1
|
Andersson H, Nyesiga B, Hermodsson T, Enell Smith K, Hägerbrand K, Lindstedt M, Ellmark P. Next-generation CD40 agonists for cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024; 24:351-363. [PMID: 38764393 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2357714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a need for new therapies that can enhance response rates and broaden the number of cancer indications where immunotherapies provide clinical benefit. CD40 targeting therapies provide an opportunity to meet this need by promoting priming of tumor-specific T cells and reverting the suppressive tumor microenvironment. This is supported by emerging clinical evidence demonstrating the benefits of immunotherapy with CD40 antibodies in combination with standard of care chemotherapy. AREAS COVERED This review is focused on the coming wave of next-generation CD40 agonists aiming to improve efficacy and safety, using new approaches and formats beyond monospecific antibodies. Further, the current understanding of the role of different CD40 expressing immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment is reviewed. EXPERT OPINION There are multiple promising next-generation approaches beyond monospecific antibodies targeting CD40 in immuno-oncology. Enhancing efficacy is the most important driver for this development, and approaches that maximize the ability of CD40 to both remodel the tumor microenvironment and boost the anti-tumor T cell response provide great opportunities to benefit cancer patients. Enhanced understanding of the role of different CD40 expressing immune cells in the tumor microenvironment may facilitate more efficient clinical development of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Andersson
- Alligator Bioscience, Alligator Bioscience AB, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Barnabas Nyesiga
- Alligator Bioscience, Alligator Bioscience AB, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tova Hermodsson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Malin Lindstedt
- Alligator Bioscience, Alligator Bioscience AB, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience, Alligator Bioscience AB, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mariotti S, Venturi G, Chiantore MV, Teloni R, De Santis R, Amendola A, Fortuna C, Marsili G, Grilli G, Lia MS, Kiros ST, Lagi F, Bartoloni A, Iacobino A, Cresta R, Lastilla M, Biselli R, Di Bonito P, Lista F, Nisini R. Antibodies Induced by Smallpox Vaccination after at Least 45 Years Cross-React with and In Vitro Neutralize Mpox Virus: A Role for Polyclonal B Cell Activation? Viruses 2024; 16:620. [PMID: 38675961 PMCID: PMC11054675 DOI: 10.3390/v16040620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate whether antibodies specific for the vaccinia virus (VV) are still detectable after at least 45 years from immunization. To confirm that VV-specific antibodies are endowed with the capacity to neutralize Mpox virus (MPXV) in vitro. To test a possible role of polyclonal non-specific activation in the maintenance of immunologic memory. METHODS Sera were collected from the following groups: smallpox-vaccinated individuals with or without latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), unvaccinated donors, and convalescent individuals after MPXV infection. Supernatant of VV- or MPXV-infected Vero cells were inactivated and used as antigens in ELISA or in Western blot (WB) analyses. An MPXV plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was optimized and performed on study samples. VV- and PPD-specific memory T cells were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS None of the smallpox unvaccinated donors tested positive in ELISA or WB analysis and their sera were unable to neutralize MPXV in vitro. Sera from all the individuals convalescing from an MPXV infection tested positive for anti-VV or MPXV IgG with high titers and showed MPXV in vitro neutralization capacity. Sera from most of the vaccinated individuals showed IgG anti-VV and anti-MPXV at high titers. WB analyses showed that positive sera from vaccinated or convalescent individuals recognized both VV and MPXV antigens. Higher VV-specific IgG titer and specific T cells were observed in LTBI individuals. CONCLUSIONS ELISA and WB performed using supernatant of VV- or MPXV-infected cells are suitable to identify individuals vaccinated against smallpox at more than 45 years from immunization and individuals convalescing from a recent MPXV infection. ELISA and WB results show a good correlation with PRNT. Data confirm that a smallpox vaccination induces a long-lasting memory in terms of specific IgG and that antibodies raised against VV may neutralize MPXV in vitro. Finally, higher titers of VV-specific antibodies and higher frequency of VV-specific memory T cells in LTBI individuals suggest a role of polyclonal non-specific activation in the maintenance of immunologic memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mariotti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Maria Vincenza Chiantore
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Raffaela Teloni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Riccardo De Santis
- Defense Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 00184 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (G.G.); (M.S.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Claudia Fortuna
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Giulia Marsili
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Giorgia Grilli
- Defense Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 00184 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (G.G.); (M.S.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Maria Stella Lia
- Defense Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 00184 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (G.G.); (M.S.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Seble Tekle Kiros
- University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (S.T.K.); (F.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Filippo Lagi
- University Hospital Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (S.T.K.); (F.L.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Angelo Iacobino
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Raffaele Cresta
- Aeronautica Militare, Comando Logistico, Servizio Sanitario, 00185 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (M.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Marco Lastilla
- Aeronautica Militare, Comando Logistico, Servizio Sanitario, 00185 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (M.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Roberto Biselli
- Aeronautica Militare, Comando Logistico, Servizio Sanitario, 00185 Roma, Italy; (R.C.); (M.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Paola Di Bonito
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Florigio Lista
- Defense Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 00184 Roma, Italy; (R.D.S.); (G.G.); (M.S.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (S.M.); (G.V.); (M.V.C.); (R.T.); (A.A.); (C.F.); (G.M.); (A.I.); (P.D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akbulut Z, Aru B, Aydın F, Yanıkkaya Demirel G. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379622. [PMID: 38638433 PMCID: PMC11024234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer treatment, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of liver cancer, remains a major public health problem worldwide. The immune microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating tumor progression and resistance to therapy, and in HCC, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by an abundance of immunosuppressive cells and signals that facilitate immune evasion and metastasis. Recently, anti-cancer immunotherapies, therapeutic interventions designed to modulate the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer, have become an important cornerstone of cancer therapy. Immunotherapy has demonstrated the ability to improve survival and provide durable cancer control in certain groups of HCC patients, while reducing adverse side effects. These findings represent a significant step toward improving cancer treatment outcomes. As demonstrated in clinical trials, the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly in combination with anti-angiogenic agents and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, has prolonged survival in a subset of patients with HCC, providing an alternative for patients who progress on first-line therapy. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of HCC and the role of the immune system in its development, and to summarize the findings of clinical trials involving ICIs, either as monotherapies or in combination with other agents in the treatment of the disease. Challenges and considerations regarding the administration of ICIs in the treatment of HCC are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Akbulut
- Cancer and Stem Cell Research Center, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Başak Aru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Furkan Aydın
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Andersson H, Sobti A, Jimenez DG, de Coaña YP, Ambarkhane SV, Hägerbrand K, Smith KE, Lindstedt M, Ellmark P. Early Pharmacodynamic Changes Measured Using RNA Sequencing of Peripheral Blood from Patients in a Phase I Study with Mitazalimab, a Potent CD40 Agonistic Monoclonal Antibody. Cells 2023; 12:2365. [PMID: 37830579 PMCID: PMC10572020 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40-targeting therapies can enhance the dendritic cell priming of tumor-specific T cells and repolarize intratumoral macrophages to alleviate the tumoral immunosuppressive environment and remodel the extracellular matrix. Mitazalimab is a potent agonistic CD40 monoclonal IgG1 antibody currently under clinical development. This study used RNA sequencing of blood samples from a subset of patients from a Phase I trial with mitazalimab (NCT02829099) to assess peripheral pharmacodynamic activity. We found that mitazalimab induced transient peripheral transcriptomic alterations (at 600 µg/kg and 900 µg/kg dose administered intravenously), which mainly were attributed to immune activation. In particular, the transcriptomic alterations showed a reduction in effector cells (e.g., CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells) and B cells peripherally with the remaining cells (e.g., dendritic cells, monocytes, B cells, and natural killer cells) showing transcription profiles consistent with activation. Lastly, distinct patient subgroups based on the pattern of transcriptomic alterations could be identified. In summary, the data presented herein reinforce the anticipated mode of action of mitazalimab and support its ongoing clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Andersson
- Alligator Bioscience AB, 223 81 Lund, Sweden; (H.A.); (A.S.); (D.G.J.); (Y.P.d.C.); (M.L.)
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aastha Sobti
- Alligator Bioscience AB, 223 81 Lund, Sweden; (H.A.); (A.S.); (D.G.J.); (Y.P.d.C.); (M.L.)
| | - David Gomez Jimenez
- Alligator Bioscience AB, 223 81 Lund, Sweden; (H.A.); (A.S.); (D.G.J.); (Y.P.d.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Yago Pico de Coaña
- Alligator Bioscience AB, 223 81 Lund, Sweden; (H.A.); (A.S.); (D.G.J.); (Y.P.d.C.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Karin Hägerbrand
- Alligator Bioscience AB, 223 81 Lund, Sweden; (H.A.); (A.S.); (D.G.J.); (Y.P.d.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Karin Enell Smith
- Alligator Bioscience AB, 223 81 Lund, Sweden; (H.A.); (A.S.); (D.G.J.); (Y.P.d.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Alligator Bioscience AB, 223 81 Lund, Sweden; (H.A.); (A.S.); (D.G.J.); (Y.P.d.C.); (M.L.)
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience AB, 223 81 Lund, Sweden; (H.A.); (A.S.); (D.G.J.); (Y.P.d.C.); (M.L.)
