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Lumaka A, Carstens N, Devriendt K, Krause A, Kulohoma B, Kumuthini J, Mubungu G, Mukisa J, Nel M, Olanrewaju TO, Lombard Z, Landouré G. Increasing African genomic data generation and sharing to resolve rare and undiagnosed diseases in Africa: a call-to-action by the H3Africa rare diseases working group. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:230. [PMID: 35710439 PMCID: PMC9201791 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The rich and diverse genomics of African populations is significantly underrepresented in reference and in disease-associated databases. This renders interpreting the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data and reaching a diagnostic more difficult in Africa and for the African diaspora. It increases chances for false positives with variants being misclassified as pathogenic due to their novelty or rarity. We can increase African genomic data by (1) making consent for sharing aggregate frequency data an essential component of research toolkit; (2) encouraging investigators with African data to share available data through public resources such as gnomAD, AVGD, ClinVar, DECIPHER and to use MatchMaker Exchange; (3) educating African research participants on the meaning and value of sharing aggregate frequency data; and (4) increasing funding to scale-up the production of African genomic data that will be more representative of the geographical and ethno-linguistic variation on the continent. The RDWG of H3Africa is hereby calling to action because this underrepresentation accentuates the health disparities. Applying the NGS to shorten the diagnostic odyssey or to guide therapeutic options for rare diseases will fully work for Africans only when public repositories include sufficient data from African subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimé Lumaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo. .,Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, GIGA-Research Institute, University of Liège, Bât. B34 +2, Sart Tilman, Avenue de l'Hôpital 13, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Nadia Carstens
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Benard Kulohoma
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,ADVANCE, IAVI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judit Kumuthini
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of Western Cape (UWC), Robert Sobukwe Road Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Gerrye Mubungu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Genetics, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Mukisa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Third Floor, Pathology & Microbiology building Upper Mulago Hill, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Melissa Nel
- Neurology Research Group, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy O Olanrewaju
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Tanke Road, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.,Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zané Lombard
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Guida Landouré
- Faculté de Médecine Et d'Odontostomatologie, USTTB, Bamako, Mali.,Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point G, Bamako, Mali
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Pandita D, Pandita A. Omics Technology for the Promotion of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. Front Physiol 2022; 13:817247. [PMID: 35634143 PMCID: PMC9136416 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.817247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of nutrition and environment on human health has been known for ages. Phytonutrients (7,000 flavonoids and phenolic compounds; 600 carotenoids) and pro-health nutrients—nutraceuticals positively add to human health and may prevent disorders such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Plant-derived bioactive metabolites have acquired an imperative function in human diet and nutrition. Natural phytochemicals affect genome expression (nutrigenomics and transcriptomics) and signaling pathways and act as epigenetic modulators of the epigenome (nutri epigenomics). Transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, miRNomics, and metabolomics are some of the main platforms of complete omics analyses, finding use in functional food and nutraceuticals. Now the recent advancement in the integrated omics approach, which is an amalgamation of multiple omics platforms, is practiced comprehensively to comprehend food functionality in food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu Pandita
- Government Department of School Education, Jammu, India
- *Correspondence: Deepu Pandita,
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Gunasekara AWACWR, Rajapaksha LGTG, Tung TL. Whole-genome sequence analysis through online web interfaces: a review. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e3. [PMID: 35399002 PMCID: PMC9002002 DOI: 10.5808/gi.20038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of whole-genome sequencing technologies paved the way for understanding the genomes of microorganisms. Every whole-genome sequencing (WGS) project requires a considerable cost and a massive effort to address the questions at hand. The final step of WGS is data analysis. The analysis of whole-genome sequence is dependent on highly sophisticated bioinformatics tools that the research personal have to buy. However, many laboratories and research institutions do not have the bioinformatics capabilities to analyze the genomic data and therefore, are unable to take maximum advantage of whole-genome sequencing. In this aspect, this study provides a guide for research personals on a set of bioinformatics tools available online that can be used to analyze whole-genome sequence data of bacterial genomes. The web interfaces described here have many advantages and, in most cases exempting the need for costly analysis tools and intensive computing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W A C W R Gunasekara
