiesel production based on rapeseed oil. Other promising efforts have included programs to shift toward the production and use of biofuels based on residues and waste materials from the agricultural and forestry sectors, and perennial grasses, such as switchgrass and miscanthus--so-called cellulosic ethanol. This article reviews these efforts and the recent literature in the context of ecological economics and sustainability science. Several common dimensions for sustainable biofuels are discussed: scale (resource assessment, land availability, and land use practices); efficiency (economic and energy); equity (geographic distribution of resources and the "food versus fuel" debate); socio-economic issues; and environmental effects and emissions. Recent proposals have been made for the development of sustainable biofuels criteria, culminating in standards released in Sweden in 2008 and a draft report from the international Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels. These criteria hold promise for accelerating a shift away from unsustainable biofuels based on grain, such as corn, and toward possible sustainable feedstock and production practices that may be able to meet a variety of social, economic, and environmental sustainability criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D Solomon
- Environmental Policy Program, Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA.
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Ou MS, Mohammed N, Ingram LO, Shanmugam KT. Thermophilic Bacillus coagulans requires less cellulases for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose to products than mesophilic microbial biocatalysts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 155:379-85. [PMID: 19156365 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass depends on simultaneous saccharification of cellulose to glucose by fungal cellulases and fermentation of glucose to ethanol by microbial biocatalysts (SSF). The cost of cellulase enzymes represents a significant challenge for the commercial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable chemicals such as ethanol and monomers for plastics. The cellulase concentration for optimum SSF of crystalline cellulose with fungal enzymes and a moderate thermophile, Bacillus coagulans, was determined to be about 7.5 FPU g(-1) cellulose. This is about three times lower than the amount of cellulase required for SSF with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis, or Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis whose growth and fermentation temperature optimum is significantly lower than that of the fungal cellulase activity. In addition, B. coagulans also converted about 80% of the theoretical yield of products from 40 g/L of crystalline cellulose in about 48 h of SSF with 10 FPU g(-1) cellulose while yeast, during the same period, only produced about 50% of the highest yield produced at end of 7 days of SSF. These results show that a match in the temperature optima for cellulase activity and fermentation is essential for decreasing the cost of cellulase in cellulosic ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Complete fermentation of xylose and methylglucuronoxylose derived from methylglucuronoxylan by Enterobacter asburiae strain JDR-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:395-404. [PMID: 19011070 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01941-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid pretreatment is commonly used to release pentoses from the hemicellulose fraction of cellulosic biomass for bioconversion. The predominant pentose in the hemicellulose fraction of hardwoods and crop residues is xylose in the polysaccharide methylglucuronoxylan, in which as many as one in six of the beta-1,4-linked xylopyranose residues is substituted with alpha-1,2-linked 4-O-methylglucuronopyranose. Resistance of the alpha-1,2-methylglucuronosyl linkages to acid hydrolysis results in release of the aldobiuronate 4-O-methylglucuronoxylose, which is not fermented by bacterial biocatalysts currently used for bioconversion of hemicellulose. Enterobacter asburiae strain JDR-1, isolated from colonized hardwood (sweetgum), efficiently ferments both methylglucuronoxylose and xylose, producing predominantly ethanol and acetate. (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance studies defined the Embden-Meyerhof pathway for metabolism of glucose and the pentose phosphate pathway for xylose metabolism. Rates of substrate utilization, product formation, and molar growth yields indicated methylglucuronoxylose is transported into the cell and hydrolyzed to release methanol, xylose, and hexauronate. Enterobacter asburiae strain JDR-1 is the first microorganism described that ferments methylglucuronoxylose generated along with xylose during the acid-mediated saccharification of hemicellulose. Genetic definition of the methylglucuronoxylose utilization pathway may allow metabolic engineering of established gram-negative bacterial biocatalysts for complete bioconversion of acid hydrolysates of methylglucuronoxylan. Alternatively, Enterobacter asburiae strain JDR-1 may be engineered for the efficient conversion of acid hydrolysates of hemicellulose to biofuels and chemical feedstocks.
