1
|
Bae HJ, Shin SJ, Jo SB, Li CJ, Lee DJ, Lee JH, Lee HH, Kim HW, Lee JH. Cyclic stretch induced epigenetic activation of periodontal ligament cells. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101050. [PMID: 38654935 PMCID: PMC11035113 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells play a crucial role in maintaining periodontal integrity and function by providing cell sources for ligament regeneration. While biophysical stimulation is known to regulate cell behaviors and functions, its impact on epigenetics of PDL cells has not yet been elucidated. Here, we aimed to investigate the cytoskeletal changes, epigenetic modifications, and lineage commitment of PDL cells following the application of stretch stimuli to PDL. PDL cells were subjected to stretching (0.1 Hz, 10 %). Subsequently, changes in focal adhesion, tubulin, and histone modification were observed. The survival ability in inflammatory conditions was also evaluated. Furthermore, using a rat hypo-occlusion model, we verified whether these phenomena are observed in vivo. Stretched PDL cells showed maximal histone 3 acetylation (H3Ace) at 2 h, aligning perpendicularly to the stretch direction. RNA sequencing revealed stretching altered gene sets related to mechanotransduction, histone modification, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and differentiation. We further found that anchorage, cell elongation, and actin/microtubule acetylation were highly upregulated with mechanosensitive chromatin remodelers such as H3Ace and histone H3 trimethyl lysine 9 (H3K9me3) adopting euchromatin status. Inhibitor studies showed mechanotransduction-mediated chromatin modification alters PDL cells behaviors. Stretched PDL cells displayed enhanced survival against bacterial toxin (C12-HSL) or ROS (H2O2) attack. Furthermore, cyclic stretch priming enhanced the osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation potential of PDL cells, as evidenced by upregulation of lineage-specific genes. In vivo, PDL cells from normally loaded teeth displayed an elongated morphology and higher levels of H3Ace compared to PDL cells with hypo-occlusion, where mechanical stimulus is removed. Overall, these data strongly link external physical forces to subsequent mechanotransduction and epigenetic changes, impacting gene expression and multiple cellular behaviors, providing important implications in cell biology and tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jin Bae
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Shin
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bin Jo
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Ji Li
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Histology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Hyoung Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
From tensegrity to human organs-on-chips: implications for mechanobiology and mechanotherapeutics. Biochem J 2023; 480:243-257. [PMID: 36821520 PMCID: PMC9987949 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The field of mechanobiology, which focuses on the key role that physical forces play in control of biological systems, has grown enormously over the past few decades. Here, I provide a brief personal perspective on the development of the tensegrity theory that contributed to the emergence of the mechanobiology field, the key role that crossing disciplines has played in its development, and how it has matured over time. I also describe how pursuing questions relating to mechanochemical transduction and mechanoregulation can lead to the creation of novel technologies and open paths for development of new therapeutic strategies for a broad range of diseases and disorders.
Collapse
|
3
|
Matsumoto T, Kim MH, Kino-oka M. Effect of Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor on Growth Behaviors of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Suspension Culture. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:613. [PMID: 36354524 PMCID: PMC9687832 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors are used for the survival of single-dissociated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs); however, their effects on the growth behaviors of hiPSCs in suspension culture are unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ROCK inhibitor on growth behaviors of two hiPSC lines (Tic and 1383D2) with different formation of aggregate that attached between single cells in suspension culture. The apparent specific growth rate by long-term exposure to Y-27632, a ROCK inhibitor, was maintained throughout the culture. Long-term exposure to ROCK inhibitor led to an increase in cell division throughout the culture in both lines. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that hiPSCs forming spherical aggregates showed localization of collagen type I on its periphery. In addition, phosphorylated myosin (pMLC) was localized at the periphery in culture under short-term exposure to ROCK inhibitor, whereas pMLC was not detected at whole the aggregate in culture under long-term exposure. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that long-term exposure to ROCK inhibitor blocked the structural alteration on the surface of cell aggregates. These results indicate that pMLC inhibition by long-term ROCK inhibition leads to enhanced growth abilities of hiPSCs in suspension culture by maintaining the structures of extracellular matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Research Base for Cell Manufacturability, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang Z, Khalifa MO, Li P, Huang Y, Gu W, Li TS. Angiotensin receptor blocker alleviates liver fibrosis by altering the mechanotransduction properties of hepatic stellate cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G446-G456. [PMID: 35138187 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00238.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin receptor blockers have been reported to be beneficial to liver fibrosis, but the relevant molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. We herein investigated whether low-dose angiotensin receptor blocker alleviated liver fibrosis through mechanotransduction regulation. Hydrostatic pressure-induced liver fibrosis model was established in mice by ligating partially the inferior vena cava, and then randomly received a very low dose of losartan (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo treatment for 8 weeks. We found that losartan administration interfered the expression of several mechanotransductive molecules, and effectively alleviated liver fibrosis. Using a commercial device, we further confirmed that ex vivo loading of hepatic stellate cells to 50 mmHg hydrostatic pressure for 24 h significantly upregulated RhoA, ROCK, AT1R, and p-MLC2, which was effectively attenuated by adding 10 nM losartan in medium. Our in vivo and ex vivo experimental data suggest that low-dose angiotensin receptor blockers may alleviate hydrostatic pressure-induced liver fibrosis by altering the mechanotransduction properties of hepatic stellate cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our ex vivo and in vivo experiments clearly indicated that low-dose losartan alleviated liver fibrosis, likely by modulating the mechanotransduction properties of HSCs. Uncovering the biomechanical signaling pathway of ARB treatment on liver fibrosis will be helpful to develop novel molecular targeting therapy for liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zisheng Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Osman Khalifa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Peilin Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weili Gu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim MH, Thanuthanakhun N, Fujimoto S, Kino-Oka M. Effect of initial seeding density on cell behavior-driven epigenetic memory and preferential lineage differentiation of human iPSCs. Stem Cell Res 2021; 56:102534. [PMID: 34530397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular behavioral mechanisms underlying memory formation and maintenance in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) culture provides key strategies for achieving stability and robustness of cell differentiation. Here, we show that changes in cell behavior-driven epigenetic memory of hiPSC cultures alter their pluripotent state and subsequent differentiation. Interestingly, pluripotency-associated genes were activated during the entire cell growth phases along with increased active modifications and decreased repressive modifications. This memory effect can last several days in the long-term stationary phase and was sustained in the aspect of cell behavioral changes after subculture. Further, changes in growth-related cell behavior were found to induce nucleoskeletal reorganization and active versus repressive modifications, thereby enabling hiPSCs to change their differentiation potential. Overall, we discuss the cell behavior-driven epigenetic memory induced by the culture environment, and the effect of previous memory on cell lineage specification in the process of hiPSC differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Naruchit Thanuthanakhun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shun Fujimoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chowdhury F, Huang B, Wang N. Cytoskeletal prestress: The cellular hallmark in mechanobiology and mechanomedicine. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:249-276. [PMID: 33754478 PMCID: PMC8518377 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that mechanical forces, in addition to soluble molecules, impact cell and tissue functions in physiology and diseases. How living cells integrate mechanical signals to perform appropriate biological functions is an area of intense investigation. Here, we review the evidence of the central role of cytoskeletal prestress in mechanotransduction and mechanobiology. Elevating cytoskeletal prestress increases cell stiffness and reinforces cell stiffening, facilitates long-range cytoplasmic mechanotransduction via integrins, enables direct chromatin stretching and rapid gene expression, spurs embryonic development and stem cell differentiation, and boosts immune cell activation and killing of tumor cells whereas lowering cytoskeletal prestress maintains embryonic stem cell pluripotency, promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of stem cell-like malignant tumor-repopulating cells, and elevates drug delivery efficiency of soft-tumor-cell-derived microparticles. The overwhelming evidence suggests that the cytoskeletal prestress is the governing principle and the cellular hallmark in mechanobiology. The application of mechanobiology to medicine (mechanomedicine) is rapidly emerging and may help advance human health and improve diagnostics, treatment, and therapeutics of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy ProcessesSouthern Illinois University CarbondaleCarbondaleIllinoisUSA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Articular Chondrocyte Phenotype Regulation through the Cytoskeleton and the Signaling Processes That Originate from or Converge on the Cytoskeleton: Towards a Novel Understanding of the Intersection between Actin Dynamics and Chondrogenic Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063279. [PMID: 33807043 PMCID: PMC8004672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have assembled a complex picture, in which extracellular stimuli and intracellular signaling pathways modulate the chondrocyte phenotype. Because many diseases are mechanobiology-related, this review asked to what extent phenotype regulators control chondrocyte function through the cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton-regulating signaling processes. Such information would generate leverage for advanced articular cartilage repair. Serial passaging, pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8), growth factors (TGF-α), and osteoarthritis not only induce dedifferentiation but also converge on RhoA/ROCK/Rac1/mDia1/mDia2/Cdc42 to promote actin polymerization/crosslinking for stress fiber (SF) formation. SF formation takes center stage in phenotype control, as both SF formation and SOX9 phosphorylation for COL2 expression are ROCK activity-dependent. Explaining how it is molecularly possible that dedifferentiation induces low COL2 expression but high SF formation, this review theorized that, in chondrocyte SOX9, phosphorylation by ROCK might effectively be sidelined in favor of other SF-promoting ROCK substrates, based on a differential ROCK affinity. In turn, actin depolymerization for redifferentiation would “free-up” ROCK to increase COL2 expression. Moreover, the actin cytoskeleton regulates COL1 expression, modulates COL2/aggrecan fragment generation, and mediates a fibrogenic/catabolic expression profile, highlighting that actin dynamics-regulating processes decisively control the chondrocyte phenotype. This suggests modulating the balance between actin polymerization/depolymerization for therapeutically controlling the chondrocyte phenotype.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen YC, Dinavahi SS, Feng Q, Gowda R, Ramisetti S, Xia X, LaPenna KB, Chirasani VR, Cho SH, Hafenstein SL, Battu MB, Berg A, Sharma AK, Kirchhausen T, Dokholyan NV, Amin S, He P, Robertson GP. Activating Sphingosine-1-phospahte signaling in endothelial cells increases myosin light chain phosphorylation to decrease endothelial permeability thereby inhibiting cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett 2021; 506:107-119. [PMID: 33600895 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the metastatic process to prevent disease dissemination in cancer remains challenging. One step in the metastatic cascade involves cancer cells transiting through the vascular endothelium after inflammation has increased the permeability of this cellular layer. Reducing inflammation-mediated gaps in the vascular endothelium could potentially be used to retard metastasis. This study describes the development of a novel ASR396-containing nanoparticle designed to activate the Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 (S1PR1) in order to tighten the junctions between the endothelial cells lining the vascular endothelium thereby inhibiting metastasis. ASR396 was derived from the S1PR1 agonist SEW2871 through chemical modification enabling the new compound to be loaded into a nanoliposome. ASR396 retained S1PR1 binding activity and the nanoliposomal formulation (nanoASR396) made it systemically bioavailable upon intravenous injection. Studies conducted in microvessels demonstrated that nanoASR396 significantly attenuated inflammatory mediator-induced permeability increase through the S1PR1 activation. Similarly, nanoASR396 inhibited gap formation mediated by inflammatory agents on an endothelial cell monolayer by decreasing levels of phosphorylated myosin light chain protein thereby inhibiting cellular contractility. In animal models, nanoASR396 inhibited lung metastasis by up to 80%, indicating its potential for retarding melanoma metastasis. Thus, a novel bioavailable nanoparticle-based S1PR1 agonist has been developed to negate the effects of inflammatory mediators on the vascular endothelium in order to reduce the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Saketh S Dinavahi
