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Gu L, Chen J, Hu C, Wang D, Huan S, Rong G, Lv R, Xu T. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics study of embryonic breast muscle of Jiaji ducks. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:551. [PMID: 38824564 PMCID: PMC11144331 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Because number of matured muscle fibers in poultry does not increase after birth, the meat yield is mainly determined during embryogenesis. We previously indicated breast muscle grew rapidly from 18th day after hatching (E18) to E27, and almost stopped from E27 to E34 of Jiaji ducks, while the mechanism is unclear. This study utilized RNA-seq to explore the related genes of muscle development and their relationship with small molecule metabolites at E18, E27 and E34 of Jiaji ducks. Several thousand differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected among E18, E27 and E34. DEGs expression profiles included 8 trend maps, among which trend 1 was opposite to and trend 6 was consistent with breast muscle development trend of Jiaji ducks. Through joint analysis between trend 1 of DEGs and trend 1 of differential metabolites (DEMs), protein digestion and absorption pathway stood out. The decrease of COL8A2 gene expression will lead to the decrease of arginine content, which will inhibit the development of breast muscle in embryonic Jiaji duck. Similarly, joint analysis between trend 6 of DEGs and trend 6 of DEMs indicated the increase of GAMT gene expression will cause the increase of proline content, and then promote the development of breast muscle of Jiaji duck in embryonic period. These results will be helpful for further understanding the mechanism of muscle yields of Jiaji ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, P.R. China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571100, P.R. China
| | - Jile Chen
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, P.R. China
- School of Animal Science and Technology, School of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chengjun Hu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Dingfa Wang
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Shuqian Huan
- College of Animal Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P.R. China
| | - Guang Rong
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Renlong Lv
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, P.R. China
| | - Tieshan Xu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, P.R. China.
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Lansing M, Slim G, Wizzard P, Rafii M, Pencharz PB, Nation PN, Beggs MR, Alexander RT, Wales PW, Turner JM, Ball RO. Intestinal resection affects whole-body arginine synthesis in neonatal piglets. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:1420-1426. [PMID: 32920606 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies in piglets show a direct relationship between intestinal mass and arginine (Arg) synthesis. We aimed to study the effects of 75% intestinal resection on whole-body Arg synthesis. METHODS Piglets were allocated to sham or jejunocolic (JC) surgery and to enteral nutrition (EN) at 20% [sham (n = 8), JC (n = 10)], or 40% [sham (n = 4), JC (n = 5)]. A gastric tube was placed for EN and a venous catheter for parenteral nutrition and blood sampling. On day 6, a primed bolus and constant infusion of Arg m + 2 label and proline m + 1 label was delivered. In addition, 40% EN piglets received a citrulline (Cit) m + 3 tracer. Blood sampling was undertaken and whole-body Arg synthesis was calculated. On day 7, intestinal length was measured, and samples were collected for gene expression (PCR quantification) and histopathology. RESULTS On Day 7, sham piglets showed intestinal lengthening compared to JC (p = 0.02). Whole-body Arg synthesis was similar between groups (p = 0.50). Adjusting for absolute small intestinal length, JC piglets had greater Arg synthesis (p = 0.01). Expression of arginosuccinase was upregulated in the jejunum of JC compared to sham on 20% EN (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION This demonstrates for the first-time adaptive changes in intestinal Arg synthesis following intestinal resection. IMPACT The intestine makes a critical contribution to whole-body arginine synthesis, particularly in neonates, a human population at risk for short bowel syndrome. Therefore, we studied intestinal arginine synthesis in a neonatal piglet model of short bowel syndrome and demonstrated adaptive changes in the intestine that may preserve whole-body arginine synthesis, despite loss of intestinal mass. This research adds new information to our understanding of the effects a massive intestinal resection has on amino acid metabolism during neonatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marihan Lansing
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - George Slim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Pamela Wizzard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mahroukh Rafii
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Departments of Pediatrics and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick N Nation
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Megan R Beggs
- Department of Physiology at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul W Wales
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Justine M Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Ron O Ball
