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Masschelin PM, Saha P, Ochsner SA, Cox AR, Kim KH, Felix JB, Sharp R, Li X, Tan L, Park JH, Wang L, Putluri V, Lorenzi PL, Nuotio-Antar AM, Sun Z, Kaipparettu BA, Putluri N, Moore DD, Summers SA, McKenna NJ, Hartig SM. Vitamin B2 enables regulation of fasting glucose availability. eLife 2023; 12:e84077. [PMID: 37417957 PMCID: PMC10328530 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) interacts with flavoproteins to mediate oxidation-reduction reactions required for cellular energy demands. Not surprisingly, mutations that alter FAD binding to flavoproteins cause rare inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) that disrupt liver function and render fasting intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and lipodystrophy. In our study, depleting FAD pools in mice with a vitamin B2-deficient diet (B2D) caused phenotypes associated with organic acidemias and other IEMs, including reduced body weight, hypoglycemia, and fatty liver disease. Integrated discovery approaches revealed B2D tempered fasting activation of target genes for the nuclear receptor PPARα, including those required for gluconeogenesis. We also found PPARα knockdown in the liver recapitulated B2D effects on glucose excursion and fatty liver disease in mice. Finally, treatment with the PPARα agonist fenofibrate activated the integrated stress response and refilled amino acid substrates to rescue fasting glucose availability and overcome B2D phenotypes. These findings identify metabolic responses to FAD availability and nominate strategies for the management of organic acidemias and other rare IEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Masschelin
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Pradip Saha
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Scott A Ochsner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Sciences CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Jessica B Felix
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Robert Sharp
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Jun Hyoung Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | | | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | | | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Neil J McKenna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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2
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Gao H, Li Y, Chen X. Interactions between nuclear receptors glucocorticoid receptor α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α form a negative feedback loop. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:893-903. [PMID: 35476174 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09725-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Both nuclear receptors glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) are involved in energy and lipid metabolism, and possess anti-inflammation effects. Previous studies indicate that a regulatory loop may exist between them. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that glucocorticoids stimulate hepatic PPARα expression via GRα at the transcriptional level. This stimulation of PPARα by GRα has physiological relevance and PPARα is involved in many glucocorticoid-induced pathophysiological processes, including gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis during fasting, insulin resistance, hypertension and anti-inflammatory effects. PPARα also synergizes with GRα to promote erythroid progenitor self-renewal. As the feedback, PPARα inhibits glucocorticoid actions at pre-receptor and receptor levels. PPARα decreases glucocorticoid production through inhibiting the expression and activity of type-1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which converts inactive glucocorticoids to active glucocorticoids at local tissues, and also down-regulates hepatic GRα expression, thus forming a complete and negative feedback loop. This negative feedback loop sheds light on prospective multi-drug therapeutic treatments in inflammatory diseases through a combination of glucocorticoids and PPARα agonists. This combination may potentially enhance the anti-inflammatory effects while alleviating side effects on glucose and lipid metabolism due to GRα activation. More investigations are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism and the relevant physiological or pathological significance of this regulatory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Gao
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (the First People's Hospital of Zunyi), 563002, Zunyi, China
| | - Yujue Li
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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Mooli RGR, Ramakrishnan SK. Emerging Role of Hepatic Ketogenesis in Fatty Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:946474. [PMID: 35860662 PMCID: PMC9289363 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.946474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver diseases, arise from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) characterized by excessive fat accumulation as triglycerides. Although NAFL is benign, it could progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) manifested with inflammation, hepatocyte damage and fibrosis. A subset of NASH patients develops end-stage liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is highly complex and strongly associated with perturbations in lipid and glucose metabolism. Lipid disposal pathways, in particular, impairment in condensation of acetyl-CoA derived from β-oxidation into ketogenic pathway strongly influence the hepatic lipid loads and glucose metabolism. Current evidence suggests that ketogenesis dispose up to two-thirds of the lipids entering the liver, and its dysregulation significantly contribute to the NAFLD pathogenesis. Moreover, ketone body administration in mice and humans shows a significant improvement in NAFLD. This review focuses on hepatic ketogenesis and its role in NAFLD pathogenesis. We review the possible mechanisms through which impaired hepatic ketogenesis may promote NAFLD progression. Finally, the review sheds light on the therapeutic implications of a ketogenic diet in NAFLD.