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Qilong Feng
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Srinivasa Ramisetti
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Xinghai Xia
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kyle B LaPenna
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Venkat R Chirasani
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Sung Hyun Cho
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Susan L Hafenstein
- Departments of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Arthur Berg
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Departments of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Pingnian He
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Departments of Departments of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Departments of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Departments of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; The Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; The Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; The Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paliwal S, de Giorgio A, Neil D, Michel JB, Lacoste AM. Preclinical validation of therapeutic targets predicted by tensor factorization on heterogeneous graphs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18250. [PMID: 33106501 PMCID: PMC7589557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74922-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorrect drug target identification is a major obstacle in drug discovery. Only 15% of drugs advance from Phase II to approval, with ineffective targets accounting for over 50% of these failures1–3. Advances in data fusion and computational modeling have independently progressed towards addressing this issue. Here, we capitalize on both these approaches with Rosalind, a comprehensive gene prioritization method that combines heterogeneous knowledge graph construction with relational inference via tensor factorization to accurately predict disease-gene links. Rosalind demonstrates an increase in performance of 18%-50% over five comparable state-of-the-art algorithms. On historical data, Rosalind prospectively identifies 1 in 4 therapeutic relationships eventually proven true. Beyond efficacy, Rosalind is able to accurately predict clinical trial successes (75% recall at rank 200) and distinguish likely failures (74% recall at rank 200). Lastly, Rosalind predictions were experimentally tested in a patient-derived in-vitro assay for Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which yielded 5 promising genes, one of which is unexplored in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saee Paliwal
- BenevolentAI, 1 Dock72 Way, 7th Floor, Brooklyn, NY, 11205, USA.
| | - Alex de Giorgio
- BenevolentAI, 4-6 Maple Street, Bloomsbury, London, W1T5HD, UK
| | - Daniel Neil
- BenevolentAI, 1 Dock72 Way, 7th Floor, Brooklyn, NY, 11205, USA
| | | | - Alix Mb Lacoste
- BenevolentAI, 1 Dock72 Way, 7th Floor, Brooklyn, NY, 11205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jambusaria A, Hong Z, Zhang L, Srivastava S, Jana A, Toth PT, Dai Y, Malik AB, Rehman J. Endothelial heterogeneity across distinct vascular beds during homeostasis and inflammation. eLife 2020; 9:51413. [PMID: 31944177 PMCID: PMC7002042 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are lined by endothelial cells engaged in distinct organ-specific functions but little is known about their characteristic gene expression profiles. RNA-Sequencing of the brain, lung, and heart endothelial translatome identified specific pathways, transporters and cell-surface markers expressed in the endothelium of each organ, which can be visualized at http://www.rehmanlab.org/ribo. We found that endothelial cells express genes typically found in the surrounding tissues such as synaptic vesicle genes in the brain endothelium and cardiac contractile genes in the heart endothelium. Complementary analysis of endothelial single cell RNA-Seq data identified the molecular signatures shared across the endothelial translatome and single cell transcriptomes. The tissue-specific heterogeneity of the endothelium is maintained during systemic in vivo inflammatory injury as evidenced by the distinct responses to inflammatory stimulation. Our study defines endothelial heterogeneity and plasticity and provides a molecular framework to understand organ-specific vascular disease mechanisms and therapeutic targeting of individual vascular beds. Blood vessels supply nutrients, oxygen and other key molecules to all of the organs in the body. Cells lining the blood vessels, called endothelial cells, regulate which molecules pass from the blood to the organs they supply. For example, brain endothelial cells prevent toxic molecules from getting into the brain, and lung endothelial cells allow immune cells into the lungs to fight off bacteria or viruses. Determining which genes are switched on in the endothelial cells of major organs might allow scientists to determine what endothelial cells do in the brain, heart, and lung, and how they differ; or help scientists deliver drugs to a particular organ. If endothelial cells from different organs switch on different groups of genes, each of these groups of genes can be thought of as a ‘genetic signature’ that identifies endothelial cells from a specific organ. Now, Jambusaria et al. show that brain, heart, and lung endothelial cells have distinct genetic signatures. The experiments used mice that had been genetically modified to have tags on their endothelial cells. These tags made it possible to isolate RNA – a molecule similar to DNA that contains the information about which genes are active – from endothelial cells without separating the cells from their tissue of origin. Next, RNA from endothelial cells in the heart, brain and lung was sequenced and analyzed. The results show that each endothelial cell type has a distinct genetic signature under normal conditions and infection-like conditions. Unexpectedly, the experiments also showed that genes that were thought to only be switched on in the cells of specific tissues are also on in the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels of the tissue. For example, genes switched on in brain cells are also active in brain endothelial cells, and genes allowing heart muscle cells to pump are also on in the endothelial cells of the heart blood vessels. The endothelial cell genetic signatures identified by Jambusaria et al. can be used as “postal codes” to target drugs to a specific organ via the endothelial cells that feed it. It might also be possible to use these genetic signatures to build organ-specific blood vessels from stem cells in the laboratory. Future work will try to answer why endothelial cells serving the heart and brain use genes from these organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jambusaria
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois College of Engineering and College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Zhigang Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Lianghui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Shubhi Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Arundhati Jana
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Peter T Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States.,Research Resources Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, United States
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois College of Engineering and College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Isobe K, Raghuram V, Krishnan L, Chou CL, Yang CR, Knepper MA. CRISPR-Cas9/phosphoproteomics identifies multiple noncanonical targets of myosin light chain kinase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F600-F616. [PMID: 31904282 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00431.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have implicated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in the regulation of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in the renal collecting duct. To discover signaling targets of MLCK, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to delete the MLCK gene (Mylk) to obtain MLCK-null mpkCCD cells and carried out comprehensive phosphoproteomics using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture for quantification. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy demonstrated a defect in the processing of AQP2-containing early endosomes to late endosomes. The phosphoproteomics experiments revealed that, of the 1,743 phosphopeptides quantified over multiple replicates, 107 were changed in abundance by MLCK deletion (29 decreased and 78 increased). One of the decreased phosphopeptides corresponded to the canonical target site in myosin regulatory light chain. Network analysis indicated that targeted phosphoproteins clustered into distinct structural/functional groups: actomyosin, signaling, nuclear envelope, gene transcription, mRNA processing, energy metabolism, intermediate filaments, adherens junctions, and tight junctions. There was significant overlap between the derived MLCK signaling network and a previously determined PKA signaling network. The presence of multiple proteins in the actomyosin category prompted experiments showing that MLCK deletion inhibits the normal effect of vasopressin to depolymerize F-actin, providing a potential explanation for the AQP2 trafficking defect. Changes in phosphorylation of multiple proteins in the nuclear envelope prompted measurement of nuclear size, showing a significant increase in average nuclear volume. We conclude that MLCK is part of a multicomponent signaling pathway in both the cytoplasm and nucleus that includes much more than simple regulation of conventional nonmuscle myosins through myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Isobe
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Viswanathan Raghuram
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laya Krishnan
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chung-Lin Chou
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chin-Rang Yang
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Mechanobiology of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Stem Cells during Differentiation and Interaction with Biomaterials. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:2891957. [PMID: 30402108 PMCID: PMC6196919 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2891957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the cytoskeleton's importance in stem cells is essential for their manipulation and further clinical application. The cytoskeleton is crucial in stem cell biology and depends on physical and chemicals signals to define its structure. Additionally, cell culture conditions will be important in the proper maintenance of stemness, lineage commitment, and differentiation. This review focuses on the following areas: the role of the actin cytoskeleton of stem cells during differentiation, the significance of cellular morphology, signaling pathways involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement in stem cells, and the mechanobiology and mechanotransduction processes implicated in the interactions of stem cells with different surfaces of biomaterials, such as nanotopography, which is a physical cue influencing the differentiation of stem cells. Also, cancer stem cells are included since it is necessary to understand the role of their mechanical properties to develop new strategies to treat cancer. In this context, to study the stem cells requires integrated disciplines, including molecular and cellular biology, chemistry, physics, and immunology, as well as mechanobiology. Finally, since one of the purposes of studying stem cells is for their application in regenerative medicine, the deepest understanding is necessary in order to establish safety protocols and effective cell-based therapies.