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea
| | - L G T G Rajapaksha
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea
| | - T L Tung
- Department of Botany, Dagon University, 11422 Yangon, Myanmar
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Basyouni D, Shatnawi A. Pharmacogenomics Instruction Depth, Extent, and Perception in US Medical Curricula. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2020; 7:2382120520930772. [PMID: 32782929 PMCID: PMC7385819 DOI: 10.1177/2382120520930772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This descriptive study aimed to evaluate the depth, extent, and perception of pharmacogenomics instruction in schools and colleges of medicine in the United States. Changes in medical pharmacogenomics instruction over the past decade were also assessed by comparing our results with those of a previous study. METHODS An electronic survey was emailed to all accredited allopathic and osteopathic medical schools across the US using Qualtrics online survey software. Multiple email reminders were sent to increase the response rate. RESULTS Of 151 targeted eligible medical schools across the United States, 22 responded to the survey. One invalid response was excluded, resulting in a response rate of 13.9%. Of responding schools, 85.7% cover pharmacogenomics in their curriculum, mainly in the second year, however, none teach pharmacogenomics as a stand-alone course. The depth and the extent of pharmacogenomics coverage varied among responding programs. Although 66.7% of respondents believe that neither physicians nor other health care professionals possess appropriate knowledge in pharmacogenomics, only 23.8% plan to increase pharmacogenomics instruction in their curricula in the near future. CONCLUSIONS Most medical schools surveyed include some pharmacogenomics instruction in their curricula, although the depth and the extent of the instruction varies. Most respondents believe that physicians and other health care professionals today do not possess an appropriate level of knowledge in pharmacogenomics; however, few institutions report short-term plans to increase pharmacogenomics instruction. Pharmacogenomics plays a significant role in personalized medicine; greater efforts by medical school decision-makers are needed to improve the level of pharmacogenomics instruction in medical curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Basyouni
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aymen Shatnawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Charleston, Charleston, WV, USA
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Shatnawi A, Khanfar NM, Latif DA, Shear M. A comparative study of the depth, breadth, and perception of pharmacogenomics instruction in a subgroup of US pharmacy curricula. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:476-484. [PMID: 31171249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was designed to assess the depth, breadth, and perception of pharmacogenomics education in pharmacy curricula in the United States (US). METHODS A modified, online questionnaire from previous studies was sent to all accredited US schools and colleges of pharmacy. The survey covered three distinct areas related to the schools' educational environments, the depth and the extent of pharmacogenomics core competencies and topics taught, and the institutions' perceptions of the importance of pharmacogenomics in the curriculum and future plans for expanded pharmacogenomics education. Multiple approaches were used to increase the response rate, and results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Of the 133 eligible programs, 32 participated in the survey. Six invalid surveys were excluded from our study, resulting in a 19.6% response rate. Results revealed that all responding schools included pharmacogenomics in the curriculum. Interestingly, 76.9% of the respondents believed pharmacists do not have the appropriate knowledge of pharmacogenomics. However, only 30.7% indicated that their programs planned to expand pharmacogenomics in their curriculum. CONCLUSIONS The responding schools all included some pharmacogenomics in their curriculum. However, the depth and the extent of pharmacogenomics topics covered varied. Respondents perceived that pharmacists today do not possess the appropriate level of pharmacogenomics knowledge. Despite this, there is limited emphasis on expanding pharmacogenomics instruction in the responding schools' curriculums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Shatnawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Charleston School of Pharmacy, 2300 MacCorkle Ave SE, Charleston, WV 25304, United States.
| | - Nile M Khanfar
- Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy - Palm Beach, Nova Southeastern University, 11501 N. Military Trail, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410, United States.
| | - David A Latif
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Charleston School of Pharmacy, 2300 MacCorkle Ave SE, Charleston, WV 25304, United States.
| | - Monica Shear
- The Medical Center of Aurora, 1501 S. Potomac St., Aurora, CO 80012, United States.