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4
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Wei S, Binbin L, Yuan W, Zhong Z, Donghai L, Caihua H. β-Hydroxybutyrate in Cardiovascular Diseases : A Minor Metabolite of Great Expectations. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:823602. [PMID: 35769904 PMCID: PMC9234267 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.823602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in therapies, cardiovascular diseases ( CVDs ) are still the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Previous studies have shown that metabolic perturbations in cardiac energy metabolism are closely associated with the progression of CVDs. As expected, metabolic interventions can be applied to alleviate metabolic impairments and, therefore, can be used to develop therapeutic strategies for CVDs. β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) was once known to be a harmful and toxic metabolite leading to ketoacidosis in diabetes. However, the minor metabolite is increasingly recognized as a multifunctional molecular marker in CVDs. Although the protective role of β-HB in cardiovascular disease is controversial, increasing evidence from experimental and clinical research has shown that β-HB can be a “super fuel” and a signaling metabolite with beneficial effects on vascular and cardiac dysfunction. The tremendous potential of β-HB in the treatment of CVDs has attracted many interests of researchers. This study reviews the research progress of β-HB in CVDs and aims to provide a theoretical basis for exploiting the potential of β-HB in cardiovascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Wei
- Research and Communication Center of Exercise and Health, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liu Binbin
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wu Yuan
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhang Zhong
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Donghai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Huang Caihua, ; Lin Donghai,
| | - Huang Caihua
- Research and Communication Center of Exercise and Health, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Huang Caihua, ; Lin Donghai,
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DeGuzman A, Lorenson MY, Walker AM. Bittersweet: relevant amounts of the common sweet food additive, glycerol, accelerate the growth of PC3 human prostate cancer xenografts. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:101. [PMID: 35272680 PMCID: PMC8908677 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a study of potential prostate cancer therapeutics, glycerol was used to increase the density of one solution. Glycerol alone was therefore one of the controls. Tumors of human PC3 castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells were initiated in male nude mice and grown for 12 days. Mice were then sorted such that mean tumor weights were the same in each group, and osmotic minipumps delivering 0.25 µL/h of either saline or glycerol were then implanted subcutaneously. RESULTS Contrary to our initial assumption that glycerol would be without effect, tumors grew more rapidly in the glycerol group such that tumors were twice the size of those in the saline group after 4 weeks. Given the dose delivered, analysis of the literature suggests this effect was not via the conversion of glycerol to glucose but possibly via a reduction in oxidative damage in the growing tumor. Our data demonstrate that amounts of glycerol that could reasonably be derived from the diet promote the growth of these tumors. Given the increasing use of glycerol in foods and beverages, we present these data to stimulate interest in an epidemiological study in the human population examining glycerol consumption and the aggressiveness of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel DeGuzman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mary Y Lorenson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ameae M Walker
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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6
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Xu Z, Shi L, Li D, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Gao M, Ji A, Jiang Q, Chen R, Zhang R, Chen W, Zheng Y, Cui L. Real ambient particulate matter-induced lipid metabolism disorder: Roles of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113173. [PMID: 35007830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence associated particulate matter (PM) exposure with lipid metabolism disorders, yet, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Among the major lipid metabolism modulators, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha plays an important role. In the current study, an individually ventilated cage (IVC) system was used to expose C57/B6 mice to real-ambient PM for six weeks, with or without co-treatment of PPAR alpha agonist WY14,643. The general parameters, liver and adipose tissue pathology, serum lipids, metal deposition and lipid profile of liver were assessed. The results indicated that six weeks of real-ambient PM exposure induced dyslipidemia, including increased serum triglycerides (TG) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, along with steatosis in liver, increased size of adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) and whitening of brown adipose tissue (BAT). ICP-MS results indicated increased Cr and As deposition in liver. Lipidomics analysis revealed that glycerophospholipids and cytochrome P450 pathway were most significantly affected by PM exposure. Several lipid metabolism-related genes, including CYP4A14 in liver and UCP1 in BAT were downregulated following PM exposure. WY14,643 treatment alleviated PM-induced dyslipidemia, liver steatosis and whitening of BAT, while enhancing CD36, SLC27A1, CYP4A14 and UCP1 expression. In conclusion, PPAR alpha pathway participates in PM-induced lipid metabolism disorder, PPAR alpha agonist WY14,643 treatment exerted protective effects on PM-induced dyslipidemia, liver steatosis and whitening of BAT, but not on increased adipocyte size of WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Shi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qincheng Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengyu Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Andong Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianhua Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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7
