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Yadav R, Patel B. Insights on effects of Wnt pathway modulation on insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Wnt activation or Wnt inhibition? Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129634. [PMID: 38272413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major worldwide chronic disease and can lead to serious diabetic complications. Despite the availability of many anti-diabetic agents in the market, they are unable to meet the long-term treatment goals. Also, they cause many side effects which justify the need for novel class of anti-diabetic drugs with newer mechanism of action. Wnt signaling is one of such novel target pathways which can be explored for metabolic disorders. Many key components of the Wnt signaling are involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Polymorphism in the Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene, and mutations in the LRP5 (LDL Receptor Related Protein 5) gene lead to disturbed glucose metabolism and obesity. Despite of several years of research in this field, there is no concrete proof of concept available on whether Wnt activation or Wnt inhibition is the beneficial approach for the treatment of T2DM. Here, we have summarized the conclusions of relevant published research studies to give structured insights into possibilities to explore Wnt modulation as a novel target pathway for the treatment of T2DM. The review also highlights the present challenges and future opportunities towards the development of anti-diabetic small molecules targeting the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Bhumika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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2
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Kimani CN, Reuter H, Kotzé SH, Muller CJF. Regeneration of Pancreatic Beta Cells by Modulation of Molecular Targets Using Plant-Derived Compounds: Pharmacological Mechanisms and Clinical Potential. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6216-6245. [PMID: 37623211 PMCID: PMC10453321 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, increased cell death and loss of beta-cell mass despite chronic treatment. Consequently, there has been growing interest in developing beta cell-centered therapies. Beta-cell regeneration is mediated by augmented beta-cell proliferation, transdifferentiation of other islet cell types to functional beta-like cells or the reprograming of beta-cell progenitors into fully differentiated beta cells. This mediation is orchestrated by beta-cell differentiation transcription factors and the regulation of the cell cycle machinery. This review investigates the beta-cell regenerative potential of antidiabetic plant extracts and phytochemicals. Various preclinical studies, including in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies, are highlighted. Further, the potential regenerative mechanisms and the intra and extracellular mediators that are of significance are discussed. Also, the potential of phytochemicals to translate into regenerative therapies for T2D patients is highlighted, and some suggestions regarding future perspectives are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Njoki Kimani
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Helmuth Reuter
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Sanet Henriët Kotzé
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Christo John Fredrick Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
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Wnt4 is heterogeneously activated in maturing β-cells to control calcium signaling, metabolism and function. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6255. [PMID: 36271049 PMCID: PMC9587236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a multifactorial disorder characterized by loss or dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. β-cells are heterogeneous, exhibiting different glucose sensing, insulin secretion and gene expression. They communicate with other endocrine cell types via paracrine signals and between β-cells via gap junctions. Here, we identify the importance of signaling between β-cells via the extracellular signal WNT4. We show heterogeneity in Wnt4 expression, most strikingly in the postnatal maturation period, Wnt4-positive cells, being more mature while Wnt4-negative cells are more proliferative. Knock-out in adult β-cells shows that WNT4 controls the activation of calcium signaling in response to a glucose challenge, as well as metabolic pathways converging to lower ATP/ADP ratios, thereby reducing insulin secretion. These results reveal that paracrine signaling between β-cells is important in addition to gap junctions in controling insulin secretion. Together with previous reports of WNT4 up-regulation in obesity our observations suggest an adaptive insulin response coordinating β-cells.
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Roles and action mechanisms of WNT4 in cell differentiation and human diseases: a review. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:287. [PMID: 34642299 PMCID: PMC8511224 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT family member 4 (WNT4), which belongs to the conserved WNT protein family, plays an important role in the development and differentiation of many cell types during the embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Increasing evidence has shown that WNT4 is a special ligand that not only activates the β-catenin independent pathway but also acts on β-catenin signaling based on different cellular processes. This article is a summary of the current knowledge about the expression, regulation, and function of WNT4 ligands and their signal pathways in cell differentiation and human disease processes. WNT4 is a promoter in osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) by participating in bone homeostasis regulation in osteoporotic diseases. Non-canonical WNT4 signaling is necessary for metabolic maturation of pancreatic β-cell. WNT4 is also necessary for decidual cell differentiation and decidualization, which plays an important role in preeclampsia. WNT4 promotes neuronal differentiation of neural stem cell and dendritic cell (DC) into conventional type 1 DC (cDC1). Besides, WNT4 mediates myofibroblast differentiation in the skin, kidney, lung, and liver during scarring or fibrosis. On the negative side, WNT4 is highly expressed in cancer tissues, playing a pro-carcinogenic role in many cancer types. This review provides an overview of the progress in elucidating the role of WNT4 signaling pathway components in cell differentiation in adults, which may provide useful clues for the diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of human diseases.