- Department of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Latham CM, Wagner AL, Urschel KL. Effects of dietary amino acid supplementation on measures of whole-body and muscle protein metabolism in aged horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:283-294. [PMID: 30284316 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine markers of whole-body and muscle protein metabolism in aged horses fed a diet typical for North American aged horses, supplemented with amino acids. In a replicated Latin square design, six aged horses (20 ± 1.1 years) were studied while receiving each of three isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets, a control treatment concentrate (CON; 100 mg/kg-1 BW day-1 lysine, 84 mg kg-1 day-1 threonine, 51 mg kg-1 day-1 methionine), LYS/THR (134 mg kg-1 BW day-1 lysine, 110 mg kg-1 BW day-1 threonine, 52 mg kg-1 BW day-1 methionine) and LYS/THR/MET (132 mg kg-1 BW day-1 lysine, 112 mg kg-1 BW day-1 threonine, 62 mg kg-1 BW day-1 methionine). In each 15-days period, urine and faeces were collected for assessment of nitrogen balance. Blood samples were collected before and after feeding for analysis of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), glucose, insulin and plasma amino acid concentrations. Skeletal muscle samples were collected for measurement of proteins associated with muscle protein synthesis and degradation, and horses underwent stable isotope infusion procedures for comparison of differences in whole-body rates of protein synthesis and degradation. There was no effect of treatment on relative abundance of proteins involved in protein synthesis, nitrogen retention or phenylalanine kinetics. PUN concentrations tended to be higher for LYS/THR (p = 0.054) and were higher for LYS/THR/MET (p = 0.0056) than for CON. Atrogin-1 abundance tended to be higher in the post-absorptive state for the CON treatment (p = 0.07), indicating that amino acid supplementation resulted in less muscle protein degradation when horses were in the post-absorptive state. However, lack of differences in nitrogen retention and phenylalanine kinetics indicated that whole-body protein metabolism was not improved, and higher PUN concentrations in the supplemented diets suggest that the supplemented amino acids may have been catabolized. Amino acid availability was not limiting protein synthesis in the sedentary aged horses in this study when fed the CON diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Latham
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Kristine L Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Dietary methyl donors affect in vivo methionine partitioning between transmethylation and protein synthesis in the neonatal piglet. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2821-2830. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Scott JA, North ML, Rafii M, Huang H, Pencharz P, Grasemann H. Plasma arginine metabolites reflect airway dysfunction in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1229-33. [PMID: 25979935 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00865.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arginine metabolism is important in the maintenance of airway tone. Shift of metabolism from the nitric oxide synthase to arginase pathways contributes to the increased airway responsiveness in asthma. We tested the hypothesis that systemic levels of L-arginine metabolites are biomarkers reflective of airway dysfunction. We used a mouse model of acute allergic airway inflammation to OVA that manifests with significant airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. To determine tissue arginase activity in vivo, the isotopic enrichment of an infused L-arginine stable isotope and its product amino acid L-ornithine were measured in lung and airway homogenates using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Tissue and plasma concentrations of other L-arginine metabolites, including L-citrulline and symmetric and asymmetric dimethylarginine, were measured and correlated with lung arginase activity and methacholine responsiveness of the airways. The effectiveness of intratracheal instillation of an arginase inhibitor (boronoethylcysteine) on pulmonary arginase activity and circulating concentrations of L-arginine metabolites was also studied. We demonstrate that 1) plasma indexes of L-arginine bioavailability and impairment of nitric oxide synthase function correlate with airway responsiveness to methacholine; 2) plasma levels of L-ornithine predict in vivo pulmonary arginase activity and airway function; and 3) acute arginase inhibition reduces in vivo pulmonary arginase activity to control levels and normalizes plasma L-ornithine, but not L-arginine, bioavailability in this model. We conclude that plasma L-ornithine may be useful as a systemic biomarker to predict responses to therapeutic interventions targeting airway arginase in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Scott
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Lakehead University, and Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle L North
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahrouk Rafii
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Hailu Huang
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Paul Pencharz
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada; Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Hartmut Grasemann
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada; and Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