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Rendell MS. Current and emerging gluconeogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2167-2179. [PMID: 34348528 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1958779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last several decades, fueled by gene knockout and knockdown techniques, there has been substantial progress in detailing the pathways of gluconeogenesis. A host of molecules have been identified as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. A number of hormones, enzymes and transcription factors participate in gluconeogenesis. Many new agents have come into use to treat diabetes and several of these are in development to suppress gluconeogenesis. AREAS COVERED Herein, the author reviews agents that have been discovered and/or are in development, which control excess gluconeogenesis. The author has used multiple sources including PubMed, the preprint servers MedRxIv, BioRxIv, Research Gate, as well as Google Search and the database of the U.S. Patent and Trademarks Office to find appropriate literature. EXPERT OPINION It is now clear that lipid metabolism and hepatic lipogenesis play a major role in gluconeogenesis and resistance to insulin. Future efforts will focus on the duality of gluconeogenesis and adipose tissue metabolism. The exploration of therapeutic RNA agents will accelerate. The balance of clinical benefit and adverse effects will determine the future of new gluconeogenesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Rendell
- The Association of Diabetes Investigators, Newport Coast, California, United States.,The Rose Salter Medical Research Foundation, Newport Coast, California, United States
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Ohishi T, Fukutomi R, Shoji Y, Goto S, Isemura M. The Beneficial Effects of Principal Polyphenols from Green Tea, Coffee, Wine, and Curry on Obesity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020453. [PMID: 33467101 PMCID: PMC7830344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies and clinical trials have reported the beneficial effects of green tea, coffee, wine, and curry on human health, with its anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective properties. These effects, which have been supported using cell-based and animal studies, are mainly attributed to epigallocatechin gallate found in green tea, chlorogenic acid in coffee, resveratrol in wine, and curcumin in curry. Polyphenols are proposed to function via various mechanisms, the most important of which is related to reactive oxygen species (ROS). These polyphenols exert conflicting dual actions as anti- and pro-oxidants. Their anti-oxidative actions help scavenge ROS and downregulate nuclear factor-κB to produce favorable anti-inflammatory effects. Meanwhile, pro-oxidant actions appear to promote ROS generation leading to the activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase, which modulates different enzymes and factors with health beneficial roles. Currently, it remains unclear how these polyphenols exert either pro- or anti-oxidant effects. Similarly, several human studies showed no beneficial effects of these foods, and, by extension polyphenols, on obesity. These inconsistencies may be attributed to different confounding study factors. Thus, this review provides a state-of-the-art update on these foods and their principal polyphenol components, with an assumption that it prevents obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Ohishi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shizuoka 410-0301, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-55-924-0601
| | - Ryuuta Fukutomi
- Quality Management Div. Higuchi Inc., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0075, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Shoji
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (M.I.)
| | - Shingo Goto
- Division of Citrus Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan;
| | - Mamoru Isemura
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (M.I.)
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Deleye Y, Cotte AK, Hannou SA, Hennuyer N, Bernard L, Derudas B, Caron S, Legry V, Vallez E, Dorchies E, Martin N, Lancel S, Annicotte JS, Bantubungi K, Pourtier A, Raverdy V, Pattou F, Lefebvre P, Abbadie C, Staels B, Haas JT, Paumelle R. CDKN2A/p16INK4a suppresses hepatic fatty acid oxidation through the AMPKα2-SIRT1-PPARα signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17310-17322. [PMID: 33037071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-known role in the control of cellular proliferation and cancer, cell cycle regulators are increasingly identified as important metabolic modulators. Several GWAS have identified SNPs near CDKN2A, the locus encoding for p16INK4a (p16), associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes development, two pathologies associated with impaired hepatic lipid metabolism. Although p16 was recently shown to control hepatic glucose homeostasis, it is unknown whether p16 also controls hepatic lipid metabolism. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, we found that p16 modulates fasting-induced hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and lipid droplet accumulation. In primary hepatocytes, p16-deficiency was associated with elevated expression of genes involved in fatty acid catabolism. These transcriptional changes led to increased FAO and were associated with enhanced activation of PPARα through a mechanism requiring the catalytic AMPKα2 subunit and SIRT1, two known activators of PPARα. By contrast, p16 overexpression was associated with triglyceride accumulation and increased lipid droplet numbers in vitro, and decreased ketogenesis and hepatic mitochondrial activity in vivo Finally, gene expression analysis of liver samples from obese patients revealed a negative correlation between CDKN2A expression and PPARA and its target genes. Our findings demonstrate that p16 represses hepatic lipid catabolism during fasting and may thus participate in the preservation of metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Deleye
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Alexia Karen Cotte
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Sarah Anissa Hannou
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Hennuyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Lucie Bernard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Derudas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Sandrine Caron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Legry
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Dorchies
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Martin
- Univ. Lille, CNRSInstitut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Steve Lancel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | | | - Kadiombo Bantubungi
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Albin Pourtier
- Univ. Lille, CNRSInstitut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Violeta Raverdy
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 1190-EGID, Lille, France
| | - François Pattou
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR 1190-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Corinne Abbadie
- Univ. Lille, CNRSInstitut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Joel T Haas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Réjane Paumelle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France.