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Nie X, Wei X, Ma H, Fan L, Chen WD. The complex role of Wnt ligands in type 2 diabetes mellitus and related complications. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6479-6495. [PMID: 34042263 PMCID: PMC8278111 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the major chronic diseases, whose prevalence is increasing dramatically worldwide and can lead to a range of serious complications. Wnt ligands (Wnts) and their activating Wnt signalling pathways are closely involved in the regulation of various processes that are important for the occurrence and progression of T2DM and related complications. However, our understanding of their roles in these diseases is quite rudimentary due to the numerous family members of Wnts and conflicting effects via activating the canonical and/or non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways. In this review, we summarize the current findings on the expression pattern and exact role of each human Wnt in T2DM and related complications, including Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt2b, Wnt3, Wnt3a, Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt5b, Wnt6, Wnt7a, Wnt7b, Wnt8a, Wnt8b, Wnt9a, Wnt9b, Wnt10a, Wnt10b, Wnt11 and Wnt16. Moreover, the role of main antagonists (sFRPs and WIF-1) and coreceptor (LRP6) of Wnts in T2DM and related complications and main challenges in designing Wnt-based therapeutic approaches for these diseases are discussed. We hope a deep understanding of the mechanistic links between Wnt signalling pathways and diabetic-related diseases will ultimately result in a better management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Nie
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Han Ma
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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MONTAZERI-NAJAFABADY N, DABBAGHMANESH MH, MOHAMMADIAN AMIRI R, BAKHSHAYESHKARAM M, RANJBAR OMRANI G. Influence of LRP5 (rs556442) polymorphism on insulin resistance in healthy Iranian
children and adolescents. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:490-496. [PMID: 30866603 PMCID: PMC7018221 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1809-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Genetic aspects play a role in insulin resistance in children. In this study, for the first time, the association of LRP5 (rs556442) polymorphism and insulin resistance in Iranian children and adolescents was investigated. Materials and methods The study population comprises children and adolescents aged 9–18 years. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were assessed. Insulin resistance/sensitivity was determined by the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin-to-glucose ratio, McAuley index, revised McAuley index, fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI), and Bennett’s index. LRP5 (rs566442) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between the LRP5 polymorphism (rs556442) and insulin sensitivity indexes. Results Significant differences were found between GG genotype vs. AG/AA genotypes for McAuley index (P = 0.049) and revised McAuley index (P = 0.044) when adjusted for interaction factors (age, sex, and puberty) in regression models. No significant association was found between LRP5 (rs566442) and other insulin resistance indexes. Also, LRP5 (rs566442) did not show a significant impact on biochemical parameters. Conclusion This study showed that LRP5 polymorphism (rs556442) was associated with insulin resistance in Iranian children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima MONTAZERI-NAJAFABADY
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazIran
| | - Mohammad Hossein DABBAGHMANESH
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazIran
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Rajeeh MOHAMMADIAN AMIRI
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazIran
| | | | - Gholamhossein RANJBAR OMRANI
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazIran
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Kurita Y, Ohki T, Soejima E, Yuan X, Kakino S, Wada N, Hashinaga T, Nakayama H, Tani J, Tajiri Y, Hiromatsu Y, Yamada K, Nomura M. A High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet Induces WNT4 Expression in Mouse Pancreatic β-cells. Kurume Med J 2019; 65:55-62. [PMID: 30853690 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.ms652008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims/Introduction: Several lines of evidence suggest that dysregulation of the WNT signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. This study was performed to elucidate the effects of a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet on pancreatic islet functions in relation to modulation of WNT ligand expression in β-cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were fed either standard mouse chow or a HF/HS diet from 8 weeks of age. At 20 weeks of age, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests were performed in both groups of mice, followed by euthanasia and isolation of pancreatic islets. WNT-related gene expression in islets and MIN6 cells was measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. To explore the direct effects of WNT signals on pancreatic β-cells, MIN6 cells were exposed to recombinant mouse WNT4 protein (rmWNT4) for 48 h, and glucose-induced insulin secretion was measured. Furthermore, Wnt4 siRNAs were transfected into MIN6 cells, and cell viability and insulin secretion were measured in control and Wnt4 siRNA-transfected MIN6 cells. RESULTS Mice fed the HF/HS diet were heavier and their plasma glucose and insulin levels were higher compared with mice fed standard chow. Wnt4, Wnt5b, Ror1, and Ror2 expression was upregulated, while Fzd4, Fzd5, Fzd6, Lrp5, and Lrp6 expression was downregulated in the islets of mice fed the HF/HS diet. Wnt4 was the most abundantly expressed WNT ligand in β-cells, and its expression was increased by the HF/HS diet. Although exposure to recombinant mouse WNT4 protein for 48 h did not alter glucose-induced insulin secretion, it was significantly reduced by knockdown of Wnt4 in MIN6 cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the HF/HS diet-induced increase of WNT4 signaling in β-cells is involved in augmentation of glucose-induced insulin secretion and impaired β-cell proliferation. These results strongly indicate an essential role of WNT4 in the regulation of β-cell functions in mouse pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kurita