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen J, Lin Y, Zheng S, Chen Q, Tang S, Zhong X. CBX3 promotes clear cell renal carcinoma through PI3K/AKT activation and aberrant immunity. J Transl Med 2023; 21:600. [PMID: 37674204 PMCID: PMC10483741 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chromobox homologue 3 (CBX3) is elevated in various cancers and significantly contributes to the promotion of malignant behavior; despite this, its exact involvement in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is yet unknown. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas database served to evaluate CBX3 production and its connection to survival in patients with ccRCC. Our team evaluated the effects of knockdown of CBX3 levels in ccRCC cell populations using in vitro together with in vivo models. CBX3, proteins related to death, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins were measured in ccRCC cells using western blotting and immunohistochemical assays. Through the analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and GeneOntology (GO) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), the biological processes and signal pathways related to CBX3 expression were identified. Immune-related activity reduced by CBX3 was assessed using various online tools. RESULTS Both genomic and protein expression showed that CBX3 was upregulated in ccRCC. Further functional analyses revealed that CBX3 played a crucial role in enhancing cell growth, migration, and EMT in vitro along with in vivo. Moreover, the study results provided distinct mechanistic evidence that CBX3 exerts its pathological functions in ccRCC by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Finally, immunoassays revealed that CBX3, a possible biomarker of ccRCC, was significantly associated with immunity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the overexpression of CBX3 promotes ccRCC advancement through PI3K/AKT activation and even immunological dysregulation, making it a potentially viable and beneficial therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shukai Zheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshan Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Tang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Zhong
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Choi H, Lee HJ, Sohn HJ, Kim TG. CD40 ligand stimulation affects the number and memory phenotypes of human peripheral CD8 + T cells. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:15. [PMID: 37391734 PMCID: PMC10311846 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40L is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T cells and binds to CD40 which is expressed by various cells including dendritic cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes. While CD40-CD40L interaction is known to be direct between B cells and CD4+ T cells which results in proliferation and immunoglobulin isotype switching, antigen presenting cells (APCs) were thought to be involved in the delivery of CD4+ help to CD8+ T cells by cross-talk between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and APCs. However, subsequent study demonstrated that CD40L signal can be directly delivered to CD8+ T cells by CD40 expression on CD8+ T cells. Since most studies have been carried out in murine models, we aimed to investigate the direct effect of CD40L on human peripheral CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Human peripheral CD8+ T cells were isolated to exclude the indirect effect of B cells or dendritic cells. Upon activation, CD40 expression on CD8+ T cells was transiently induced and stimulation with artificial APCs expressing CD40L (aAPC-CD40L) increased the number of total and central memory CD8+ T cells and also pp65 specific CD8+ T cells. Stimulation with aAPC-CD40L also resulted in higher proportion of central memory CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that CD40L has an effect on the increased number of CD8+ T cells through CD40 expressed on activated CD8+ T cells and has influence on memory CD8+ T cell generation. Our results may provide a new perspective of the effect of CD40L on human peripheral CD8+ T cells, which differ according to the memory differentiation status of CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haeyoun Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chou MY, Liu D, An J, Xu Y, Cyster JG. B cell peripheral tolerance is promoted by cathepsin B protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300099120. [PMID: 37040412 PMCID: PMC10120085 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300099120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells that bind soluble autoantigens receive chronic signaling via the B cell receptor (signal-1) in the absence of strong costimulatory signals (signal-2), and this leads to their elimination in peripheral tissues. The factors determining the extent of soluble autoantigen-binding B cell elimination are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that the elimination of B cells chronically exposed to signal-1 is promoted by cathepsin B (Ctsb). Using hen egg lysozyme-specific (HEL-specific) immunoglobulin transgenic (MD4) B cells and mice harboring circulating HEL, we found improved survival and increased proliferation of HEL-binding B cells in Ctsb-deficient mice. Bone marrow chimera experiments established that both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic sources of Ctsb were sufficient to promote peripheral B cell deletion. The depletion of CD4+ T cells overcame the survival and growth advantage provided by Ctsb deficiency, as did blocking CD40L or removing CD40 from the chronically antigen-engaged B cells. Thus, we suggest that Ctsb acts extracellularly to reduce soluble autoantigen-binding B cell survival and that its actions restrain CD40L-dependent pro-survival effects. These findings identify a role for cell-extrinsic protease activity in establishing a peripheral self-tolerance checkpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Y. Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Jinping An
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
- HHMI, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aranda CJ, Gonzalez-Kozlova E, Saunders SP, Fernandes-Braga W, Ota M, Narayanan S, He JS, Del Duca E, Swaroop B, Gnjatic S, Shattner G, Reibman J, Soter NA, Guttman-Yassky E, Curotto de Lafaille MA. IgG memory B cells expressing IL4R and FCER2 are associated with atopic diseases. Allergy 2023; 78:752-766. [PMID: 36445014 PMCID: PMC9991991 DOI: 10.1111/all.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic diseases are characterized by IgE antibody responses that are dependent on cognate CD4 T cell help and T cell-produced IL-4 and IL-13. Current models of IgE cell differentiation point to the role of IgG memory B cells as precursors of pathogenic IgE plasma cells. The goal of this work was to identify intrinsic features of memory B cells that are associated with IgE production in atopic diseases. METHODS Peripheral blood B lymphocytes were collected from individuals with physician diagnosed asthma or atopic dermatitis (AD) and from non-atopic individuals. These samples were analyzed by spectral flow cytometry, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), and in vitro activation assays. RESULTS We identified a novel population of IgG memory B cells characterized by the expression of IL-4/IL-13 regulated genes FCER2/CD23, IL4R, IL13RA1, and IGHE, denoting a history of differentiation during type 2 immune responses. CD23+ IL4R+ IgG+ memory B cells had increased occurrence in individuals with atopic disease. Importantly, the frequency of CD23+ IL4R+ IgG+ memory B cells correlated with levels of circulating IgE. Consistently, in vitro stimulated B cells from atopic individuals generated more IgE+ cells than B cells from non-atopic subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CD23+ IL4R+ IgG+ memory B cells transcribing IGHE are potential precursors of IgE plasma cells and are linked to pathogenic IgE production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Aranda
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Sean P Saunders
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (NYUSM), New York, New York, USA
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Miyo Ota
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sriram Narayanan
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin-Shu He
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ester Del Duca
- Department of Dermatology, ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bose Swaroop
- Department of Dermatology, ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gail Shattner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (NYUSM), New York, New York, USA
| | - Joan Reibman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (NYUSM), New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Maria A Curotto de Lafaille
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sperring CP, Argenziano MG, Savage WM, Teasley DE, Upadhyayula PS, Winans NJ, Canoll P, Bruce JN. Convection-enhanced delivery of immunomodulatory therapy for high-grade glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdad044. [PMID: 37215957 PMCID: PMC10195574 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for glioblastoma has remained poor despite multimodal standard of care treatment, including temozolomide, radiation, and surgical resection. Further, the addition of immunotherapies, while promising in a number of other solid tumors, has overwhelmingly failed in the treatment of gliomas, in part due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor drug penetrance to the brain. Local delivery of immunomodulatory therapies circumvents some of these challenges and has led to long-term remission in select patients. Many of these approaches utilize convection-enhanced delivery (CED) for immunological drug delivery, allowing high doses to be delivered directly to the brain parenchyma, avoiding systemic toxicity. Here, we review the literature encompassing immunotherapies delivered via CED-from preclinical model systems to clinical trials-and explore how their unique combination elicits an antitumor response by the immune system, decreases toxicity, and improves survival among select high-grade glioma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin P Sperring
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael G Argenziano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - William M Savage
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Damian E Teasley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pavan S Upadhyayula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nathan J Winans
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NY-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu K, Hu W, Zhou B, Li B, Li X, Yan Q, Chen W, Li Y, Ding H, Zhao M, Fan S, Yi L, Chen J. Immunogenicity and Immunoprotection of PCV2 Virus-like Particles Incorporating Dominant T and B Cell Antigenic Epitopes Paired with CD154 Molecules in Piglets and Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214126. [PMID: 36430608 PMCID: PMC9694800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is capable of causing porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) and is one of the major threats to the global pig industry. The nucleocapsid protein Cap encoded by the PCV2 ORF2 gene is an ideal antigen for the development of PCV2 subunit vaccines, and its N-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS) structural domain is essential for the formation of self-assembling VLPs. In the present study, we systematically expressed and characterized full-length PCV2 Cap proteins fused to dominant T and B cell antigenic epitopes and porcine-derived CD154 molecules using baculovirus and found that the Cap proteins fusing epitopes were still capable of forming virus-like particles (VLPs). Both piglet and mice experiments showed that the Cap proteins fusing epitopes or paired with the molecular adjuvant CD154 were able to induce higher levels of humoral and cellular responses, particularly the secretion of PCV2-specific IFN-γ and IL-4. In addition, vaccination significantly reduced clinical signs and the viral load of PCV2 in the blood and tissues of challenged piglets. The results of the study provide new ideas for the development of a more efficient, safe and broad-spectrum next-generation PCV2 subunit vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenshuo Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bolun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bingke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Quanhui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-85288017
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Wu X, Sharma A, Weiher H, Schmid M, Kristiansen G, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Anti-CD40 predominates over anti-CTLA-4 to provide enhanced antitumor response of DC-CIK cells in renal cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925633. [PMID: 36091050 PMCID: PMC9453234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) in combination with dendritic cells (DCs) have shown favorable outcomes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), yet some patients exhibit recurrence or no response to this therapy. In a broader perspective, enhancing the antitumor response of DC-CIK cells may help to address this issue. Considering this, herein, we investigated the effect of anti-CD40 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies on the antitumor response of DC-CIK cells against RCC cell lines. Our analysis showed that, a) anti-CD40 antibody (G28.5) increased the CD3+CD56+ effector cells of CIK cells by promoting the maturation and activation of DCs, b) G28.5 also increased CTLA-4 expression in CIK cells via DCs, but the increase could be hindered by the CTLA-4 inhibitor (ipilimumab), c) adding ipilimumab was also able to significantly increase the proportion of CD3+CD56+ cells in DC-CIK cells, d) anti-CD40 antibodies predominated over anti-CTLA-4 antibodies for cytotoxicity, apoptotic effect and IFN-γ secretion of DC-CIK cells against RCC cells, e) after ipilimumab treatment, the population of Tregs in CIK cells remained unaffected, but ipilimumab combined with G28.5 significantly reduced the expression of CD28 in CIK cells. Taken together, we suggest that the agonistic anti-CD40 antibody rather than CTLA-4 inhibitor may improve the antitumor response of DC-CIK cells, particularly in RCC. In addition, we pointed towards the yet to be known contribution of CD28 in the crosstalk between anti-CTLA-4 and CIK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Weiher
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Computer Science and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu M, Shi Y, Zhu L, Chen L, Zhao X, Xu C. Macrophages in Glioblastoma Development and Therapy: A Double-Edged Sword. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081225. [PMID: 36013403 PMCID: PMC9409650 DOI: 10.3390/life12081225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the leading lethal tumors, featuring aggressive malignancy and poor outcome to current standard temozolomide (TMZ) or radio-based therapy. Developing immunotherapies, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, have improved patient outcomes in other solid tumors but remain fatigued in GBM patients. Emerging evidence has shown that GBM-associated macrophages (GAMs), comprising brain-resident microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages, act critically in boosting tumor progression, altering drug resistance, and establishing an immunosuppressive environment. Based on its crucial role, evaluations of the safety and efficacy of GAM-targeted therapy are ongoing, with promising (pre)clinical evidence updated. In this review, we summarized updated literature related to GAM nature, the interplay between GAMs and GBM cells, and GAM-targeted therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengwan Wu
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Luyi Zhu
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Luoyi Chen
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinchen Zhao
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cognasse F, Duchez AC, Audoux E, Ebermeyer T, Arthaud CA, Prier A, Eyraud MA, Mismetti P, Garraud O, Bertoletti L, Hamzeh-Cognasse H. Platelets as Key Factors in Inflammation: Focus on CD40L/CD40. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825892. [PMID: 35185916 PMCID: PMC8850464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate cytoplasmic fragments derived from the fragmentation of medullary megakaryocytes. Activated platelets adhere to the damaged endothelium by means of glycoproteins on their surface, forming the platelet plug. Activated platelets can also secrete the contents of their granules, notably the growth factors contained in the α-granules, which are involved in platelet aggregation and maintain endothelial activation, but also contribute to vascular repair and angiogenesis. Platelets also have a major inflammatory and immune function in antibacterial defence, essentially through their Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) and Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (SIGLEC). Platelet activation also contributes to the extensive release of anti- or pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted) or CD154, also known as the CD40-ligand. Platelets are involved in the direct activation of immune cells, polynuclear neutrophils (PNNs) and dendritic cells via the CD40L/CD40 complex. As a general rule, all of the studies presented in this review show that platelets are capable of covering most of the stages of inflammation, primarily through the CD40L/CD40 interaction, thus confirming their own role in this pathophysiological condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Cognasse
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Anne Claire Duchez
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Estelle Audoux
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Theo Ebermeyer
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Charles Antoine Arthaud
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Amelie Prier
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marie Ange Eyraud
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Etienne, France.,SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,Vascular and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Saint-Etienne University Hospital Center, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurent Bertoletti
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM, U1059, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,Vascular and Therapeutic Medicine Department, Saint-Etienne University Hospital Center, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
CD40 signaling-mediated delay in terminal differentiation of B cells enables alternate fate choices during early divisions. Mol Immunol 2022; 144:1-15. [PMID: 35149319 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells and differentiated plasma cells combine to confer sustained humoral immunity. Nonetheless, we are yet to understand how B cells decide between these fates. Although pan-T cell help augments plasma cell differentiation, signaling via CD40 alone is considered to be inhibitory. Here, we examine the capacity of CD40 signaling to interfere with lipopolysaccharide-induced differentiation. Whereas lipopolysaccharide stimulation yielded only short-lived plasmablasts, co-stimulation of CD40 enhanced activation, proliferation, survival, and isotype-switching, leading to alternate fate choices such as germinal center and memory B cells during early divisions. Contrary to the notion that CD40 signaling simply arrests differentiation, the survivors, at later time points, developed into long-lived mature plasma cells, after progressively losing their ability to get restimulated. Counterintuitively, as constitutive lipopolysaccharide stimulation itself hampered differentiation, we identified that the proliferation potential of cells acted alongside CD40 signaling. Accordingly, we propose a bi-layered regulation of differentiation - CD40 signaling and proliferation potential of cells independently inhibit the commitment to and maturation of differentiation, respectively. Elucidating such cell fate decision mechanisms will aid in better vaccine design and disease management.
