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Yang AW, Lin NH, Yeh TH, Snider N, Perng MD. Effects of Alexander disease-associated mutations on the assembly and organization of GFAP intermediate filaments. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar69. [PMID: 35511821 PMCID: PMC9635275 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-01-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexander disease is a primary genetic disorder of astrocytes caused by dominant mutations in the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). How single-amino-acid changes can lead to cytoskeletal catastrophe and brain degeneration remains poorly understood. In this study, we have analyzed 14 missense mutations located in the GFAP rod domain to investigate how these mutations affect in vitro filament assembly. Whereas the internal rod mutants assembled into filaments that were shorter than those of wild type, the rod end mutants formed structures with one or more of several atypical characteristics, including short filament length, irregular width, roughness of filament surface, and filament aggregation. When transduced into primary astrocytes, GFAP mutants with in vitro assembly defects usually formed cytoplasmic aggregates, which were more resistant to biochemical extraction. The resistance of GFAP to solubilization was also observed in brain tissues of patients with Alexander disease, in which a significant proportion of insoluble GFAP were accumulated in Rosenthal fiber fractions. These findings provide clinically relevant evidence that link GFAP assembly defects to disease pathology at the tissue level and suggest that altered filament assembly and properties as a result of GFAP mutation are critical initiating factors for the pathogenesis of Alexander disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Wen Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hung Yeh
- Department of Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Natasha Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Ming-Der Perng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan,Department of Medical Science, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan,*Address correspondence to: Ming-Der Perng ()
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2
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Human iPSC-derived-keratinocytes, a useful model to identify and explore pathological phenotype of Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2695-2705.e11. [PMID: 35490743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS), an autosomal dominant skin disorder, is characterized by skin fragility. Genetically, majority of cases are related to missense mutations in two keratin genes, KRT5 or KRT14, leading to cytolysis of basal keratinocytes and intraepidermal blistering. Progress towards identification of treatments have been hampered by incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying this disease, and availability of relevant and reliable in vitro models recapitulating the physiopathological mechanisms. Recent advances in stem cell field have fueled the prospect that these limitations could be overcome thanks to the availability of disease-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Here, we generated hiPSC-derived keratinocytes from patients carrying KRT5 dominant mutations and compared them to non-affected hiPSC-derived keratinocytes as well as their primary counterparts. Our results demonstrated that EBS hiPSC-derived keratinocytes displayed proliferative defects, increased capacity to migrate, alteration of ERK signaling pathway and cytoplasmic keratin filament aggregates as observed in primary EBS keratinocytes. Of interest, EBS hiPSC-derived keratinocytes exhibited a downregulation of hemidesmosomal proteins revealing the different effects of KRT5 mutations on keratin cytoskeletal organization. Combination of culture miniaturization and treatment with the chaperone molecule 4-PBA, our results demonstrated that hiPSC-derived keratinocytes represent a suitable model for identifying novel therapies for EBS.
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Global effects of RAB3GAP1 dysexpression on the proteome of mouse cortical neurons. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1339-1350. [PMID: 34363538 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mounting studies have demonstrated that RAB3GAP1 expression is modified in brain diseases with multiple neurobiological functions and processes and acts as a potentially significant target. However, the cellular and molecular events arising from RAB3GAP1 dysexpression are still incompletely understood. In this work, underexpression and overexpression of RAB3GAP1 were first induced into cultured mouse cortical neurons by transfection with lentivirus plasmids. Then we globally explored the effects of RAB3GAP1 dysexpression on the proteome of the neurons through the use of isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics with bioinformatics. A total of 364 proteins in the RAB3GAP1-underexpression group and 314 proteins in the RAB3GAP1-overexpression group were identified to be differentially expressed. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis indicated that the proteome functional expression profiles induced by RAB3GAP1 underexpression and overexpression were different, suggesting the potential differences in biological processes and cellular effects. Subsequent intergroup cross-comparison revealed some candidate target proteins regulated directly by RAB3GAP1. Further parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis illustrated that Sub1, Ssrp1, and Top1 proteins might serve as new potentially important linkers in the RAB3GAP1-mediated autophagy pathway in the cortical neurons. Collectively, the current proteomics data furnished new valuable insights to better understand the regulatory molecular mechanism of neuronal RAB3GAP1.
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4
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Zhang J, Ding Y, Li M, Yao Z, Zhuang Y. Known and novel mutations responsible for epidermolysis bullosa simplex cases in a Chinese population. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:4661-4664. [PMID: 31772641 PMCID: PMC6862070 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, generalized severe (EBS-gen sev) is one of the major forms of EBS, caused by mutations of the keratin 5 (KRT5) or keratin 14 (KRT14). However, it is rarely reported in the Chinese population. The current study was performed on three unrelated Chinese families with five patients clinically suspicious for distinct stages of EBS. Mutation screening was performed by direct sequencing of the entire coding regions of KRT5 and KRT14 genes. A diagnosis of EBS-gen sev for patients in these three families was confirmed by revealing missense mutations c.373C>T (p.Arg125Cys), c.374G>T (p.Arg125Leu), and a novel frameshift mutation c.1231delG (p.Glu411Argfs*31) in KRT14. Considering two previously reported cases and the results of the current report, amino acid residue 125 is likely the most frequent hotspot of EBS-gen sev in the Chinese population. The current study further indicated that the symptoms of EBS-gen sev patients decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ding
- Dermatology Department, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhirong Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yin Zhuang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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5
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Lalor L, Titeux M, Palisson F, Fuentes I, Yubero MJ, Tasanen K, Huilaja L, Has C, Tadini G, Haggstrom AN, Hovnanian A, Lucky AW. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex-generalized severe type due to keratin 5 p.Glu477Lys mutation: Genotype-phenotype correlation and in silico modeling analysis. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:132-138. [PMID: 30515866 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of diseases caused by mutations in skin structural proteins. Availability of genetic sequencing makes identification of causative mutations easier, and genotype-phenotype description and correlation are important. We describe six patients with a keratin 5 mutation resulting in a glutamic acid to lysine substitution at position 477 (p.Glu477Lys) who have a distinctive, severe and sometimes fatal phenotype. We also perform in silico modeling to show protein structural changes resulting in instability. METHODS In this case series, we collected clinical data from six patients with this mutation identified from their national or local epidermolysis bullosa databases. We performed in silico modeling of the keratin 5-keratin 14 coil 2B complex using CCBuilder and rendered with Pymol (Schrodinger, LLC, New York, NY). RESULTS Features include aplasia cutis congenita, generalized blistering, palmoplantar keratoderma, onychodystrophy, airway and developmental abnormalities, and a distinctive reticulated skin pattern. Our in silico model of the keratin 5 p.Glu477Lys mutation predicts conformational change and modification of the surface charge of the keratin heterodimer, severely impairing filament stability. CONCLUSIONS Early recognition of the features of this genotype will improve care. In silico analysis of mutated keratin structures provides useful insights into structural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Lalor