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Eri Soejima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Xiaohong Yuan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Satomi Kakino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Nobuhiko Wada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Toshihiko Hashinaga
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Hitomi Nakayama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Junichi Tani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Yuji Tajiri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Yuji Hiromatsu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | | | - Masatoshi Nomura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
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Jiang WJ, Peng YC, Yang KM. Cellular signaling pathways regulating β-cell proliferation as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3275-3285. [PMID: 30233674 PMCID: PMC6143874 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that a decrease in β-cell number and deficiency in the function of existing β-cells contribute to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, a major focus of current research is to identify novel methods of improving the number and function of β-cells, so as to prevent and/or postpone the development of diabetes mellitus and potentially reverse diabetes mellitus. Based on prior knowledge of the above-mentioned causes, promising therapeutic approaches may include direct transplantation of islets, implantation and subsequent induced differentiation of progenitors/stem cells to β-cells, replication of pre-existing β-cells, or activation of endogenous β-cell progenitors. More recently, with regards to cell replacement and regenerative treatment for diabetes patients, the identification of cellular signaling pathways with related genes or corresponding proteins involved in diabetes has become a topic of interest. However, the majority of pathways and molecules associated with β-cells remain unresolved, and the specialized functions of known pathways remain unclear, particularly in humans. The current article has evaluated the progress of research on pivotal cellular signaling pathways involved with β-cell proliferation and survival, and their validity for therapeutic adult β-cell regeneration in diabetes. More efforts are required to elucidate the cellular events involved in human β-cell proliferation in terms of the underlying mechanisms and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Jiang
- Institute of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Chuan Peng
- Institute of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Ming Yang
- Institute of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
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Wu X, Li Z, Chen K, Yin P, Zheng L, Sun S, Chen X. Egr-1 transactivates WNT5A gene expression to inhibit glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:S1874-9399(18)30218-9. [PMID: 30025875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective β-cell loss is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inhibition of glucose-stimulated β-cell proliferation is one of the in vivo results of the lipotoxicity of saturated fatty acids (SFAs). However, the mechanism by which lipotoxicity inhibits β-cell proliferation is still unclear. In this study, we found palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, inhibited the β-cell proliferation induced by high glucose through the induction of Wnt5a expression in vitro and in vivo. We also found that Wnt5a was both sufficient and necessary for inhibition of β-cell proliferation. Additionally, Egr-1, but not NF-κB, FOXO1, Smad2, Smad3, SP1 or SP3 mediated the expression of Wnt5a. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of the WNT5A promoter revealed that activation of WNT5A gene transcription depends primarily on a putative Egr-binding sequence between nucleotides -52 to -44, upstream of the transcription start site. Furthermore, Egr-1 bound directly to this sequence in response to palmitate treatment, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, after mice islets were treated with Egr inhibitors, the expression of Wnt5a decreased significantly and the glucose-induced β-cell proliferation inhibited by palmitate was resumed. These findings establish Wnt5a as an Egr-1 target gene in β-cells, uncovering a novel Egr-1/Wnt5a pathway by which saturated free fatty acids block glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. Our study lends support for the potential of Egr-1 inhibitors or Wnt5a antibodies as therapeutics for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- XingEr Wu
- The Molecular Diagnostic Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - ZeHong Li
- Guzhen Sub-bureau, Zhongshan Public Security Bureau, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, China
| | - PeiHong Yin
- Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - ShiJun Sun
- The Molecular Diagnostic Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, Guangdong, China.
| | - XiaoYu Chen
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Futian, 518000 Shenzhen, China.