Collapse
|
15
|
Goodall CP, Schwarz B, Selivanovitch E, Avera J, Wang J, Miettinen H, Douglas T. Controlled Modular Multivalent Presentation of the CD40 Ligand on P22 Virus-like Particles Leads to Tunable Amplification of CD40 Signaling. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8205-8214. [PMID: 35005938 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligands of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) are appealing targets for immunotherapy research due to their integral involvement in stimulation or restriction of immune responses. TNFSF-targeted therapies are currently being developed to combat immunologically based diseases and cancer. A crucial determinant of effective TNFSF receptor binding and signaling is the trimeric quaternary structure of the ligand. Additionally, ligand multivalency is essential to propagate strong signaling in effector cells. Thus, designing a synthetic platform to display trimeric TNFSF ligands in a multivalent manner is necessary to further the understanding of ligand-receptor interactions. Viral nanocages have architectures that are amenable to genetic and chemical modifications of both their interior and exterior surfaces. Notably, the exterior surface of virus-like particles can be utilized as a platform for the modular multivalent presentation of target proteins. In this study, we build on previous efforts exploring the bacteriophage P22 virus-like particle for the exterior multivalent modular display of a potent immune-stimulating TNFSF protein, CD40 ligand (CD40L). Using a cell-based reporter system, we quantify the effects of tunable avidity on CD40 signaling by CD40L displayed on the surface of P22 nanocages. Multivalent presentation of CD40L resulted in a 53.6-fold decrease of the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) compared to free CD40L, indicating higher potency. Our results emphasize the power of using P22-based biomimetics to study ligand-receptor interactions within their proper structural context, which may contribute to the development of effective immune modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheri Peyton Goodall
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Ekaterina Selivanovitch
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - John Avera
- Walden Biosciences, One Kendall Square, Suite 7102, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 700 HMC Crescent Road, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Heini Miettinen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peereboom ETM, Matern BM, Tomosugi T, Niemann M, Drylewicz J, Joosten I, Allebes WA, van der Meer A, Hilbrands LB, Baas MC, van Reekum FE, Verhaar MC, Kamburova EG, Seelen MAJ, Sanders JS, Hepkema BG, Lambeck AJ, Bungener LB, Roozendaal C, Tilanus MGJ, Voorter CE, Wieten L, van Duijnhoven EM, Gelens MACJ, Christiaans MHL, van Ittersum FJ, Nurmohamed A, Lardy NM, Swelsen W, van der Pant KA, van der Weerd NC, Ten Berge IJM, Bemelman FJ, de Vries APJ, de Fijter JW, Betjes MGH, Roelen DL, Claas FH, Otten HG, Heidt S, van Zuilen AD, Kobayashi T, Geneugelijk K, Spierings E. T-Cell Epitopes Shared Between Immunizing HLA and Donor HLA Associate With Graft Failure After Kidney Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:784040. [PMID: 34868064 PMCID: PMC8637278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-helper cells play an important role in alloimmune reactions following transplantation by stimulating humoral as well as cellular responses, which might lead to failure of the allograft. CD4+ memory T-helper cells from a previous immunizing event can potentially be reactivated by exposure to HLA mismatches that share T-cell epitopes with the initial immunizing HLA. Consequently, reactivity of CD4+ memory T-helper cells toward T-cell epitopes that are shared between immunizing HLA and donor HLA could increase the risk of alloimmunity following transplantation, thus affecting transplant outcome. In this study, the amount of T-cell epitopes shared between immunizing and donor HLA was used as a surrogate marker to evaluate the effect of donor-reactive CD4+ memory T-helper cells on the 10-year risk of death-censored kidney graft failure in 190 donor/recipient combinations using the PIRCHE-II algorithm. The T-cell epitopes of the initial theoretical immunizing HLA and the donor HLA were estimated and the number of shared PIRCHE-II epitopes was calculated. We show that the natural logarithm-transformed PIRCHE-II overlap score, or Shared T-cell EPitopes (STEP) score, significantly associates with the 10-year risk of death-censored kidney graft failure, suggesting that the presence of pre-transplant donor-reactive CD4+ memory T-helper cells might be a strong indicator for the risk of graft failure following kidney transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma T M Peereboom
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Benedict M Matern
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Toshihide Tomosugi
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Kidney Diseases and Transplant Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | - Julia Drylewicz
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wil A Allebes
- Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Arnold van der Meer
- Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luuk B Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marije C Baas
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Franka E van Reekum
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elena G Kamburova
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc A J Seelen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Stephan Sanders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bouke G Hepkema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Annechien J Lambeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Laura B Bungener
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Caroline Roozendaal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel G J Tilanus
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Christien E Voorter
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lotte Wieten
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Elly M van Duijnhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle A C J Gelens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten H L Christiaans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frans J van Ittersum
- Department of Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Azam Nurmohamed
- Department of Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neubury M Lardy
- Department of Immunogenetics/HLA Diagnostic, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wendy Swelsen
- Department of Immunogenetics/HLA Diagnostic, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karlijn A van der Pant
- Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neelke C van der Weerd
- Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ineke J M Ten Berge
- Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fréderike J Bemelman
- Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aiko P J de Vries
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johan W de Fijter
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michiel G H Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dave L Roelen
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frans H Claas
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Henny G Otten
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arjan D van Zuilen
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Takaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kirsten Geneugelijk
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eric Spierings
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu D, Yan J, Sun J, Liu B, Ma W, Li Y, Shao X, Qi H. BCL6 controls contact-dependent help delivery during follicular T-B cell interactions. Immunity 2021; 54:2245-2255.e4. [PMID: 34464595 PMCID: PMC8528402 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BCL6 is required for development of follicular T helper (Tfh) cells to support germinal center (GC) formation. However, it is not clear what unique functions programmed by BCL6 can explain its absolute essentiality in T cells for GC formation. We found that ablation of one Bcl6 allele did not appreciably alter early T cell activation and follicular localization but inhibited GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance. BCL6 impinged on Tfh calcium signaling and also controlled Tfh entanglement with and CD40L delivery to B cells. Amounts of BCL6 protein and nominal frequencies of Tfh cells markedly changed within hours after strengths of T-B cell interactions were altered in vivo, while CD40L overexpression rectified both defective GC formation and Tfh cell maintenance because of the BCL6 haploinsufficiency. Our results reveal BCL6 functions in Tfh cells that are essential for GC formation and suggest that BCL6 helps maintain Tfh cell phenotypes in a T cell non-autonomous manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiacong Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye Li
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingxing Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ohe G, Kudo Y, Kamada K, Mouri Y, Takamaru N, Kudoh K, Kurio N, Miyamoto Y. The Soluble Factor from Oral Cancer Cell Lines Inhibits Interferon-γ Production by OK-432 via the CD40/CD40 Ligand Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133301. [PMID: 34209347 PMCID: PMC8269085 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: OK-432 is a penicillin-killed, lyophilized formulation of a low-toxicity strain (Su) of Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A). It is a potent immunotherapy agent for several types of cancer, including oral cancer. We previously showed that (i) OK-432 treatment induces a high amount of IFN-? production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and (ii) conditioned medium (CM) from oral cancer cells suppresses both the IFN-? production and cytotoxic activity of PBMCs driven by OK-432. The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory mechanism of OK-432-induced IFN-? production from PBMCs by CM. (2) Methods: We performed cDNA microarray analysis, quantitative RT-PCR, and ELISA to reveal the inhibitory mechanism of CM. (3) Results: We found that CD40 plays a key role in IFN-? production via IL-12 production. Although OK-432 treatment upregulated the expression levels of the IL-12p40, p35, and CD40 genes, CM from oral cancer cells downregulate these genes. The amount of IFN-? production by OK-432 treatment was decreased by an anti-CD40 neutralizing antibody. (4) Conclusions: Our study suggests that uncertain soluble factor(s) produced from oral cancer cells may inhibit IFN-? production from PBMCs via suppressing the CD40/CD40L-IL-12 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Go Ohe
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (K.K.); (N.T.); (K.K.); (N.K.); (Y.M.)