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, MCW Department of Dermatology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthias Titeux
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Inserm UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Francis Palisson
- Fundacion DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacia Fuentes
- Fundacion DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Genetica y Genomica, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - María J Yubero
- Fundacion DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- Department of Dermatology, Pedego Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Huilaja
- Department of Dermatology, Pedego Research Unit, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Tadini
- Pediatric Dermatology, Fondazione IRCC Ca'Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anita N Haggstrom
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Inserm UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Anne W Lucky
- Epidermolysis Bullosa Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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6
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Yeo J, Jung G, Tarakanova A, Martín-Martínez FJ, Qin Z, Cheng Y, Zhang YW, Buehler MJ. Multiscale modeling of keratin, collagen, elastin and related human diseases: Perspectives from atomistic to coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. EXTREME MECHANICS LETTERS 2018; 20:112-124. [PMID: 33344740 PMCID: PMC7745951 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scleroproteins are an important category of proteins within the human body that adopt filamentous, elongated conformations in contrast with typical globular proteins. These include keratin, collagen, and elastin, which often serve a common mechanical function in structural support of cells and tissues. Genetic mutations alter these proteins, disrupting their functions and causing diseases. Computational characterization of these mutations has proven to be extremely valuable in identifying the intricate structure-function relationships of scleroproteins from the molecular scale up, especially if combined with multiscale experimental analysis and the synthesis of model proteins to test specific structure-function relationships. In this work, we review numerous critical diseases that are related to keratin, collagen, and elastin, and through several case studies, we propose ways of extensively utilizing multiscale modeling, from atomistic to coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, to uncover the molecular origins for some of these diseases and to aid in the development of novel cures and therapies. As case studies, we examine the effects of the genetic disease Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis (EHK) on the structure and aggregation of keratins 1 and 10; we propose models to understand the diseases of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) and Alport syndrome (AS) that affect the mechanical and aggregation properties of collagen; and we develop atomistic molecular dynamics and elastic network models of elastin to determine the role of mutations in diseases such as Cutis Laxa and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis on elastin's structure and molecular conformational motions and implications for assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Yeo
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - GangSeob Jung
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna Tarakanova
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francisco J. Martín-Martínez
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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7
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Rahimian P, He JJ. HIV/neuroAIDS biomarkers. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:117-132. [PMID: 27084354 PMCID: PMC5705228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection often causes neurological symptoms including cognitive and motor dysfunction, which have been collectively termed HIV/neuroAIDS. Neuropsychological assessment and clinical symptoms have been the primary diagnostic criteria for HIV/neuroAIDS, even for the mild cognitive and motor disorder, the most prevalent form of HIV/neuroAIDS in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. Those performance-based assessments and symptoms are generally descriptive and do not have the sensitivity and specificity to monitor the diagnosis, progression, and treatment response of the disease when compared to objective and quantitative laboratory-based biological markers, or biomarkers. In addition, effects of demographics and comorbidities such as substance abuse, psychiatric disease, nutritional deficiencies, and co-infection on HIV/neuroAIDS could be more readily determined using biomarkers than using neuropsychological assessment and clinical symptoms. Thus, there have been great efforts in identification of HIV/neuroAIDS biomarkers over the past two decades. The need for reliable biomarkers of HIV/neuroAIDS is expected to increase as the HIV-infected population ages and their vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease increases. Currently, three classes of HIV/neuroAIDS biomarkers are being pursued to establish objective laboratory-based definitions of HIV-associated neurologic injury: cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, blood biomarkers, and neuroimaging biomarkers. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge in the field of HIV/neuroAIDS biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Rahimian
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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8
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Deek J, Chung PJ, Safinya CR. Neurofilament networks: Salt-responsive hydrogels with sidearm-dependent phase behavior. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1560-9. [PMID: 26993199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilaments (NFs) - the neuron-specific intermediate filament proteins - are assembled into 10nm wide filaments in a tightly controlled ratio of three different monomer types: NF-Low (NF-L), NF-Medium (NF-M), and NF-High (NF-H). Previous work on reconstituted bovine NF hydrogels has shown the dependence of network properties, including filament alignment and spacing, on the subunit composition. METHODS We use polarized optical microscopy and SAXS to explore the full salt-dependent phase behavior of reconstituted bovine NF networks as a function of various binary and ternary subunit ratios. RESULTS We observe three salt-induced liquid crystalline phases: the liquid-ordered B(G) and N(G) phases, and the disordered I(G) phase. We note the emergent sidearm roles, particularly that of NF-H in driving the parallel to cross-filament transition, and the counter-role of NF-M in suppressing the I(G) phase. CONCLUSIONS In copolymers of NF-LH, NF-H shifts the I(G) to N(G) transition to nearer physiological salt concentrations, as compared to NF-M in copolymers of NF-LM. For ternary mixtures, the role of NF-H is modulated by the ratio of NF-M, where beneath 10wt.% NF-M, NF-H drives the transition to the disordered phase, and above which NF-H increases interfilament spacing. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the role of individual subunits in regulating the network structure will enable us to understand the mechanisms that drive the dysfunction of these networks, as observed in diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Deek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
| | - Peter J Chung
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
| | - Cyrus R Safinya
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States; Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
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9
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Abstract
Existing clinical outcomes of disease activity, including relapse rates, are inherently insensitive to the underlying pathological process in MS. Moreover, it is extremely difficult to measure clinical disability in patients, which is often a retrospective assessment, and definitely not within the time frame of a clinical trial. Biomarkers , conversely are more specific for a pathologic process and if used correctly can prove invaluable in the diagnosis, stratification and monitoring of disease activity, including any subclinical activity which is not visible to the naked eye. In this chapter, we discuss the development of neurofilaments as surrogate outcomes of disability in MS. The validation and qualification are vital steps in biomarker development and to gaining acceptance in scientific community, and the pitfalls leading up to this are also discussed.