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10
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Li L, Lv H, Jiang Z, Qiao F, Chen L, Zhang M, Du Z. Peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor α‐b deficiency induces the reprogramming of nutrient metabolism in zebrafish. J Physiol 2020; 598:4537-4553. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling‐Yu Li
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Hong‐Bo Lv
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Zhe‐Yue Jiang
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Fang Qiao
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Li‐Qiao Chen
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Mei‐Ling Zhang
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Zhen‐Yu Du
- LANEH School of Life Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China
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11
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Mey JT, Erickson ML, Axelrod CL, King WT, Flask CA, McCullough AJ, Kirwan JP. β-Hydroxybutyrate is reduced in humans with obesity-related NAFLD and displays a dose-dependent effect on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in vitro. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E187-E195. [PMID: 32396388 PMCID: PMC7468782 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic fat accumulation and impaired insulin sensitivity. Reduced hepatic ketogenesis may promote these pathologies, but data are inconclusive in humans and the link between NAFLD and reduced insulin sensitivity remains obscure. We investigated individuals with obesity-related NAFLD and hypothesized that β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB; the predominant ketone species) would be reduced and related to hepatic fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, we hypothesized that ketones would impact skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in vitro. Hepatic fat was assessed by 1H-MRS in 22 participants in a parallel design, case control study [Control: n = 7, age 50 ± 6 yr, body mass index (BMI) 30 ± 1 kg/m2; NAFLD: n = 15, age 57 ± 3 yr, BMI 35 ± 1 kg/m2]. Plasma assessments were conducted in the fasted state. Whole body insulin sensitivity was determined by the gold-standard hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. The effect of ketone dose (0.5-5.0 mM) on mitochondrial respiration was conducted in human skeletal muscle cell culture. Fasting βOHB, a surrogate measure of hepatic ketogenesis, was reduced in NAFLD (-15.6%, P < 0.01) and correlated negatively with liver fat (r2 = 0.21, P = 0.03) and positively with insulin sensitivity (r2 = 0.30, P = 0.01). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxygen consumption increased with low-dose ketones, attributable to increases in basal respiration (135%, P < 0.05) and ATP-linked oxygen consumption (136%, P < 0.05). NAFLD pathophysiology includes impaired hepatic ketogenesis, which is associated with hepatic fat accumulation and impaired insulin sensitivity. This reduced capacity to produce ketones may be a potential link between NAFLD and NAFLD-associated reductions in whole body insulin sensitivity, whereby ketone concentrations impact skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Mey
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Melissa L Erickson
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christopher L Axelrod
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Translational Services, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - William T King
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Chris A Flask
- Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - John P Kirwan
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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12
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Régnier M, Polizzi A, Smati S, Lukowicz C, Fougerat A, Lippi Y, Fouché E, Lasserre F, Naylies C, Bétoulières C, Barquissau V, Mouisel E, Bertrand-Michel J, Batut A, Saati TA, Canlet C, Tremblay-Franco M, Ellero-Simatos S, Langin D, Postic C, Wahli W, Loiseau N, Guillou H, Montagner A. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Pparα promotes NAFLD in the context of obesity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6489. [PMID: 32300166 PMCID: PMC7162950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) acts as a fatty acid sensor to orchestrate the transcription of genes coding for rate-limiting enzymes required for lipid oxidation in hepatocytes. Mice only lacking Pparα in hepatocytes spontaneously develop steatosis without obesity in aging. Steatosis can develop into non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may progress to irreversible damage, such as fibrosis and hepatocarcinoma. While NASH appears as a major public health concern worldwide, it remains an unmet medical need. In the current study, we investigated the role of hepatocyte PPARα in a preclinical model of steatosis. For