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Takamatsu Municipal Hospital, 847-1 Ko Busshozan-cho, Takamatsu 761-8538, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Bioscience, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Kumiko Kamada
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (K.K.); (N.T.); (K.K.); (N.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yasuhiro Mouri
- Department of Oral Bioscience, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (Y.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Natsumi Takamaru
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (K.K.); (N.T.); (K.K.); (N.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Keiko Kudoh
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (K.K.); (N.T.); (K.K.); (N.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Naito Kurio
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (K.K.); (N.T.); (K.K.); (N.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Youji Miyamoto
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (K.K.); (N.T.); (K.K.); (N.K.); (Y.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Enell Smith K, Deronic A, Hägerbrand K, Norlén P, Ellmark P. Rationale and clinical development of CD40 agonistic antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1635-1646. [PMID: 34043482 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1934446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: CD40 signaling activates dendritic cells leading to improved T cell priming against tumor antigens. CD40 agonism expands the tumor-specific T cell repertoire and has the potential to increase the fraction of patients that respond to established immunotherapies.Areas covered: This article reviews current as well as emerging CD40 agonist therapies with a focus on antibody-based therapies, including next generation bispecific CD40 agonists. The scientific rationale for different design criteria, binding epitopes, and formats are discussed.Expert opinion: The ability of CD40 agonists to activate dendritic cells and enhance antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells provides an opportunity to elevate response rates of cancer immunotherapies. While there are many challenges left to address, including optimal dose regimen, CD40 agonist profile, combination partners and indications, we are confident that CD40 agonists will play an important role in the challenging task of reprogramming the immune system to fight cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Sweden.,Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang F, He Z, Duan H, Zhang D, Li J, Yang H, Dorsey JF, Zou W, Nabavizadeh SA, Bagley SJ, Abdullah K, Brem S, Zhang L, Xu X, Byrne KT, Vonderheide RH, Gong Y, Fan Y. Synergistic immunotherapy of glioblastoma by dual targeting of IL-6 and CD40. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3424. [PMID: 34103524 PMCID: PMC8187342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunologically-cold tumors including glioblastoma (GBM) are refractory to checkpoint blockade therapy, largely due to extensive infiltration of immunosuppressive macrophages (Mϕs). Consistent with a pro-tumor role of IL-6 in alternative Mϕs polarization, we here show that targeting IL-6 by genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition moderately improves T-cell infiltration into GBM and enhances mouse survival; however, IL-6 inhibition does not synergize PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade. Interestingly, anti-IL-6 therapy reduces CD40 expression in GBM-associated Mϕs. We identify a Stat3/HIF-1α-mediated axis, through which IL-6 executes an anti-tumor role to induce CD40 expression in Mϕs. Combination of IL-6 inhibition with CD40 stimulation reverses Mϕ-mediated tumor immunosuppression, sensitizes tumors to checkpoint blockade, and extends animal survival in two syngeneic GBM models, particularly inducing complete regression of GL261 tumors after checkpoint blockade. Thus, antibody cocktail-based immunotherapy that combines checkpoint blockade with dual-targeting of IL-6 and CD40 may offer exciting opportunities for GBM and other solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhenqiang He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Duan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juehui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay F Dorsey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Ali Nabavizadeh
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J Bagley
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kalil Abdullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Brem
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katelyn T Byrne
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Division of Human Genetics and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sernoskie SC, Jee A, Uetrecht JP. The Emerging Role of the Innate Immune Response in Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:861-896. [PMID: 34016669 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) range from relatively common, mild reactions to rarer, potentially life-threatening adverse effects that pose significant risks to both human health and successful drug discovery. Most frequently, IDRs target the liver, skin, and blood or bone marrow. Clinical data indicate that most IDRs are mediated by an adaptive immune response against drug-modified proteins, formed when chemically reactive species of a drug bind to self-proteins, making them appear foreign to the immune system. Although much emphasis has been placed on characterizing the clinical presentation of IDRs and noting implicated drugs, limited research has focused on the mechanisms preceding the manifestations of these severe responses. Therefore, we propose that to address the knowledge gap between drug administration and onset of a severe IDR, more research is required to understand IDR-initiating mechanisms; namely, the role of the innate immune response. In this review, we outline the immune processes involved from neoantigen formation to the result of the formation of the immunologic synapse and suggest that this framework be applied to IDR research. Using four drugs associated with severe IDRs as examples (amoxicillin, amodiaquine, clozapine, and nevirapine), we also summarize clinical and animal model data that are supportive of an early innate immune response. Finally, we discuss how understanding the early steps in innate immune activation in the development of an adaptive IDR will be fundamental in risk assessment during drug development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although there is some understanding that certain adaptive immune mechanisms are involved in the development of idiosyncratic drug reactions, the early phase of these immune responses remains largely uncharacterized. The presented framework refocuses the investigation of IDR pathogenesis from severe clinical manifestations to the initiating innate immune mechanisms that, in contrast, may be quite mild or clinically silent. A comprehensive understanding of these early influences on IDR onset is crucial for accurate risk prediction, IDR prevention, and therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Christine Sernoskie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (S.C.S., J.P.U.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J., J.P.U.)
| | - Alison Jee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (S.C.S., J.P.U.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J., J.P.U.)
| | - Jack Paul Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (S.C.S., J.P.U.), and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.J., J.P.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The human anti-CD40 agonist antibody mitazalimab (ADC-1013; JNJ-64457107) activates antigen-presenting cells, improves expansion of antigen-specific T cells, and enhances anti-tumor efficacy of a model cancer vaccine in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3629-3642. [PMID: 33948686 PMCID: PMC8571159 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-responders to checkpoint inhibitors generally have low tumor T cell infiltration and could benefit from immunotherapy that activates dendritic cells, with priming of tumor-reactive T cells as a result. Such therapies may be augmented by providing tumor antigen in the form of cancer vaccines. Our aim was to study the effects of mitazalimab (ADC-1013; JNJ-64457107), a human anti-CD40 agonist IgG1 antibody, on activation of antigen-presenting cells, and how this influences the priming and anti-tumor potential of antigen-specific T cells, in mice transgenic for human CD40. Mitazalimab activated splenic CD11c+ MHCII+ dendritic cells and CD19+ MHCII+ B cells within 6 h, with a return to baseline within 1 week. This was associated with a dose-dependent release of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood, including IP-10, MIP-1α and TNF-α. Mitazalimab administered at different dose regimens with ovalbumin protein showed that repeated dosing expanded ovalbumin peptide (SIINFEKL)-specific CD8+ T cells and increased the frequency of activated ICOS+ T cells and CD44hi CD62L- effector memory T cells in the spleen. Mitazalimab prolonged survival of mice bearing MB49 bladder carcinoma tumors and increased the frequency of activated granzyme B+ CD8+ T cells in the tumor. In the ovalbumin-transfected tumor E.G7-OVA lymphoma, mitazalimab administered with either ovalbumin protein or SIINFEKL peptide prolonged the survival of E.G7-OVA tumor-bearing mice, as prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. Thus, mitazalimab activates antigen-presenting cells, which improves expansion and activation of antigen-specific T cells and enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of a model cancer vaccine.