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Fichna JP, Karolczak J, Potulska-Chromik A, Miszta P, Berdynski M, Sikorska A, Filipek S, Redowicz MJ, Kaminska A, Zekanowski C. Two desmin gene mutations associated with myofibrillar myopathies in Polish families. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115470. [PMID: 25541946 PMCID: PMC4277352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmin is a muscle-specific intermediate filament protein which forms a network connecting the sarcomere, T tubules, sarcolemma, nuclear membrane, mitochondria and other organelles. Mutations in the gene coding for desmin (DES) cause skeletal myopathies often combined with cardiomyopathy, or isolated cardiomyopathies. The molecular pathomechanisms of the disease remain ambiguous. Here, we describe and comprehensively characterize two DES mutations found in Polish patients with a clinical diagnosis of desminopathy. The study group comprised 16 individuals representing three families. Two mutations were identified: a novel missense mutation (Q348P) and a small deletion of nine nucleotides (A357_E359del), previously described by us in the Polish population. A common ancestry of all the families bearing the A357_E359del mutation was confirmed. Both mutations were predicted to be pathogenic using a bioinformatics approach, including molecular dynamics simulations which helped to rationalize abnormal behavior at molecular level. To test the impact of the mutations on DES expression and the intracellular distribution of desmin muscle biopsies were investigated. Elevated desmin levels as well as its atypical localization in muscle fibers were observed. Additional staining for M-cadherin, α-actinin, and myosin heavy chains confirmed severe disruption of myofibrill organization. The abnormalities were more prominent in the Q348P muscle, where both small atrophic fibers as well large fibers with centrally localized nuclei were observed. We propose that the mutations affect desmin structure and cause its aberrant folding and subsequent aggregation, triggering disruption of myofibrils organization.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Desmin/chemistry
- Desmin/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Association Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/chemistry
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Mutation, Missense
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/genetics
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/metabolism
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/pathology
- Pedigree
- Poland
- Sequence Deletion
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Piotr Fichna
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Justyna Karolczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Przemyslaw Miszta
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Mariusz Berdynski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agata Sikorska
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Slawomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Maria Jolanta Redowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Kaminska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Cezary Zekanowski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- * E-mail:
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11
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Turcan I, Jonkman MF. Blistering disease: insight from the hemidesmosome and other components of the dermal-epidermal junction. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:545-69. [PMID: 25502077 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hemidesmosome is a specialized transmembrane complex that mediates the binding of epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. In the skin, this multiprotein structure can be regarded as the chief adhesion unit at the site of the dermal-epidermal junction. Focal adhesions are additional specialized attachment structures located between hemidesmosomes. The integrity of the skin relies on well-assembled and functional hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions (also known as integrin adhesomes). However, if these adhesion structures are impaired, e.g., as a result of circulating autoantibodies or inherited genetic mutations, the mechanical strength of the skin is compromised, leading to blistering and/or tissue inflammation. A particular clinical presentation emerges subject to the molecule that is targeted. None of these junctional complexes are simply compounds of adhesion molecules; they also play a significant role in signalling pathways involved in the differentiation and migration of epithelial cells such as during wound healing and in tumour invasion. We summarize current knowledge about hereditary and acquired blistering diseases emerging from pathologies of the hemidesmosome and its neighbouring proteins as components of the dermal-epidermal junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Turcan
- Centre for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands,
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12
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Kaminagakura E, Domingos PLB, da Rosa MRD, Loyola AM, Cardoso SV, Lopes MCDA, Bonan PRF, de Faria PR. Detection of cytokeratins in ghost cells of calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor indicates an altered keratinization and hair follicle differentiation for their development. Ann Diagn Pathol 2013; 17:514-7. [PMID: 24119871 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors (CCOTs) are benign cystic lesions of odontogenic origin characterized by an ameloblastoma-like epithelium and the presence of a group of cells named ghost cells. The pattern of cytokeratin (Ck) expression on these lesions remains unclear and needs to be clarified. To this end, the expression of Ck6, Ck13, Ck14, Ck18, and Ck19 in the epithelium lining of 7 cases of CCOTs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. For this, the epithelium lining was divided into 3 distinct regions: basal layer, suprabasal layer, and the compartment composed of ghost cells. In this study, 6 cases (85.7%) were classified as type 1 and 1 (14.3%) as type 4. All cases were negative for Ck13 and Ck18, despite the epithelial layer, as well as in the ghost cells. Ck6 was only positive in the ghost cells. Positivity for Ck14 and Ck19 was found in the basal and suprabasal layers, including the ghost cells. The results showing positivity for Ck14 and Ck19 in all of the analyzed cases reinforce CCOT as being of odontogenic origin, and the restricted expression of Ck6 in the ghost cells may be indicative that these cells suffer an altered differentiation into hair follicles in CCOTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Kaminagakura
- Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Darido C, Jane SM. Golgi Feels Its Own Wound. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:87-92. [PMID: 24527331 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2011.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The Golgi apparatus is essential for protein processing, sorting, and transport. Processing includes carbohydrate modifications and proteolytic cleavage, and transport can involve secretion from the cell or relocation to a specific cellular compartment. Rapid and synchronized reorientation of the Golgi in migrating cells is thought to facilitate polarized secretion, providing membrane and secreted products to the proximal plasma membrane. This function is a fundamental process in cell motility. Whether the Golgi structure and positioning is functionally required for directed secretion and polarity in cell migration responses, such as wound healing, is yet to be elucidated. RECENT ADVANCES : Exciting recent analysis examined the effects of perturbed Golgi positioning without disruption of microtubular or actin cytoskeleton assembly or protein secretion, in the context of cellular polarity and directional migration in wound repair. This was achieved by Yadav et al. (2009) through depletion of Golgin-160 or GMAP210 (Golgi microtubule associated protein of 210 kDa), which resulted in fragmentation and dispersal of Golgi without altering secretion kinetics. As a consequence, the direction of secretion, cell polarization, and cell migration in response to wounding were severely impaired. Thus, in response to a scratch wound, cell polarity requires peri-centrosomal positioning of the Golgi apparatus, implying that after initiation by a polarity cue there is a dependence on the Golgi's directed secretion to maintain the polarized state that facilitates cell migration. CRITICAL ISSUES Golgi peri-centrosomal positioning can now be included among the growing list of cellular processes and signaling pathways that are critical for establishment of cellular polarity in response to external stimuli-a key feature of wound repair. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A complete understanding of the function of Golgi components in motility merits attractive avenues for future investigations that will ultimately bring regulators of Golgi into the clinic whereby treatment of skin-related disorders will greatly benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M. Jane
- Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Australia
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14
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Makarova G, Bette M, Schmidt A, Jacob R, Cai C, Rodepeter F, Betz T, Sitterberg J, Bakowsky U, Moll R, Neff A, Sesterhenn A, Teymoortash A, Ocker M, Werner JA, Mandic R. Epidermal growth factor-induced modulation of cytokeratin expression levels influences the morphological phenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:59-72. [PMID: 23111772 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The migratory ability of tumor cells requires cytoskeletal rearrangement processes. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-signaling tightly correlates with tumor progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), and has previously been implicated in the regulation of cytokeratin (CK) expression. In this study, HNSCC cell lines were treated with EGF, and CK expression levels were monitored by Western blot analysis. Changes in cellular morphology were documented by fluorescence- and atomic force microscopy. Some of the cell lines demonstrated an EGF-dependent modulation of CK expression levels. Interestingly, regression of some CK subtypes or initial up-regulation followed by downregulation at higher EGF-levels could also be observed in the tested cell lines. Overall, the influence of EGF on CK expression levels appeared variable and cell-type-dependent. Real-time cellular analysis of EGF-treated and -untreated HNSCC cell lines demonstrated a rise over time in cellular impedance. In three of the EGF-treated HNSCC cell lines, this rise was markedly higher than in untreated controls, whereas in one of the cell lines the gain of cellular impedance was paradoxically reduced after EGF treatment, which was found to correlate with changes in cellular morphology rather than with relevant changes in cellular viability or proliferation. After treating HNSCC cells with EGF, CK filaments frequently appeared diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm, and in some cases were found in a perinuclear localization, the latter being reminiscent to observations by other groups. In summary, the data points to a possible role of EGFR in modulating HNSCC cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Makarova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
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15
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Nanashima N, Ito K, Ishikawa T, Nakano M, Nakamura T. Damage of hair follicle stem cells and alteration of keratin expression in external radiation-induced acute alopecia. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:579-84. [PMID: 22692500 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is known as a symptom of acute radiation, yet little is known concerning the mechanism of this phenomenon and the alteration of hair protein profiles. To examine this, 6-week-old male C57/BL6 mice were exposed to 6 Gy of X-ray irradiation, which caused acute alopecia. Their hair and skin were collected, and hair proteins were analyzed with liquid chromatography/electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. No change was observed in the composition of major hair keratins, such as Krt81, Krt83 and Krt86. However, cytokeratin Krt15 and CD34, which are known as hair follicle stem cell markers, were decreased in alopecic mice. Cytokeratin Krt5, which is known as a marker for basal and undifferentiated keratinocytes, was increased in the epidermis of alopecic mice. These findings suggest that radiation damages hair stem cells and the differentiation of keratinocytes in the epidermis. For the evaluation of radiation exposure, chromosomal aberration is considered to be the gold standard, yet our results suggest that Krt5 may be a novel biological marker for acute radiation symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nanashima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan.