this, we used High Fat Diet (HFD) feeding as a model of obesity in C57BL/6 J male Wild-Type mice (WT), in whole-body Pparα- deficient mice (Pparα−/−) and in mice lacking Pparα only in hepatocytes (Pparαhep−/−). We provide evidence that Pparα deletion in hepatocytes promotes NAFLD and liver inflammation in mice fed a HFD. This enhanced NAFLD susceptibility occurs without development of glucose intolerance. Moreover, our data reveal that non-hepatocytic PPARα activity predominantly contributes to the metabolic response to HFD. Taken together, our data support hepatocyte PPARα as being essential to the prevention of NAFLD and that extra-hepatocyte PPARα activity contributes to whole-body lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Régnier
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Polizzi
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarra Smati
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Fougerat
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Edwin Fouché
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Lasserre
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Colette Bétoulières
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Valentin Barquissau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- Metatoul-Lipidomic Facility, MetaboHUB, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Batut
- Metatoul-Lipidomic Facility, MetaboHUB, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Talal Al Saati
- Service d'Histopathologie Expérimentale Unité INSERM/UPS/ENVT-US006/CREFRE Inserm, CHU Purpan, 31024, Toulouse, cedex 3, France
| | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Tremblay-Franco
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Postic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Nanyang, Singapore.,Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- Toxalim, INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, F-31027, Toulouse, France. .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
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13
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Tomašić N, Kotarsky H, de Oliveira Figueiredo R, Hansson E, Mörgelin M, Tomašić I, Kallijärvi J, Elmér E, Jauhiainen M, Eklund EA, Fellman V. Fasting reveals largely intact systemic lipid mobilization mechanisms in respiratory chain complex III deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165573. [PMID: 31672551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice homozygous for the human GRACILE syndrome mutation (Bcs1lc.A232G) display decreased respiratory chain complex III activity, liver dysfunction, hypoglycemia, rapid loss of white adipose tissue and early death. To assess the underlying mechanism of the lipodystrophy in homozygous mice (Bcs1lp.S78G), these and wild-type control mice were subjected to a short 4-hour fast. The homozygotes had low baseline blood glucose values, but a similar decrease in response to fasting as in wild-type mice, resulting in hypoglycemia in the majority. Despite the already depleted glycogen and increased triacylglycerol content in the mutant livers, the mice responded to fasting by further depletion and increase, respectively. Increased plasma free fatty acids (FAs) upon fasting suggested normal capacity for mobilization of lipids from white adipose tissue into circulation. Strikingly, however, serum glycerol concentration was not increased concomitantly with free FAs, suggesting its rapid uptake into the liver and utilization for fuel or gluconeogenesis in the mutants. The mutant hepatocyte mitochondria were capable of responding to fasting by appropriate morphological changes, as analyzed by electron microscopy, and by increasing respiration. Mutants showed increased hepatic gene expression of major metabolic controllers typically associated with fasting response (Ppargc1a, Fgf21, Cd36) already in the fed state, suggesting a chronic starvation-like metabolic condition. Despite this, the mutant mice responded largely normally to fasting by increasing hepatic respiration and switching to FA utilization, indicating that the mechanisms driving these adaptations are not compromised by the CIII dysfunction. SUMMARY STATEMENT: Bcs1l mutant mice with severe CIII deficiency, energy deprivation and post-weaning lipolysis respond to fasting similarly to wild-type mice, suggesting largely normal systemic lipid mobilization and utilization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikica Tomašić
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Heike Kotarsky
- Department of Pathology, Region Skåne, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Hansson
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ivan Tomašić
- Mälardalen University, Division of Intelligent Future Technologies, Västerås, Sweden.
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Erik A Eklund
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund, Sweden; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki. Finland.