Collapse
|
23
|
Caeser R, Gao J, Di Re M, Gong C, Hodson DJ. Genetic manipulation and immortalized culture of ex vivo primary human germinal center B cells. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2499-2519. [PMID: 33837304 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has transformed our knowledge of the genetics of lymphoid malignancies. However, limited experimental systems are available to model the functional effects of these genetic changes and their implications for therapy. The majority of mature B-cell malignancies arise from the germinal center (GC) stage of B-cell differentiation. Here we describe a detailed protocol for the purification and ex vivo expansion of primary, nonmalignant human GC B cells. We present methodology for the high-efficiency transduction of these cells to enable combinatorial expression of putative oncogenes. We also describe alternative approaches for CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of putative tumor suppressors. Mimicking genetic changes commonly found in lymphoid malignancies leads to immortalized growth in vitro, while engraftment into immunodeficient mice generates genetically customized, synthetic models of human lymphoma. The protocol is simple and inexpensive and can be implemented in any laboratory with access to standard cell culture and animal facilities. It can be easily scaled up to enable high-throughput screening and thus provides a versatile platform for the functional interrogation of lymphoma genomic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Caeser
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jie Gao
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miriam Di Re
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chun Gong
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Salti S, Al-Zoobi L, Darif Y, Hassan GS, Mourad W. CD154 Resistant to Cleavage from Intracellular Milieu and Cell Surface Induces More Potent CD40-Mediated Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1793-1805. [PMID: 33762325 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the membrane-bound form, CD154 also exists as a soluble molecule originating from an intracellular and membrane cleavage. We have previously shown that CD154 cleavage from T cell surface is mediated by CD40 and involves the action of ADAM10/ADAM17 enzymes. In the aim of defining the importance of CD154 maintained on cell surface, we generated a CD154 mutated at the cleavage site. Our data show that the double mutation of E112 and M113 residues of CD154 abolishes its spontaneous release and the CD40-mediated cleavage from cell surface but does not affect its binding to CD40. We also demonstrated that both the release of CD154 from the intracellular milieu and its CD40-mediated cleavage from cell surface are highly dependent on ADAM10/ADAM17 enzymes. The CD154-EM mutant was shown capable of inducing a more prominent apoptotic response in susceptible B cell lines than the wild-type (WT) form of the molecule. In addition, human B cells cultured in the presence of the CD154-EM mutant exhibited upregulated proliferative responses compared with the CD154-WT. The CD154-EM mutant was also shown to trigger differentiation of human B cells, reflected by an increased Ig production, more significantly than CD154-WT. Thus, our data strongly suggest that cleavage-resistant CD154 is a more prominent stimulant than the cleavable form of the molecule. Therefore, a maintained expression of CD154 on cell membrane and a disturbed cleavage of the molecule could be a mechanism by which CD154 is involved in some pathological conditions and should be revisited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Salti
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebc H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Loubna Al-Zoobi
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebc H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Youssef Darif
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebc H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ghada S Hassan
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebc H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Walid Mourad
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebc H2X 0A9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dawicki W, Huang H, Ma Y, Town J, Zhang X, Rudulier CD, Gordon JR. CD40 signaling augments IL-10 expression and the tolerogenicity of IL-10-induced regulatory dendritic cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248290. [PMID: 33793599 PMCID: PMC8016274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 expressed on stimulatory dendritic cells (DC) provides an important accessory signal for induction of effector T cell responses. It is also expressed at lower levels on regulatory DC (DCreg), but there is little evidence that CD40 signaling contributes to the tolerogenic activity of these cells. Indeed, CD40 silencing within DCreg has been reported to induce T cell tolerance in multiple disease models, suggesting that CD40 is superfluous to DC-induced tolerance. We critically assessed whether CD40 does have a role in tolerance induced by IL-10-differentiated DC (DC10) by using DC10 generating from the bone marrow of wild-type (w.t.) or CD40-/- donor mice, or IL-10-complemented CD40-/- DC10 to treat asthmatic mice. Wild-type DC10 ablated the OVA-asthma phenotype via induction of Foxp3+ Treg responses, but CD40-/- DC10 had no discernible effects on primary facets of the phenotype (e.g., IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 levels, IgE & IgG1 antibodies; p>0.05) and were ≤40% effective in reversal of others. Foxp3+ T cells from the lungs of CD40-/- DC10-treated mice expressed reduced levels of a panel of six Treg-specific activation markers relative to Treg from w.t. DC10-treated mice. Coculture with effector T cells from asthmatic mice induced a marked upregulation of cell surface CD40 on w.t. DC10. While untreated CD40-/- and w.t. DC10 secreted equally low levels of IL-10, stimulation of w.t. DC10 with anti-CD40 for 72 h increased their expression of IL-10 by ≈250%, with no parallel induction of IL-12. Complementing IL-10 expression in CD40-/- DC10 by IL-10 mRNA transfection fully restored the cells’ abilities to suppress the asthma phenotype. In summary, CD40 signaling in DC10 contributes importantly to their expression of IL-10 and to a robust induction of tolerance, including activation of induced Treg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Dawicki
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yanna Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jennifer Town
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xiaobei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Chris D. Rudulier
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - John R. Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li B, Li Y, Wu S, Yang Y, Fu S, Yin X, Tu X, Fang L, Guo Z, Ye J. Identification and functional characterization of CD154 in T cell-dependent immune response in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:102-110. [PMID: 33513438 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CD154, a member of the TNF superfamily, is a multifunctional molecule highly expressed in activated T cells, and plays important roles in T cell-dependent humoral immune response. In this study, CD154 of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was identified, and its functions in the T cell-dependent immune response were demonstrated. The open reading frame (ORF) of OnCD154 is 699 bp, encoding a protein of 232 amino acids with a 23 amino acid transmembrane region. Amino acid sequence of OnCD154 is highly homologous to that of other teleost fish, especially rainbow trout. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that mRNA of OnCD154 is highly expressed in immune organs, especially in spleen, thymus, gills, head kidney, etc. In addition, the anti-OnCD154 polyclonal antibody (anti-(r)OnCD154) was successfully prepared, and it can react with natural protein in head kidney leukocytes. Following two immunizations with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in vivo, the significantly up-regulated expression level of OnCD154 mRNA appeared earlier (fifth day) and higher (42.9 folds) in the second challenge than the first on in head kidney. Further, after stimulation with KLH in vitro, the expressions of T cell-dependent immune response-related molecules (activated T cell specific surface molecules CD3ε and CD154) and B cell differentiation-related molecules (Blimp1 and sIgM) and CD40 were significantly up-regulated in head kidney leukocytes. Moreover, the up-regulated expressions of these molecules were blocked with the treatment of anti-(r)OnCD154 antibody. Taken together, these results indicate that OnCD154 might get involved in T cell-dependent immune response, and provide a new insight into the humoral immune response of teleost fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxi Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Siwei Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Yanjian Yang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Shengli Fu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiao Tu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Liang Fang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China.
| | - Zheng Guo
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Agonistic CD40 Antibodies in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061302. [PMID: 33804039 PMCID: PMC8000216 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CD40 is a costimulatory molecule that is key for the activation of antigen-presenting cells and other innate immune cells. It plays an important role in anti-tumor immunity, and agonists of CD40 have been shown to eliminate tumors in both pre-clinical and clinical settings, alone and in combination with other treatment modalities. Here we assess the expression of CD40 and associations with other mediators of immunity in a variety of tumor types and review the potential of CD40 agonists for cancer treatment, given the promise of enhancing the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. Abstract CD40 is expressed on a variety of antigen-presenting cells. Stimulation of CD40 results in inflammation by upregulation of other costimulatory molecules, increased antigen presentation, maturation (licensing) of dendritic cells, and activation of CD8+ T cells. Here we analyzed gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas in melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma and found correlations between CD40 and several genes involved in antigen presentation and T cell function, supporting further exploration of CD40 agonists to treat cancer. Agonist CD40 antibodies have induced anti-tumor effects in several tumor models and the effect has been more pronounced when used in combination with other treatments (immune checkpoint inhibition, chemotherapy, and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibition). The reduction in tumor growth and ability to reprogram the tumor microenvironment in preclinical models lays the foundation for clinical development of agonistic CD40 antibodies (APX005M, ChiLob7/4, ADC-1013, SEA-CD40, selicrelumab, and CDX-1140) that are currently being evaluated in early phase clinical trials. In this article, we focus on CD40 expression and immunity in cancer, agonistic human CD40 antibodies, and their pre-clinical and clinical development. With the broad pro-inflammatory effects of CD40 and its ligand on dendritic cells and macrophages, and downstream B and T cell activation, agonists of this pathway may enhance the anti-tumor activity of other systemic therapies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Puksuriwong S, Ahmed MS, Sharma R, Krishnan M, Leong S, Lambe T, McNamara PS, Gilbert SC, Zhang Q. Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Nucleoprotein and Matrix Protein 1 (M1) Activates Mucosal M1-Specific T-Cell Immunity and Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Human Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:807-819. [PMID: 31740938 PMCID: PMC7399703 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence supports a critical role of CD8+ T-cell immunity against influenza. Activation of mucosal CD8+ T cells, particularly tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells recognizing conserved epitopes would mediate rapid and broad protection. Matrix protein 1 (M1) is a well-conserved internal protein. Methods We studied the capacity of modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)–vectored vaccine expressing nucleoprotein (NP) and M1 (MVA-NP+M1) to activate M1-specific CD8+ T-cell response, including TRM cells, in nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue from children and adults. Results After MVA-NP+M1 stimulation, M1 was abundantly expressed in adenotonsillar epithelial cells and B cells. MVA-NP+M1 activated a marked interferon γ–secreting T-cell response to M1 peptides. Using tetramer staining, we showed the vaccine activated a marked increase in M158–66 peptide-specific CD8+ T cells in tonsillar mononuclear cells of HLA-matched individuals. We also demonstrated MVA-NP+M1 activated a substantial increase in TRM cells exhibiting effector memory T-cell phenotype. On recall antigen recognition, M1-specific T cells rapidly undergo cytotoxic degranulation, release granzyme B and proinflammatory cytokines, leading to target cell killing. Conclusions MVA-NP+M1 elicits a substantial M1-specific T-cell response, including TRM cells, in nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, demonstrating its strong capacity to expand memory T-cell pool exhibiting effector memory T-cell phenotype, therefore offering great potential for rapid and broad protection against influenza reinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suttida Puksuriwong
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad S Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Sharma
- ENT Departments, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Madhan Krishnan
- ENT Departments, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Leong
- ENT Departments, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S McNamara
- Institute of Child Health, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Qibo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abd-Elrahman I, Nassar T, Khairi N, Perlman R, Benita S, Ben Yehuda D. Novel targeted mtLivin nanoparticles treatment for disseminated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:334-344. [PMID: 33128043 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that Livin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, is specifically cleaved to produce a truncated protein, tLivin, and demonstrated its paradoxical proapoptotic activity. We further demonstrated that mini-tLivin (MTV), a 70 amino acids derivative of tLivin, is a proapoptotic protein as potent as tLivin. Based on these findings, in this study we aimed to develop a venue to target MTV for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). MTV was conjugated to poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) surface-activated nanoparticles (NPs). In order to target MTV-NPs we also conjugated CD40 ligand (CD40L) to the surface of the NPs and evaluated the efficacy of the bifunctional CD40L-MTV-NPs. In vitro, CD40L-MTV-NPs elicited significant apoptosis of DLBCL cells. In a disseminated mouse model of DLBCL, 37.5% of MTV-NPs treated mice survived at the end of the experiment. Targeting MTV-NPs using CD40L greatly improved survival and 71.4% of these mice survived. CD40L-MTV-NPs also greatly reduced CNS involvement of DLBCL. Only 20% of these mice presented infiltration of lymphoma to the brain in comparison to 77% of the MTV-NPs treated mice. In a subcutaneous mouse model, CD40L-MTV-NPs significantly reduced tumor volume in correlation with significant increased caspase-3 activity. Thus, targeted MTV-NPs suggest a novel approach to overcome apoptosis resistance in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Abd-Elrahman