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Khapchaev AY, Shirinsky VP. Myosin Light Chain Kinase MYLK1: Anatomy, Interactions, Functions, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1676-1697. [PMID: 28260490 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791613006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses and summarizes the results of molecular and cellular investigations of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK, MYLK1), the key regulator of cell motility. The structure and regulation of a complex mylk1 gene and the domain organization of its products is presented. The interactions of the mylk1 gene protein products with other proteins and posttranslational modifications of the mylk1 gene protein products are reviewed, which altogether might determine the role and place of MLCK in physiological and pathological reactions of cells and entire organisms. Translational potential of MLCK as a drug target is evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Y Khapchaev
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alioscha-Perez M, Benadiba C, Goossens K, Kasas S, Dietler G, Willaert R, Sahli H. A Robust Actin Filaments Image Analysis Framework. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005063. [PMID: 27551746 PMCID: PMC4995035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a highly dynamical protein network that plays a central role in numerous cellular physiological processes, and is traditionally divided into three components according to its chemical composition, i.e. actin, tubulin and intermediate filament cytoskeletons. Understanding the cytoskeleton dynamics is of prime importance to unveil mechanisms involved in cell adaptation to any stress type. Fluorescence imaging of cytoskeleton structures allows analyzing the impact of mechanical stimulation in the cytoskeleton, but it also imposes additional challenges in the image processing stage, such as the presence of imaging-related artifacts and heavy blurring introduced by (high-throughput) automated scans. However, although there exists a considerable number of image-based analytical tools to address the image processing and analysis, most of them are unfit to cope with the aforementioned challenges. Filamentous structures in images can be considered as a piecewise composition of quasi-straight segments (at least in some finer or coarser scale). Based on this observation, we propose a three-steps actin filaments extraction methodology: (i) first the input image is decomposed into a ‘cartoon’ part corresponding to the filament structures in the image, and a noise/texture part, (ii) on the ‘cartoon’ image, we apply a multi-scale line detector coupled with a (iii) quasi-straight filaments merging algorithm for fiber extraction. The proposed robust actin filaments image analysis framework allows extracting individual filaments in the presence of noise, artifacts and heavy blurring. Moreover, it provides numerous parameters such as filaments orientation, position and length, useful for further analysis. Cell image decomposition is relatively under-exploited in biological images processing, and our study shows the benefits it provides when addressing such tasks. Experimental validation was conducted using publicly available datasets, and in osteoblasts grown in two different conditions: static (control) and fluid shear stress. The proposed methodology exhibited higher sensitivity values and similar accuracy compared to state-of-the-art methods. We propose a novel actin filaments cytoskeleton analysis framework that allows extracting quasi-straight individual fibers in a robust manner, and provides their respective position, orientation, and length as output. The proposed framework is defined as a three-steps processing sequence, that can explicitly cope with high-throughput imaging related issues, such as noise/artifacts presence and heavy blurring, and can similarly process artifacts-free and well-focused images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel Alioscha-Perez
- Electronics and Informatics Dept (ETRO), AVSP Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VUB-EPFL International Joint Research Group (IJRG) NanoBiotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (MAP); (HS)
| | - Carine Benadiba
- VUB-EPFL International Joint Research Group (IJRG) NanoBiotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante (LPMV), EPFL, Cubotron, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katty Goossens
- VUB-EPFL International Joint Research Group (IJRG) NanoBiotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandor Kasas
- VUB-EPFL International Joint Research Group (IJRG) NanoBiotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante (LPMV), EPFL, Cubotron, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- VUB-EPFL International Joint Research Group (IJRG) NanoBiotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante (LPMV), EPFL, Cubotron, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ronnie Willaert
- VUB-EPFL International Joint Research Group (IJRG) NanoBiotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hichem Sahli
- Electronics and Informatics Dept (ETRO), AVSP Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VUB-EPFL International Joint Research Group (IJRG) NanoBiotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), Heverlee, Belgium
- * E-mail: (MAP); (HS)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ye S, Song Z, Li J, Li C, Yang J, Chang B. Early Intervention of Didang Decoction on MLCK Signaling Pathways in Vascular Endothelial Cells of Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:6704851. [PMID: 27703477 PMCID: PMC5040811 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6704851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study, type 2 diabetic rat model was established using streptozotocin (STZ) combined with a high-fat diet, and the rats were divided into control and diabetic groups. Diabetic groups were further divided into nonintervening, simvastatin, Didang Decoction (DDD) early-phase intervening, DDD mid-phase intervening, and DDD late-phase intervening groups. The expression level of MLCK was detected using Western Blot analysis, and the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase C (PKC), and protein kinase A (PKA) were examined using Real Time PCR. Under the electron microscope, the cells in the early-DDD-intervention group and the simvastatin group were significantly more continuous and compact than those in the diabetic group. Compared with the control group, the expression of cAMP-1 and PKA was decreased in all diabetic groups, whereas the expression of MLCK and PKC was increased in early- and mid-phase DDD-intervening groups (P < 0.05); compared with the late-phase DDD-intervening group, the expression of cAMP-1 and PKA was higher, but the level of MLCK and PKC was lower in early-phase DDD-intervening group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the early use of DDD improves the permeability of vascular endothelial cells by regulating the MLCK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiao Ye
- Endocrinology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 66, Tongan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- Endocrinology, Nanyang TCM Hospital, No. 939, Qiyi Road, Wolong District, Nanyang, Henan 473000, China
- Clinical Medicine Combined with Chinese Traditional Medicine and Western Medicine, Tianjin Chinese Medical University, No. 88, Yuquan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhenqiang Song
- Endocrinology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 66, Tongan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jing Li
- Endocrinology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 66, Tongan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chunshen Li
- Clinical Medicine Combined with Chinese Traditional Medicine and Western Medicine, Tianjin Chinese Medical University, No. 88, Yuquan Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Juhong Yang
- Endocrinology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 66, Tongan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Bai Chang
- Endocrinology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, No. 66, Tongan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
- *Bai Chang:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Foo KY, Chee HY. Interaction between Flavivirus and Cytoskeleton during Virus Replication. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:427814. [PMID: 26347881 PMCID: PMC4546964 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are potentially human pathogens that cause major epidemics worldwide. Flavivirus interacts with host cell factors to form a favourable virus replication site. Cell cytoskeletons have been observed to have close contact with flaviviruses, which expands the understanding of cytoskeleton functions during virus replication, although many detailed mechanisms are still unclear. The interactions between the virus and host cytoskeletons such as actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments have provided insight into molecular alterations during the virus infection, such as viral entry, in-cell transport, scaffold assembly, and egress. This review article focuses on the utilization of cytoskeleton by Flavivirus and the respective functions during virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kar Yue Foo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schilter H, Cantemir-Stone CZ, Leksa V, Ohradanova-Repic A, Findlay AD, Deodhar M, Stockinger H, Song X, Molloy M, Marsh CB, Jarolimek W. The mannose-6-phosphate analogue, PXS64, inhibits fibrosis via TGF-β1 pathway in human lung fibroblasts. Immunol Lett 2015; 165:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
19
|
Tang ST, Su H, Zhang Q, Tang HQ, Wang CJ, Zhou Q, Wei W, Zhu HQ, Wang Y. Melatonin Attenuates Aortic Endothelial Permeability and Arteriosclerosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015; 21:82-92. [PMID: 25944844 DOI: 10.1177/1074248415583090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of diabetic macrovascular complications is a multifactorial process, and melatonin may possess cardiovascular protective properties. This study was designed to evaluate whether melatonin attenuates arteriosclerosis and endothelial permeability by suppressing the myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK)/myosin light-chain phosphorylation (p-MLC) system via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway or by suppressing the myosin phosphatase-targeting subunit phosphorylation (p-MYPT)/p-MLC system in diabetes mellitus (DM). Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, including control, high-fat diet, DM, and DM + melatonin groups. Melatonin was administered (10 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 12 weeks. The DM significantly increased the serum fasting blood glucose and lipid levels, as well as insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction, which were attenuated by melatonin therapy to various extents. Importantly, the aortic endothelial permeability was significantly increased in DM rats but was dramatically reversed following treatment with melatonin. Our findings further indicated that hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia enhanced the expressions of MLCK, p-MYPT, and p-MLC, which were partly associated with decreased membrane type 1 expression, increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, and increased p38 expression. However, these changes in protein expression were also significantly reversed by melatonin. Thus, our results are the first to demonstrate that the endothelial hyperpermeability induced by DM is associated with increased expressions of MLCK, p-MYPT, and p-MLC, which can be attenuated by melatonin at least partly through the ERK/p38 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-tao Tang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huan Su