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Wang L, Qing L, Liu H, Liu N, Qiao J, Cui C, He T, Zhao R, Liu F, Yan F, Wang C, Liang K, Guo X, Shen YH, Hou X, Chen L. Mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate oxidative stress-induced islet endothelium apoptosis and functional impairment via Wnt4-β-catenin signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28807051 PMCID: PMC5557510 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Islet dysfunction and destruction are the common cause for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The islets of Langerhans are highly vascularized miniorgans, and preserving the structural integrity and full function of the microvascular endothelium is vital for protecting the islets from the infiltration of immune cells and secondary inflammatory attack. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies have been proven to promote angiogenesis of the islets; however, the underlying mechanism for the protective role of MSCs in the islet endothelium is still vague. Methods In this study, we used MS-1, a murine islet microvascular endothelium cell line, and an MSC-MS1 transwell culturing system to investigate the protective mechanism of rat bone marrow-derived MSCs under oxidative stress in vitro. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining, annexin V/PI flow cytometry analysis, and cleaved caspase 3 western blotting analysis. Endothelial cell activation was determined by expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), as well as eNOS phosphorylation/activation. The changes of VCAM-1, eNOS, and the β-catenin expression were also tested in the isolated islets of T2DM rats infused with MSCs. Results We observed that treating MS-1 cells with H2O2 triggered significant apoptosis, induction of VCAM expression, and reduction of eNOS phosphorylation. Importantly, coculturing MS-1 cells with MSCs prevented oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, eNOS inhibition, and VCAM elevation in MS-1 cells. Similar changes in VCAM-1 and eNOS phosphorylation could also be observed in the islets isolated from T2DM rats infused with MSCs. Moreover, MSCs cocultured with MS-1 in vitro or their administration in vivo could both result in an increase of β-catenin, which suggested activation of the β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway. In MS-1 cells, activation of the β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling pathway partially mediated the protective effects of MSCs against H2O2-induced apoptosis and eNOS inhibition. Furthermore, MSCs produced a significant amount of Wnt4 and Wnt5a. Although both Wnt4 and Wnt5a participated in the interaction between MSCs and MS-1 cells, Wnt4 exhibited a protective role while Wnt5a seemed to show a destructive role in MS-1 cells. Conclusions Our observations provide evidence that the orchestration of the MSC-secreted Wnts could promote the survival and improve the endothelial function of the injured islet endothelium via activating the β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling in target endothelial cells. This finding might inspire further in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Li Qing
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jingting Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tianyi He
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ruxing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xinghong Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinguo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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11
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Jia L, Li D, Feng N, Shamoon M, Sun Z, Ding L, Zhang H, Chen W, Sun J, Chen YQ. Anti-diabetic Effects of Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313.1 through Promoting the Growth of Gut Butyrate-producing Bacteria in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7046. [PMID: 28765642 PMCID: PMC5539151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have decreased butyrate-producing bacteria. We hypothesized that supplementation with butyrate-producing bacteria may exert beneficial effects on T2D. The current study investigated the effects of well-characterized butyrate-producing bacteria Clostridium butyricum CGMCC0313.1 (CB0313.1) on hyperglycemia and associated metabolic dysfunction in two diabetic mouse models. CB0313.1 was administered daily by oral gavage to leptindb/db mice for 5 weeks starting from 3 weeks of age, and to HF diabetic mice induced by high fat diet (HFD) plus streptozotocin (STZ) in C57BL/6J mice for 13 weeks starting from 4 weeks of age. CB0313.1 improved diabetic markers (fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, GLP-1 and insulin secretion), and decreased blood lipids and inflammatory tone. Furthermore, CB0313.1 reversed hypohepatias and reduced glucose output. We also found that CB0313.1 modulated gut microbiota composition, characterized by a decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, reduced Allobaculum bacteria that were abundant in HF diabetic mice and increased butyrate-producing bacteria. Changes in gut microbiota following CB0313.1 treatment were associated with enhanced peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), insulin signaling molecules and mitochondrial function markers. Together, our study suggests that CB0313.1 may act as a beneficial probiotic for the prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia and associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.,Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dongyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Ninghan Feng
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Wuxi No. 2 Hospital, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Shamoon
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen. Leobener Str., NW 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China. .,Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China. .,Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, P. R. China. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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12