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16
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Wu W, Li J, Liu Y, Zhang C, Meng X, Zhou Z. Comparative proteomic studies of serum from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J INVEST SURG 2012; 25:37-42. [PMID: 22272636 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2011.603816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common solid tumors. It is always associated with prolonged hospital stay, increased attributable mortality, and greater hospitalization cost. To identify new biomarkers that could improve the early diagnosis in hepatocellular carcinoma, we performed a proteomic study. METHODS Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to compare the serum protein profiles between patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and healthy volunteers. RESULTS Eight protein spots were found significantly changed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Among them, four proteins were successfully identified, including MYH2 protein, mitochondrial ATP synthase, sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2), and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The increased levels of SGP-2 were further confirmed by Western blot analysis from independent series of serum samples. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that MYH2 protein, mitochondrial ATP synthase, SGP-2, and GFAP may be potential molecular biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma, and special attention should be cast on MYH2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
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17
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Martinez VD, Becker-Santos DD, Vucic EA, Lam S, Lam WL. Induction of human squamous cell-type carcinomas by arsenic. J Skin Cancer 2011; 2011:454157. [PMID: 22175027 PMCID: PMC3235812 DOI: 10.1155/2011/454157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a potent human carcinogen. Around one hundred million people worldwide have potentially been exposed to this metalloid at concentrations considered unsafe. Exposure occurs generally through drinking water from natural geological sources, making it difficult to control this contamination. Arsenic biotransformation is suspected to have a role in arsenic-related health effects ranging from acute toxicities to development of malignancies associated with chronic exposure. It has been demonstrated that arsenic exhibits preference for induction of squamous cell carcinomas in the human, especially skin and lung cancer. Interestingly, keratins emerge as a relevant factor in this arsenic-related squamous cell-type preference. Additionally, both genomic and epigenomic alterations have been associated with arsenic-driven neoplastic process. Some of these aberrations, as well as changes in other factors such as keratins, could explain the association between arsenic and squamous cell carcinomas in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D. Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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18
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Yoshida T, Nakagawa M. Clinical aspects and pathology of Alexander disease, and morphological and functional alteration of astrocytes induced by GFAP mutation. Neuropathology 2011; 32:440-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2011.01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Li Q, Wen H, Ao S. Identification and cloning of the cDNA of a Rb-associated protein RAP140a. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 43:637-47. [PMID: 18726359 DOI: 10.1007/bf02882285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2000] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rb exerts important physiological functions in cell-cycle control, gene expression, cell differentiation, apoptosis, development and tumorigenesis by interacting with many cellular proteins. Using human partial Rb as bait, we screened a human fetal brain cDNA library through yeast two-hybrid system and obtained six novel cDNA fragments. Among them, one cDNA fragment corresponds to two different transcripts, 7 kb and 9 kb in Northern blot analysis. These two transcripts showed uniform distribution in various human tissues. We cloned the full-length cDNA of a 7.2 kb transcript through three times PCR amplifications. It was namedRAP140a and predicted to encode a 1 233 amino acids hydrophilic protein.RAP140a was mapped to chromosome 3p13-p14. 1. RAP140a may be functionally related to the intracellular translocation of Rb or other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
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20
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Weber S, Niessen MT, Prox J, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Schmitz A, Schwanbeck R, Blobel CP, Jorissen E, de Strooper B, Niessen CM, Saftig P. The disintegrin/metalloproteinase Adam10 is essential for epidermal integrity and Notch-mediated signaling. Development 2011; 138:495-505. [PMID: 21205794 DOI: 10.1242/dev.055210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The disintegrin and metalloproteinase Adam10 has been implicated in the regulation of key signaling pathways that determine skin morphogenesis and homeostasis. To address the in vivo relevance of Adam10 in the epidermis, we have selectively disrupted Adam10 during skin morphogenesis and in adult skin. K14-Cre driven epidermal Adam10 deletion leads to perinatal lethality, barrier impairment and absence of sebaceous glands. A reduction of spinous layers, not associated with differences in either proliferation or apoptosis, indicates that loss of Adam10 triggers a premature differentiation of spinous keratinocytes. The few surviving K14-Adam10-deleted mice and mice in which Adam10 was deleted postnatally showed loss of hair, malformed vibrissae, epidermal hyperproliferation, cyst formation, thymic atrophy and upregulation of the cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP), thus indicating non cell-autonomous multi-organ disease resulting from a compromised barrier. Together, these phenotypes closely resemble skin specific Notch pathway loss-of-function phenotypes. Notch processing is indeed strongly reduced resulting in decreased levels of Notch intracellular domain fragment and functional Notch signaling. The data identify Adam10 as the major Site-2 processing enzyme for Notch in the epidermis in vivo, and thus as a central regulator of skin development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Weber
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
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21
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Disruption of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 gene in mice leads to 20S proteasomal degradation of p63 resulting in thinning of epithelium and chemical-induced skin cancer. Oncogene 2010; 30:1098-107. [PMID: 21042282 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a cytosolic enzyme that protects cells against chemical and radiation-induced oxidative stress and skin cancer. Disruption of NQO1 gene in mice showed thinning of skin epithelium and loss of cytokeratin 14, an early marker of skin differentiation. Immunohistochemistry and western analysis demonstrated downregulation of p63 in NQO1-/- mouse skin, as compared with wild-type (WT) mouse. Further analysis including modulation of NQO1 expression revealed a direct correlation between the levels of NQO1 and p63 in skin-derived keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Modulation of proteasomal activity revealed that p63 is degraded by 20S proteasome and that this degradation is significantly rescued by NQO1. Coimmunoprecipitation studies showed that NQO1 interacts directly with p63 but not 20S to protect against this degradation. In addition, benzo[a]pyrene treatment led to induction of NQO1 and stabilization of p63 in WT but not in NQO1-/- mouse skin and keratinocytes. These data suggest that NQO1 controls stabilization of p63 and progression towards keratinocyte differentiation leading to normal skin development and presumably skin carcinogenesis.