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-qin Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chang-jiang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-qing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu D, Guo X, Su J, Chen R, Berenzon D, Guthold M, Bonin K, Zhao W, Zhou X. CD138-negative myeloma cells regulate mechanical properties of bone marrow stromal cells through SDF-1/CXCR4/AKT signaling pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:338-47. [PMID: 25450979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As the second most prevalent hematologic malignancy, multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable and relapses due to intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies that target molecular mechanisms responsible for drug resistance are attractive. Interactions of tumor cells with their surrounding microenvironment impact tumor initiation, progression and metastasis, as well as patient prognosis. This cross-talk is bidirectional. Tumor cells can also attract or activate tumor-associated stromal cells by releasing cytokines to facilitate their growth, invasion and metastasis. The effect of myeloma cells on bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) has not been well studied. In our study, we found that higher stiffness of BMSCs was not a unique characteristic of BMSCs from MM patients (M-BMSCs). BMSCs from MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) patients were also stiffer than the BMSCs from healthy volunteers (N-BMSCs). The stiffness of M-BMSCs was enhanced when cocultured with myeloma cells. In contrast, no changes were seen in myeloma cell-primed MGUS- and N-BMSCs. Interestingly, our data indicated that CD138⁻ myeloma cells, but not CD138⁺ cells, regulated M-BMSC stiffness. SDF-1 was highly expressed in the CD138⁻ myeloma subpopulation compared with that in CD138⁺ cells. Inhibition of SDF-1 using AMD3100 or knocking-down CXCR4 in M-BMSCs blocked CD138⁻ myeloma cells-induced increase in M-BMSC stiffness, suggesting a crucial role of SDF-1/CXCR4. AKT inhibition attenuated SDF-1-induced increases in M-BMSC stiffness. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, CD138⁻ myeloma cell-directed cross-talk with BMSCs and reveal that CD138⁻ myeloma cells regulate M-BMSC stiffness through SDF-1/CXCR4/AKT signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xinyi Guo
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ruoying Chen
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Dmitriy Berenzon
- Hematology & Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Martin Guthold
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Keith Bonin
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bazzini C, Benedetti L, Civello D, Zanoni C, Rossetti V, Marchesi D, Garavaglia ML, Paulmichl M, Francolini M, Meyer G, Rodighiero S. ICln: a new regulator of non-erythroid 4.1R localisation and function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108826. [PMID: 25295618 PMCID: PMC4189953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To optimise the efficiency of cell machinery, cells can use the same protein (often called a hub protein) to participate in different cell functions by simply changing its target molecules. There are large data sets describing protein-protein interactions (“interactome”) but they frequently fail to consider the functional significance of the interactions themselves. We studied the interaction between two potential hub proteins, ICln and 4.1R (in the form of its two splicing variants 4.1R80 and 4.1R135), which are involved in such crucial cell functions as proliferation, RNA processing, cytoskeleton organisation and volume regulation. The sub-cellular localisation and role of native and chimeric 4.1R over-expressed proteins in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were examined. ICln interacts with both 4.1R80 and 4.1R135 and its over-expression displaces 4.1R from the membrane regions, thus affecting 4.1R interaction with ß-actin. It was found that 4.1R80 and 4.1R135 are differently involved in regulating the swelling activated anion current (ICl,swell) upon hypotonic shock, a condition under which both isoforms are dislocated from the membrane region and thus contribute to ICl,swell current regulation. Both 4.1R isoforms are also differently involved in regulating cell morphology, and ICln counteracts their effects. The findings of this study confirm that 4.1R plays a role in cell volume regulation and cell morphology and indicate that ICln is a new negative regulator of 4.1R functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bazzini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Benedetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete for Biosciences and Innovation, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Civello
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanoni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department (DISFARM), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Davide Marchesi
- Fondazione Filarete for Biosciences and Innovation, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Markus Paulmichl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maura Francolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete for Biosciences and Innovation, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Meyer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Rodighiero
- Fondazione Filarete for Biosciences and Innovation, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ingber DE, Wang N, Stamenović D. Tensegrity, cellular biophysics, and the mechanics of living systems. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2014; 77:046603. [PMID: 24695087 PMCID: PMC4112545 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/4/046603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The recent convergence between physics and biology has led many physicists to enter the fields of cell and developmental biology. One of the most exciting areas of interest has been the emerging field of mechanobiology that centers on how cells control their mechanical properties, and how physical forces regulate cellular biochemical responses, a process that is known as mechanotransduction. In this article, we review the central role that tensegrity (tensional integrity) architecture, which depends on tensile prestress for its mechanical stability, plays in biology. We describe how tensional prestress is a critical governor of cell mechanics and function, and how use of tensegrity by cells contributes to mechanotransduction. Theoretical tensegrity models are also described that predict both quantitative and qualitative behaviors of living cells, and these theoretical descriptions are placed in context of other physical models of the cell. In addition, we describe how tensegrity is used at multiple size scales in the hierarchy of life—from individual molecules to whole living organisms—to both stabilize three-dimensional form and to channel forces from the macroscale to the nanoscale, thereby facilitating mechanochemical conversion at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Boston Children’s Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB5, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Green St, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Dimitrije Stamenović
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Division of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Boucher J, Simard E, Froehlich U, Grandbois M. Amplification of AngII-dependent cell contraction by glyoxal: implication of cell mechanical properties and actomyosin activity. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:411-21. [PMID: 24503653 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40243f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal (GO), a highly reactive metabolite of glucose, is associated with diabetic vascular complications via the formation of advanced glycation end-products. Considering its ability to react with proteins' amino acids and its crosslinking potential, we suggest that GO affects cellular mechanical functions such as contractility. Therefore, we tested the effects of GO on cellular contractile response following AngII stimulation of human embryonic kidney cells over-expressing the AT1 receptor (HEK 293 AT1aR). Prior to cell stimulation with AngII, cells exposed to GO exhibited carboxymethyllysine-adduct formation and an increase in cellular stiffness, which could be prevented by pre-treatment with aminoguanidine. The time-dependent cellular contractile response to AngII was measured by monitoring cell membrane displacement by atomic force atomic force microscopy (AFM) and by quantifying myosin light chain phosphorylation (p-MLC) via immunoblotting. Interestingly, short-term GO exposure increased by 2.6 times the amplitude of cell contraction induced by AngII and this was also associated with a sustained rise in p-MLC. This increased response to AngII induced by GO appears to be linked to its glycation potential, as aminoguanidine pre-treatment prevented this increased cellular mechanical response. Our results also suggest that GO could have an impact on ROCK activity, as ROCK inhibition with Y-27632 blocked the enhanced contractile response (p = 0.011) measured under GO conditions. Together, these results indicate that GO enhances the cellular response to AngII and modifies cellular mechanical properties via a mechanism that relies on its glycation potential and on the activation of the ROCK-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e avenue, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang J, Hartjes KA, Nelson TJ, Xu X. Cessation of contraction induces cardiomyocyte remodeling during zebrafish cardiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H382-95. [PMID: 24322613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00721.