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Wu X, Liang W, Guan H, Liu J, Liu L, Li H, He X, Zheng J, Chen J, Cao X, Li Y. Exendin-4 promotes pancreatic β-cell proliferation via inhibiting the expression of Wnt5a. Endocrine 2017; 55:398-409. [PMID: 27826714 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is currently regarded as an effective therapeutic strategy for type-2 diabetes. Previous studies indicated that exendin-4 promoted β cell proliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recently it was reported that exendin-4 promoted pancreatic β cell proliferation by regulating the expression level of Wnt4. The present study was designed to investigate whether other Wnt isoforms take part in accommodation of β-cell proliferation. We found that exendin-4 promotes the proliferation and suppresses the expression of Wnt5a in INS-1 cell line and C57Bl/6 mouse pancreatic β-cells. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that exendin-4 promoted INS-1 cell proliferation partly through down-regulating the expression of Wnt5a. Furthermore, Wnt5a could induce the activation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in INS-1 cells, thereby decreasing the cellular stable β-catenin and its nuclear translocation, and finally reduce the expression of cyclin D1. In addition, we also found that both of the receptors (Frz-2 and Ror-2) mediated the effect of Wnt5a on β cell line INS-1 proliferation. Taken together, this study suggests that Wnt5a plays a critical role in exendin-4-induced β-cell proliferation, indicating that Wnt5a might be a novel regulator in counterbalance of β cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinger Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liehua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoying He
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaopei Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Sithara S, Crowley TM, Walder K, Aston-Mourney K. Gene expression signature: a powerful approach for drug discovery in diabetes. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R131-R139. [PMID: 27927696 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in prevalence at an alarming rate around the world. Much effort has gone into the discovery and design of antidiabetic drugs; however, those already available are unable to combat the underlying causes of the disease and instead only moderate the symptoms. The reason for this is that T2D is a complex disease, and attempts to target one biological pathway are insufficient to combat the full extent of the disease. Additionally, the underlying pathophysiology of this disease is yet to be fully elucidated making it difficult to design drugs that target the mechanisms involved. Therefore, the approach of designing new drugs aimed at a specific molecular target is not optimal and a more expansive, unbiased approach is required. In this review, we will look at the current state of diabetes treatments and how these target the disease symptoms but are unable to combat the underlying causes. We will also review how the technique of gene expression signatures (GESs) has been used successfully for other complex diseases and how this may be applied as a powerful tool for the discovery of new drugs for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smithamol Sithara
- Metabolic Research UnitSchool of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Tamsyn M Crowley
- School of MedicineMMR, Bioinformatics Core Research Facility, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Metabolic Research UnitSchool of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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14
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Crowley RK, O’Reilly MW, Bujalska IJ, Hassan-Smith ZK, Hazlehurst JM, Foucault DR, Stewart PM, Tomlinson JW. SFRP2 Is Associated with Increased Adiposity and VEGF Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163777. [PMID: 27685706 PMCID: PMC5042473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess depot-specific expression and secretion of secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) by adipose tissue and its effect on adipocyte biology. We measured serum sFRP2 concentrations in 106 patients in vivo to explore its relationship to fat mass, glycaemia and insulin resistance. METHODS Expression of sFRP2 in mouse and human tissues was assessed using polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Western blot confirmed secretion of sFRP2 by adipose tissue into cell culture medium. Effects of recombinant sFRP2 on lipogenesis and preadipocyte proliferation were measured. Preadipocyte expression of the angiogenic genes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells 3 (NFATC3) was measured after recombinant sFRP2 exposure. Complementary clinical studies correlating human serum sFRP2 with age, gender, adiposity and insulin secretion were also performed. RESULTS sFRP2 messenger RNA (mRNA) was expressed in mouse and human adipose tissue. In humans, sFRP2 mRNA expression was 4.2-fold higher in omental than subcutaneous adipose. Omental adipose tissue secreted 63% more sFRP2 protein than subcutaneous. Treatment with recombinant sFRP2 did not impact on lipogenesis or preadipocyte proliferation but was associated with increased VEGF mRNA expression. In human subjects, circulating insulin levels positively correlated with serum sFRP2, and levels were higher in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance (34.2ng/ml) compared to controls (29.5ng/ml). A positive correlation between sFRP2 and BMI was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Circulating sFRP2 is associated with adipose tissue mass and has a potential role to drive adipose angiogenesis through enhanced VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Crowley
- St Vincent’s University Hospital & University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael W. O’Reilly
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Iwona J. Bujalska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Zaki K. Hassan-Smith
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Hazlehurst
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle R. Foucault
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Stewart
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds LS2 9NL, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy W. Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Bowen A, Kos K, Whatmore J, Richardson S, Welters HJ. Wnt4 antagonises Wnt3a mediated increases in growth and glucose stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta-cell line, INS-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:793-799. [PMID: 27687546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signalling pathway in beta-cells has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes. Investigating the impact of a non-canonical Wnt ligand, Wnt4, on beta-cell function we found that in INS-1 cells, Wnt4 was able to completely block Wnt3a stimulated cell growth and insulin secretion. However, despite high levels of Wnt4 protein being detected in INS-1 cells, reducing the expression of Wnt4 had no impact on cell growth or Wnt3a signalling. As such, the role of the endogenously expressed Wnt4 in beta-cells is unclear, but the data showing that Wnt4 can act as a negative regulator of canonical Wnt signalling in beta-cells suggests that this pathway could be a potential target for modulating beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bowen
