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Bahraminasab M, Arab S, Ghaffari S. Osteoblastic cell response to Al 2O 3-Ti composites as bone implant materials. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2021; 12:247-259. [PMID: 35677667 PMCID: PMC9124877 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Alumina-titanium (Al2O3-Ti) composites with enhanced mechanical and corrosion properties have been recently developed for potential applications in orthopaedics and hard tissue replacements. However, before any clinical use, their interactions with biological environment must be examined. Methods: The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess the biocompatibility of three Al2O3-Ti composites having 25, 50, and 75 volume percentages of titanium. These materials were made by spark plasma sintering (SPS), and MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured onto the sample discs to evaluate the cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and adhesion. Furthermore, the apatite formation ability and wettability of the composites were analysed. Pure Ti (100Ti) and monolithic Al2O3 (0Ti) were also fabricated by SPS and biological characteristics of the composites were compared with them. Results: The results showed that cell viability to 75Ti (95.0%), 50Ti (87.3%), and 25Ti (63.9%) was superior when compared with 100Ti (42.7%). Pure Al2O3 also caused very high cell viability (89.9%). Furthermore, high cell proliferation was seen at early stage for 50Ti, while the cells exposed to 75Ti proliferated more at late stages. Cell differentiation was approximately equal between different groups, and increased by time. Matrix mineralization was higher on the composite surfaces rather than on 0Ti and 100Ti. Moreover, the cells adhered differently to the surfaces of different biomaterials where more spindle-shaped configuration was found on 100Ti, slightly enlarged cells with dendritic shape and early pseudopodia were observed on 75Ti, and more enlarged cells with long dendritic extensions were found on 0Ti, 25Ti, and 50Ti. The results of EDS analysis showed that both Ca and P deposited on the surfaces of all materials, after 20 days of immersion in SBF. Conclusion: Our in-vitro findings demonstrated that the 75Ti, 50Ti, and 25Ti composites have high potential to be used as load-bearing orthopedic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bahraminasab
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Arab
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Somaye Ghaffari
- Department of Ceramics, Materials and Energy Research Center, P.O. Box 31787316, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
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2
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Sarkar S, Peng CC, Tung YC. Comparison of VEGF-A secretion from tumor cells under cellular stresses in conventional monolayer culture and microfluidic three-dimensional spheroid models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240833. [PMID: 33175874 PMCID: PMC7657494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major cytokine in tumor biology affecting tumor survival, aggressiveness and pro-angiogenetic activities. In addition, cellular stresses often result in aggressive pro-angiogenetic behavior in tumors. For in vitro study, conventional monolayer cell culture has been broadly exploited; however, it often provides limited information due to its different microenvironment from that in vivo. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroid culture provides in vivo-like microenvironments to study tumor biology and their survival mechanisms with better predictive power. In this work, vascular endothelial growth factor of type A (VEGF-A) secretion from osteosarcoma (MG-63) cells cultured using monolayer and 3D spheroid models under two stress conditions: nutrient deficiency (reduced serum culture) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibition (HIF inhibitor, YC-1) are characterized and systematically compared. In order to obtain ample sample size for consistent characterization of cellular responses from cancer spheroids under the stresses and compare the responses to those from the conventional monolayer model, a microfluidic spheroid formation and culture device is utilized in the experiments. In the analysis, cell viability is estimated from captured images, and quantification of VEGF-A secreted from the cells is achieved using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The experimental results show that the viabilities decrease when the cells face higher stress levels in both monolayer and 3D spheroid culture models; however, the VEGF-A secretion profiles between the cell culture models are different. The VEGF-A secretion decreases when the cells face higher stress conditions in the monolayer cell culture. In contrast, for the 3D spheroid culture, the VEGF-A concentration decreases for low stress levels but increases while the stress level is high. The VEGF-A regulation in the 3D models mimics in vivo cases of tumor survival and can provide insightful information to investigate tumor angiogenesis in vitro. The approach developed in this paper provides an efficient method to quantitatively and statistically study tumor growth kinetics and stress responses from highly uniform samples and it can also be applied to compare the underlying biomolecular mechanisms in monolayer and 3D spheroid culture models to elucidate the effects of microenvironments on cellular response in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerupa Sarkar
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science and Technology Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Peng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science and Technology Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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3