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contraction regulates heart development via a complex mechanotransduction process controlled by various mechanical forces. Here, we exploit zebrafish embryos as an in vivo animal model to discern the contribution from different mechanical forces and identify the underlying mechanotransductive signaling pathways of cardiogenesis. We treated 2 days postfertilization zebrafish embryos with Blebbistatin, a myosin II inhibitor, to stop cardiac contraction, which induces a response termed cessation of contraction-induced cardiomyocyte (CM) enlargement (CCE). Accompanying the CCE, lateral fusion of myofibrils was attenuated within CMs. The CCE can be blunted by loss of blood in tail-docked zebrafish but not in cloche mutant fish, suggesting that transmural pressure rather than shear stress is accountable for the chamber enlargement. By screening a panel of small molecule inhibitors, our data suggested essential functions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling and protein synthesis in CCE, which are independent of the sarcomere integrity. In summary, we defined a unique CCE response in genetically tractable zebrafish embryos. A panel of assays was established to verify the contribution from extrinsic forces and interrogate underlying signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cell geometric constraints induce modular gene-expression patterns via redistribution of HDAC3 regulated by actomyosin contractility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11349-54. [PMID: 23798429 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300801110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical forces in the form of substrate rigidity or geometrical constraints have been shown to alter gene expression profile and differentiation programs. However, the underlying mechanism of gene regulation by these mechanical cues is largely unknown. In this work, we use micropatterned substrates to alter cellular geometry (shape, aspect ratio, and size) and study the nuclear mechanotransduction to regulate gene expression. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed cell geometry-dependent alterations in actin-related gene expression. Increase in cell size reinforced expression of matrix-related genes, whereas reduced cell-substrate contact resulted in up-regulation of genes involved in cellular homeostasis. We also show that large-scale changes in gene-expression profile mapped onto differential modulation of nuclear morphology, actomyosin contractility and histone acetylation. Interestingly, cytoplasmic-to-nuclear redistribution of histone deacetylase 3 modulated histone acetylation in an actomyosin-dependent manner. In addition, we show that geometric constraints altered the nuclear fraction of myocardin-related transcription factor. These fractions exhibited hindered diffusion time scale within the nucleus, correlated with enhanced serum-response element promoter activity. Furthermore, nuclear accumulation of myocardin-related transcription factor also modulated NF-κB activity. Taken together, our work provides modularity in switching gene-expression patterns by cell geometric constraints via actomyosin contractility.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kuo CY, Chou TY, Chen CM, Tsai YF, Hwang GY, Hwang TL. Hepatitis B virus X protein disrupts stress fiber formation and triggers apoptosis. Virus Res 2013; 175:20-9. [PMID: 23591626 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal proteins are key participants in the cellular progression to apoptosis. In a previous study we injected nude mice with CCL13-HBx cells and identified in contrast to non-HBx transfected cells a differentially phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC) by two-dimensional PAGE and mass spectrometry of the tumor material. To investigate the role of HBx in myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) signaling pathways, we analyzed the key molecules, p-MLC and MLCK, by western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining analysis showed that HBx disrupted stress fiber formation and that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) were regulated by HBx-mediated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). We also used pharmacological inhibitors to explore the correlation between cytoskeletal rearrangements and HBx-mediated cell apoptosis via an MLCK and a PTEN-dependent pathway. The results showed that both ML9 and bvp restored the effects caused by HBx induction. Our findings suggest that HBx disrupts stress fiber formation and triggers apoptosis via an MLCK and a PTEN-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yen Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rigor RR, Shen Q, Pivetti CD, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Myosin light chain kinase signaling in endothelial barrier dysfunction. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:911-33. [PMID: 22886693 DOI: 10.1002/med.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular barrier dysfunction is a serious problem that occurs in many inflammatory conditions, including sepsis, trauma, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Barrier dysfunction permits extravasation of serum components into the surrounding tissue, leading to edema formation and organ failure. The basis for microvascular barrier dysfunction is hyperpermeability at endothelial cell-cell junctions. Endothelial hyperpermeability is increased by actomyosin contractile activity in response to phosphorylation of myosin light chain by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). MLCK-dependent endothelial hyperpermeability occurs in response to inflammatory mediators (e.g., activated neutrophils, thrombin, histamine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, etc.), through multiple cell signaling pathways and signaling molecules (e.g., Ca(++) , protein kinase C, Src kinase, nitric oxide synthase, etc.). Other signaling molecules protect against MLCK-dependent hyperpermeability (e.g., sphingosine-1-phosphate or cAMP). In addition, individual MLCK isoforms play specific roles in endothelial barrier dysfunction, suggesting that isoform-specific inhibitors could be useful for treating inflammatory disorders and preventing multiple organ failure. Because endothelial barrier dysfunction depends upon signaling through MLCK in many instances, MLCK-dependent signaling comprises multiple potential therapeutic targets for preventing edema formation and multiple organ failure. The following review is a discussion of MLCK-dependent mechanisms and cell signaling events that mediate endothelial hyperpermeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Rigor
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li W, Hu B, Li GL, Zhao XQ, Xin BZ, Lin JX, Shen Y, Liang XH, Liu GF, Gao HQ, Liao XL, Liang ZG, Wang YJ. Heterozygote genotypes at rs2222823 and rs2811712 SNP loci are associated with cerebral small vessel disease in Han Chinese population. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:558-65. [PMID: 22621687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS With developments of etiology of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) of stroke, the genetic studies of CSVD are focused on genes related to blood-brain barrier (BBB) and aging. The project aims to investigate the association between CSVD and susceptibility loci and candidate genes. METHODS All study subjects admitted Beijing Tiantan Hospital from June 2009 to September 2010 including 197 cerebral small vessel disease patients(S), 198 large artery atherosclerosis control individuals (vascular stenotic rate ≥50% diameter reduction) (L), 200 hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage control individuals (H) and 197 stroke-free control individuals (C). 15 SNPs in 4 genes (MYLK, AQP4, NINJ2, and INK4/ARF) were genotyped using Multiplex Snapshot assay. Each SNP was first examined between the groups S and C in different genetic models (codominant, dominant, recessive, overdominant, and log-additive). Permutation correction was used to adjust for multiple testing. The significant SNP loci were further analyzed in comparing S with L and H, respectively. Subgroup analysis was also performed for each risk-factor category. RESULTS Among the 15 SNPs, rs2222823 and rs2811712 were found to be significantly associated with CSVD after multiple-testing adjustment. The heterozygote (A/T) of rs2222823 of MYLK has an odds ratio of 0.52 (95% CI =[0.35, 0.79], P= 0.002, adjusted P= 0.031) when compared with homozygotes. The heterozygote (C/T) of rs2811712 of INK4/ARF has an odds ratio of 1.75 (95% CI =[1.13-2.71], P= 0.004, adjusted P= 0.050). The SNP rs2222823 was significant (P= 0.035) in comparing S with H. In comparing S versus L, it is significant for the subgroups of patients without diabetes (P= 0.012) and drinking (P= 0.018). rs2811712 was significant in comparing S with L for the subgroups of patients with hyperlipidemia (P= 0.029) and drinking (P= 0.04). CONCLUSION The heterozygotes (T/A) at the rs2222823 SNP locus of MYLK gene decreases the risk of having cerebral small vessel disease, while the heterozygotes (C/T) at the rs2811712 SNP locus of INK4/ARF gene increases the risk, suggesting that the MYLK and INK4/ARF are the associated genes of cerebral small vessel disease in Han Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhu GJ, Wang F, Chen C, Xu L, Zhang WC, Fan C, Peng YJ, Chen J, He WQ, Guo SY, Zuo J, Gao X, Zhu MS. Myosin light-chain kinase is necessary for membrane homeostasis in cochlear inner hair cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34894. [PMID: 22485190 PMCID: PMC3317649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural homeostasis of the cochlear hair cell membrane is critical for all aspects of sensory transduction, but the regulation of its maintenance is not well understood. In this report, we analyzed the cochlear hair cells of mice with specific deletion of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in inner hair cells. MLCK-deficient mice showed impaired hearing, with a 5- to 14-dB rise in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds to clicks and tones of different frequencies and a significant decrease in the amplitude of the ABR waves. The mutant inner hair cells produced several ball-like structures around the hair bundles in vivo, indicating impaired membrane stability. Inner hair cells isolated from the knockout mice consistently displayed less resistance to hypoosmotic solution and less membrane F-actin. Myosin light-chain phosphorylation was also reduced in the mutated inner hair cells. Our results suggest that MLCK is necessary for maintaining the membrane stability of inner hair cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Epithelium/enzymology
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
- Gene Expression
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/enzymology
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/ultrastructure
- Homeostasis
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myosin Light Chains/metabolism
- Myosin VIIa
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/deficiency
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/genetics
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/physiology
- Myosins/metabolism
- Organ of Corti/cytology
- Osmotic Pressure
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Sequence Deletion
- Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/genetics
- Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jie Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chi Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Jing Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Qi He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Ying Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xia Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (XG); (M-SZ)