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14
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Bistrian BR. Some Musings About Differential Energy Metabolism With Ketogenic Diets. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 43:578-582. [PMID: 31168839 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic states are of 3 major types: total starvation and those resulting from the consumption of semistarvation, ketogenic diets, and eucaloric ketogenic diets. All are characterized by little or no dietary carbohydrate, resulting in a fat-based metabolism with sustained ketonemia of varying degrees in each state. The latter 2 diets are clinically useful with important impacts on both aspects of the energy balance equation with increased satiety and less hunger on the intake side and probably increased energy expenditure on the output side; both may have important implications for the successful long-term management of obesity. Consideration of older research regarding the hormonal response to carbohydrate-free dieting and recent findings on hepatic glycogen status that occurs with sustained ketonemia support the likelihood that there are profound differences in 24-hour gluconeogenesis rates between ketogenic diets and balanced diets containing substantial carbohydrate. This metabolic distinction could have a meaningful impact to increase the thermic effect of feeding and daily energy expenditure amounting to 100 kcal/d or more with each of the ketogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Bistrian
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Kim JH, Lee M, Kim SH, Kim SR, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS, Cho JW, Lee YH. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors regulate ketone body metabolism via inter-organ crosstalk. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:801-811. [PMID: 30407726 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)-induced changes in ketogenic enzymes and transporters in normal and diabetic mice models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal mice were randomly assigned to receive either vehicle or SGLT2i (25 mg/kg/d by oral gavage) for 7 days. Diabetic mice were treated with vehicle, insulin (4.5 units/kg/d by subcutaneous injection) or SGLT2i (25 mg/kg/d by intra-peritoneal injection) for 5 weeks. Serum and tissues of ketogenic organs were analysed. RESULTS In both normal and diabetic mice, SGLT2i increased beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) content in liver, kidney and colon tissue, as well as in serum and urine. In these organs, SGLT2i upregulated mRNA expression of ketogenic enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase 2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase. Similar patterns were observed in the kidney, ileum and colon for mRNA and protein expression of sodium-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (SMCTs), which mediate the cellular uptake of BHB and butyrate, an important substrate for intestinal ketogenesis. In diabetic mice under euglycaemic conditions, SGLT2i increased major ketogenic enzymes and SMCTs, while insulin suppressed ketogenesis. CONCLUSIONS SGLT2i increased systemic and tissue BHB levels by upregulating ketogenic enzymes and transporters in the liver, kidney and intestine, suggesting the integrated physiological consequences for ketone body metabolism of SGLT2i administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Ra Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Standage SW, Bennion BG, Knowles TO, Ledee DR, Portman MA, McGuire JK, Liles WC, Olson AK. PPARα augments heart function and cardiac fatty acid oxidation in early experimental polymicrobial sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H239-H249. [PMID: 27881386 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00457.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Children with sepsis and multisystem organ failure have downregulated leukocyte gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), a nuclear hormone receptor transcription factor that regulates inflammation and lipid metabolism. Mouse models of sepsis have likewise demonstrated that the absence of PPARα is associated with decreased survival and organ injury, specifically of the heart. Using a clinically relevant mouse model of early sepsis, we found that heart function increases in wild-type (WT) mice over the first 24 h of sepsis, but that mice lacking PPARα (Ppara-/-) cannot sustain the elevated heart function necessary to compensate for sepsis pathophysiology. Left ventricular shortening fraction, measured 24 h after initiation of sepsis by echocardiography, was higher in WT mice than in Ppara-/- mice. Ex vivo working heart studies demonstrated greater developed pressure, contractility, and aortic outflow in WT compared with Ppara-/- mice. Furthermore, cardiac fatty acid oxidation was increased in WT but not in Ppara-/- mice. Regulatory pathways controlling pyruvate incorporation into the citric acid cycle were inhibited by sepsis in both genotypes, but the regulatory state of enzymes controlling fatty acid oxidation appeared to be permissive in WT mice only. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was not altered in either genotype indicating that severe mitochondrial dysfunction is unlikely at this stage of sepsis. These data suggest that PPARα expression supports the hyperdynamic cardiac response early in the course of sepsis and that increased fatty acid oxidation may prevent morbidity and mortality. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In contrast to previous studies in septic shock using experimental mouse models, we are the first to demonstrate that heart function increases early in sepsis with an associated augmentation of cardiac fatty acid oxidation. Absence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) results in reduced cardiac performance and fatty acid oxidation in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Standage
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; .,Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brock G Bennion
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Taft O Knowles
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dolena R Ledee
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael A Portman
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - John K McGuire
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - W Conrad Liles