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HAMDOUN Z, EHSAN H. Aftermath of the Human Genome Project: an era of struggle and discovery. Turk J Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1609-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Cho GY, Justus S, Sengillo JD, Tsang SH. CRISPR in the Retina: Evaluation of Future Potential. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1016:147-155. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63904-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Forlenza GP, Calhoun A, Beckman KB, Halvorsen T, Hamdoun E, Zierhut H, Sarafoglou K, Polgreen LE, Miller BS, Nathan B, Petryk A. Next generation sequencing in endocrine practice. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 115:61-71. [PMID: 25958132 PMCID: PMC4818590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the completion of the Human Genome Project and advances in genomic sequencing technologies, the use of clinical molecular diagnostics has grown tremendously over the last decade. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has overcome many of the practical roadblocks that had slowed the adoption of molecular testing for routine clinical diagnosis. In endocrinology, targeted NGS now complements biochemical testing and imaging studies. The goal of this review is to provide clinicians with a guide to the application of NGS to genetic testing for endocrine conditions, by compiling a list of established gene mutations detectable by NGS, and highlighting key phenotypic features of these disorders. As we outline in this review, the clinical utility of NGS-based molecular testing for endocrine disorders is very high. Identifying an exact genetic etiology improves understanding of the disease, provides clear explanation to families about the cause, and guides decisions about screening, prevention and/or treatment. To illustrate this approach, a case of hypophosphatasia with a pathogenic mutation in the ALPL gene detected by NGS is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Forlenza
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Amy Calhoun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | | | - Tanya Halvorsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Elwaseila Hamdoun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Heather Zierhut
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kyriakie Sarafoglou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Lynda E Polgreen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Bradley S Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Brandon Nathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Anna Petryk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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Schmidt S, Berens C, Klotzsche M. A novel TetR-regulating peptide turns off rtTA-mediated activation of gene expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96546. [PMID: 24810590 PMCID: PMC4014509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional regulation of gene expression is a powerful and indispensable method for analyzing gene function. The “Tet-On” system is a tool widely used for that purpose. Here, the transregulator rtTA mediates expression of a gene of interest after addition of the small molecule effector doxycycline. Although very effective in rapidly turning on gene expression, the system is hampered by the long half-life of doxycycline which makes shutting down gene expression rapidly very difficult to achieve. We isolated an rtTA-binding peptide by in vivo selection that acts as a doxycycline antagonist and leads to rapid and efficient shut down of rtTA-mediated reporter gene expression in a human cell line. This peptide represents the basis for novel effector molecules which complement the “Tet-system” by enabling the investigator to rapidly turn gene expression not just on at will, but now also off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Klotzsche
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kariya Y, Honma M, Suzuki H. Systems-based understanding of pharmacological responses with combinations of multidisciplinary methodologies. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 34:489-507. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kariya
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 113-8655 Tokyo Japan
| | - Masashi Honma
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 113-8655 Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; 113-8655 Tokyo Japan
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Arber C, Brenner MK, Reddy P. Mouse models in bone marrow transplantation and adoptive cellular therapy. Semin Hematol 2013; 50:131-44. [PMID: 24216170 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of transplantation have been indispensable to the development of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Their role in the generation of basic science knowledge is invaluable and is subject to discussion below. However, this article focuses on the direct role and relevance of mouse models towards the clinical development and advances in BMT and adoptive T-cell therapy for human diseases. The authors aim to present a thoughtful perspective on the pros and cons of mouse models while noting that despite imperfections these models are obligatory for the development of science-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arber
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