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Zeman FS, Keith DW. Carbon neutral hydrocarbons. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2008; 366:3901-3918. [PMID: 18757281 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector may be the most difficult aspect of climate change mitigation. We suggest that carbon neutral hydrocarbons (CNHCs) offer an alternative pathway for deep emission cuts that complement the use of decarbonized energy carriers. Such fuels are synthesized from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon neutral hydrogen. The result is a liquid fuel compatible with the existing transportation infrastructure and therefore capable of a gradual deployment with minimum supply disruption. Capturing the atmospheric CO2 can be accomplished using biomass or industrial methods referred to as air capture. The viability of biomass fuels is strongly dependent on the environmental impacts of biomass production. Strong constraints on land use may favour the use of air capture. We conclude that CNHCs may be a viable alternative to hydrogen or conventional biofuels and warrant a comparable level of research effort and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Zeman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, 918 S. W. Mudd, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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27
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Rockwood DL, Rudie AW, Ralph SA, Zhu J, Winandy JE. Energy product options for eucalyptus species grown as short rotation woody crops. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1361-1378. [PMID: 19325808 PMCID: PMC2635734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9081361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus species are native to Australia but grown extensively worldwide as short rotation hardwoods for a variety of products and as ornamentals. We describe their general importance with specific emphasis on existing and emerging markets as energy products and the potential to maximize their productivity as short rotation woody crops. Using experience in Florida USA and similar locations, we document their current energy applications and assess their productivity as short-term and likely long-term energy and related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Rockwood
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 32611– 0410. E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
| | - Alan W. Rudie
- USFS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53726–2398 E-Mails:
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| | - Sally A. Ralph
- USFS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53726–2398 E-Mails:
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| | - J.Y. Zhu
- USFS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53726–2398 E-Mails:
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| | - Jerrold E. Winandy
- USFS Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53726–2398 E-Mails:
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Reijnders L. Do biofuels from microalgae beat biofuels from terrestrial plants? Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:349-50; author reply 351-2. [PMID: 18486252 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shanmugam KT, Ingram LO. Engineering biocatalysts for production of commodity chemicals. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 15:8-15. [PMID: 18349546 DOI: 10.1159/000111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive alternate to petroleum for production of both fuels and commodity chemicals. This conversion of biomass would require a new generation of microbial biocatalysts that can convert all the sugars present in the biomass to the desired compounds. In this review, the critical factors that need to be considered in engineering such microbial biocatalysts for cost-effective fermentation of sugars are discussed with specific emphasis on commodity chemicals such as lactic acid, succinic acid and acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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30
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Cauliflower waste incorporation into cane molasses improves ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 178. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 47:353-7. [PMID: 23100689 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-007-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diluted cane molasses having total sugar and reducing sugar content of 9.60 and 3.80% (w/v) respectively was subjected to ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 178. Incorporation of dried Cauliflower Waste (CW) in molasses at the level of 15 % increased ethanol production by nearly 36 % compared to molasses alone. Addition of 0.2 % yeast extract improved ethanol production by nearly 49 % as compared to molasses alone. When the medium containing diluted molasses and 0.2 % yeast extract was supplemented with 15 % CW, 29 % more ethanol was produced compared to molasses with 0.2 % yeast extract. Cell biomass, ethanol production, final ethanol concentration and fermentation efficiency of 2.65 mg mL(-1), 41.2 gL(-1), 0.358 gg(-1) and 70.11 % respectively were found to be best at 15% CW supplementation level besides reduction in fermentation time but further increase in CW level resulted in decline on account of all the above parameters. This is probably the first report to our knowledge, in which CW was used in enhancing ethanol production significantly using a small quantity of yeast extract.
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31
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Zhang YHP. Reviving the carbohydrate economy via multi-product lignocellulose biorefineries. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:367-375. [PMID: 18180967 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Before the industrial revolution, the global economy was largely based on living carbon from plants. Now the economy is mainly dependent on fossil fuels (dead carbon). Biomass is the only sustainable bioresource that can provide sufficient transportation fuels and renewable materials at the same time. Cellulosic ethanol production from less costly and most abundant lignocellulose is confronted with three main obstacles: (1) high processing costs (dollars /gallon of ethanol), (2) huge capital investment (dollars approximately 4-10/gallon of annual ethanol production capacity), and (3) a narrow margin between feedstock and product prices. Both lignocellulose fractionation technology and effective co-utilization of acetic acid, lignin and hemicellulose will be vital to the realization of profitable lignocellulose biorefineries, since co-product revenues would increase the margin up to 6.2-fold, where all purified lignocellulose co-components have higher selling prices (> approximately 1.0/kg) than ethanol ( approximately 0.5/kg of ethanol). Isolation of large amounts of lignocellulose components through lignocellulose fractionation would stimulate R&D in lignin and hemicellulose applications, as well as promote new markets for lignin- and hemicellulose-derivative products. Lignocellulose resource would be sufficient to replace significant fractionations (e.g., 30%) of transportation fuels through liquid biofuels, internal combustion engines in the short term, and would provide 100% transportation fuels by sugar-hydrogen-fuel cell systems in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Percival Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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32
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Johnston M, Holloway T. A global comparison of national biodiesel production potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:7967-73. [PMID: 18186324 DOI: 10.1021/es062459k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a consistent, national-level evaluation of potential biodiesel volumes and prices, replicated across 226 countries, territories, and protectorates. Utilizing all commercially exported lipid feedstocks from existing agricultural lands, we compare the upper-limit potential for expanded biodiesel production in terms of absolute biodiesel volumes, profitable potential from biodiesel exports, and potential from expanded vegetable oil production through agricultural yield increases. Country findings are compared across a variety of economic, energy, and environmental metrics. Our results show an upper-limit worldwide volume potential of 51 billion liters from 119 countries; 47 billion of which could be produced profitably at today's import prices. Also significant production gains are possible through increasing agricultural yields: a 12-fold increase over existing potential, primarily hinging on better management of tropical oilseed varietals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Johnston
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53726, USA.