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Park K, Lee Y, Seo J. Recent Advances in High-throughput Platforms with Engineered Biomaterial Microarrays for Screening of Cell and Tissue Behavior. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5458-5470. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190207093438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, bioengineers have developed myriad biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Development of screening techniques is essential for understanding complex behavior of cells in the biological microenvironments. Conventional approaches to the screening of cellular behavior in vitro have limitations in terms of accuracy, reusability, labor-intensive screening, and versatility. Thus, drug screening and toxicology test through in vitro screening platforms have been underwhelming. Recent advances in the high-throughput screening platforms somewhat overcome the limitations of in vitro screening platforms via repopulating human tissues’ biophysical and biomchemical microenvironments with the ability to continuous monitoring of miniaturized human tissue behavior. Herein, we review current trends in the screening platform in which a high-throughput system composed of engineered microarray devices is developed to investigate cell-biomaterial interaction. Furthermore, diverse methods to achieve continuous monitoring of cell behavior via developments of biosensor integrated high-throughput platforms, and future perspectives on high-throughput screening will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijun Park
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yeontaek Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jungmok Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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Knockdown Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) does not delay Fibular Fracture Healing in genetic deleted Ihh mice and pharmaceutical inhibited Ihh Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10351. [PMID: 29985470 PMCID: PMC6037729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if Ihh is required for fracture healing. Fibular fracture was created in adult Col2a1-CreERT2; Ihhfl/fl mice. Ihhfl/fl mice received Tamoxifen (TM) to delete Ihh. WT mice received Cyclopamine to inhibit Hh pathway. Callus tissue properties and Ihh pathway were analyzed at 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-fracture by X-ray, micro-CT, mechanical test, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Deleted Ihh was evidenced by the occurrence of growth plate closure in the Ihhfl/fl mice by X-ray 3 weeks after TM treatment. All mice showed fracture healing at 3 weeks post-operation. Histology analysis indicated that, compared to the control, cartilage area was less in fracture sites from Ihh deficient animals by either genetic deletion or drug inhibition at 1 and 2 weeks post-fracture. Ihh immunostaining and its mRNA level were diminished in the fracture callus in Ihh reduced mice. There was no significant difference in BV/TV, BMD and mechanical test. Interruption to Ihh pathway by either genetic or pharmaceutical approach didn’t affect fibular fracture healing in these mice. This surprised finding implicates that the deleted Ihh does not affect fracture healing in this model.
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Seo J, Shin JY, Leijten J, Jeon O, Camci-Unal G, Dikina AD, Brinegar K, Ghaemmaghami AM, Alsberg E, Khademhosseini A. High-throughput approaches for screening and analysis of cell behaviors. Biomaterials 2018; 153:85-101. [PMID: 29079207 PMCID: PMC5702937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of new biomaterials and techniques to modify them challenge our capability to characterize them using conventional methods. In response, numerous high-throughput (HT) strategies are being developed to analyze biomaterials and their interactions with cells using combinatorial approaches. Moreover, these systematic analyses have the power to uncover effects of delivered soluble bioactive molecules on cell responses. In this review, we describe the recent developments in HT approaches that help identify cellular microenvironments affecting cell behaviors and highlight HT screening of biochemical libraries for gene delivery, drug discovery, and toxicological studies. We also discuss HT techniques for the analyses of cell secreted biomolecules and provide perspectives on the future utility of HT approaches in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmok Seo
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 14 Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Jung-Youn Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Oju Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA, 01854-2827, USA
| | - Anna D Dikina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Katelyn Brinegar
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amir M Ghaemmaghami
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21569, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Katti KS, Molla MS, Karandish F, Haldar MK, Mallik S, Katti DR. Sequential culture on biomimetic nanoclay scaffolds forms three-dimensional tumoroids. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1591-602. [PMID: 26873510 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, the limitation of two-dimensional cultures and complexity of in vivo models has paved the way for the development of three-dimensional models for studying cancer. Here we report the development of a new tumor model using PCL/HAPClay scaffolds seeded with a sequential culture of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) followed by human prostate cancer cells (HPCCs). This nanocomposite system is used as a test-bed for studying cancer metastasis and efficacy of anti-cancer drugs using a polymersome delivery method. A novel sequential cell culture system in three-dimensional in vitro bone model provides a unique bone mimetic environment. The hMSCs seeded scaffolds are seeded with prostate cancer cells after the hMSCs have differentiated into osteoblasts. Sequential culture on the scaffolds has shown formation of tumoroids or microtissue consisting of organized, densely packed round cells with hypoxic core regions similar to in vivo tumors. Such tumoroids are not observed on HPCC seeded scaffolds or when HPCCs sequentially cultured with human osteoblast cells. Clearly, the newly differentiated hMSCs play a vital role in the ability of cancer cells to grow into tumoroids and cause disease. The PCL/HAPclay scaffold system seeded with the sequential culture of hMSCs, and HPCCs presents a good model system for study of the interactions between prostate cancer cells and bone microenvironment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1591-1602, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana S Katti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105
| | - Md Shahjahan Molla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105
| | - Fataneh Karandish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105
| | - Manas K Haldar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105
| | - Dinesh R Katti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58105
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7