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Taher Nassar
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noha Khairi
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Riki Perlman
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simon Benita
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dina Ben Yehuda
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Faustino LC, Kahaly GJ, Frommer L, Concepcion E, Stefan-Lifshitz M, Tomer Y. Precision Medicine in Graves' Disease: CD40 Gene Variants Predict Clinical Response to an Anti-CD40 Monoclonal Antibody. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:691781. [PMID: 34149627 PMCID: PMC8212124 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.691781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40, a key co-stimulatory molecule expressed on antigen-presenting cells, is genetically associated with a number of autoimmune diseases including Graves' disease (GD). Therefore, recent therapies targeting CD40 have been developed, including the anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody Iscalimab. In a recent pilot study, Iscalimab was shown to induce clinical remission in ~ 50% of GD patients, but the reason why only 50% of GD patients responded is not known. The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that specific CD40 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and haplotypes are associated with clinical response of GD patients to Iscalimab. METHODS We extracted genomic DNA from the whole blood of 13 GD patients treated with Iscalimab, and genotyped seven CD40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with autoimmunity. Additionally, we analyzed CD40 mRNA expression levels in whole blood. The patients' CD40 SNP genotypes and mRNA levels were tested for association with clinical response to Iscalimab. RESULTS Three common haplotypes, designated haplotypes A, B, and C, were identified. Haplotypes B and C were associated with higher CD40 mRNA levels and clinical response to Iscalimab (i.e., patients achieving euthyroidism without need for additional medications), while haplotype A was associated with decreased CD40 mRNA levels and no response to Iscalimab. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that genetic polymorphisms in the CD40 gene drive its expression levels and response to Iscalimab. Polymorphisms associated with higher CD40 levels are also associated with clinical response to CD40-targeted therapies. These results set the stage to implementing precision medicine in the therapeutic approach to GD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C. Faustino
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - George J. Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lara Frommer
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Erlinda Concepcion
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Yaron Tomer
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Yaron Tomer,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Weerdt I, Lameris R, Scheffer GL, Vree J, de Boer R, Stam AG, van de Ven R, Levin MD, Pals ST, Roovers RC, Parren PWHI, de Gruijl TD, Kater AP, van der Vliet HJ. A Bispecific Antibody Antagonizes Prosurvival CD40 Signaling and Promotes Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-Mediated Antitumor Responses in Human B-cell Malignancies. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 9:50-61. [PMID: 33177109 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel T cell-based therapies for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM), are thought to have strong potential. Progress, however, has been hampered by low efficacy and high toxicity. Tumor targeting by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, a conserved T-cell subset with potent intrinsic antitumor properties, mediated by a bispecific antibody represents a novel approach promising high efficacy with limited toxicity. Here, we describe the generation of a bispecific Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell engager directed against CD40, which, due to its overexpression and biological footprint in malignant B cells, represents an attractive target. The CD40-targeting moiety of the bispecific antibody was selected because it can prevent CD40L-induced prosurvival signaling and reduce CD40-mediated resistance of CLL cells to venetoclax. Selective activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the presence of CD40+ tumor cells induced potent Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell degranulation, cytotoxicity against CLL and MM cells in vitro, and in vivo control of MM in a xenograft model. The CD40-bispecific γδ T-cell engager demonstrated lysis of leukemic cells by autologous Vγ9Vδ2 T cells present in patient-derived samples. Taken together, our CD40 bispecific γδ T-cell engager increased the sensitivity of leukemic cells to apoptosis and induced a potent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-dependent antileukemic response. It may, therefore, represent a potential candidate for the development of novel treatments for B-cell malignancies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Middle Aged
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris de Weerdt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roeland Lameris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - George L Scheffer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Vree
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renate de Boer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita G Stam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark-David Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven T Pals
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mastio J, Saeed MB, Wurzer H, Krecke M, Westerberg LS, Thomas C. Higher Incidence of B Cell Malignancies in Primary Immunodeficiencies: A Combination of Intrinsic Genomic Instability and Exocytosis Defects at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581119. [PMID: 33240268 PMCID: PMC7680899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital defects of the immune system called primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) describe a group of diseases characterized by a decrease, an absence, or a malfunction of at least one part of the immune system. As a result, PID patients are more prone to develop life-threatening complications, including cancer. PID currently include over 400 different disorders, however, the variety of PID-related cancers is narrow. We discuss here reasons for this clinical phenotype. Namely, PID can lead to cell intrinsic failure to control cell transformation, failure to activate tumor surveillance by cytotoxic cells or both. As the most frequent tumors seen among PID patients stem from faulty lymphocyte development leading to leukemia and lymphoma, we focus on the extensive genomic alterations needed to create the vast diversity of B and T lymphocytes with potential to recognize any pathogen and why defects in these processes lead to malignancies in the immunodeficient environment of PID patients. In the second part of the review, we discuss PID affecting tumor surveillance and especially membrane trafficking defects caused by altered exocytosis and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. As an impairment of these membrane trafficking pathways often results in dysfunctional effector immune cells, tumor cell immune evasion is elevated in PID. By considering new anti-cancer treatment concepts, such as transfer of genetically engineered immune cells, restoration of anti-tumor immunity in PID patients could be an approach to complement standard therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Mastio
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Max Krecke
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clément Thomas
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Asmiyou A, Bakr AM, Shahin DA, Wahba Y. CD40 and CD72 expression and prognostic values among children with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. Lupus 2020; 29:1270-1276. [PMID: 32700598 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320941931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic disease with proven interactions between immune system components, including both humoral- and cell-mediated immunity, as well as co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules such as CD40 and CD72. Here, we investigated CD40 and CD72 expression on B cells of SLE children and assessed their prognostic values. We conducted a preliminary case-control study in Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Egypt from September 2018 to January 2020 including 27 SLE children and 27 healthy controls. We assessed cases during initial flare and after remission. Flow cytometry analysis was carried out for all participants for CD40 and CD72 expression of B cells. During flare, SLE cases had statistically significant higher CD40 and lower CD72 expression in comparison with controls (p < 0.001). After remission, the number of CD40+ B cells significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while the number of CD72+ B cells significantly increased (p < 0.001) in comparison with flare. We reported non-significant positive correlations between CD40 expression and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI; p = 0.347 during flare and p = 0.653 after remission) and negative correlations between CD72 expression and SLEDAI (p = 0.34 during flare and p = 0.044 after remission). No significant differences were detected between renal histopathology classes with regard to CDs expression on B cells (p = 0.45 for CD40 and p = 0.63 for CD72). In conclusion, CD40+ B cells and CD72+ B cells could be considered as markers of paediatric SLE flare and remission, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abtisam Asmiyou
- Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Bakr
- Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Shahin
- Clinical Pathology (Haematology) Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Yahya Wahba
- Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kornuta CA, Bidart JE, Soria I, Gammella M, Quattrocchi V, Pappalardo JS, Salmaso S, Torchilin VP, Cheuquepán Valenzuela F, Hecker YP, Moore DP, Zamorano PI, Langellotti CA. MANα1-2MAN decorated liposomes enhance the immunogenicity induced by a DNA vaccine against BoHV-1. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:587-597. [PMID: 32643286 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New technologies in the field of vaccinology arise as a necessity for the treatment and control of many diseases. Whole virus inactivated vaccines and modified live virus ones used against Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) infection have several disadvantages. Previous works on DNA vaccines against BoHV-1 have demonstrated the capability to induce humoral and cellular immune responses. Nevertheless, 'naked' DNA induces low immunogenic response. Thus, loading of antigen encoding DNA sequences in liposomal formulations targeting dendritic cell receptors could be a promising strategy to better activate these antigen-presenting cells (APC). In this work, a DNA-based vaccine encoding the truncated version of BoHV-1 glycoprotein D (pCIgD) was evaluated alone and encapsulated in a liposomal formulation containing LPS and decorated with MANα1-2MAN-PEG-DOPE (pCIgD-Man-L). The vaccinations were performed in mice and bovines. The results showed that the use of pCIgD-Man-L enhanced the immune response in both animal models. For humoral immunity, significant differences were achieved when total antibody titres and isotypes were assayed in sera. Regarding cellular immunity, a significant increase in the proliferative response against BoHV-1 was detected in animals vaccinated with pCIgD-Man-L when compared to the response induced in animals vaccinated with pCIgD. In addition, upregulation of CD40 molecules on the surface of bovine dendritic cells (DCs) was observed when cells were stimulated and activated with the vaccine formulations. When viral challenge was performed, bovines vaccinated with MANα1-2MAN-PEG-DOPE elicited better protection which was evidenced by a lower viral excretion. These results demonstrate that the dendritic cell targeting using MANα1-2MAN decorated liposomes can boost the immunogenicity resulting in a long-lasting immunity. Liposomes decorated with MANα1-2MAN-PEG-DOPE were tested for the first time as a DNA vaccine nanovehicle in cattle as a preventive treatment against BoHV-1. These results open new perspectives for the design of vaccines for the control of bovine rhinotracheitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Kornuta
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan E Bidart
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana Soria
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Mariela Gammella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Valeria Quattrocchi
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Juan S Pappalardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB, INTA-CONICET), Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova PD, Italy
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felipe Cheuquepán Valenzuela
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,EEA Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina P Hecker
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,EEA Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dadin P Moore
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Patricia I Zamorano
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia A Langellotti
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yu X, Chan HTC, Fisher H, Penfold CA, Kim J, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, French RR, Duriez PJ, Douglas LR, English V, Verbeek JS, White AL, Tews I, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. Isotype Switching Converts Anti-CD40 Antagonism to Agonism to Elicit Potent Antitumor Activity. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:850-866.e7. [PMID: 32442402 PMCID: PMC7280789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprise agonists and antagonists, which display promising therapeutic activities in cancer and autoimmunity, respectively. We previously showed that epitope and isotype interact to deliver optimal agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs. The impact of Fc engineering on antagonists, however, remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that clinically relevant antagonists used for treating autoimmune conditions can be converted into potent FcγR-independent agonists with remarkable antitumor activity by isotype switching to hIgG2. One antagonist is converted to a super-agonist with greater potency than previously reported highly agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs. Such conversion is dependent on the unique disulfide bonding properties of the hIgG2 hinge. This investigation highlights the transformative capacity of the hIgG2 isotype for converting antagonists to agonists to treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Hayden Fisher
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Vikki English