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - K Kos
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - J Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - S Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - H J Welters
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
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16
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Liu R, Li N, Lin Y, Wang M, Peng Y, Lewi K, Wang Q. Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Promotes Adipocyte Differentiation via the Wnt4 Mediated Sequestering of Beta-Catenin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160212. [PMID: 27504979 PMCID: PMC4978386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a role in the regulation of adipogenesis; however, the precise underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully defined. Wnt was recently identified as an important regulator of adipogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in the effects of GLP-1 on adipocyte differentiation. 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate. The changes in the expression levels of adipogenic transcription factors and Wnts and the phosphorylation level and subcellular localization of β-catenin were quantified after GLP-1 treatment. GLP-1 stimulated adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, which were accompanied by the expression of adipocyte marker genes. The expression of Wnt4 was upregulated in the process of adipocyte differentiation, which was further enhanced by treatment with GLP-1. β-catenin, an important mediator of the Wnt pathway, was immediately dephosphorylated and translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus when differentiation was induced. In the presence of GLP-1, however, β-catenin was redirected to the cell plasma membrane leading to its decreased accumulation in the nucleus. Knockdown of Wnt4 blocked the effect of GLP-1 on the cellular localization of β-catenin and expression level of adipogenic transcription factors. Our findings showed that GLP-1 promoted adipogenesis through the modulation of the Wnt4/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that the GLP-1-Wntβ-catenin system might be a new target for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Na Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yongde Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Keidren Lewi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
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17
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Sekar R, Singh K, Arokiaraj AWR, Chow BKC. Pharmacological Actions of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, and Glucagon. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 326:279-341. [PMID: 27572131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon family of peptide hormones is a group of structurally related brain-gut peptides that exert their pleiotropic actions through interactions with unique members of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are key regulators of hormonal homeostasis and are important drug targets for metabolic disorders such as type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and dysregulations of the nervous systems such as migraine, anxiety, depression, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The current review aims to provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the pharmacological actions and therapeutic advances of three members within this family including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - K Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - A W R Arokiaraj
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - B K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Feng Y, Su L, Zhong X, Guohong W, Xiao H, Li Y, Xiu L. Exendin-4 promotes proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts by MAPKs activation. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:189-99. [PMID: 26647389 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and its receptor agonist have been previously reported to play a positive role in bone metabolism in aged ovariectomized rats and insulin-resistant models. However, whether GLP1 has a direct effect on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts or any cellular mechanism for this potential role is unknown. We examined the effects of the GLP1 receptor agonist exendin-4 on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. GLP1 receptor was detected in MC3T3-E1 cells by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot assay. Cell proliferation was assessed using MTT assay, revealing that exendin-4 increased cell proliferation at effective concentrations between 10(-10) and 10(-5) M. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that exendin-4 increased the mRNA expression of the differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen-1 (COL1), osteocalcin (OC), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) under osteogenic conditions. Alizarin red staining confirmed that 10(-7) M exendin-4 increased osteoblast mineralization by 18.7%. Exendin-4 upregulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK, with the peak effect at 1.5 h in the Western blot analysis. The use of selective MAPK inhibitors, namely PD98059, SB203580, and SP600125, blocked the effects of exendin-4 on kinase activation (ERK1/2, p38, and JNK), as well as cell proliferation and differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. These findings demonstrate that exendin-4 promotes both the proliferation and differentiation of preosteoblasts MC3T3-E1 via activation of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Feng
- Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of GeriatricsFirst Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhong
- Department of EndocrinologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guohong
- Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Xiu
- Department of EndocrinologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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19
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Murad HAS, Saleh HA, Abdulaziz GS, Abdulsattar MA, Ali SS. Effect of metformin and pioglitazone on β-catenin and biochemical markers in sitagliptin-induced pancreatitis in diabetic rats. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-014-0278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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20