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Kunkel N, Wagner A, Gehwolf R, Heimel P, Tempfer H, Korntner S, Augat P, Resch H, Redl H, Betz O, Bauer HC, Traweger A. Comparing the osteogenic potential of bone marrow and tendon-derived stromal cells to repair a critical-sized defect in the rat femur. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:2014-2023. [PMID: 26510918 DOI: 10.1002/term.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in bone tissue-engineering applications, the clinical impact of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) for the treatment of large osseous defects remains limited. Therefore, other cell sources are under investigation for their osteogenic potential to repair bone. In this study, tendon-derived stromal cells (TDSCs) were evaluated in comparison to BMSCs to support the functional repair of a 5 mm critical-sized, segmental defect in the rat femur. Analysis of the trilineage differentiation capacity of TDSCs and BMSCs cultured on collagen sponges revealed impaired osteogenic differentiation and mineral deposition of TDSCs in vitro, whereas chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation was evident for both cell types. Radiographic assessment demonstrated that neither cell type significantly improved the healing rate of a challenging 5 mm segmental femoral defect. Transplanted TDSCs and BMSCs both led to the formation of only small amounts of bone in the defect area, and histological evaluation revealed non-mineralized, collagen-rich scar tissue to be present within the defect area. Newly formed lamellar bone was restricted to the defect margins, resulting in closure of the medullary cavity. Interestingly, in comparison to BMSCs, significantly more TDSC-derived cells were present at the osteotomy gap up to 8 weeks after transplantation and were also found to be located within newly formed lamellar bone, suggesting their capacity to directly contribute to de novo bone formation. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the in vivo capacity of TDSCs to regenerate a critical-sized defect in the rat femur. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Kunkel
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Traumatology and Sports Injuries, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Heimel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Korntner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Augat
- Institute of Biomechanics, Trauma Center Murnau, Germany
| | - Herbert Resch
- Department of Traumatology and Sports Injuries, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Betz
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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8
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In vitro co-culture strategies to prevascularization for bone regeneration: A brief update. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-014-0095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Bruinink A, Luginbuehl R. Evaluation of biocompatibility using in vitro methods: interpretation and limitations. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 126:117-52. [PMID: 21989487 DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro biocompatibility of novel materials has to be proven before a material can be used as component of a medical device. This must be done in cell culture tests according to internationally recognized standard protocols. Subsequently, preclinical and clinical tests must be performed to verify the safety of the new material and device. The present chapter focuses on the first step, the in vitro testing according to ISO 10993-5, and critically discusses its limited significance. Alternative strategies and a brief overview of activities to improve the current in vitro tests are presented in the concluding section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Bruinink
- Laboratory for Materials - Biology Interactions, Empa - Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstasse 5, CH-9014 St, Gallen, Switzerland,
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10
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Jia YY, Li F, Geng N, Gong P, Huang SJ, Meng LX, Lan J, Ban Y. Fluid flow modulates the expression of genes involved in the Wnt signaling pathway in osteoblasts in 3D culture conditions. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1282-8. [PMID: 24626746 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation maintains bone mass, while mechanical loads stimulate bone formation and suppress resorption. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this process have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we assessed whether mechanical stimulation by pulsating fluid flow (PFF) leads to functional Wnt production and affects the function of osteoblasts. ROS17/2.8 osteoblasts were submitted to 1-4 h PFF (0.8 Pa) by three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system with fluid flow. PFF upregulated the gene expression levels of adenomatous polyposis coli, alkaline phosphatase, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), Wnt3a and β-catenin [catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1)] in all the groups of osteoblasts. Our results suggest that mechanical stimulation by PFF induces the differentiation of osteoblasts and the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in a 3D cell culture system. Furthermore, mechanical stress plays an important role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and is involved in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Stomatology, The People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Xian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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11