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Aaron K Olson
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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17
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Geisler CE, Hepler C, Higgins MR, Renquist BJ. Hepatic adaptations to maintain metabolic homeostasis in response to fasting and refeeding in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:62. [PMID: 27708682 PMCID: PMC5037643 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increased incidence of obesity and associated metabolic diseases has driven research focused on genetically or pharmacologically alleviating metabolic dysfunction. These studies employ a range of fasting-refeeding models including 4–24 h fasts, “overnight” fasts, or meal feeding. Still, we lack literature that describes the physiologically relevant adaptations that accompany changes in the duration of fasting and re-feeding. Since the liver is central to whole body metabolic homeostasis, we investigated the timing of the fast-induced shift toward glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis and the meal-induced switch toward glycogenesis and away from ketogenesis. Methods Twelve to fourteen week old male C57BL/6J mice were fasted for 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 h and sacrificed 4 h after lights on. In a second study, designed to understand the response to a meal, we gave fasted mice access to feed for 1 or 2 h before sacrifice. We analyzed the data using mixed model analysis of variance. Results Fasting initiated robust metabolic shifts, evidenced by changes in serum glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), triacylglycerol, and β-OH butyrate, as well as, liver triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acid, and glycogen content. Glycogenolysis is the primary source to maintain serum glucose during the first 8 h of fasting, while de novo gluconeogenesis is the primary source thereafter. The increase in serum β-OH butyrate results from increased enzymatic capacity for fatty acid flux through β-oxidation and shunting of acetyl-CoA toward ketone body synthesis (increased CPT1 (Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1) and HMGCS2 (3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase 2) expression, respectively). In opposition to the relatively slow metabolic adaptation to fasting, feeding of a meal results in rapid metabolic changes including full depression of serum β-OH butyrate and NEFAs within an hour. Conclusions Herein, we provide a detailed description of timing of the metabolic adaptations in response to fasting and re-feeding to inform study design in experiments of metabolic homeostasis. Since fasting and obesity are both characterized by elevated adipose tissue lipolysis, hepatic lipid accumulation, ketogenesis, and gluconeogenesis, understanding the drivers behind the metabolic shift from the fasted to the fed state may provide targets to limit aberrant gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Geisler
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 4101 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA
| | - C Hepler
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 4101 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
| | - M R Higgins
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 4101 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA
| | - B J Renquist
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 4101 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA
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18
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Rando G, Tan CK, Khaled N, Montagner A, Leuenberger N, Bertrand-Michel J, Paramalingam E, Guillou H, Wahli W. Glucocorticoid receptor-PPARα axis in fetal mouse liver prepares neonates for milk lipid catabolism. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27367842 PMCID: PMC4963200 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, hepatic lipid catabolism is essential for the newborns to efficiently use milk fat as an energy source. However, it is unclear how this critical trait is acquired and regulated. We demonstrate that under the control of PPARα, the genes required for lipid catabolism are transcribed before birth so that the neonatal liver has a prompt capacity to extract energy from milk upon suckling. The mechanism involves a fetal glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-PPARα axis in which GR directly regulates the transcriptional activation of PPARα by binding to its promoter. Certain PPARα target genes such as Fgf21 remain repressed in the fetal liver and become PPARα responsive after birth following an epigenetic switch triggered by β-hydroxybutyrate-mediated inhibition of HDAC3. This study identifies an endocrine developmental axis in which fetal GR primes the activity of PPARα in anticipation of the sudden shifts in postnatal nutrient source and metabolic demands. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11853.001 Birth is a highly stressful and critical event. In the womb, babies rely on the supply of oxygen and nutrients provided by the placenta. However, once they are born they need to breathe for themselves and gain all their nutrients from suckling milk. The placenta provides a sugar-rich diet, while milk is richer in fat. Failing to cope with this change in diet leads to serious complications and sometimes death. Therefore, a better understanding of how the body adapts to these changes may shed light on pathways that are important for good health in later life. The liver plays a central role in processing the nutrients absorbed by the gut. It uses fats to produce molecules called ketone bodies, such as β-hydroxybutyrate, which are then used as fuel by other tissues and organs including the heart, muscle and the brain. A protein called PPARα controls the production of ketone bodies primarily by regulating genes that are involved in the uptake and breakdown of fat in the liver. However, little is known about how this protein affects the development of the liver. Here, Rando, Tan et al. report that mice start to produce more PPARα in the liver shortly before birth. This ultimately activates several genes that encode enzymes that break down fats. The experiments show that during labor, stress hormones called glucocorticoids directly stimulate the production of PPARα in the liver of the fetus to prepare newborn mice for harnessing energy from fat-rich milk. In the