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22
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Cerqua C, Anesti V, Pyakurel A, Liu D, Naon D, Wiche G, Baffa R, Dimmer KS, Scorrano L. Trichoplein/mitostatin regulates endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria juxtaposition. EMBO Rep 2010; 11:854-60. [PMID: 20930847 PMCID: PMC2966954 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2010.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoplein/mitostatin (TpMs) is a keratin-binding protein that partly colocalizes with mitochondria and is often downregulated in epithelial cancers, but its function remains unclear. In this study, we report that TpMs regulates the tethering between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2)-dependent manner. Subcellular fractionation and immunostaining show that TpMs is present at the interface between mitochondria and ER. The expression of TpMs leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and loosens tethering with ER, whereas its silencing has opposite effects. Functionally, the reduced tethering by TpMs inhibits apoptosis by Ca(2+)-dependent stimuli that require ER-mitochondria juxtaposition. Biochemical and genetic evidence support a model in which TpMs requires Mfn2 to modulate mitochondrial shape and tethering. Thus, TpMs is a new regulator of mitochondria-ER juxtaposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cerqua
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy
| | - Vassiliki Anesti
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy
| | - Aswin Pyakurel
- Department of Cell Physiology & Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue M. Servet, Geneve 1211, Switzerland
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Cell Physiology & Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue M. Servet, Geneve 1211, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Naon
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/5, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Raffaele Baffa
- Medimmune, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Kai S Dimmer
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy
- Department of Cell Physiology & Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue M. Servet, Geneve 1211, Switzerland
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23
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Maier CJ, Maier RH, Hintner H, Bauer JW, Önder K. Coupled Yeast 2-Hybrid–Mammalian 2-Hybrid Reading-Frame-Independent and Site-Specific Recombinational Cloning Vector System. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2010; 8:625-9. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2009.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina J. Maier
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard H. Maier
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Helmut Hintner
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W. Bauer
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kamil Önder
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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24
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Iwatsuki H, Suda M. Seven kinds of intermediate filament networks in the cytoplasm of polarized cells: structure and function. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2010; 43:19-31. [PMID: 20514289 PMCID: PMC2875862 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are involved in many important physiological functions, such as the distribution of organelles, signal transduction, cell polarity and gene regulation. However, little information exists on the structure of the IF networks performing these functions. We have clarified the existence of seven kinds of IF networks in the cytoplasm of diverse polarized cells: an apex network just under the terminal web, a peripheral network lying just beneath the cell membrane, a granule-associated network surrounding a mass of secretory granules, a Golgi-associated network surrounding the Golgi apparatus, a radial network locating from the perinuclear region to the specific area of the cell membrane, a juxtanuclear network surrounding the nucleus, and an entire cytoplasmic network. In this review, we describe these seven kinds of IF networks and discuss their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masumi Suda
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School
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25
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Jeřábková B, Marek J, Bučková H, Kopečková L, Veselý K, Valíčková J, Fajkus J, Fajkusová L. Keratin mutations in patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex: correlations between phenotype severity and disturbance of intermediate filament molecular structure. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162:1004-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Jeřábková B, Marek J, Bučková H, Kopečková L, Veselý K, Valíčková J, Fajkus J, Fajkusová L. Keratin mutations in patients with epidermolysis bullosa simplex: correlations between phenotype severity and disturbance of intermediate filament molecular structure. Br J Dermatol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Herrmann H, Strelkov SV, Burkhard P, Aebi U. Intermediate filaments: primary determinants of cell architecture and plasticity. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1772-83. [PMID: 19587452 DOI: 10.1172/jci38214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are major constituents of the cytoskeleton and nuclear boundary in animal cells. They are of prime importance for the functional organization of structural elements. Depending on the cell type, morphologically similar but biochemically distinct proteins form highly viscoelastic filament networks with multiple nanomechanical functions. Besides their primary role in cell plasticity and their established function as cellular stress absorbers, recently discovered gene defects have elucidated that structural alterations of IFs can affect their involvement both in signaling and in controlling gene regulatory networks. Here, we highlight the basic structural and functional properties of IFs and derive a concept of how mutations may affect cellular architecture and thereby tissue construction and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Herrmann
- Group Functional Architecture of the Cell, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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The process of inducing GFAP aggregates in astrocytoma-derived cells is different between R239C and R416W mutant GFAP. A time-lapse recording study. Neurosci Lett 2009; 458:11-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Lulevich V, Shih YP, Lo SH, Liu GY. Cell tracing dyes significantly change single cell mechanics. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:6511-9. [PMID: 19366241 DOI: 10.1021/jp8103358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell tracing dyes are very frequently utilized in cellular biology research because they provide highly sensitive fluorescent tags that do not compromise cellular functions such as growth and proliferation. In many investigations concerning cellular adhesion and mechanics, fluorescent dyes have been employed with the assumption of little impact on the results. Using the single cell compression technique developed by our team, the single cell mechanics of MDA-MB-468 and MLC-SV40 cells were investigated as a function of dye uptake. Cell tracing dyes increase living cell stiffness 3-6 times and cell-to-probe adhesion up to 7 times. These results suggest a more significant effect than toxins, such as thrombin. A simple analytical model was derived to enable the extraction of the Young's moduli of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton from the force-deformation profiles measured for individual cells. The increase in Young's modulus of the membrane is 3-7 times, which is more significant than that of the cytoskeleton (1.1-3.4 times). We propose that changes in cell mechanics upon the addition of fluorescent tracing dye are primarily due to the incorporation of amphiphilic dye molecules into the cellular plasma membrane, which increases the lateral interaction among phospholipid chains and thus enhances their rigidity and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Lulevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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30
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Meier M, Padilla GP, Herrmann H, Wedig T, Hergt M, Patel TR, Stetefeld J, Aebi U, Burkhard P. Vimentin coil 1A-A molecular switch involved in the initiation of filament elongation. J Mol Biol 2009; 390:245-61. [PMID: 19422834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interestingly, our previously published structure of the coil 1A fragment of the human intermediate filament protein vimentin turned out to be a monomeric alpha-helical coil instead of the expected dimeric coiled coil. However, the 39-amino-acid-long helix had an intrinsic curvature compatible with a coiled coil. We have now designed four mutants of vimentin coil 1A, modifying key a and d positions in the heptad repeat pattern, with the aim of investigating the molecular criteria that are needed to stabilize a dimeric coiled-coil structure. We have analysed the biophysical properties of the mutants by circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation and X-ray crystallography. All four mutants exhibited an increased stability over the wild type as indicated by a rise in the melting temperature (T(m)). At a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, the T(m) of the peptide with the single point mutation Y117L increased dramatically by 46 degrees C compared with the wild-type peptide. In general, the introduction of a single stabilizing point mutation at an a or a d position did induce the formation of a stable dimer as demonstrated by sedimentation equilibrium experiments. The dimeric oligomerisation state of the Y117L peptide was furthermore confirmed by X-ray crystallography, which yielded a structure with a genuine coiled-coil geometry. Most notably, when this mutation was introduced into full-length vimentin, filament assembly was completely arrested at the unit-length filament (ULF) level, both in vitro and in cDNA-transfected cultured cells. Therefore, the low propensity of the wild-type coil 1A to form a stable two-stranded coiled coil is most likely a prerequisite for the end-to-end annealing of ULFs into filaments. Accordingly, the coil 1A domains might "switch" from a dimeric alpha-helical coiled coil into a more open structure, thus mediating, within the ULFs, the conformational rearrangements of the tetrameric subunits that are needed for the intermediate filament elongation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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31