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Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Nikkhah M, Gaharwar AK, Hashmi B, Guermani E, Aliabadi H, Camci-Unal G, Ferrante T, Foss M, Ingber DE, Khademhosseini A. A combinatorial cell-laden gel microarray for inducing osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3896. [PMID: 24473466 PMCID: PMC3905276 DOI: 10.1038/srep03896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of three dimensional (3D) microenvironments that direct stem cell differentiation into functional cell types remains a major challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. Here, we describe a new platform to address this challenge by utilizing a robotic microarray spotter for testing stem cell fates inside various miniaturized cell-laden gels in a systematic manner. To demonstrate the feasibility of our platform, we evaluated the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) within combinatorial 3D niches. We were able to identify specific combinations, that enhanced the expression of osteogenic markers. Notably, these 'hit' combinations directed hMSCs to form mineralized tissue when conditions were translated to 3D macroscale hydrogels, indicating that the miniaturization of the experimental system did not alter stem cell fate. Overall, our findings confirmed that the 3D cell-laden gel microarray can be used for screening of different conditions in a rapid, cost-effective, and multiplexed manner for a broad range of tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Akhilesh K. Gaharwar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- David H. Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Current address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Basma Hashmi
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Enrico Guermani
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hamed Aliabadi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Ferrante
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morten Foss
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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12
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Chai YC, Roberts SJ, Van Bael S, Chen Y, Luyten FP, Schrooten J. Multi-Level Factorial Analysis of Ca2+/Pi Supplementation as Bio-Instructive Media for In Vitro Biomimetic Engineering of Three-Dimensional Osteogenic Hybrids. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:90-103. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Chin Chai
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott J. Roberts
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Van Bael
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Biomechanics and Engineering Design, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Division of Production Engineering, Machine Design and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yantian Chen
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Chen Y, Sonnaert M, Roberts SJ, Luyten FP, Schrooten J. Validation of a PicoGreen-based DNA quantification integrated in an RNA extraction method for two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell cultures. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:444-52. [PMID: 22195986 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA measurement and RNA extraction are two frequently used methods for cell characterization. In the conventional protocols, they require similar, but separate samples and in most cases, different pretreatments. The few combined protocols that exist still include time-consuming steps. Hence, to establish an efficient combined RNA extraction and DNA measurement protocol for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, a PicoGreen-based DNA measurement was integrated in an existing RNA extraction protocol. It was validated by analysis of the influence of different lysis buffers, RLT, RA1, or Trizol, used for RNA extraction on the measured DNA concentration. The DNA cell yield was evaluated both in cell suspensions (2D) and on 3D cell-seeded scaffolds. Results showed that the different RNA lysis buffers caused a concentration-dependent perturbation of the PicoGreen signal. The measured DNA concentrations in 2D and 3D using RLT and RA1 buffer were comparable, also to the positive control. We, therefore, concluded that RNA extraction protocols using RA1 or RLT buffer allow the integration of a DNA quantification step without the buffer influencing the results. Hence, the combined DNA measurement and RNA extraction offer an alternative for DNA measurement techniques that is time and sample saving, for both 2D cell cultures and specific 3D constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantian Chen
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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The pro-angiogenic properties of multi-functional bioactive glass composite scaffolds. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4096-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Lin C, Wang Y, Lai Y, Yang W, Jiao F, Zhang H, Ye S, Zhang Q. Incorporation of carboxylation multiwalled carbon nanotubes into biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) for bone tissue engineering. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 83:367-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Im DD, Kruger EA, Huang WR, Sayer G, Rudkin GH, Yamaguchi DT, Jarrahy R, Miller TA. Extracellular-Signal-Related Kinase 1/2 Is Responsible for Inhibition of Osteogenesis in Three-Dimensional Cultured MC3T3-E1 Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:3485-94. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Im
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Erwin A. Kruger
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Weibiao R. Huang
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gregory Sayer
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - George H. Rudkin
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dean T. Yamaguchi
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Reza Jarrahy
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Timothy A. Miller
- Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Tavassol F, Schumann P, Lindhorst D, Sinikovic B, Voss A, von See C, Kampmann A, Bormann KH, Carvalho C, Mülhaupt R, Harder Y, Laschke MW, Menger MD, Gellrich NC, Rücker M. Accelerated angiogenic host tissue response to poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds by vitalization with osteoblast-like cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2265-79. [PMID: 20184434 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone substitutes should ideally promote rapid vascularization, which could be accelerated if these substitutes were vitalized by autologous cells. Although adequate engraftment of porous poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds has been demonstrated in the past, it has not yet been investigated how vascularization is influenced by vitalization or, more precisely, by seeding PLGA scaffolds with osteoblast-like cells (OLCs). For this reason, we conducted an in vivo study to assess host angiogenic and inflammatory responses after the implantation of PLGA scaffolds vitalized with isogeneic OLCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS OLCs were seeded on collagen-coated PLGA scaffolds that were implanted into dorsal skinfold chambers in BALB/c mice (n = 8). Two further groups of animals received either collagen-coated (n = 8) or uncoated PLGA scaffolds (n = 8). Animals that received chambers without implants served as controls (n = 8). Angiogenesis, neovascularization, and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction were analyzed for 14 days using intravital fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS PLGA scaffolds with and without OLCs showed a temporary increase in leukocyte recruitment. At day 3 after implantation, a marked angiogenic host tissue response was observed in close vicinity of all scaffolds studied. At days 6 and 10, the angiogenic response was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in PLGA scaffolds vitalized with OLCs than in uncoated or collagen-coated PLGA scaffolds. The majority of OLCs, however, died within 14 days after implantation. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that PLGA scaffold vitalization with OLCs accelerates the angiogenic response in the surrounding host tissue. Bone substitutes created by tissue engineering may thus be superior to nonvitalized substitutes although the seeded cells do not survive for long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tavassol
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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18
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He J, Genetos DC, Yellowley CE, Leach JK. Oxygen tension differentially influences osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells in 2D and 3D cultures. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:87-96. [PMID: 20213746 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal defects commonly suffer from poor oxygen microenvironments resulting from compromised vascularization associated with injury or disease. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) represent a promising cell population for stimulating skeletal repair by differentiating toward the osteogenic lineage or by secreting trophic factors. However, the osteogenic or trophic response of ASCs to reduced oxygen microenvironments is poorly understood. Moreover, a direct comparison between 2D and 3D response of ASCs to hypoxia is lacking. Thus, we characterized the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of human ASCs under hypoxic (1%), normoxic (5%), and atmospheric (21%) oxygen tensions in both 2D and 3D over 4 weeks in culture. We detected greatest alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular calcium deposition in cells cultured in both 2D and 3D under 21% oxygen, and reductions in enzyme activity corresponded to reductions in oxygen tension. ASCs cultured in 1% oxygen secreted more vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) over the 4-week period than cells cultured in other conditions, with cells cultured in 2D secreting VEGF in a more sustained manner than those in 3D. Expression of osteogenic markers revealed temporal changes under different oxygen conditions with peak expression occurring earlier in 3D. In addition, the increase of most osteogenic markers was significantly higher in 2D compared to 3D cultures at 1% and 5% oxygen. These results suggest that oxygen, in conjunction with dimensionality, affects the timing of the differentiation program in ASCs. These findings offer new insights for the use of ASCs in bone repair while emphasizing the importance of the culture microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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19
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Chen XD. Extracellular matrix provides an optimal niche for the maintenance and propagation of mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:45-54. [PMID: 20301219 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the control of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This presents difficulties in following and characterizing cells along the lineage because of our inability to isolate and obtain a sufficient number of homogeneous MSCs using current culture systems for in vitro expansion. Adjusting the cellular machinery to allow greater proliferation can lead to other unwanted outcomes, such as unmanageable precancerous changes, or differentiation down an undesired pathway. Recently, it has become increasingly evident that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of the cellular niche in a tissue, supplying critical biochemical and physical signals to initiate and sustain cellular functions. Indeed, it is very doubtful that the intricate and highly ordered nature of the ECM could be reproduced with synthetic or purified components. This review cites evidence that supports an alternative approach for maintenance of MSCs by simulating in vitro the bone marrow ECM, where MSCs reside in vivo, and discusses the potential mechanisms whereby the ECM regulates the exposure of cells to growth factors that subsequently control MSC replication and differentiation, and also how the ECM provides unique cues that govern the lineage specification and differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Chen
- Division of Biomaterials, Department of Restorative Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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20
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Gerhardt LC, Boccaccini AR. Bioactive Glass and Glass-Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 3:3867-3910. [PMID: 28883315 PMCID: PMC5445790 DOI: 10.3390/ma3073867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, bioactive glasses have been used to fill and restore bone defects. More recently, this category of biomaterials has become an emerging research field for bone tissue engineering applications. Here, we review and discuss current knowledge on porous bone tissue engineering scaffolds on the basis of melt-derived bioactive silicate glass compositions and relevant composite structures. Starting with an excerpt on the history of bioactive glasses, as well as on fundamental requirements for bone tissue engineering scaffolds, a detailed overview on recent developments of bioactive glass and glass-ceramic scaffolds will be given, including a summary of common fabrication methods and a discussion on the microstructural-mechanical properties of scaffolds in relation to human bone (structure-property and structure-function relationship). In addition, ion release effects of bioactive glasses concerning osteogenic and angiogenic responses are addressed. Finally, areas of future research are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK.