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Roy A, McDonald PR, Sittampalam S, Chaguturu R. Open access high throughput drug discovery in the public domain: a Mount Everest in the making. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011; 11:764-78. [PMID: 20809896 DOI: 10.2174/138920110792927757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
High throughput screening (HTS) facilitates screening large numbers of compounds against a biochemical target of interest using validated biological or biophysical assays. In recent years, a significant number of drugs in clinical trails originated from HTS campaigns, validating HTS as a bona fide mechanism for hit finding. In the current drug discovery landscape, the pharmaceutical industry is embracing open innovation strategies with academia to maximize their research capabilities and to feed their drug discovery pipeline. The goals of academic research have therefore expanded from target identification and validation to probe discovery, chemical genomics, and compound library screening. This trend is reflected in the emergence of HTS centers in the public domain over the past decade, ranging in size from modestly equipped academic screening centers to well endowed Molecular Libraries Probe Centers Network (MLPCN) centers funded by the NIH Roadmap initiative. These centers facilitate a comprehensive approach to probe discovery in academia and utilize both classical and cutting-edge assay technologies for executing primary and secondary screening campaigns. The various facets of academic HTS centers as well as their implications on technology transfer and drug discovery are discussed, and a roadmap for successful drug discovery in the public domain is presented. New lead discovery against therapeutic targets, especially those involving the rare and neglected diseases, is indeed a Mount Everestonian size task, and requires diligent implementation of pharmaceutical industry's best practices for a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Roy
- High Throughput Screening Laboratory, Institute for Advancing Medical Innovations, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Huang R, Southall N, Wang Y, Yasgar A, Shinn P, Jadhav A, Nguyen DT, Austin CP. The NCGC pharmaceutical collection: a comprehensive resource of clinically approved drugs enabling repurposing and chemical genomics. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:80ps16. [PMID: 21525397 PMCID: PMC3098042 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule compounds approved for use as drugs may be "repurposed" for new indications and studied to determine the mechanisms of their beneficial and adverse effects. A comprehensive collection of all small-molecule drugs approved for human use would be invaluable for systematic repurposing across human diseases, particularly for rare and neglected diseases, for which the cost and time required for development of a new chemical entity are often prohibitive. Previous efforts to build such a comprehensive collection have been limited by the complexities, redundancies, and semantic inconsistencies of drug naming within and among regulatory agencies worldwide; a lack of clear conceptualization of what constitutes a drug; and a lack of access to physical samples. We report here the creation of a definitive, complete, and nonredundant list of all approved molecular entities as a freely available electronic resource and a physical collection of small molecules amenable to high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuhong Wang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Adam Yasgar
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul Shinn
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dac-Trung Nguyen
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Arar N, Knight SJ, Modell SM, Issa AM. The Genome-based Knowledge Management in Cycles model: a complex adaptive systems framework for implementation of genomic applications. Per Med 2011; 8:191-205. [PMID: 29783413 DOI: 10.2217/pme.11.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The main mission of the Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network™ is to advance collaborative efforts involving partners from across the public health sector to realize the promise of genomics in healthcare and disease prevention. We introduce a new framework that supports the Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network mission and leverages the characteristics of the complex adaptive systems approach. We call this framework the Genome-based Knowledge Management in Cycles model (G-KNOMIC). G-KNOMIC proposes that the collaborative work of multidisciplinary teams utilizing genome-based applications will enhance translating evidence-based genomic findings by creating ongoing knowledge management cycles. Each cycle consists of knowledge synthesis, knowledge evaluation, knowledge implementation and knowledge utilization. Our framework acknowledges that all the elements in the knowledge translation process are interconnected and continuously changing. It also recognizes the importance of feedback loops, and the ability of teams to self-organize within a dynamic system. We demonstrate how this framework can be used to improve the adoption of genomic technologies into practice using two case studies of genomic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedal Arar
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Sara J Knight
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, & Departments of Psychiatry & Urology, University of California, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M Modell