- Pre-clinical Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Huffman AP, Lin JH, Kim SI, Byrne KT, Vonderheide RH. CCL5 mediates CD40-driven CD4+ T cell tumor infiltration and immunity. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137263. [PMID: 32324594 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role CD4+ T cells play in tumor immunity is less well appreciated than the cytotoxic role of CD8+ T cells. Despite clear evidence for CD4+ T cell dependency across multiple immunotherapies, the mechanisms by which CD4+ T cells infiltrate tumors remain poorly understood. Prior studies by our group have shown in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer that systemic activation of the cell surface TNF superfamily member CD40 drives T cell infiltration into tumors and, in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, leads to durable tumor regressions and cures that depend on both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomics to examine the tumor microenvironment following treatment with agonist CD40 antibody with or without immune checkpoint blockade. We show that intratumor myeloid cells produce the chemokine CCL5 in response to CD40 agonist and that CCL5 mediates an influx of CD4+ T cells into the tumor microenvironment. Disruption of CCL5 genetically or pharmacologically mitigates the influx of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells into tumors and blunts the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for CCL5 in selectively mediating CD4+ T cell tumor infiltration in response to effective immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katelyn T Byrne
- Perelman School of Medicine.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Perelman School of Medicine.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Condotta SA, Downey J, Pardy RD, Valbon SF, Tarrab E, Lamarre A, Divangahi M, Richer MJ. Cyclophilin D Regulates Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Survival in a Cell-Extrinsic Manner. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:217-230. [PMID: 32332052 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity is critical for host defense against viruses and requires mitochondria-mediated type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling for optimal protection. Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a mitochondrial matrix protein that modulates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, but its role in IFN-I signaling and CD8+ T cell responses to viral infection has not been previously explored. In this study, we demonstrate that CypD plays a critical extrinsic role in the survival of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell following acute viral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mice. CypD deficiency resulted in reduced IFN-I and increased CD8+ T cell death, resulting in a reduced antiviral CD8+ T cell response. In addition, CypD deficiency was associated with an increase in pathogen burden at an early time-point following infection. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that transfer of wild-type macrophages (expressing CypD) to CypD-deficient mice can partially restore CD8+ T cell responses. These results establish that CypD plays an extrinsic role in regulating optimal effector CD8+ T cell responses to viral infection. Furthermore, this suggests that, under certain circumstances, inhibition of CypD function may have a detrimental impact on the host's ability to respond to viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Downey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stefanie F Valbon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Esther Tarrab
- Laboratoire d'Immunovirologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada; and
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Laboratoire d'Immunovirologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada; and
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada;
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zachova K, Kosztyu P, Zadrazil J, Matousovic K, Vondrak K, Hubacek P, Julian BA, Moldoveanu Z, Novak Z, Kostovcikova K, Raska M, Mestecky J. Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in Pathogenesis and Racial Distribution of IgA Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:267. [PMID: 32184780 PMCID: PMC7058636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the dominant type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. However, IgAN rarely affects African Blacks and is uncommon in African Americans. Polymeric IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge-region glycans is recognized as auto-antigen by glycan-specific antibodies, leading to formation of circulating immune complexes with nephritogenic consequences. Because human B cells infected in vitro with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) secrete galactose-deficient IgA1, we examined peripheral blood B cells from adult IgAN patients, and relevant controls, for the presence of EBV and their phenotypic markers. We found that IgAN patients had more lymphoblasts/plasmablasts that were surface-positive for IgA, infected with EBV, and displayed increased expression of homing receptors for targeting the upper respiratory tract. Upon polyclonal stimulation, these cells produced more galactose-deficient IgA1 than did cells from healthy controls. Unexpectedly, in healthy African Americans, EBV was detected preferentially in surface IgM- and IgD-positive cells. Importantly, most African Blacks and African Americans acquire EBV within 2 years of birth. At that time, the IgA system is naturally deficient, manifested as low serum IgA levels and few IgA-producing cells. Consequently, EBV infects cells secreting immunoglobulins other than IgA. Our novel data implicate Epstein-Barr virus infected IgA+ cells as the source of galactose-deficient IgA1 and basis for expression of relevant homing receptors. Moreover, the temporal sequence of racial-specific differences in Epstein-Barr virus infection as related to the naturally delayed maturation of the IgA system explains the racial disparity in the prevalence of IgAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Zachova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Josef Zadrazil
- Department of Internal Medicine III Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Karel Matousovic
- Department of Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Vondrak
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Hubacek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bruce A Julian
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zdenek Novak
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Olomouc, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mickoleit F, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Schüler D. Bacterial Magnetosomes as Novel Platform for the Presentation of Immunostimulatory, Membrane-Bound Ligands in Cellular Biotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900231. [PMID: 32293150 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions involving specific membrane proteins are critical triggers in cellular development. Ex vivo strategies to mimic these effects currently use soluble proteins or (recombinant) presenter cells, albeit with mixed results. A promising alternative are bacterial magnetosomes, which can be selectively transformed into cell-free membrane-protein presenters by genetic engineering. In this study, the human CD40 Ligand (CD40L), a key ligand for B cell activation, is expressed on the particle surface. Functionality is demonstrated on sensor cells expressing the human CD40 receptor. Binding of CD40L magnetosomes to these cells triggers a signaling cascade leading to the secretion of embryonic alkaline phosphatase. Concomitantly, the CD40-CD40L interaction is strong enough to allow cell recovery by magnetic sorting. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of magnetosomes as promising cell-free tools for cellular biotechnology, based on the display of membrane-bound target molecules, thereby creating a biomimetic interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mickoleit
- Department Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Department Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Department Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li G, Yang L, Li D, Zhang J, Du L, Xia L, Liu Y, Hu W. Effects of combined treatment with PD‑L1 Ig and CD40L mAb on immune tolerance in the CBA/J x DBA/2 mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1789-1798. [PMID: 32319625 PMCID: PMC7057827 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryo is a natural allograft and is the only exception to immune rejection, which reflects maternal immune tolerance towards the embryo. However, pregnancy loss is primarily caused by maternal immune rejection of the embryo. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of combined treatment of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunoglobulin (Ig) and CD40-ligand (CD40L) monoclonal antibody (mAb) on immune tolerance in an abortion-prone mating model. Mice were divided into the normal, spontaneous abortion, PD-L1 Ig, CD40L mAb and the PD-L1 Ig + CD40L mAb groups. On day 14 of gestation, the embryo resorption abortion rates of all the groups was observed. The maternal hypo-responsiveness to paternal antigens was determined using a mixed lymphocyte response and the splenic CD4+CD25+ T-cell population, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II+, CD80+ and CD86+ cell populations in pregnant female CBA/J mice were analyzed using flow cytometry. The expression levels of intracellular cytokines in the splenic tissues of pregnant CBA/J female mice were analyzed using western blotting. The PD-L1 Ig + CD40L group displayed the lowest resorption rate compared with the other groups. A significant decrease in the proliferative response of maternal splenic immunocompetent cells against paternal antigens, and a significant increase in the proliferative response of maternal splenic CD4+CD25+ T cells was observed in the PD-L1 Ig + CD40L group compared with the spontaneous abortion group. The number of MHC-II+, CD80+ and CD86+ bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) generated by female mice, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ in the spleens of female mice were significantly decreased in the PD-L1 Ig + CD40L mAb group compared with the spontaneous abortion group. By contrast, interleukin-4 levels were significantly increased in the PD-L1 Ig + CD40L mAb group compared with the spontaneous abortion group. The results suggested that the administration of PD-L1 Ig + CD40L mAb on day 4 of gestation, the period of peri-implantation, may induce paternal antigen-specific immunotolerance, leading to the embryo resorption rate of the abortion-prone model being similar to that of the normal pregnancy model. The results indicate that the combined treatment of PD-L1 Ig and anti-CD40L mAbs may serve as a potential therapeutic for pregnancy loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanfei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Jinhong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Ling Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Libin Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Yunhua Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| | - Wanqin Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bialojan A, Sohl J, Rausch J, Aranda Lopez P, Denny M, Langguth P, Hartmann AK, Yagita H, Probst HC, Schild H, Radsak MP. Transcutaneous immunization with CD40 ligation boosts cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated antitumor immunity independent of CD4 helper cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:2083-2094. [PMID: 31393597 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a novel vaccination strategy that utilizes skin-associated lymphatic tissue to induce immune responses. Employing T-cell epitopes and the TLR7 agonist imiquimod onto intact skin mounts strong primary, but limited memory CTL responses. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel imiquimod-containing vaccination platform (IMI-Sol) rendering superior primary CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses. However, it has been unclear whether IMI-Sol per se is restricted in terms of memory formation and tumor protection. In our present work, we demonstrate that the combined administration of IMI-Sol and CD40 ligation unleashes fullblown specific T-cell responses in the priming and memory phase, strongly enhancing antitumor protection in mice. Interestingly, these effects were entirely CD4+ T cell independent, bypassing the necessity of helper T cells. Moreover, blockade of CD70 in vivo abrogated the boosting effect of CD40 ligation, indicating that the adjuvant effect of CD40 in TCI is mediated via CD70 on professional APCs. Furthermore, this work highlights the so far underappreciated importance of the CD70/CD27 interaction as a promising adjuvant target in TCI. Summing up, we demonstrate that the novel formulation IMI-Sol represents a powerful vaccination platform when applied in combination with sufficient adjuvant thereby overcoming current limitations of TCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bialojan
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian Sohl
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Rausch
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pamela Aranda Lopez
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Denny
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hartmann
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
DiSano KD, Royce DB, Gilli F, Pachner AR. Central Nervous System Inflammatory Aggregates in the Theiler's Virus Model of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1821. [PMID: 31428102 PMCID: PMC6687912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, as seen in chronic infections or inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), results in the accumulation of various B cell subsets in the CNS, including naïve, activated, memory B cells (Bmem), and antibody secreting cells (ASC). However, factors driving heterogeneous B cell subset accumulation and antibody (Ab) production in the CNS compartment, including the contribution of ectopic lymphoid follicles (ELF), during chronic CNS inflammation remain unclear and is a major gap in our understanding of neuroinflammation. We sought to address this gap using the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) model of progressive MS. In this model, injection of the virus into susceptible mouse strains results in a persistent infection associated with demyelination and progressive disability. During chronic infection, the predominant B cell phenotypes accumulating in the CNS were isotype-switched B cells, including Bmem and ASC with naïve/early activated and transitional B cells present at low frequencies. B cell accumulation in the CNS during chronic TMEV-IDD coincided with intrathecal Ab synthesis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Mature and isotype-switched B cells predominately localized to the meninges and perivascular space, with IgG isotype-switched B cells frequently accumulating in the parenchymal space. Both mature and isotype-switched B cells and T cells occupied meningeal and perivascular spaces, with minimal evidence for spatial organization typical of ELF mimicking secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). Moreover, immunohistological analysis of immune cell aggregates revealed a lack of SLO-like ELF features, such as cell proliferation, cell death, and germinal center B cell markers. Nonetheless, flow cytometric assessment of B cells within the CNS showed enhanced expression of activation markers, including moderate upregulation of GL7 and expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80. B cell-related chemokines and trophic factors, including APRIL, BAFF, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL19, and CXCL13, were elevated in the CNS. These results indicate that localization of heterogeneous B cell populations, including activated and isotype-switched B cell phenotypes, to the CNS and intrathecal Ab (ItAb) synthesis can occur independently of SLO-like follicles during chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista D DiSano
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Darlene B Royce
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Andrew R Pachner