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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21
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Barron MJ, Tsai CJ, Donahue SW. Mechanical Stimulation Mediates Gene Expression in MC3T3 Osteoblastic Cells Differently in 2D and 3D Environments. J Biomech Eng 2010; 132:041005. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Successful bone tissue engineering requires the understanding of cellular activity in three-dimensional (3D) architectures and how it compares to two-dimensional (2D) architecture. We developed a perfusion culture system that utilizes fluid flow to mechanically load a cell-seeded 3D scaffold. This study compared the gene expression of osteoblastic cells in 2D and 3D cultures, and the effects of mechanical loading on gene expression in 2D and 3D cultures. MC3T3-E1 osteoblastlike cells were seeded onto 2D glass slides and 3D calcium phosphate scaffolds and cultured statically or mechanically loaded with fluid flow. Gene expression of OPN and FGF-2 was upregulated at 24 h and 48 h in 3D compared with 2D static cultures, while collagen 1 gene expression was downregulated. In addition, while flow increased OPN in 2D culture at 48 h, it decreased both OPN and FGF-2 in 3D culture. In conclusion, gene expression is different between 2D and 3D osteoblast cultures under static conditions. Additionally, osteoblasts respond to shear stress differently in 2D and 3D cultures. Our results highlight the importance of 3D mechanotransduction studies for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Barron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49849
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Department of Genetics and School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Seth W. Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49849
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22
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Human and Mouse Osteoprogenitor Cells Exhibit Distinct Patterns of Osteogenesis in Three-Dimensional Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124:1869-1879. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181bf81ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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23
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Borradaile NM, Pickering JG. Polyploidy impairs human aortic endothelial cell function and is prevented by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 298:C66-74. [PMID: 19846757 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00357.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyploid endothelial cells are found in aged and atherosclerotic arteries. However, whether increased chromosome content has an impact on endothelial cell function is unknown. We show here that human aortic endothelial cells become tetraploid as they approach replicative senescence. Furthermore, accumulation of tetraploid endothelial cells was accelerated during growth in high glucose. Interestingly, induction of polyploidy was completely prevented by modest overexpression of the NAD+ regenerating enzyme, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt). To determine the impact of polyploidy on endothelial cell function, independent of replicative senescence, we induced tetraploidy using the spindle poison, nocodazole. Global gene expression analyses of tetraploid endothelial cells revealed a dysfunctional phenotype characterized by a cell cycle arrest profile (decreased CCNE2/A2, RBL1, BUB1B; increased CDKN1A) and increased expression of genes involved in inflammation (IL32, TNFRSF21/10C, PTGS1) and extracellular matrix remodeling (COL5A1, FN1, MMP10/14). The protection from polyploidy conferred by Nampt was not associated with enhanced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 or sirtuin (SIRT) 2 activity, but with increased SIRT1 activity, which reduced cellular reactive oxygen species and the associated oxidative stress stimulus for the induction of polyploidy. We conclude that human aortic endothelial cells are prone to chromosome duplication that, in and of itself, can induce characteristics of endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, the emergence of polyploid endothelial cells during replicative aging and glucose overload can be prevented by optimizing the Nampt-SIRT1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nica M Borradaile
- London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Rd., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5A5
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24
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Grellier M, Bordenave L, Amédée J. Cell-to-cell communication between osteogenic and endothelial lineages: implications for tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:562-71. [PMID: 19683818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There have been extensive research efforts to develop new strategies for bone tissue engineering. These have mainly focused on vascularization during the development and repair of bone. It has been hypothesized that pre-seeding a scaffold with endothelial cells could improve angiogenesis and bone regeneration through a complex dialogue between endothelial cells and bone-forming cells. Here, we focus on the paracrine signals secreted by both cell types and the effects they elicit. We discuss the other modes of cell-to-cell communication that could explain their cell coupling and reciprocal interactions. Endothelial cell-derived tube formation in a scaffold and the dialogue between endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells provide promising means of generating vascular bone tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grellier
- Inserm, U577, Bordeaux and Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR-S577, Bordeaux, F-33076, France
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25
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Abstract
Tissue engineering has largely focused on single tissue-type reconstruction (such as bone); however, the basic unit of healing in any clinically relevant scenario is a compound tissue type (such as bone, periosteum, and skin). Nanofibers are submicron fibrils that mimic the extracellular matrix, promoting cellular adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Stem cell manipulation on nanofiber scaffolds holds significant promise for future tissue engineering. This work represents our initial efforts to create the building blocks for composite tissue reflecting the basic unit of healing. Polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers were electrospun using standard techniques. Human foreskin fibroblasts, murine keratinocytes, and periosteal cells (4-mm punch biopsy) harvested from children undergoing palate repair were grown in appropriate media on PCL nanofibers. Human fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells were osteoinduced on PCL nanofibers. Cell growth was assessed with fluorescent viability staining; cocultured cells were differentiated using antibodies to fibroblast- and keratinocyte-specific surface markers. Osteoinduction was assessed with Alizarin red S. PCL nanofiber scaffolds supported robust growth of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and periosteal cells. Cocultured periosteal cells (with fibroblasts) and keratinocytes showed improved longevity of the keratinocytes, though growth of these cell types was randomly distributed throughout the scaffold. Robust osteoinduction was noted on PCL nanofibers. Composite tissue engineering using PCL nanofiber scaffolds is possible, though the major obstacles to the trilaminar construct are maintaining an appropriate interface between the tissue types and neovascularization of the composite structure.