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Sakurai H, Masukawa H. Promoting R & D in photobiological hydrogen production utilizing mariculture-raised cyanobacteria. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2007; 9:128-45. [PMID: 17340220 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-006-6073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This review article explores the potential of using mariculture-raised cyanobacteria as solar energy converters of hydrogen (H(2)). The exploitation of the sea surface for large-scale renewable energy production and the reasons for selecting the economical, nitrogenase-based systems of cyanobacteria for H(2) production, are described in terms of societal benefits. Reports of cyanobacterial photobiological H(2) production are summarized with respect to specific activity, efficiency of solar energy conversion, and maximum H(2) concentration attainable. The need for further improvements in biological parameters such as low-light saturation properties, sustainability of H(2) production, and so forth, and the means to overcome these difficulties through the identification of promising wild-type strains followed by optimization of the selected strains using genetic engineering are also discussed. Finally, a possible mechanism for the development of economical large-scale mariculture operations in conjunction with international cooperation and social acceptance is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Sakurai
- Department of Biology, School of Education, and Major in Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Nishiwaseda 1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan.
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Kim Y, Ingram LO, Shanmugam KT. Construction of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant for homoethanologenic fermentation of glucose or xylose without foreign genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1766-71. [PMID: 17259366 PMCID: PMC1828829 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02456-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to ethanol requires microorganisms that effectively ferment both hexose and pentose sugars. Towards this goal, recombinant organisms have been developed in which heterologous genes were added to platform organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis, and Escherichia coli. Using a novel approach that relies only on native enzymes, we have developed a homoethanologenic alternative, Escherichia coli strain SE2378. This mutant ferments glucose or xylose to ethanol with a yield of 82% under anaerobic conditions. An essential mutation in this mutant was mapped within the pdh operon (pdhR aceEF lpd), which encodes components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Anaerobic ethanol production by this mutant is apparently the result of a novel pathway that combines the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase (typically active during aerobic, oxidative metabolism) with the fermentative alcohol dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngnyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Box 110700, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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35
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Armaroli N, Balzani V. The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:52-66. [PMID: 17103469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 789] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Armaroli
- Molecular Photoscience Group, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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36
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Armaroli N, Balzani V. Die Zukunft der Energieversorgung – Herausforderungen und Chancen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Patel MA, Ou MS, Harbrucker R, Aldrich HC, Buszko ML, Ingram LO, Shanmugam KT. Isolation and characterization of acid-tolerant, thermophilic bacteria for effective fermentation of biomass-derived sugars to lactic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:3228-35. [PMID: 16672461 PMCID: PMC1472308 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.5.3228-3235.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass-derived sugars, such as glucose, xylose, and other minor sugars, can be readily fermented to fuel ethanol and commodity chemicals by the appropriate microbes. Due to the differences in the optimum conditions for the activity of the fungal cellulases that are required for depolymerization of cellulose to fermentable sugars and the growth and fermentation characteristics of the current industrial microbes, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose is envisioned at conditions that are not optimal for the fungal cellulase activity, leading to a higher-than-required cost of cellulase in SSF. We have isolated bacterial strains that grew and fermented both glucose and xylose, major components of cellulose and hemicellulose, respectively, to l(+)-lactic acid at 50 degrees C and pH 5.0, conditions that are also optimal for fungal cellulase activity. Xylose was metabolized by these new isolates through the pentose-phosphate pathway. As expected for the metabolism of xylose by the pentose-phosphate pathway, [(13)C]lactate accounted for more than 90% of the total (13)C-labeled products from [(13)C]xylose. Based on fatty acid profile and 16S rRNA sequence, these isolates cluster with Bacillus coagulans, although the B. coagulans type strain, ATCC 7050, failed to utilize xylose as a carbon source. These new B. coagulans isolates have the potential to reduce the cost of SSF by minimizing the amount of fungal cellulases, a significant cost component in the use of biomass as a renewable resource, for the production of fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind A Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Box 110700, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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38