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Izmiryan A, Franco CA, Paulin D, Li Z, Xue Z. Synemin isoforms during mouse development: Multiplicity of partners in vascular and neuronal systems. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:769-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Keratins are intermediate filaments that provide mechanical support and fulfill a variety of additional functions in epithelial cells. Keratins show outstanding degree of molecular diversity. In humans, 54 functional keratin genes exist. Twenty common types of keratins are expressed in highly specific patterns related to epithelial type and stage of cellular differentiation. In general, keratins are classified as high-molecular-weight keratins (expressed in normal stratified epithelium and tumors derived from it) and low-molecular-weight keratins (expressed in normal simple epithelium and tumors derived from it). Histologically, endocrine organs belong to simple epithelium; thus, endocrine tissues usually express low-molecular-weight keratins. When an endocrine organ undergoes malignant transformation, its keratin profile usually remains constant. However, keratin expression in endocrine organs and endocrine tumors is much more complicated because of their diversified histogenesis. In this review article, we will first briefly review the molecular biology and protein chemistry of the keratins. We will then review the expression patterns of keratins in normal endocrine tissue and endocrine neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguo G Chu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Questioning the role of actinfree Gc-Globulin as actin scavenger in neurodegenerative central nervous system disease: relationship to S-100B levels and blood-brain barrier function. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 400:86-90. [PMID: 19000909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preliminary studies report on significantly higher levels of the major cytoskeleton protein actin in CSF of patients with neurodegenerative conditions and that the dynamics of these levels obviously correlates with disease progression and clinical disability. One of the primary functions of actinfree Gc-Globulin is to bind and neutralize extracellular monomeric actin, released into the circulation by necrotic or ruptured cells, and thus ameliorating the clinical outcome in situations of severe organ damage. AIM AND METHODS This is the first study to investigate actinfree Gc-Globulin and S100-B levels (as reliable marker of neurodegeneration) in paired CSF and serum samples of patients with multietiological CNS diseases. RESULTS 42% of all patients with CNS disease displayed serum concentrations of actinfree Gc-Globulin above the established reference range. CSF concentrations of actinfree Gc-Globulin and S100-B were positively correlated with the severity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Furthermore, patients with severe BBB dysfunction presented a higher percentage of intrathecal synthesis of actinfree Gc-Globulin compared to patients with mild to moderate dysfunction and to patients with normal BBB function. Representative longitudinal data from selected patients demonstrated an inverse behaviour of actinfree Gc-Globulin and S100-B CSF concentrations, suggesting a consumption of the actin scavenger capacity of Gc-Globulin in times of increased neuronal damage. This presumption was supported by the fact that those conditions associated with a severe neuronal damage, in particular CNS trauma, and highest S100-B concentrations simultaneously displayed lowest actinfree Gc-Globulin levels, and thus residual actin binding capacity of Gc-Globulin. CONCLUSION In summary, our data propose a function of actinfree Gc-Globulin also in the clearance of actin filaments from CSF of patients with neuronal damage. However, active recruitment of hepatic derived actinfree Gc-Globulin to the site of CNS injury is not observed. Much more, BBB leakage enables extraneuronally synthesized actinfree Gc-Globulin to extent its scavenger capacity for actin also to the subarachnoidal space. Furthermore, intrathecal synthesis of actinfree Gc-Globulin seems to be increased in patients with severe neurodegeneration.
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Peng YB, Guan HP, Fan B, Zhao SH, Xu XW, Li K, Zhu MJ, Yerle M, Liu B. Molecular characterization and expression pattern of the porcine STARS, a striated muscle-specific expressed gene. Biochem Genet 2008; 46:644-51. [PMID: 18726684 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-008-9178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling) promotes the nuclear localization of MRTFs and mediates SRF transcription, which provides a potential muscle-specific mechanism for linking changes in the actin cytoskeleton structure with muscle gene expression. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the porcine STARS was cloned. The open reading frame of this gene contains 1,155 bp and encodes a protein of 384 amino acids, which is 79, 73, and 77% identical with human, mouse, and rat STARS genes, respectively. RT-PCR revealed that STARS is specifically expressed in heart and skeletal muscles. STARS is also distinctly different in different muscle developmental stages. The result indicates that its expression increased gradually from 33 dpc (days postcoitum) to postnatal muscles, and peaked 28 days postnatal. The porcine STARS was mapped to SSC4p13 using the somatic cell hybrid panel and the radiation hybrid panel IMpRH (LOD score 11.98). The data show that STARS is closely linked to marker SW871. A T/G single nucleotide polymorphism in the coding sequence, detected as Bsh1236I PCR-RFLP, displays allele frequency differences in six pig breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
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Hinttala R, Karttunen V, Karttunen A, Herva R, Uusimaa J, Remes AM. Alexander disease with occipital predominance and a novel c.799G>C mutation in the GFAP gene. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:543-5. [PMID: 17805552 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stenzinger A, Schreiner D, Pfeiffer T, Tag C, Hofer HW, Wimmer M. Epidermal growth factor-, transforming growth factor-beta-, retinoic acid- and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-regulated expression of the novel protein PTPIP51 in keratinocytes. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 184:76-87. [PMID: 17361080 DOI: 10.1159/000098949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel protein PTPIP51 (protein tyrosine phosphatase-interacting protein 51), which has been found to interact with protein tyrosine phosphatases of the PTP1B/TcPTP subfamily, is expressed in all suprabasal layers of human epidermis. Hence, a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) grown on culture slides was used as a simplified model system to study the influence of hormonal agents on the regulation of PTPIP51 expression. Results were obtained by immunocytochemistry and subsequent statistical analysis. Additionally, immunoblotting was performed to detect the possible occurrence of distinct molecular weight forms as described previously. Subcellular localization of PTPIP51 protein was analyzed by specific staining of cellular organelles. HaCaT cells were subjected to treatment with factors that are crucial for the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes in human epidermis: epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta), retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expressed in HaCaT cells was inhibited by PD153035. Only about 35% of untreated HaCaT cells were immunoreactive for the PTPIP51 protein. Whereas cells treated with increasing concentrations of 1,25 (OH)(2)D(3) showed a stepwise numerical increase of PTPIP51-positive cells, treatment with RA did not influence the number of PTPIP51-positive cells except when supraphysiological concentrations were applied. Concentration-dependent increase of cells stained positive for PTPIP51 was also observed when HaCaT cells were subjected to EGF treatment. Additional treatment of these cells with PD153035 led to a slight decrease in the fraction of PTPIP51-positive cells, which was not statistically significant. Immunoblotting results suggest a specific pattern of different molecular weight forms of PTPIP51 being expressed in HaCaT cells. Subcellular analysis revealed an association of the protein with mitochondria in nonconfluent cells, whereas confluent cells lack such correlation. The intracellular distribution of PTPIP51 resembled the localization of its interacting partner TcPTP. Furthermore, PTPIP51 was found to be present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of HaCaT cells. In summary, the results indicate a possible association of PTPIP51 expression with differentiation as well as with apoptosis of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Iwatsuki H, Suda M. Keratin 20 expressed in the endocrine and exocrine cells of the rabbit duodenum. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2007; 40:123-30. [PMID: 17898876 PMCID: PMC1993884 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.07007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of intermediate filaments is sensitively reflected in cell function. To examine the involvement of keratin in a secretory function, 15 kinds of keratin (keratin-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20) were detected immunohistochemically and immunoelectron microscopically in the rabbit duodenum. Four types of secretory cells existed in the rabbit duodenum: enteroendocrine cells and goblet cells in the epithelium and mucous and serous cells in the duodenal glands. Among the 15 kinds of keratin, keratin 20 was selectively expressed in all these secretory cells. However, localization of keratin 20 in the endocrine cells differed from that in three types of exocrine cells. In the enteroendocrine cells, keratin 20-containing filaments formed a juxtanuclear network from which they extended to the apical cell membrane. These filaments may play a role in intracellular signal transduction, since the apical cell membrane contains some receptors for binding a specific extracellular signal. In the exocrine cells, on the other hand, keratin 20-containing filaments existed just beneath the cell membrane. These filaments may play some role in maintaining cell shape, which is remarkably changed during the secretory cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Iwatsuki
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima 577, Kurashiki 701–0192, Japan
- Correspondence to: Hirohiko Iwatsuki, Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima 577, Kurashiki 701–0192, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Masumi Suda
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima 577, Kurashiki 701–0192, Japan