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26
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Sittichockechaiwut A, Scutt AM, Ryan AJ, Bonewald LF, Reilly GC. Use of rapidly mineralising osteoblasts and short periods of mechanical loading to accelerate matrix maturation in 3D scaffolds. Bone 2009; 44:822-9. [PMID: 19442630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
MLO-A5 cells are a fully differentiated osteoblastic cell line with the ability to rapidly synthesise mineralised extracellular matrix (ECM). We used MLO-A5 cells to develop a system for studying the mechanical modulation of bone matrix formation in 3D using a cyclic compressive loading stimulus. Polyurethane (PU) open cell foam scaffolds were seeded with MLO-A5 cells under static conditions and loaded in compression at 1 Hz, 5% strain in a sterile fluid-filled chamber. Loading was applied for only 2 h per day on days 5, 10 and 15 of culture and cell-seeded scaffolds were assayed on days 10, 15 and 20 of culture. Collagen content as assayed by Sirius red was significantly (2 fold) higher at days 15 and 20 in loaded samples compared with static controls. Calcium content as assayed by alizarin red was significantly (4 fold) higher by day 20. The number of viable cells as assayed by MTS was higher in loaded samples at day 10 but there was no difference by days 15 and 20. Loaded samples also had higher stiffness in compression by the end of the experiment. The mRNA expression of type I collagen, osteopontin and osteocalcin was higher, after a single bout of loading, in loaded than in non-loaded samples as assayed by RT-PCR. In conclusion, mineralisation by fully differentiated osteoblasts, MLO-A5s, was shown to be highly sensitive to mechanical loading, with short bouts of mechanical loading having a strong effect on mineralised matrix production. The 3D system developed will be useful for systematic investigation of the modulators of in vitro matrix mineralisation by osteoblasts in mechanobiology and tissue engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuphan Sittichockechaiwut
- Department of Engineering Materials, Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, UK
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27
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Borradaile NM, Pickering JG. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase imparts human endothelial cells with extended replicative lifespan and enhanced angiogenic capacity in a high glucose environment. Aging Cell 2009; 8:100-12. [PMID: 19302375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a characteristic of aging-related vascular disease and is worsened during diabetes. High glucose can impair endothelial cell (EC) function through cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species, an insult that can also limit replicative lifespan. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), also known as PBEF and visfatin, is rate-limiting for NAD+ salvage from nicotinamide and confers resistance to oxidative stress via SIRT1. We therefore sought to determine if Nampt expression could resist the detrimental effects of high glucose and confer a survival advantage to human vascular EC in this pathologic environment. Human aortic EC were infected with retrovirus encoding eGFP or eGFP-Nampt, and FACS-selected to yield populations with similar, modest transgene expression. Using a chronic glucose exposure model we tracked EC populations to senescence, assessed cellular metabolism, and determined in vitro angiogenic function. Overexpression of Nampt increased proliferation and extended replicative lifespan, and did so preferentially during glucose overload. Nampt expression delayed markers of senescence and limited reactive oxygen species accumulation in high glucose through a modest increase in aerobic glycolysis. Furthermore, tube networks formed by Nampt-overexpressing EC were more extensive and glucose-resistant, in accordance with SIRT1-mediated repression of the anti-angiogenic transcription factor, FoxO1. We conclude that Nampt enables proliferating human EC to resist the oxidative stress of aging and of high glucose, and to productively use excess glucose to support replicative longevity and angiogenic activity. Enhancing endothelial Nampt activity may thus be beneficial in scenarios requiring EC-based vascular repair and regeneration during aging and hyperglycemia, such as atherosclerosis and diabetes-related vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nica M Borradaile
- Vascular Biology Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Sterin M, Ringel I, Lecht S, Lelkes PI, Lazarovici P. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of endothelial cells grown in three-dimensional matrigel construct as an enabling platform technology: I. The effect of glial cells and valproic acid on phosphometabolite levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:288-98. [PMID: 19065320 DOI: 10.1080/10623320802487841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies describe endothelial cell (EC) properties under three-dimensional (3D) conditions using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The authors developed a model in which living ECs growing in Matrigel threads (3D conditions) for 5 days are monitored by (31)P MRS, providing the fingerprint of the major EC phosphometabolites. Organic extracts of membranal phospholipids were also analyzed by (31)P MRS. For comparison and as a model for two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture conditions, (31)P MRS spectra of aqueous extracts of EC phosphometabolites grown under 2D conditions were also evaluated. The phosphometabolites fingerprint of the cells cultured under 3D was significantly different from that of ECs maintained under 2D. Moreover, the pattern of phosphometabolites was affected by coculture with C6-glioma cells and upon treatment with valproic acid, which is under clinical investigation as an antioangiogenic anticancer drug. The major effects were modulation of (i) energy metabolism intermediates such as phosphocreatine, (ii) precursors of phospholipids such as phosphomonoesters, and (iii) degradation products of phospholipids such as glycerophosphocholine. This endothelial model will be usefull as an enabling platform technology for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sterin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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29
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Chuenjitkuntaworn B, Supaphol P, Pavasant P, Damrongsri D. Electrospun poly(L-lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composite fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. POLYM INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Bischoff DS, Zhu JH, Makhijani NS, Kumar A, Yamaguchi DT. Angiogenic CXC chemokine expression during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells towards the osteoblastic lineage. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:812-24. [PMID: 17583554 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of ELR(+) CXC chemokines in early events in bone repair was studied using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Inflammation, which occurs in the initial phase of tissue healing in general, is critical to bone repair. Release of cytokines from infiltrating immune cells and injured bone can lead to recruitment of MSCs to the region of repair. CXC chemokines bearing the Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) motif are also released by inflammatory cells and serve as angiogenic factors stimulating chemotaxis and proliferation of endothelial cells. hMSCs, induced to differentiate with osteogenic medium (OGM) containing ascorbate, beta-glycerophosphate (beta-GP), and dexamethasone (DEX), showed an increase in mRNA and protein secretion of the ELR(+) CXC chemokines CXCL8 and CXCL1. CXCL8 mRNA half-life studies reveal an increase in mRNA stability upon OGM stimulation. Increased expression and secretion is a result of DEX in OGM and is dose-dependent. Inhibition of the glucocorticoid receptor with mifepristone only partially inhibits DEX-stimulated CXCL8 expression indicating both glucocorticoid receptor dependent and independent pathways. Treatment with signal transduction inhibitors demonstrate that this expression is due to activation of the ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and is mediated through the G(alphai)-coupled receptors. Angiogenesis assays demonstrate that OGM-stimulated conditioned media containing secreted CXCL8 and CXCL1 can induce angiogenesis of human microvascular endothelial cells in an in vitro Matrigel assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Bischoff
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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Genetic Markers of Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis Are Altered in Processed Lipoaspirate Cells when Cultured on Three-Dimensional Scaffolds. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121:411-423. [DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000298510.03226.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pretreatment of Poly(l-Lactide-co-Glycolide) Scaffolds with Sodium Hydroxide Enhances Osteoblastic Differentiation and Slows Proliferation of Mouse Preosteoblast Cells. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121:424-434. [DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000298366.74273.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stahl A, Wu X, Wenger A, Klagsbrun M, Kurschat P. Endothelial progenitor cell sprouting in spheroid cultures is resistant to inhibition by osteoblasts: A model for bone replacement grafts. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:5338-42. [PMID: 16194535 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Survival of tissue transplants generated in vitro is strongly limited by the slow process of graft vascularization in vivo. A method to enhance graft vascularization is to establish a primitive vascular plexus within the graft prior to transplantation. Endothelial cells (EC) cultured as multicellular spheroids within a collagen matrix form sprouts resembling angiogenesis in vitro. However, osteoblasts integrated into the graft suppress EC sprouting. This inhibition depends on direct cell-cell-interactions and is characteristic of mature ECs isolated from preexisting vessels. In contrast, sprouting of human blood endothelial progenitor cells is not inhibited by osteoblasts, making these cells suitable for tissue engineering of pre-vascularized bone grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stahl
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Karp 12004G, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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