absence of PPARα, mouse liver cells are less able to break down fats after birth and so start to accumulate fat, resulting in fewer ketone bodies being produced. Rando, Tan et al. show that β-hydroxybutyrate regulates some PPARα target genes, including one called Fgf21. The activity of this gene increases only after milk suckling starts and it encodes a protein that enhances the breakdown of fats in the liver. Without PPARα, the expression levels of its target genes, including Fgf21, do not increase after birth, which promotes the build up of fats in liver cells, a condition known as liver steatosis. Overall, the results reported by Rando, Tan et al. highlight how stress during labor plays an important role in priming the body to cope with a fat-rich diet after birth. Future studies will need to determine if stress hormones and ketone bodies could be used as therapies for babies born by caesarean section with liver steatosis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11853.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpaolo Rando
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chek Kun Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, , Singapore
| | - Nourhène Khaled
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- UMR 1331 ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- IFR 150 Plateforme Metatoul, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Bio-Médicale de Toulouse INSERM U563, Toulouse, France
| | - Eeswari Paramalingam
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, , Singapore
| | - Hervé Guillou
- UMR 1331 ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, , Singapore.,UMR 1331 ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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19
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Wu H, Jin M, Han D, Zhou M, Mei X, Guan Y, Liu C. Protective effects of aerobic swimming training on high-fat diet induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: regulation of lipid metabolism via PANDER-AKT pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:862-8. [PMID: 25701781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which aerobic swimming training prevents high-fat-diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Forty-two male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into normal-diet sedentary (ND; n = 8), ND exercised (n = 8), high-fat diet sedentary (HFD; n = 13), and HFD exercised groups (n = 13). After 2 weeks of training adaptation, the mice were subjected to an aerobic swimming protocol (60 min/day) 5 days/week for 10 weeks. The HFD group exhibited significantly higher mRNA levels of fatty acid transport-, lipogenesis-, and β-oxidation-associated gene expressions than the ND group. PANDER and FOXO1 expressions increased, whereas AKT expression decreased in the HFD group. The aerobic swimming program with the HFD reversed the effects of the HFD on the expressions of thrombospondin-1 receptor, liver fatty acid-binding protein, long-chain fatty-acid elongase-6, Fas cell surface death receptor, and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1, as well as PANDER, FOXO1, and AKT. In the HFD exercised group, PPARα and AOX expressions were much higher. Our findings suggest that aerobic swimming training can prevent NAFLD via the regulation of fatty acid transport-, lipogenesis-, and β-oxidation-associated genes. In addition, the benefits from aerobic swimming training were achieved partly through the PANDER-AKT-FOXO1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Meihua Jin
- Department of Immunology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Donghe Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingsheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Youfei Guan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Diabetes Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Shenzhen University Diabetes Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
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20
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Cotter DG, Ercal B, Huang X, Leid JM, d'Avignon DA, Graham MJ, Dietzen DJ, Brunt EM, Patti GJ, Crawford PA. Ketogenesis prevents diet-induced fatty liver injury and hyperglycemia. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5175-90. [PMID: 25347470 DOI: 10.1172/jci76388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) spectrum disorders affect approximately 1 billion individuals worldwide. However, the drivers of progressive steatohepatitis remain incompletely defined. Ketogenesis can dispose of much of the fat that enters the liver, and dysfunction in this pathway could promote the development of NAFLD. Here, we evaluated mice lacking mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthase (HMGCS2) to determine the role of ketogenesis in preventing diet-induced steatohepatitis. Antisense oligonucleotide-induced loss of HMGCS2 in chow-fed adult mice caused mild hyperglycemia, increased hepatic gluconeogenesis from pyruvate, and augmented production of hundreds of hepatic metabolites, a suite of which indicated activation of the de novo lipogenesis pathway. High-fat diet feeding of mice with insufficient ketogenesis resulted in extensive hepatocyte injury and inflammation, decreased glycemia, deranged hepatic TCA cycle intermediate concentrations, and impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis due to sequestration of free coenzyme A (CoASH). Supplementation of the CoASH precursors pantothenic acid and cysteine normalized TCA intermediates and gluconeogenesis in the livers of ketogenesis-insufficient animals. Together, these findings indicate that ketogenesis is a critical regulator of hepatic acyl-CoA metabolism, glucose metabolism, and TCA cycle function in the absorptive state and suggest that ketogenesis may modulate fatty liver disease.
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21
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Christodoulou MS, Thomas A, Poulain S, Vidakovic M, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Matulis D, Bertrand P, Bartova E, Blanquart C, Mikros E, Fokialakis N, Passarella D, Benhida R, Martinet N. Can we use the epigenetic bioactivity of caloric restriction and phytochemicals to promote healthy ageing? MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Why is it relevant to propose epigenetic “Nutricures” to prevent diseases linked with ageing?
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