- Center for Public Health & Community Genomics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, MI, USA
| | - Amalia M Issa
- Program in Personalized Medicine & Targeted Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston TX, USA
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Neilson KA, Ali NA, Muralidharan S, Mirzaei M, Mariani M, Assadourian G, Lee A, van Sluyter SC, Haynes PA. Less label, more free: approaches in label-free quantitative mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2011; 11:535-53. [PMID: 21243637 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review we examine techniques, software, and statistical analyses used in label-free quantitative proteomics studies for area under the curve and spectral counting approaches. Recent advances in the field are discussed in an order that reflects a logical workflow design. Examples of studies that follow this design are presented to highlight the requirement for statistical assessment and further experiments to validate results from label-free quantitation. Limitations of label-free approaches are considered, label-free approaches are compared with labelling techniques, and forward-looking applications for label-free quantitative data are presented. We conclude that label-free quantitative proteomics is a reliable, versatile, and cost-effective alternative to labelled quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlie A Neilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Voutchkova AM, Osimitz TG, Anastas PT. Toward a Comprehensive Molecular Design Framework for Reduced Hazard. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5845-82. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelina M. Voutchkova
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| | - Thomas G. Osimitz
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
| | - Paul T. Anastas
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, and Science Strategies LLC, 600 East Water St., Charlottesville, VA 22902
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18
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Cacabelos R. Pharmacogenetic basis for therapeutic optimization in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2008; 11:385-405. [PMID: 18078356 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a major health problem in developed countries. Approximately 10-15% of direct costs in dementia are attributed to pharmacological treatment, and only 10-20% of the patients are moderate responders to conventional antidementia drugs, with questionable cost effectiveness. The phenotypic expression of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by amyloid deposition in brain tissue and vessels (amyloid angiopathy), intracellular neurofibrillary tangle formation, synaptic and dendritic loss, and premature neuronal death. Primary pathogenic events underlying this neurodegenerative process include genetic factors involving more than 200 different genes distributed across the human genome, accompanied by progressive cerebrovascular dysfunction, and diverse environmental factors. Mutations in genes directly associated with the amyloid cascade (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2) are present in less than 5% of the Alzheimer's disease population; however, the presence of the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) represents a major risk factor for more than 40% of patients with dementia. Genotype-phenotype correlation studies and functional genomics studies have revealed the association of specific mutations in primary loci and/or APOE-related polymorphic variants with the phenotypic expression of biological traits. It is estimated that genetics accounts for between 20% and 95% of the variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics. Recent studies indicate that the therapeutic response in Alzheimer's disease is genotype specific, depending on genes associated with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and/or genes responsible for drug metabolism (e.g. cytochrome P450 [CYP] genes). In monogenic studies, APOEepsilon4/epsilon4 genotype carriers are the worst responders to conventional treatments. Some cholinesterase inhibitors currently being use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease are metabolized via CYP-related enzymes. These drugs can interact with many other drugs that are substrates, inhibitors or inducers of the CYP system, this interaction eliciting liver toxicity and other adverse drug reactions. CYP2D6 enzyme isoforms are involved in the metabolism of more than 20% of drugs used in CNS disorders. The distribution of the CYP2D6 genotypes in the European population of the Iberian peninsula differentiates four major categories of CYP2D6-related metabolizer types: (i) extensive metabolizers (EM) [51.61%]; (ii) intermediate metabolizers (IM) [32.26%]; (iii) poor metabolizers (PM) [9.03%]; and (iv) ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM) [7.10%]. PMs and UMs tend to show higher transaminase activity than EMs and IMs. EMs and IMs are the best responders, and PMs and UMs are the worst responders to pharmacologic treatments in Alzheimer's disease. At this early stage of the development of pharmacogenomic/pharmacogenetic procedures in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics, it seems very plausible that the pharmacogenetic response in Alzheimer's disease depends on the interaction of genes involved in drug metabolism and genes associated with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders, Bergondo, Coruña, Spain.