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Diseases Studies, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, Wenzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XG); (M-SZ)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Meng G, Zhao J, Wang HM, Ding RG, Zhang XC, Huang CQ, Ruan JX. Injury of cell tight junctions and changes of actin level in acute lung injury caused by the perfluoroisobutylene exposure and the role of Myosin light chain kinase. J Occup Health 2011; 53:250-7. [PMID: 21670563 DOI: 10.1539/joh.10-0055-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the injury of cell tight junctions and change in actin level in the alveolus epithelial cells of the lung after perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) exposure and the role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in the injury. METHODS Rats and mice were exposed to a sublethal dose of PFIB. The changes in tight junction zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), actin and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were detected by immunofluorescence at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h after PFIB exposure. The role of MLCK was analyzed by lung indices and the actin level. RESULTS The normal ZO-1 immunofluorescence density and those after PFIB exposure were 71.63, 39.41, 37.59, 35.71, 33.22, 31.34, 31.61, 24.51, 40.03 and 44.71 respectively, The normal actin immunofluorescence density and those after PFIB exposure were 31.82, 36.46, 36.57, 41.60, 40.95, 35.41, 30.69, 19.96, 29.30 and 33.00 respectively, The normal MLCK immunofluorescence density and those after PFIB exposure were 61.21, 50.87, 48.37, 43.65, 41.96, 35.44, 31.77, 30.85, 33.10 and 38.20 respectively. When the MLCK inhibitor ML-7 was given in advance, pulmonary edema and actin degradation were suppressed. CONCLUSIONS At an earlier stage, the increased permeability of the blood-air barrier after PFIB exposure is probably the result of injury of cell tight junctions that acts in concert with later changes in actin, resulting in an increase in permeability. MLCK could be a potential target for novel drug development for relief of acute lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Meng
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kasza KE, Vader D, Köster S, Wang N, Weitz DA. Imaging techniques for measuring the materials properties of cells. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:pdb.top107. [PMID: 21460060 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThe “materials properties” of a biological material include its composition and microscopic structure and the relationship between its structure and its mechanical properties. For living cells, the motor-driven internal motion also significantly impacts the properties, even independently of any remodeling of the cell structure that can occur. These materials properties dictate the passive mechanical response of the material to an applied force. The mechanical properties of cells and tissues are essential for their function and health and affect how cells actively respond to mechanical force in important biological processes, ranging from motility to differentiation and morphogenesis. The mechanical properties of bulk tissues can be determined by traditional rheological techniques that measure the force required to stretch, compress, or shear macroscopic tissue. However, individual cells are too small to be measured by such methods and have highly heterogeneous structures; thus techniques are required that can probe soft materials at the micrometer scale. A variety of microrheological techniques, developed to determine the materials properties of cells, reveal that living cells have materials properties that are quite unusual compared with common inert materials. Cells are active, nonequilibrium materials with a highly nonlinear elasticity. This article presents a subset of microrheological techniques that involve optical imaging of micrometer-sized probes on or within individual cells, describes how to analyze probe motions, and discusses limitations of the techniques.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
An outstanding problem in cell biology is how cells sense mechanical forces and how those forces affect cellular functions. During past decades, it has become evident that the deformable cytoskeleton (CSK), an intracellular network of various filamentous biopolymers, provides a physical basis for transducing mechanical signals into biochemical responses. To understand how mechanical forces regulate cellular functions, it is necessary to first understand how the CSK develops mechanical stresses in response to applied forces, and how those stresses are propagated through the CSK where various signaling molecules are immobilized. New experimental techniques have been developed to quantify cytoskeletal mechanics, which together with new computational approaches have given rise to new theories and models for describing mechanics of living cells. In this article, we discuss current understanding of cell biomechanics by focusing on the biophysical mechanisms that are responsible for the development and transmission of mechanical stresses in the cell and their effect on cellular functions. We compare and contrast various theories and models of cytoskeletal mechanics, emphasizing common mechanisms that those theories are built upon, while not ignoring irreconcilable differences. We highlight most recent advances in the understanding of mechanotransduction in the cytoplasm of living cells and the central role of the cytoskeletal prestress in propagating mechanical forces along the cytoskeletal filaments to activate cytoplasmic enzymes. It is anticipated that advances in cell mechanics will help developing novel therapeutics to treat pulmonary diseases like asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
|
33
|
Shen Q, Rigor RR, Pivetti CD, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Myosin light chain kinase in microvascular endothelial barrier function. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:272-80. [PMID: 20479130 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular barrier dysfunction is implicated in the initiation and progression of inflammation, posttraumatic complications, sepsis, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Under physiological conditions, a precise equilibrium between endothelial cell-cell adhesion and actin-myosin-based centripetal tension tightly controls the semi-permeability of microvascular barriers. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) plays an important role in maintaining the equilibrium by phosphorylating myosin light chain (MLC), thereby inducing actomyosin contractility and weakening endothelial cell-cell adhesion. MLCK is activated by numerous physiological factors and inflammatory or angiogenic mediators, causing vascular hyperpermeability. In this review, we discuss experimental evidence supporting the crucial role of MLCK in the hyperpermeability response to key cell signalling events during inflammation. At the cellular level, in vitro studies of cultured endothelial monolayers treated with MLCK inhibitors or transfected with specific inhibiting peptides have demonstrated that induction of endothelial MLCK activity is necessary for hyperpermeability. Ex vivo studies of live microvessels, enabled by development of the isolated, perfused venule method, support the importance of MLCK in endothelial permeability regulation in an environment that more closely resembles in vivo tissues. Finally, the role of MLCK in vascular hyperpermeability has been confirmed with in vivo studies of animal disease models and the use of transgenic MLCK210 knockout mice. These approaches provide a more complete view of the role of MLCK in vascular barrier dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 4625 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li Q, Sarna SK. Nuclear myosin II regulates the assembly of preinitiation complex for ICAM-1 gene transcription. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1051-60, 1060.e1-3. [PMID: 19328794 PMCID: PMC2736361 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Actin-myosin II motor converts chemical energy into force/motion in muscle and nonmuscle cells. The phosphorylation of 20-kilodalton regulatory myosin light chain (MLC(20)) is critical to the cytoplasmic functions of these motors. We do not know whether myosin II and actins in the nucleus function as motors to generate relative motion, such as that between RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and DNA, for assembly of the preinitiation complex. METHODS The experiments were performed on primary cultures of human colonic circular smooth muscle cells and rat colonic circular muscle strips. RESULTS We show that myosin II and alpha- and beta-actins are present in the nuclei of colonic smooth muscle cells. The nuclear myosin II is tethered to recognition sequence AGCTCC (-39/-34) in the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) core promoter region. The actins are known to complex with RNA polymerase II, and they are tethered to the nucleoskeleton. The dephosphorylation of MLC(20) increases the transcription of ICAM-1, whereas its phosphorylation decreases it. Colonic inflammation suppresses nuclear myosin light chain kinase, which increases the unphosphorylated form of nuclear MLC(20), resulting in enhanced transcription of ICAM-1. CONCLUSIONS Myosin II is a core transcription factor. The phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of nuclear MLC(20) results in the sliding of myosin and actin molecules past each other, producing relative motion between DNA bound to the myosin II and RNA polymerase II holoenzyme bound to actins and nucleoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1064, USA
| | - Sushil K. Sarna
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1064, USA, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kasza KE, Nakamura F, Hu S, Kollmannsberger P, Bonakdar N, Fabry B, Stossel TP, Wang N, Weitz DA. Filamin A is essential for active cell stiffening but not passive stiffening under external force. Biophys J 2009; 96:4326-35. [PMID: 19450503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The material properties of a cell determine how mechanical forces are transmitted through and sensed by that cell. Some types of cells stiffen passively under large external forces, but they can also alter their own stiffness in response to the local mechanical environment or biochemical cues. Here we show that the actin-binding protein filamin A is essential for the active stiffening of cells plated on collagen-coated substrates. This appears to be due to a diminished capability to build up large internal contractile stresses in the absence of filamin A. To show this, we compare the material properties and contractility of two human melanoma cell lines that differ in filamin A expression. The filamin A-deficient M2 cells are softer than the filamin A-replete A7 cells, and exert much smaller contractile stresses on the substratum, even though the M2 cells have similar levels of phosphorylated myosin II light chain and only somewhat diminished adhesion strength. In contrast to A7 cells, the stiffness and contractility of M2 cells are insensitive to either myosin-inhibiting drugs or the stiffness of the substratum. Surprisingly, however, filamin A is not required for passive stiffening under large external forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Kasza