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Dai FF, Bhattacharjee A, Liu Y, Batchuluun B, Zhang M, Wang XS, Huang X, Luu L, Zhu D, Gaisano H, Wheeler MB. A Novel GLP1 Receptor Interacting Protein ATP6ap2 Regulates Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Beta Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25045-61. [PMID: 26272612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP1 activates its receptor, GLP1R, to enhance insulin secretion. The activation and transduction of GLP1R requires complex interactions with a host of accessory proteins, most of which remain largely unknown. In this study, we used membrane-based split ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid assays to identify novel GLP1R interactors in both mouse and human islets. Among these, ATP6ap2 (ATPase H(+)-transporting lysosomal accessory protein 2) was identified in both mouse and human islet screens. ATP6ap2 was shown to be abundant in islets including both alpha and beta cells. When GLP1R and ATP6ap2 were co-expressed in beta cells, GLP1R was shown to directly interact with ATP6ap2, as assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. In INS-1 cells, overexpression of ATP6ap2 did not affect insulin secretion; however, siRNA knockdown decreased both glucose-stimulated and GLP1-induced insulin secretion. Decreases in GLP1-induced insulin secretion were accompanied by attenuated GLP1 stimulated cAMP accumulation. Because ATP6ap2 is a subunit required for V-ATPase assembly of insulin granules, it has been reported to be involved in granule acidification. In accordance with this, we observed impaired insulin granule acidification upon ATP6ap2 knockdown but paradoxically increased proinsulin secretion. Importantly, as a GLP1R interactor, ATP6ap2 was required for GLP1-induced Ca(2+) influx, in part explaining decreased insulin secretion in ATP6ap2 knockdown cells. Taken together, our findings identify a group of proteins that interact with the GLP1R. We further show that one interactor, ATP6ap2, plays a novel dual role in beta cells, modulating both GLP1R signaling and insulin processing to affect insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihan F Dai
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alpana Bhattacharjee
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ming Zhang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xinye Serena Wang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xinyi Huang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lemieux Luu
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dan Zhu
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Herbert Gaisano
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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21
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Wang XC, Gusdon AM, Liu H, Qu S. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14821-14830. [PMID: 25356042 PMCID: PMC4209545 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide1 (GLP-1) is secreted from Langerhans cells in response to oral nutrient intake. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are a new class of incretin-based anti-diabetic drugs. They function to stimulate insulin secretion while suppressing glucagon secretion. GLP-1-based therapies are now well established in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and recent literature has suggested potential applications of these drugs in the treatment of obesity and for protection against cardiovascular and neurological diseases. As we know, along with change in lifestyles, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in China is rising more than that of viral hepatitis and alcoholic fatty liver disease, and NAFLD has become the most common chronic liver disease in recent years. Recent studies further suggest that GLP-1RAs can reduce transaminase levels to improve NAFLD by improving blood lipid levels, cutting down the fat content to promote fat redistribution, directly decreasing fatty degeneration of the liver, reducing the degree of liver fibrosis and improving inflammation. This review shows the NAFLD-associated effects of GLP-1RAs in animal models and in patients with T2DM or obesity who are participants in clinical trials.
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22
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Cao X, Han ZB, Zhao H, Liu Q. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells recruits trophic macrophages to induce pancreatic beta cell regeneration in diabetic mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:372-9. [PMID: 24915493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alleviation of hyperglycemia in chemical-induced diabetic mice has been reported after bone marrow transplantation. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we transplanted genetically labeled primary mouse mesenchymal stem cells into the pancreas of the streptozotocin-treated hyperglycemic isogeneic mice, resulting in a decrease in blood glucose due to a recovery in beta cell mass. Further analysis revealed that the increase in beta cell mass was predominantly attributable to beta cell replication. The grafted mesenchymal stem cells did not transdifferentiate into beta cells themselves but recruited and polarized macrophages in a Stromal cell-derived factor 1-dependent manner, which in turn promoted beta cell replication. Our finding thus suggests that transplantation of autogenic mesenchymal stem cells may increase functional beta cell mass by boosting beta cell replication in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhi-Bo Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union of Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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Honors MA, Kinzig KP. Chronic exendin-4 treatment prevents the development of cancer cachexia symptoms in male rats bearing the Yoshida sarcoma. HORMONES & CANCER 2014; 5:33-41. [PMID: 24101584 PMCID: PMC3947106 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is the syndrome of weight loss, loss of appetite, and wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue experienced by many individuals with cancer. Currently, few effective treatment and prevention strategies are available for these patients, due in part to a poor understanding of the mechanisms contributing to cachexia. Insulin resistance has been associated with cancer cachexia in epidemiological, human, and animal research. The present experiment was designed to examine the ability of Exendin-4, a GLP-1 agonist and insulin sensitizing agent, to prevent the development of cachexia symptoms in male Sprague Dawley rats bearing the Yoshida sarcoma. Following tumor implantation or sham surgery, rats were treated daily with saline or Exendin-4 (3 μg/kg body weight/day) and were monitored for tumor growth and cachexia symptoms for 21-23 days. As a result of large variability in treatment effects, data were analyzed separately for animals with large and small tumors. Exendin-4 treatment reduced tumor growth and prevented the development of cancer cachexia symptoms in animals with small, but not large, tumors. In addition, insulin levels were preserved in Exendin-4-treated tumor-bearing animals. The results of this experiment demonstrate a novel preventative therapy for cancer cachexia and a novel use of Exendin-4. Further research is necessary to determine the mechanisms through which Exendin-4 exerts these potent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Honors