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Roy I, Stachowiak MK, Bergey EJ. Nonviral gene transfection nanoparticles: function and applications in the brain. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:89-97. [PMID: 18313990 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In vivo transfer and expression of foreign genes allows for the elucidation of functions of genes in living organisms and generation of disease models in animals that more closely resemble the etiology of human diseases. Gene therapy holds promise for the cure of a number of diseases at the fundamental level. Synthetic "nonviral" materials are fast gaining popularity as safe and efficient vectors for delivering genes to target organs. Not only can nanoparticles function as efficient gene carriers, they also can simultaneously carry diagnostic probes for direct "real-time" visualization of gene transfer and downstream processes. This review has focused on the central nervous system (CNS) as the target for nonviral gene transfer, with special emphasis on organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles developed in our laboratory. These nanoparticles have shown robust gene transfer efficiency in brain cells in vivo and allowed to investigate mechanisms that control neurogenesis as well as neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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20
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Abstract
Dementia is a major problem of health in developed countries. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia, accounting for 50-70% of the cases, followed by vascular dementia (30-40%) and mixed dementia (15-20%). Approximately 10-15% of direct costs in dementia are attributed to pharmacological treatment, and only 10-20% of the patients are moderate responders to conventional anti-dementia drugs, with questionable cost-effectiveness. Primary pathogenic events underlying the dementia process include genetic factors in which more than 200 different genes distributed across the human genome are involved, accompanied by progressive cerebrovascular dysfunction and diverse environmental factors. Mutations in genes directly associated with the amyloid cascade (APP, PS1, PS2) are only present in less than 5% of the AD population; however, the presence of the APOE-4 allele in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene represents a major risk factor for more than 40% of patients with dementia. Genotype-phenotype correlation studies and functional genomics studies have revealed the association of specific mutations in primary loci (APP, PS1, PS2) and/or APOE-related polymorphic variants with the phenotypic expression of biological traits. It is estimated that genetics accounts for 20-95% of variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics. Recent studies indicate that the therapeutic response in AD is genotype-specific depending upon genes associated with AD pathogenesis and/or genes responsible for drug metabolism (CYPs). In monogenic-related studies, APOE-4/4 carriers are the worst responders. In trigenic (APOE-PS1-PS2 clusters)-related studies the best responders are those patients carrying the 331222-, 341122-, 341222-, and 441112- genomic profiles. The worst responders in all genomic clusters are patients with the 441122+ genotype, indicating the powerful, deleterious effect of the APOE-4/4 genotype on therapeutics in networking activity with other AD-related genes. Cholinesterase inhibitors of current use in AD are metabolized via CYP-related enzymes. These drugs can interact with many other drugs which are substrates, inhibitors or inducers of the cytochrome P-450 system; this interaction elicits liver toxicity and other adverse drug reactions. CYP2D6-related enzymes are involved in the metabolism of more than 20% of CNS drugs. The distribution of the CYP2D6 genotypes differentiates four major categories of CYP2D6-related metabolyzer types: (a) Extensive Metabolizers (EM)(*1/*1, *1/*10)(51.61%); (b) Intermediate Metabolizers (IM) (*1/*3, *1/*4, *1/*5, *1/*6, *1/*7, *10/*10, *4/*10, *6/*10, *7/*10) (32.26%); (c) Poor Metabolizers (PM) (*4/*4, *5/*5) (9.03%); and (d) Ultra-rapid Metabolizers (UM) (*1xN/*1, *1xN/*4, Dupl) (7.10%). PMs and UMs tend to show higher transaminase activity than EMs and IMs. EMs and IMs are the best responders, and PMs and UMs are the worst responders to pharmacological treatments in AD. It seems very plausible that the pharmacogenetic response in AD depends upon the interaction of genes involved in drug metabolism and genes associated with AD pathogenesis. The establishment of clinical protocols for the practical application of pharmacogenetic strategies in AD will foster important advances in drug development, pharmacological optimization and cost-effectiveness of drugs, and personalized treatments in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders, 15166-Bergondo, Coruña, Spain.