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Prestress and adhesion site dynamics control cell sensitivity to extracellular stiffness. Biophys J 2009; 96:2009-22. [PMID: 19254561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims at improving the understanding of mechanisms responsible for cell sensitivity to extracellular environment. We explain how substrate mechanical properties can modulate the force regulation of cell sensitive elements primarily adhesion sites. We present a theoretical and experimental comparison between two radically different approaches of the force regulation of adhesion sites that depends on their either stationary or dynamic behavior. The most classical stationary model fails to predict cell sensitivity to substrate stiffness whereas the dynamic model predicts extracellular stiffness dependence. This is due to a time dependent reaction force in response to actomyosin traction force exerted on cell sensitive elements. We purposely used two cellular models, i.e., alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages exhibiting respectively stationary and dynamic adhesion sites, and compared their sensitivity to theoretical predictions. Mechanical and structural results show that alveolar epithelial cells exhibit significant prestress supported by evident stress fibers and lacks sensitivity to substrate stiffness. On the other hand, alveolar macrophages exhibit low prestress and exhibit sensitivity to substrate stiffness. Altogether, theory and experiments consistently show that adhesion site dynamics and cytoskeleton prestress control cell sensitivity to extracellular environment with an optimal sensitivity expected in the intermediate range.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Cell volume perturbation initiates a wide array of intracellular signalling cascades, leading to protective and adaptive events and, in most cases, activation of volume-regulatory osmolyte transport, water loss, and hence restoration of cell volume and cellular function. Cell volume is challenged not only under physiological conditions, e.g. following accumulation of nutrients, during epithelial absorption/secretion processes, following hormonal/autocrine stimulation, and during induction of apoptosis, but also under pathophysiological conditions, e.g. hypoxia, ischaemia and hyponatremia/hypernatremia. On the other hand, it has recently become clear that an increase or reduction in cell volume can also serve as a specific signal in the regulation of physiological processes such as transepithelial transport, cell migration, proliferation and death. Although the mechanisms by which cell volume perturbations are sensed are still far from clear, significant progress has been made with respect to the nature of the sensors, transducers and effectors that convert a change in cell volume into a physiological response. In the present review, we summarize recent major developments in the field, and emphasize the relationship between cell volume regulation and organism physiology/pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I H Lambert
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhou X, Liu Y, You J, Zhang H, Zhang X, Ye L. Myosin light-chain kinase contributes to the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells through cross-talk with activated ERK1/2. Cancer Lett 2008; 270:312-27. [PMID: 18710790 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) plays a crucial role in the cell migration and tumor metastasis. Herein, we investigated the signaling pathways involved in MLCK using ML-7, a specific inhibitor of MLCK, in breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Our data showed that reduction of MLCK in breast cancer cells mediated by 20 microM ML-7 was able to depress the cell proliferation and migration using two parallel cell lines (MCF-7 and LM-MCF/MDA-MB-231) with different metastatic abilities through reciprocal cross-talk with activated ERK1/2, in which both phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC) and cascades of beta-catenin, cyclin D1, survivin, and c-Myc serve as essential downstream effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Brain edema and associated increased intracranial pressure are major consequences of traumatic brain injury that account for most early deaths after traumatic brain injury. An important component of brain edema after traumatic brain injury is astrocyte swelling (cytotoxic edema). To examine the pathophysiologic mechanisms of trauma-induced astrocyte swelling, we used an in vitro fluid percussion trauma model. Exposure of cultured rat astrocytes to 5 atm of pressure resulted in significant cell swelling at 1 to 24 hours posttrauma that was maximal at 3 hours. Because oxidative/nitrosative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been implicated in astrocyte swelling in other neurologic conditions, we examined their potential roles in this model. We previously showed increased free radical generation after in vitro trauma and show here that trauma to astrocytes increased the production of nitric oxide. Trauma also induced mPT and increased phosphorylation (activation) of MAPKs (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, and p38-MAPK); these changes were diminished by antioxidants and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Antioxidants, N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, the mPT inhibitor cyclosporin A, and inhibitors of MAPKs all significantly diminished trauma-induced astrocyte swelling. These findings demonstrate that direct mechanical injury to cultured astrocytes brings about cell swelling, and that blockade of oxidative/nitrosative stress, mPT, and MAPKs significantly reduce such swelling.
Collapse
|
40
|
Féréol S, Fodil R, Pelle G, Louis B, Isabey D. Cell mechanics of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and macrophages (AMs). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 163:3-16. [PMID: 18565804 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell mechanics provides an integrated view of many biological phenomena which are intimately related to cell structure and function. Because breathing constitutes a sustained motion synonymous with life, pulmonary cells are normally designed to support permanent cyclic stretch without breaking, while receiving mechanical cues from their environment. The authors study the mechanical responses of alveolar cells, namely epithelial cells and macrophages, exposed to well-controlled mechanical stress in order to understand pulmonary cell response and function. They discuss the principle, advantages and limits of a cytoskeleton-specific micromanipulation technique, magnetic bead twisting cytometry, potentially applicable in vivo. They also compare the pertinence of various models (e.g., rheological; power law) used to extract cell mechanical properties and discuss cell stress/strain hardening properties and cell dynamic response in relation to the structural tensegrity model. Overall, alveolar cells provide a pertinent model to study the biological processes governing cellular response to controlled stress or strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Féréol
- Inserm, UMR 841, Biomécanique Cellulaire et Respiratoire, Créteil F-94010, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chou CL, Yu MJ, Kassai EM, Morris RG, Hoffert JD, Wall SM, Knepper MA. Roles of basolateral solute uptake via NKCC1 and of myosin II in vasopressin-induced cell swelling in inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F192-201. [PMID: 18417545 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00011.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Collecting duct cells swell when exposed to arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the presence of a transepithelial osmolality gradient. We investigated the mechanisms of AVP-induced cell swelling in isolated, perfused rat inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDs) using quantitative video microscopy and fluorescence-based measurements of transepithelial water transport. We tested the roles of transepithelial water flow, basolateral solute entry, and the cytoskeleton (actomyosin). When a transepithelial osmolality gradient was imposed by addition of NaCl to the bath, AVP significantly increased both water flux and cell height. When the osmolality gradient was imposed by addition of mannitol, AVP increased water flux but not cell height, suggesting that AVP-induced cell swelling requires a NaCl gradient and is not merely dependent on the associated water flux. Bumetanide (Na-K-2Cl cotransporter inhibitor) added to the bath markedly diminished the AVP-induced cell height increase. AVP-induced cell swelling was absent in IMCDs from NKCC1-knockout mice. In rat IMCDs, replacement of Na, K, or Cl in the peritubular bath caused significant cell shrinkage, consistent with a basolateral solute transport pathway dependent on all three ions. Immunocytochemistry using an antibody to NKCC1 confirmed basolateral expression in IMCD cells. The conventional nonmuscle myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin also diminished the AVP-induced cell height increase and cell shape change, consistent with a role for the actin cytoskeleton and myosin II. We conclude that the AVP-induced cell height increase is dependent on basolateral solute uptake via NKCC1 and changes in actin organization via myosin II, but is not dependent specifically on increased apical water entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lin Chou