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Nakamura M, Kuramasu A, Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Itoyama Y. Candidate antigens specifically detected by cerebrospinal fluid-IgG in oligoclonal IgG bands-positive multiple sclerosis patients. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:681-7. [PMID: 21136723 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to detect antigenic proteins that react specifically with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-IgG from oligoclonal IgG bands (OB)-positive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. To identify such antigenic proteins, we developed a rat brain proteome map using 2-DE and applied it to the immunoscreening of brain proteins that react with CSF-IgG but not with serum-IgG in OB-positive MS patients. After sequential MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, eight proteins [two neuronal proteins (tubulin β-2 and γ enolase-2), HSP-1, Tpi-1 protein and cellular enzymes (creatine kinase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate kinase-1)] were identified as candidate antigens in seven MS patients. Reactivity to tubulin was seen in Western blotting in four patients, and CSF-specific anti-tubulin IgG was detected in one patient. In addition, CSF-specific anti-gamma enolase IgG was found in another patient. These findings suggest that intrathecal immune responses may occur against a broad range of proteins in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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Wagner OI, Rammensee S, Korde N, Wen Q, Leterrier JF, Janmey PA. Softness, strength and self-repair in intermediate filament networks. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2228-35. [PMID: 17524395 PMCID: PMC2709732 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One cellular function of intermediate filaments is to provide cells with compliance to small deformations while strengthening them when large stresses are applied. How IFs accomplish this mechanical role is revealed by recent studies of the elastic properties of single IF protein polymers and by viscoelastic characterization of the networks they form. IFs are unique among cytoskeletal filaments in withstanding large deformations. Single filaments can stretch to more than 3 times their initial length before breaking, and gels of IF withstand strains greater than 100% without damage. Even after mechanical disruption of gels formed by crossbridged neurofilaments, the elastic modulus of these gels rapidly recovers under conditions where gels formed by actin filaments are irreversibly ruptured. The polyelectrolyte properties of IFs may enable crossbridging by multivalent counterions, but identifying the mechanisms by which IFs link into bundles and networks in vivo remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver I. Wagner
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Sebastian Rammensee
- Technische Universität, München, Physik-Department E22 Biophysik James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Neha Korde
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qi Wen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Paul A. Janmey
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- correspondance to: Paul Janmey, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1010 Vagelos Laboratories, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Tel: 215.573.7380; lab: 215.573.9787, Fax: 215.573.6815,
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Blechingberg J, Holm IE, Nielsen KB, Jensen TH, Jørgensen AL, Nielsen AL. Identification and characterization of GFAPkappa, a novel glial fibrillary acidic protein isoform. Glia 2007; 55:497-507. [PMID: 17203480 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the principal component of the intermediary filaments in mature astrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). The protein consists of three domains: the head, the coiled-coil, and the tail. Here, we describe the isolation of an evolutionary conserved novel GFAP isoform, GFAPkappa, produced by alternative splicing and polyadenylation of the 3'-region of the human GFAP pre-mRNA. As a consequence, the resulting human GFAPkappa protein harbors a nonconserved C-terminal tail sequence distinct from the tails of GFAPalpha, the predominant GFAP isoform, and GFAPepsilon, an isoform which also results from alternative splicing. The head and coiled-coil rod domains are identical between the three GFAP isoforms. Interestingly, GFAPkappa is incapable of forming homomeric filaments, and increasing GFAPkappa expression levels causes a collapse of intermediate filaments formed by GFAPalpha. In searching for a biological relevance of GFAPkappa, we noticed that mRNA expression levels of GFAPalpha, GFAPepsilon, and GFAPkappa are gradually increased during development of the embryonic pig brain. However, whereas the GFAPalpha/GFAPepsilon ratio is constant, the GFAPkappa/GFAPepsilon ratio decreases during brain development. Furthermore, in glioblastoma tumors, an increased GFAPkappa/GFAPepsilon ratio is detected. Our results suggest that the relative expression level of the GFAPkappa isoform could modulate the properties of GFAP intermediate filaments and perhaps thereby influencing the motility of GFAP positive astrocytes and progenitor cells within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Blechingberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, The Bartholin Building, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
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Yoshida T, Tomozawa Y, Arisato T, Okamoto Y, Hirano H, Nakagawa M. The functional alteration of mutant GFAP depends on the location of the domain: morphological and functional studies using astrocytoma-derived cells. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:362-369. [PMID: 17318298 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the functional effects of mutant glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), we examined the expression patterns of mutant GFAPs (V87G, R88C, and R416W) in astrocytoma-derived cells and performed migration assay. The morphological change was found in mutant GFAP cells, although the number of changes was small. On migration assay, the migration rate in cells with the V87G or R88C mutation, which are located in the helical rod domain in GFAP, was significantly higher than those of wild-type and R416W. These findings suggest that the functional abnormalities of astrocytes might be induced prior to aggregation of GFAP in Alexander disease and that the functional alteration depends on the location of the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokatsu Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kajii-chou 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tomozawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kajii-chou 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Takayo Arisato
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kajii-chou 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan.
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Bär H, Goudeau B, Wälde S, Casteras-Simon M, Mücke N, Shatunov A, Goldberg YP, Clarke C, Holton JL, Eymard B, Katus HA, Fardeau M, Goldfarb L, Vicart P, Herrmann H. Conspicuous involvement of desmin tail mutations in diverse cardiac and skeletal myopathies. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:374-86. [PMID: 17221859 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) encompasses a genetically heterogeneous group of human diseases caused by mutations in genes coding for structural proteins of muscle. Mutations in the intermediate filament (IF) protein desmin (DES), a major cytoskeletal component of myocytes, lead to severe forms of "desminopathy," which affects cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. Most mutations described reside in the central alpha-helical rod domain of desmin. Here we report three novel mutations--c.1325C>T (p.T442I), c.1360C>T (p.R454W), and c.1379G>T (p.S460I)--located in desmin's non-alpha-helical carboxy-terminal "tail" domain. We have investigated the impact of these and four--c.1237G>A (p.E413K), c.1346A>C (p.K449T), c.1353C>G (p.I451M), and c.1405G>A (p.V469M)--previously described "tail" mutations on in vitro filament formation and on the generation of ordered cytoskeletal arrays in transfected myoblasts. Although all but two mutants (p.E413K, p.R454W) assembled into IFs in vitro and all except p.E413K were incorporated into IF arrays in transfected C2C12 cells, filament properties differed significantly from wild-type desmin as revealed by viscometric assembly assays. Most notably, when coassembled with wild-type desmin, these mutants revealed a severe disturbance of filament-formation competence and filament-filament interactions, indicating an inherent incompatibility of mutant and wild-type protein to form mixed filaments. The various clinical phenotypes observed may reflect altered interactions of desmin's tail domain with different components of the myoblast cytoskeleton leading to diminished biomechanical properties and/or altered metabolism of the individual myocyte. Our in vitro assembly regimen proved to be a very sensible tool to detect if a particular desmin mutation is able to cause filament abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Bär
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kaminagakura E, Bonan PRF, Lopes MA, Almeida OP, Scully C. Cytokeratin expression in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of oral paracoccidioidomycosis. Med Mycol 2006; 44:399-404. [PMID: 16882606 DOI: 10.1080/13693780600589065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (Pmycosis) is one the most prevalent deep systemic mycoses in Latin America. It is characterized by granulomatous inflammation and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Cytokeratins (CKs) are a group of intermediate filaments of epithelial cells and their expression varies according to the epithelium type, differentiation and pathological processes. This study describes cytokeratin expression as examined by immunohistochemistry, in 28 cases of oral Pmycosis involving the buccal mucosa, lip, gingiva and hard palate. Expression of CKs in the basal layer of the epithelium in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of Pmycosis was similar to that in normal oral mucosa (NOM), but in Pmycosis CK1 and CK10 were not expressed in the spinous and superficial layers of the lip, gingiva or hard palate, and, in the spinous and superficial layers of the lip and buccal mucosa, CK14 was positive in contrast to NOM where it was negative. In Pmycosis, CK6 was more frequently expressed in the spinous layer of the lip, gingiva and hard palate, but nevertheless CK16 expression was decreased in the spinous and superficial layers of the gingiva and hard palate. We conclude that pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in oral Pmycosis shows a different pattern of CK expression, particularly CKs 1, 10 and 14, compared with NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kaminagakura
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of CampinasDental School, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil.