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Prince RC, Kheshgi HS. The photobiological production of hydrogen: potential efficiency and effectiveness as a renewable fuel. Crit Rev Microbiol 2005; 31:19-31. [PMID: 15839402 DOI: 10.1080/10408410590912961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic microorganisms can produce hydrogen when illuminated, and there has been considerable interest in developing this to a commercially viable process. Its appealing aspects include the fact that the hydrogen would come from water, and that the process might be more energetically efficient than growing, harvesting, and processing crops. We review current knowledge about photobiological hydrogen production, and identify and discuss some of the areas where scientific and technical breakthroughs are essential for commercialization. First we describe the underlying biochemistry of the process, and identify some opportunities for improving photobiological hydrogen production at the molecular level. Then we address the fundamental quantum efficiency of the various processes that have been suggested, technological issues surrounding large-scale growth of hydrogen-producing microorganisms, and the scale and efficiency on which this would have to be practiced to make a significant contribution to current energy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Prince
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co., Annandale, New Jersey 08801, USA.
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39
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Huesemann MH. The failure of eco-efficiency to guarantee sustainability: Future challenges for industrial ecology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ep.10044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Robinson AL, Rhodes JS, Keith DW. Assessment of potential carbon dioxide reductions due to biomass-coal cofiring in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:5081-5089. [PMID: 14655692 DOI: 10.1021/es034367q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cofiring biomass with coal in existing power plants offers a relatively inexpensive and efficient option for increasing near-term biomass energy utilization. Potential benefits include reduced emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides and development of biomass energy markets. To understand the economics of this strategy, we develop a model to calculate electricity and pollutant mitigation costs with explicit characterization of uncertainty in fuel and technology costs and variability in fuel properties. The model is first used to evaluate the plant-level economics of cofiring as a function of biomass cost. It is then integrated with state-specific coal consumption and biomass supply estimates to develop national supply curves for cofire electricity and carbon mitigation. A delivered cost of biomass below 15 dollars per ton is required for cofire to be competitive with existing coal-based generation. Except at low biomass prices (less than 15 dollars per ton), cofiring is unlikely to be competitive for NOx or SOx control, but it can provide comparatively inexpensive control of CO2 emissions: we estimate that emissions reductions of 100 Mt-CO2/year (a 5% reduction in electric-sector emissions) can be achieved at 25 +/- 20 dollars/tC. The 2-3 year time horizon for deployment--compared with 10-20 years for other CO2 mitigation options--makes cofiring particularly attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, USA.
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41
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Hoffert MI, Caldeira K, Benford G, Criswell DR, Green C, Herzog H, Jain AK, Kheshgi HS, Lackner KS, Lewis JS, Lightfoot HD, Manheimer W, Mankins JC, Mauel ME, Perkins LJ, Schlesinger ME, Volk T, Wigley TML. Advanced technology paths to global climate stability: energy for a greenhouse planet. Science 2002; 298:981-7. [PMID: 12411695 DOI: 10.1126/science.1072357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Stabilizing the carbon dioxide-induced component of climate change is an energy problem. Establishment of a course toward such stabilization will require the development within the coming decades of primary energy sources that do not emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, in addition to efforts to reduce end-use energy demand. Mid-century primary power requirements that are free of carbon dioxide emissions could be several times what we now derive from fossil fuels (approximately 10(13) watts), even with improvements in energy efficiency. Here we survey possible future energy sources, evaluated for their capability to supply massive amounts of carbon emission-free energy and for their potential for large-scale commercialization. Possible candidates for primary energy sources include terrestrial solar and wind energy, solar power satellites, biomass, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, fission-fusion hybrids, and fossil fuels from which carbon has been sequestered. Non-primary power technologies that could contribute to climate stabilization include efficiency improvements, hydrogen production, storage and transport, superconducting global electric grids, and geoengineering. All of these approaches currently have severe deficiencies that limit their ability to stabilize global climate. We conclude that a broad range of intensive research and development is urgently needed to produce technological options that can allow both climate stabilization and economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Hoffert
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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