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Micropatterning of single endothelial cell shape reveals a tight coupling between nuclear volume in G1 and proliferation. Biophys J 2008; 94:4984-95. [PMID: 18326659 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.116863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape-dependent local differentials in cell proliferation are considered to be a major driving mechanism of structuring processes in vivo, such as embryogenesis, wound healing, and angiogenesis. However, the specific biophysical signaling by which changes in cell shape contribute to cell cycle regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we describe our study of the roles of nuclear volume and cytoskeletal mechanics in mediating shape control of proliferation in single endothelial cells. Micropatterned adhesive islands were used to independently control cell spreading and elongation. We show that, irrespective of elongation, nuclear volume and apparent chromatin decondensation of cells in G1 systematically increased with cell spreading and highly correlated with DNA synthesis (percent of cells in the S phase). In contrast, cell elongation dramatically affected the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, markedly reduced both cytoskeletal stiffness (measured dorsally with atomic force microscopy) and contractility (measured ventrally with traction microscopy), and increased mechanical anisotropy, without affecting either DNA synthesis or nuclear volume. Our results reveal that the nuclear volume in G1 is predictive of the proliferative status of single endothelial cells within a population, whereas cell stiffness and contractility are not. These findings show that the effects of cell mechanics in shape control of proliferation are far more complex than a linear or straightforward relationship. Our data are consistent with a mechanism by which spreading of cells in G1 partially enhances proliferation by inducing nuclear swelling and decreasing chromatin condensation, thereby rendering DNA more accessible to the replication machinery.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Ingber DE. Tensegrity-based mechanosensing from macro to micro. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 97:163-79. [PMID: 18406455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article is a summary of a lecture on cellular mechanotransduction that was presented at a symposium on "Cardiac Mechano-Electric Feedback and Arrhythmias" that convened at Oxford, England in April 2007. Although critical mechanosensitive molecules and cellular components, such as integrins, stretch-activated ion channels, and cytoskeletal filaments, have been shown to contribute to the response by which cells convert mechanical signals into a biochemical response, little is known about how they function in the structural context of living cells, tissues and organs to produce orchestrated changes in cell behavior in response to stress. Here, studies are reviewed that suggest our bodies use structural hierarchies (systems within systems) composed of interconnected extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal networks that span from the macroscale to the nanoscale to focus stresses on specific mechanotransducer molecules. A key feature of these networks is that they are in a state of isometric tension (i.e., experience a tensile prestress), which ensures that various molecular-scale mechanochemical transduction mechanisms proceed simultaneously and produce a concerted response. These features of living architecture are the same principles that govern tensegrity (tensional integrity) architecture, and mathematical models based on tensegrity are beginning to provide new and useful descriptions of living materials, including mammalian cells. This article reviews how the use of tensegrity at multiple size scales in our bodies guides mechanical force transfer from the macro to the micro, as well as how it facilitates conversion of mechanical signals into changes in ion flux, molecular binding kinetics, signal transduction, gene transcription, cell fate switching and developmental patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Ingber
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-5737, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ihnatovych I, Hu W, Martin JL, Fazleabas AT, de Lanerolle P, Strakova Z. Increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain prevents in vitro decidualization. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3176-84. [PMID: 17412815 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of stromal cells into decidual cells, which is critical to successful pregnancy, represents a complex transformation requiring changes in cytoskeletal architecture. We demonstrate that in vitro differentiation of human uterine fibroblasts into decidual cells includes down-regulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin and beta-tubulin, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, and redistribution of vinculin. This is accompanied by varied adhesion to fibronectin and a modified ability to migrate. Cytoskeletal organization is determined primarily by actin-myosin II interactions governed by the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC20). Decidualization induced by cAMP [with estradiol-17beta (E) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (P)] results in a 40% decrease in MLC20 phosphorylation and a 55% decline in the long (214 kDa) form of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK). Destabilization of the cytoskeleton by inhibitors of MLCK (ML-7) or myosin II ATPase (blebbistatin) accelerates decidualization induced by cAMP (with E and P) but inhibits decidualization induced by IL-1beta (with E and P). Adenoviral infection of human uterine fibroblast cells with a constitutively active form of MLCK followed by decidualization stimuli leads to a 30% increase in MLC20 phosphorylation and prevents decidualization. These data provide evidence that the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics by MLC20 phosphorylation is critical for decidualization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Ihnatovych
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street (M/C 808), Chicago, Illinois 60612-7313, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Matthews BD, Thodeti CK, Ingber DE. Activation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels by Forces Transmitted Through Integrins and the Cytoskeleton. MECHANOSENSITIVE ION CHANNELS, PART A 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(06)58003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
47
|
Gu LZ, Hu WY, Antic N, Mehta R, Turner JR, de Lanerolle P. Inhibiting myosin light chain kinase retards the growth of mammary and prostate cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:948-57. [PMID: 16574402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that ML-7, which inhibits myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), induces apoptosis in transformed and non-transformed cells. We have extended these studies and found that ML-7 stimulates the ability of etoposide to induce apoptosis in Mm5MT mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells and Mat-Ly-Lu rat prostate cancer cells in vitro. ML-7 was also found to have a chemopreventive effect using an in vitro mouse mammary organ culture model. In vivo experiments demonstrated that ML-7 retards the growth of mammary tumours in mice and prostate tumours in rats. Moreover, ML-7 significantly stimulates the ability of etoposide to prevent the growth of established mammary tumours in mice and prostate tumours in rats. These results provide evidence for the efficacy of ML-7 as an adjuvant to etoposide in these models and warrants further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Zhi Gu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 835 South Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Insulin resistance and obesity is a common health problem in the industrialized world. As a result of the availability of high-calorie food and a reduction in energy expenditure, maladaptive metabolic processes may interfere with the action of insulin and increase susceptibility for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. With the advent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the mechanisms of this maladaptation and its relationship to insulin resistance syndrome components have become less obscure, promising new therapeutic approaches for this common problem. In this review we first focus on the molecular structure and cellular mechanisms of action of these receptors and then discuss how PPAR-gamma, a PPAR isoform, provides a link between adiposity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Kepez
- Cardiology Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Shimizu S, Yoshida T, Wakamori M, Ishii M, Okada T, Takahashi M, Seto M, Sakurada K, Kiuchi Y, Mori Y. Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase is essential for activation of TRPC5 channels expressed in HEK293 cells. J Physiol 2005; 570:219-35. [PMID: 16284075 PMCID: PMC1464317 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.097998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian homologues of Drosophila transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins are responsible for receptor-activated Ca(2+) influx in vertebrate cells. We previously reported the involvement of intracellular Ca(2+) in the receptor-mediated activation of mammalian canonical transient receptor potential 5 (TRPC5) channels. Here we investigated the role of calmodulin, an important sensor of changes in intracellular Ca(2+), and its downstream cascades in the activation of recombinant TRPC5 channels in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Ca(2+) entry through TRPC5 channels, induced upon stimulation of the G-protein-coupled ATP receptor, was abolished by treatment with W-13, an inhibitor of calmodulin. ML-9 and wortmannin, inhibitors of Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and the expression of a dominant-negative mutant of MLCK inhibited the TRPC5 channel activity, revealing an essential role of MLCK in maintaining TRPC5 channel activity. It is important to note that ML-9 impaired the plasma membrane localization of TRPC5 channels. Furthermore, TRPC5 channel activity measured using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was inhibited by ML-9, whereas TRPC5 channel activity observed in the cell-excised, inside-out patch was unaffected by ML-9. An antibody that recognizes phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC) revealed that the basal level of phosphorylated MLC under unstimulated conditions was reduced by ML-9 in HEK293 cells. These findings strongly suggest that intracellular Ca(2+)-calmodulin constitutively activates MLCK, thereby maintaining TRPC5 channel activity through the promotion of plasma membrane TRPC5 channel distribution under the control of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation equilibrium of MLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Shimizu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fazal F, Gu L, Ihnatovych I, Han Y, Hu W, Antic N, Carreira F, Blomquist JF, Hope TJ, Ucker DS, de Lanerolle P. Inhibiting myosin light chain kinase induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6259-66. [PMID: 15988034 PMCID: PMC1168802 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.14.6259-6266.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous short-term studies have correlated an increase in the phosphorylation of the 20-kDa light chain of myosin II (MLC20) with blebbing in apoptotic cells. We have found that this increase in MLC20 phosphorylation is rapidly followed by MLC20 dephosphorylation when cells are stimulated with various apoptotic agents. MLC20 dephosphorylation is not a consequence of apoptosis because MLC20 dephosphorylation precedes caspase activation when cells are stimulated with a proapoptotic agent or when myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is inhibited pharmacologically or by microinjecting an inhibitory antibody to MLCK. Moreover, blocking caspase activation increased cell survival when MLCK is inhibited or when cells are treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha. Depolymerizing actin filaments or detaching cells, processes that destabilize the cytoskeleton, or inhibiting myosin ATPase activity also resulted in MLC20 dephosphorylation and cell death. In vivo experiments showed that inhibiting MLCK increased the number of apoptotic cells and retarded the growth of mammary cancer cells in mice. Thus, MLC20 dephosphorylation occurs during physiological cell death and prolonged MLC20 dephosphorylation can trigger apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabeha Fazal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|