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Xiao S, McLean J, Robertson J. Neuronal intermediate filaments and ALS: a new look at an old question. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:1001-12. [PMID: 17045786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the pathological hallmarks of ALS is the presence of axonal spheroids and perikaryal accumulations/aggregations comprised of the neuronal intermediate filament proteins, neurofilaments and peripherin. These abnormalities represent a point of convergence of both familial and sporadic forms of the disease and understanding their formation may reveal shared pathways in what is otherwise considered a highly heterogeneous disorder. Here we provide a review of the basic biology of neurofilaments and peripherin and the evidence linking them with ALS disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxi Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Tanz Neuroscience Building, 6, Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H2
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Kuraguchi M, Wang XP, Bronson RT, Rothenberg R, Ohene-Baah NY, Lund JJ, Kucherlapati M, Maas RL, Kucherlapati R. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is required for normal development of skin and thymus. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e146. [PMID: 17002498 PMCID: PMC1564426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene Apc (adenomatous polyposis coli) is a member of the Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in development and tumorigenesis. Heterozygous knockout mice for Apc have a tumor predisposition phenotype and homozygosity leads to embryonic lethality. To understand the role of Apc in development we generated a floxed allele. These mice were mated with a strain carrying Cre recombinase under the control of the human Keratin 14 (K14) promoter, which is active in basal cells of epidermis and other stratified epithelia. Mice homozygous for the floxed allele that also carry the K14-cre transgene were viable but had stunted growth and died before weaning. Histological and immunochemical examinations revealed that K14-cre-mediated Apc loss resulted in aberrant growth in many ectodermally derived squamous epithelia, including hair follicles, teeth, and oral and corneal epithelia. In addition, squamous metaplasia was observed in various epithelial-derived tissues, including the thymus. The aberrant growth of hair follicles and other appendages as well as the thymic abnormalities in K14-cre; Apc(CKO/CKO) mice suggest the Apc gene is crucial in embryonic cells to specify epithelial cell fates in organs that require epithelial-mesenchymal interactions for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kuraguchi
- Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiu-Ping Wang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology Core, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Rothenberg
- Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nana Yaw Ohene-Baah
- Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J Lund
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melanie Kucherlapati
- Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard L Maas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raju Kucherlapati
- Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Lindwall G, Hsieh EA, Misell LM, Chai CM, Turner SM, Hellerstein MK. Heavy water labeling of keratin as a non-invasive biomarker of skin turnover in vivo in rodents and humans. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:841-8. [PMID: 16470175 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of skin turnover has been problematic in humans. Heavy water (2H2O) labeling has recently been developed as a safe, simple method to study in vivo kinetics of many biosynthetic processes, including DNA and protein synthesis. Here, we apply this approach to the measurement of 2H incorporation into skin keratin and show close agreement between keratin and keratinocyte turnover data in the epidermis of rodents. Elevated turnover rates of both keratin and keratinocytes were observed in the epidermis of the flaky skin mouse, although topical treatments effective in human psoriasis had no effect on either turnover rate in these mice. In humans, keratin turnover was monitored non-invasively by serial tape stripping during and after 2H2O labeling. Kinetic data were consistent with previous estimates of epidermal turnover, with a lag time of 18 days before label appeared at the skin surface and a transit time of 4-5 weeks. Variability in skin keratin turnover rates was present among healthy individuals. In summary, 2H2O labeling of skin keratin represents a non-invasive approach for assessing skin turnover dynamics in pre-clinical models and in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Lindwall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Anesti V, Scorrano L. The relationship between mitochondrial shape and function and the cytoskeleton. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:692-9. [PMID: 16729962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial organelles for life and death of the cell. They are prominent players in energy conversion and integrated signaling pathways including regulation of Ca2+ signals and apoptosis. Their functional versatility is matched by their morphological plasticity and by their high mobility, allowing their transport at specialized cellular sites. This transport occurs by interactions with a variety of cytoskeletal proteins that also have the ability to influence shape and function of the organelle. A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria use cytoskeletal proteins as tracks for their movement; in turn, mitochondrial morphology and function is regulated via mostly uncharacterized pathways, by the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Anesti
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, I-35129, Padova, Italy
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Bär H, Kostareva A, Sjöberg G, Sejersen T, Katus HA, Herrmann H. Forced expression of desmin and desmin mutants in cultured cells: impact of myopathic missense mutations in the central coiled-coil domain on network formation. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1554-65. [PMID: 16519886 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that inherited disease-causing mutations clustered in the alpha-helical coiled-coil "rod" domain of the muscle-specific intermediate filament (IF) protein desmin display a wide range of inhibitory effects on regular in vitro assembly. In these studies, we showed that individual mutations exhibited phenotypes that were not, with respect to the severity of interference, predictable by our current knowledge of the structural design of IF proteins. Moreover, the behavior of some mutated proteins in a standard tissue culture cell expression system was found to be even more complex. Here, we systematically investigate the behavior of these disease mutants in four different cell types: three not containing desmin or the related IF protein vimentin and the standard fibroblast line 3T3, which has an extensive vimentin system. The ability of the mutants to form filaments in the vimentin-free cells varies considerably, and only the mutants forming IFs in vitro generate extended filamentous networks. Furthermore, these latter mutants integrate into the 3T3 vimentin network but all the others do not. Instead, they cause the endogenous network of 3T3 vimentin to reorganize into perinuclear bundles. In addition, most of these assembly-deficient mutant desmins completely segregate from the vimentin system. Instead, the small round to fibrillar particles formed distribute independently throughout the cytoplasm as well as between the collapsed vimentin filament arrays in the perinuclear area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Bär
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Gorospe JR, Maletkovic J. Alexander disease and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: Leukodystrophies arising from astrocyte dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:113-22. [PMID: 16807904 DOI: 10.1002/mrdd.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Rafael Gorospe
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA.
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