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Auladell M, Jia X, Hensen L, Chua B, Fox A, Nguyen THO, Doherty PC, Kedzierska K. Recalling the Future: Immunological Memory Toward Unpredictable Influenza Viruses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1400. [PMID: 31312199 PMCID: PMC6614380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent and durable immunological memory forms the basis of any successful vaccination protocol. Generation of pre-existing memory B cell and T cell pools is thus the key for maintaining protective immunity to seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza viruses. Long-lived antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are responsible for maintaining antibody levels in peripheral blood. Generated with CD4+ T help after naïve B cell precursors encounter their cognate antigen, the linked processes of differentiation (including Ig class switching) and proliferation also give rise to memory B cells, which then can change rapidly to ASC status after subsequent influenza encounters. Given that influenza viruses evolve rapidly as a consequence of antibody-driven mutational change (antigenic drift), the current influenza vaccines need to be reformulated frequently and annual vaccination is recommended. Without that process of regular renewal, they provide little protection against “drifted” (particularly H3N2) variants and are mainly ineffective when a novel pandemic (2009 A/H1N1 “swine” flu) strain suddenly emerges. Such limitation of antibody-mediated protection might be circumvented, at least in part, by adding a novel vaccine component that promotes cross-reactive CD8+ T cells specific for conserved viral peptides, presented by widely distributed HLA types. Such “memory” cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can rapidly be recalled to CTL effector status. Here, we review how B cells and follicular T cells are elicited following influenza vaccination and how they survive into a long-term memory. We describe how CD8+ CTL memory is established following influenza virus infection, and how a robust CTL recall response can lead to more rapid virus elimination by destroying virus-infected cells, and recovery. Exploiting long-term, cross-reactive CTL against the continuously evolving and unpredictable influenza viruses provides a possible mechanism for preventing a disastrous pandemic comparable to the 1918-1919 H1N1 “Spanish flu,” which killed more than 50 million people worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Auladell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luca Hensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendon Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Governa V, Brittoli A, Mele V, Pinamonti M, Terracciano L, Muenst S, Iezzi G, Spagnoli GC, Zajac P, Trella E. A replication-incompetent CD154/40L recombinant vaccinia virus induces direct and macrophage-mediated antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1568162. [PMID: 31069131 PMCID: PMC6492963 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1568162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 triggering may result in antitumor effects of potentially high clinical relevance. To gain insights important for patient selection and to identify adequate targeting techniques, we investigated CD40 expression in human cancer tissues and generated a replication-incompetent recombinant vaccinia virus expressing CD40 ligand (rVV40L). Its effects were explored in vitro and in vivo upon direct CD40 targeting on malignant cells or macrophage activation. CD40 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in tumor and stromal cells in a multi-tumor array including 836 specimens from 27 different tumor types. Established tumor cell lines were used to explore the capacity of rVV40L to induce malignant cell apoptosis and modulate functional profiles of polarized macrophages. CD40 expression was detectable in significantly higher numbers of stromal as compared to malignant cells in lung and breast cancers. CD40 ligation following rVV40L infection induced apoptosis in CD40(+) cancer cells, but only in the presence of intact specific signal transduction chain. Importantly, rVV40L infection promoted the induction of TNF-α-dependent antitumor activity of M1-like macrophages directed against CD40(-) targets. CD40-activated M1-like macrophages also displayed enhanced ability to CXCL10-dependently recruit CD8+ T cells and to efficiently present cancer cell intracellular antigens through cross-priming. Moreover, rVV-driven CD40L expression partially “re-educated” M2-like macrophages, as suggested by detectable CXCL10 and IL-12 production. Most importantly, we observed that intra-tumoral injection of rVV40L-infected human macrophages inhibits progression of human CD40(-) tumors in vivo. First evidences of anticancer activity of rVV40L strongly encourage further evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Governa
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Brittoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Mele
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Pinamonti
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Muenst
- Institute of Pathology, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giandomenica Iezzi
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale and Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Cesare Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Zajac
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Trella
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ma Q, Zhang L, Pearce WJ. MicroRNAs in brain development and cerebrovascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C3-C19. [PMID: 30840494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00022.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of highly conserved non-coding RNAs with 21-25 nucleotides in length and play an important role in regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level via base-paring with complementary sequences of the 3'-untranslated region of the target gene mRNA, leading to either transcript degradation or translation inhibition. Brain-enriched miRNAs act as versatile regulators of brain development and function, including neural lineage and subtype determination, neurogenesis, synapse formation and plasticity, neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and responses to insults. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in brain development and cerebrovascular pathophysiology. We review recent progress of the miRNA-based mechanisms in neuronal and cerebrovascular development as well as their role in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. These findings hold great promise, not just for deeper understanding of basic brain biology but also for building new therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of pathologies such as cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Ma
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda, California
| | - William J Pearce
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda, California
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee WH, Seo D, Lim SG, Suk K. Reverse Signaling of Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Proteins in Macrophages and Microglia: Superfamily Portrait in the Neuroimmune Interface. Front Immunol 2019; 10:262. [PMID: 30838001 PMCID: PMC6389649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins commonly containing the TNF homology domain. The superfamily contains more than 20 protein members, which can be released from the cell membrane by proteolytic cleavage. Members of the TNFSF function as cytokines and regulate diverse biological processes, including immune responses, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and embryogenesis, by binding to TNFSF receptors. Many TNFSF proteins are also known to be responsible for the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. Both receptor-mediated forward signaling and ligand-mediated reverse signaling play important roles in these processes. In this review, we discuss the functional expression and roles of various reverse signaling molecules and pathways of TNFSF members in macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). A thorough understanding of the roles of TNFSF ligands and receptors in the activation of macrophages and microglia may improve the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the brain and periphery. In particular, TNFSF reverse signaling in microglia can be exploited to gain further insights into the functions of the neuroimmune interface in physiological and pathological processes in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ha Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Donggun Seo
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Su-Geun Lim
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dahdal S, Saison C, Valette M, Bachy E, Pallet N, Lina B, Koenig A, Monneret G, Defrance T, Morelon E, Thaunat O. Residual Activatability of Circulating Tfh17 Predicts Humoral Response to Thymodependent Antigens in Patients on Therapeutic Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3178. [PMID: 30804950 PMCID: PMC6370621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of antibodies against protein antigens (such as donor-specific HLA molecules) requires that T follicular helper cells (Tfh) provide help to B cells. Immunosuppressive (IS) armamentarium prevents T cell activation, yet a significant proportion of renal transplant patients develop donor-specific antibodies (DSA), which suggests that IS drugs do not efficiently block T follicular helper cells. To test this hypothesis, the number of circulating Tfh, their polarization profile, and ability to up-regulate (i) the co-stimulatory molecules CD40L and ICOS, and (ii) the activation marker CD25, following in vitro stimulation in presence of IS drugs, were compared between 36 renal transplant patients (6–72 months post transplantation) and nine healthy controls. IS drugs reduced the number of Tfh1 and 2 but had little impact on Tfh17, which was the dominant subset in transplant patients. Although, IS drugs decreased activation-induced expression of co-stimulatory molecules by Tfh, the impact was highly variable between individuals. Furthermore, 20% of transplant patients displayed normal expression of CD25 on Tfh following in vitro stimulation (i.e., “residual activatability”). To test whether residual activatability of Tfh correlates with antibody response against thymo-dependent antigens we took advantage of the 2015 influenza vaccination campaign, which provided a normalized setting for antigenic stimulation. In line with our hypothesis, responders to influenza vaccine exhibited significantly higher percentage of CD25-expressing Tfh17 after in vitro stimulation. A results that was confirmed retrospectively in nine transplanted patients at the time of first DSA detection. We concluded that “residual activatability” of Tfh17 might be used as a non-invasive biomarker to identify transplant patients at higher risk to develop DSA under immunosuppression. If validated in larger studies, this assay might help optimizing the prevention of DSA through personalized adaptation of immunosuppressive regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Dahdal
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Carole Saison
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Valette
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Infectious Agents Institute (IAI) Laboratory of Virology-National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses (Including Influenza), Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Bachy
- Department of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Pierre Bénite, France.,Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Pallet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Infectious Agents Institute (IAI) Laboratory of Virology-National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses (Including Influenza), Lyon, France.,Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Alice Koenig
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Defrance
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) Unit 1111, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Morelon
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France.,Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) Unit 1111, Lyon, France.,Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot University Hospital, Lyon, France.,Claude Bernard University (Lyon 1), Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Biederbick KD, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Efficacy of cytokine-induced killer cells targeting CD40 and GITR. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2425-2430. [PMID: 30675308 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the publication of a novel protocol in 1991, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have shown promising results in the treatment against neoplastic diseases. Despite ongoing preclinical and clinical studies, CIK cell treatment in the context of human monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor-necrosis factor receptors remains overlooked. The present study investigated whether a combination of CIK cells with human monoclonal antibody anti-CD40 and anti-Glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related protein (GITR) would lead to further cytotoxicity against tumor cells expressing CD40 and GITR ligand (L). Therefore, in vitro experiments with human lymphoma cell lines SU-DHL-4 and Daudi (both CD40 positive) and human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 (GITRL positive) were performed and the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ was measured. Three interesting results emerged: i) a combination of CIK cells and anti-CD40 mAb is more effective than CIK cell treatment alone; ii) the use of anti-GITR mAb and CIK cells significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of CIK cells against MCF-7 compared with single CIK cell treatment and iii) the combination of both antibodies and CIK cells abrogates the anti tumoral effect of CIK cells on all three cell lines. By performing an ELISA for IFN-γ measurement, a lower secretion was observed when anti-CD40 or anti-GITR mAb was added. This outcome indicates that further studies in vitro and in vivo may aid in understanding the synergistic molecular mechanisms of CIK cells, and anti-CD40 and anti-GITR mAb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaja D Biederbick
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo G H Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, CIO Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
In this review, Boothby et al. summarize some salient advances toward elucidation of the molecular programming of the fate choices and function of B cells in the periphery. They also note unanswered questions that pertain to differences among subsets of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Mature B lymphocytes are crucial components of adaptive immunity, a system essential for the evolutionary fitness of mammals. Adaptive lymphocyte function requires an initially naïve cell to proliferate extensively and its progeny to have the capacity to assume a variety of fates. These include either terminal differentiation (the long-lived plasma cell) or metastable transcriptional reprogramming (germinal center and memory B cells). In this review, we focus principally on the regulation of differentiation and functional diversification of the “B2” subset. An overview is combined with an account of more recent advances, including initial work on mechanisms that eliminate DNA methylation and potential links between intracellular metabolites and chromatin editing.
Collapse
|
50
|
Interplay between dendritic cells and cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:179-215. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|