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21
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Abstract
Pharmacological treatment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 10-20% of direct costs, and fewer than 20% of AD patients are moderate responders to conventional drugs (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine), with doubtful cost-effectiveness. Both AD pathogenesis and drug metabolism are genetically regulated complex traits in which hundreds of genes cooperatively participate. Structural genomics studies demonstrated that more than 200 genes might be involved in AD pathogenesis regulating dysfunctional genetic networks leading to premature neuronal death. The AD population exhibits a higher genetic variation rate than the control population, with absolute and relative genetic variations of 40-60% and 0.85-1.89%, respectively. AD patients also differ in their genomic architecture from patients with other forms of dementia. Functional genomics studies in AD revealed that age of onset, brain atrophy, cerebrovascular hemodynamics, brain bioelectrical activity, cognitive decline, apoptosis, immune function, lipid metabolism dyshomeostasis, and amyloid deposition are associated with AD-related genes. Pioneering pharmacogenomics studies also demonstrated that the therapeutic response in AD is genotype-specific, with apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4/4 carriers the worst responders to conventional treatments. About 10-20% of Caucasians are carriers of defective cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 polymorphic variants that alter the metabolism and effects of AD drugs and many psychotropic agents currently administered to patients with dementia. There is a moderate accumulation of AD-related genetic variants of risk in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) and ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs), who are the worst responders to conventional drugs. The association of the APOE-4 allele with specific genetic variants of other genes (e.g., CYP2D6, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE]) negatively modulates the therapeutic response to multifactorial treatments affecting cognition, mood, and behavior. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic factors may account for 60-90% of drug variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics. The incorporation of pharmacogenetic/pharmacogenomic protocols to AD research and clinical practice can foster therapeutics optimization by helping to develop cost-effective pharmaceuticals and improving drug efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders, Bergondo, Coruña, Spain
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23
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Abstract
Clinical practice guidelines derived from genetic research using population-based biobanks could dramatically change the nature of personal and public health medicine. Centralized population-based biobanks have been established or proposed in at least nine countries to date, and many lessons have been learned from these landmark developments. Scientific and governmental leaders in the United States are currently contemplating pending federal legislation regarding the establishment of centralized and networked biobanks. Public health practitioners and clinical care providers may be called on to serve pronounced planning roles at the state level. Possible responsibilities include: formulating legislation, gathering public comment, reviewing research proposals, and developing procedures for informed consent, participant withdrawal, and confidentiality protection. State health agencies may also need to create and/or administer banking facilities. Proper planning may ensure that individual rights are protected while research benefits are maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Swede
- Connecticut Tumor Registry, Department of Community Medicine & Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-6325, USA.
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24
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Sakharkar MK, Sakharkar KR, Pervaiz S. Druggability of human disease genes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:1156-64. [PMID: 17446117 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The availability of complete genome sequences and the wealth of large-scale biological datasets provide an unprecedented opportunity to elucidate the genetic basis of human diseases. Here we use integrative in silico approaches to provide an accurate description of gene functions to a set of 1737 highly curated disease genes in the human genome. This analysis is the first attempt on in silico identification of druggable domains within disease genes. We provide information on gene architecture and function, druggability in the context of available drugs, and evolutionary conservation across 38 model eukaryotic genomes. These data could serve as a useful compendium for integrated information on disease genes with the potential for exploring pharmaceutically exploitable targets. Our analyses underscore the utility of large genomic databases for in silico systematic drug target identification in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- Nanyang Centre for Supercomputing and Visualization, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (MAE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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25
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Burke W, Khoury MJ, Stewart A, Zimmern RL. The path from genome-based research to population health: Development of an international public health genomics network. Genet Med 2006; 8:451-8. [PMID: 16845279 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000228213.72256.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wylie Burke
- Department of Medical History and Ethics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7120, USA
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26
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Abstract
Using luciferase reporter constructs driven by specific promoter response elements, we developed a series of stable reporter cell lines for monitoring the activity of specific transcription factors (TFs). These TFs, which play essential roles in regulating diverse biological functions, include nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), cyclic AMP response element-binding protein, activator protein 1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3, nuclear factor of activated T cells, serum response factor, and hypoxia-inducible factor. The response of the stable reporter cells was highly specific. For example, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) strongly activated NFkappaB reporter cells, but not other cell lines. The NFkappaB reporter was active in multiple cell lines, including 293T, HeLa, A549, and NIH3T3 cells, in response to TNFalpha, indicating that this system is useful to monitor specific TFs in different model cell lines. To facilitate high throughput screening of these cell lines, they were adapted to a 96-well format. These stable reporter cells are also applicable for the analysis of steroid hormone receptors, which bind directly to the response element after ligand binding. With the HeLa/glucocorticoid response element-luciferase stable reporter cells, we were able to discriminate pharmacological activity of different compounds for the glucocorticoid receptor. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the stable reporter cells are useful tools for: (1) detection of signaling pathway-specific ligands; (2) identification of novel ligands for specific TFs, and (3) screening for agonists and antagonists of specific ligands/receptors.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Moosajee
- Accident and Emergency Department, University College Hospital, London, UK.