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA,
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24
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Lee YS, Jun HS. Anti-diabetic actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 on pancreatic beta-cells. Metabolism 2014; 63:9-19. [PMID: 24140094 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, is released from intestinal L-cells in response to nutrients. GLP-1 lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells in a glucose-dependent manner. In addition, GLP-1 slows gastric emptying, suppresses appetite, reduces plasma glucagon, and stimulates glucose disposal, which are beneficial for glucose homeostasis. Therefore, incretin-based therapies such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, an enzyme which inactivates GLP-1, have been developed for treatment of diabetes. This review outlines our knowledge of the actions of GLP-1 on insulin secretion and biosynthesis, beta-cell proliferation and regeneration, and protection against beta-cell damage, as well as the involvement of recently discovered signaling pathways of GLP-1 action, mainly focusing on pancreatic beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
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25
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García-Castro B, Alvarez-Zavala M, Riveros-Magaña AR, Ortíz-Lazareno PC, Ratkovich-González S, Hernández-Flores G, Bravo-Cuellar A, Jave-Suarez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. Restoration of WNT4 inhibits cell growth in leukemia-derived cell lines. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:557. [PMID: 24274766 PMCID: PMC4222640 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background WNT signaling pathways are significantly altered during cancer development. Vertebrates possess two classes of WNT signaling pathways: the “canonical” WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, and the “non-canonical” pathways including WNT/Ca2+ and WNT/Planar cell polarity [PCP] signaling. WNT4 influences hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion and survival; however, WNT4 function in cancer development and the resulting implications for oncogenesis are poorly understood. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to determine the expression of WNT4 in mature peripheral blood cells and diverse leukemia-derived cells including cell lines from hematopoietic neoplasms and cells from patients with leukemia; second, to identify the effect of this ligand on the proliferation and apoptosis of the blast-derived cell lines BJAB, Jurkat, CEM, K562, and HL60. Methods We determined WNT4 expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T- and B-lymphocytes from healthy individuals, as well as from five leukemia-derived cell lines and blasts derived from patients with leukemia. To analyze the effect of WNT4 on cell proliferation, PBMCs and cell lines were exposed to a commercially available WNT4 recombinant human protein. Furthermore, WNT4 expression was restored in BJAB cells using an inducible lentiviral expression system. Cell viability and proliferation were measured by the addition of WST-1 to cell cultures and counting cells; in addition, the progression of the cell cycle and the amount of apoptosis were analyzed in the absence or presence of WNT4. Finally, the expression of WNT-pathway target genes was measured by qRT-PCR. Results WNT4 expression was severely reduced in leukemia-derived cell lines and blasts derived from patients with leukemia. The exposure of cell lines to WNT4 recombinant protein significantly inhibited cell proliferation; inducing WNT4 expression in BJAB cells corroborated this observation. Interestingly, restoration of WNT4 expression in BJAB cells increased the accumulation of cells in G1 phase, and did not induce activation of canonical WNT/β-catenin target genes. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the WNT4 ligand plays a role in regulating the cell growth of leukemia-derived cells by arresting cells in the G1 cell cycle phase in an FZD6-independent manner, possibly through antagonizing the canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García-Castro
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No, 800, Col, Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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26
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Cao X, Han ZB, Zhao H, Liu Q. WITHDRAWN: Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells recruits trophic macrophages to induce pancreatic beta cell regeneration in diabetic mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013:S1357-2725(13)00329-4. [PMID: 24231647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, China.
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27
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Abstract
Incretin peptides, principally GLP-1 and GIP, regulate islet hormone secretion, glucose concentrations, lipid metabolism, gut motility, appetite and body weight, and immune function, providing a scientific basis for utilizing incretin-based therapies in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Activation of GLP-1 and GIP receptors also leads to nonglycemic effects in multiple tissues, through direct actions on tissues expressing incretin receptors and indirect mechanisms mediated through neuronal and endocrine pathways. Here we contrast the pharmacology and physiology of incretin hormones and review recent advances in mechanisms coupling incretin receptor signaling to pleiotropic metabolic actions in preclinical studies. We discuss whether mechanisms identified in preclinical studies have potential translational relevance for the treatment of human disease and highlight controversies and uncertainties in incretin biology that require resolution in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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