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28
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Moosajee M. Genes and the Eye. Med Chir Trans 2005; 98:206-7. [PMID: 15863764 PMCID: PMC1129038 DOI: 10.1177/014107680509800509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Moosajee
- Accident and Emergency Department, University College Hospital, London, UK.
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29
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Toscano WA, Oehlke KP. Systems biology: new approaches to old environmental health problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2005; 2:4-9. [PMID: 16705795 PMCID: PMC3814690 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph2005010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The environment plays a pivotal role as a human health determinant and presence of hazardous pollutants in the environment is often implicated in human disease. That pollutants cause human diseases however is often controversial because data connecting exposure to environmental hazards and human diseases are not well defined, except for some cancers and syndromes such as asthma. Understanding the complex nature of human-environment interactions and the role they play in determining the state of human health is one of the more compelling problems in public health. We are becoming more aware that the reductionist approach promulgated by current methods has not, and will not yield answers to the broad questions of population health risk analysis. If substantive applications of environment-gene interactions are to be made, it is important to move to a systems level approach, to take advantage of epidemiology and molecular genomic advances. Systems biology is the integration of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics together with computer technology approaches to elucidate environmentally caused disease in humans. We discuss the applications of environmental systems biology as a route to solution of environmental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Toscano
- Div. of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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30
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Biro JC. Seven fundamental, unsolved questions in molecular biology. Cooperative storage and bi-directional transfer of biological information by nucleic acids and proteins: an alternative to "central dogma". Med Hypotheses 2005; 63:951-62. [PMID: 15504561 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Human Genome Mapping Project provided us a large amount of sequence data. However our understanding of these data did not grow proportionally, because old dogmas still set the limits of our thinking. The gene-centric, reductionistical side of molecular biology is reviewed and seven problems are formulated, each indicating the insufficiency of the "central dogma". The following is concluded and suggested: 1. Genes are located and expressed on both DNA strands; 2. Introns are the source of important biological regulation and diversity; 3. Repeats are the frame of the chromatin structure and participate in the chromatin regulation; 4. The molecular accessibility of the canonical dsDNA structure is poor; 5. The genetic code is co-evolved with the amino acids and there is a stereochemical matching between the codes andamino acids; 6. The flow of information between nucleic acids and proteins is bi-directional and reverse translation might exist; 7. Complex genetic information is always carried and stored by nucleic acids and proteins together.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Biro
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Lashley FR. Emerging infectious diseases: vulnerabilities, contributing factors and approaches. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004; 2:299-316. [PMID: 15482195 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2.2.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We live in an ever more connected global village linked through international travel, politics, economics, culture and human-human and human-animal interactions. The realization that the concept of globalization includes global exposure to disease-causing agents that were formerly confined to small, remote areas and that infectious disease outbreaks can have political, economic and social roots and effects is becoming more apparent. Novel infectious disease microbes continue to be discovered because they are new or newly recognized, have expanded their geographic range, have been shown to cause a new disease spectrum, have jumped the species barrier from animals to humans, have become resistant to antimicrobial agents, have increased in incidence or have become more virulent. These emerging infectious disease microbes may have the potential for use as agents of bioterrorism. Factors involved in the emergence of infectious diseases are complex and interrelated and involve all classifications of organisms transmitted in a variety of ways. In 2003, outbreaks of interest included severe acute respiratory syndrome, monkeypox and avian influenza. Information from the human genome project applied to microbial organisms and their hosts will provide new opportunities for detection, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control and prognosis. New technology related not only to genetics but also to satellite and monitoring systems will play a role in weather, climate and the approach to environmental manipulations that influence factors contributing to infectious disease emergence and control. Approaches to combating emerging infectious diseases include many disciplines, such as animal studies, epidemiology, immunology, ecology, environmental studies, microbiology, pharmacology, other sciences, health, medicine, public health, nursing, cultural, political and social studies, all of which must work together. Appropriate financial support of the public health infrastructure including surveillance, prevention, communication, adherence techniques and the like will be needed to support efforts to address emerging infectious disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felissa R Lashley
- College of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 180 University Avenue, Ackerson Hall, Suite 102, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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32
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2004. [PMCID: PMC2447475 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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