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Grasemann H, Dhaliwal R, Ivanovska J, Kantores C, McNamara PJ, Scott JA, Belik J, Jankov RP. Arginase inhibition prevents bleomycin-induced pulmonary hypertension, vascular remodeling, and collagen deposition in neonatal rat lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 308:L503-10. [PMID: 25595650 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00328.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginase is an enzyme that limits substrate L-arginine bioavailability for the production of nitric oxide by the nitric oxide synthases and produces L-ornithine, which is a precursor for collagen formation and tissue remodeling. We studied the pulmonary vascular effects of arginase inhibition in an established model of repeated systemic bleomycin sulfate administration in neonatal rats that results in pulmonary hypertension and lung injury mimicking the characteristics typical of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We report that arginase expression is increased in the lungs of bleomycin-exposed neonatal rats and that treatment with the arginase inhibitor amino-2-borono-6-hexanoic acid prevented the bleomycin-induced development of pulmonary hypertension and deposition of collagen. Arginase inhibition resulted in increased L-arginine and L-arginine bioavailability and increased pulmonary nitric oxide production. Arginase inhibition also normalized the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and reduced bleomycin-induced nitrative stress while having no effect on bleomycin-induced inflammation. Our data suggest that arginase is a promising target for therapeutic interventions in neonates aimed at preventing lung vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Grasemann
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
| | - Rupinder Dhaliwal
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julijana Ivanovska
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Crystal Kantores
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick J McNamara
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Scott
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jaques Belik
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert P Jankov
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Multitracer stable isotope quantification of arginase and nitric oxide synthase activity in a mouse model of pseudomonas lung infection. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:323526. [PMID: 25177109 PMCID: PMC4142665 DOI: 10.1155/2014/323526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis airways are deficient for L-arginine, a substrate for nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and arginases. The rationale for this study was to quantify NOS and arginase activity in the mouse lung. Anesthetized unventilated mice received a primed constant stable isotope intravenous infusion containing labeled L-arginine, ornithine, and citrulline. The isotopic enrichment of each of the infused isotopomers and its product amino acids were measured in plasma and organ homogenates using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The effect of infection was studied three days after direct tracheal instillation of Pseudomonas-coated agar beads. In the infusion model, lung infection resulted in a significant (28-fold) increase in NOS activity in lung but not in trachea, kidney, liver, or plasma. Absolute rates of arginase activity in solid tissues could not be calculated in this model. In an isolated lung perfusion model used for comparison increased NOS activity in infected lungs was confirmed (28.5-fold) and lung arginase activity was increased 9.7-fold. The activity of L-arginine metabolizing enzymes can be measured using stable isotope conversion in the mouse. Accumulation of L-ornithine in the whole mouse model hindered the exact quantification of arginase activity in the lung, a problem that was overcome utilizing an isolated lung perfusion model.
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Jaecklin T, Duerr J, Huang H, Rafii M, Bear CE, Ratjen F, Pencharz P, Kavanagh BP, Mall MA, Grasemann H. Lung arginase expression and activity is increased in cystic fibrosis mouse models. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:284-8. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00167.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of arginase is increased in airway secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Downstream products of arginase activity may contribute to CF lung disease. We hypothesized that pulmonary arginase expression and activity would be increased in mouse models of CF and disproportionally increased in CF mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Expression of arginase isoforms in lung tissue was quantified with reverse transcriptase-PCR in naive cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( Cftr)-deficient mice and β-epithelial sodium channel-overexpressing [β-ENaC-transgenic (Tg)] mice. An isolated lung stable isotope perfusion model was used to measure arginase activity in Cftr-deficient mice before and after intratracheal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The expression of arginase-2 in lung was increased in adult Cftr-deficient animals and in newborn β-ENaC-Tg. Arginase-1 lung expression was normal in Cftr-deficient and in newborn β-ENaC-Tg mice, but was increased in β-ENaC-Tg mice at age 1, 3, and 6 wk. Arginase activity was significantly higher in lung (5.0 ± 0.7 vs. 3.2 ± 0.3 nmol·−1·h−1, P = 0.016) and airways (204.6 ± 49.8 vs. 79.3 ± 17.2 nmol·−1·h−1, P = 0.045) of naive Cftr-deficient mice compared with sex-matched wild-type littermate controls. Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted in a far greater increase in lung arginase activity in Cftr-deficient mice (10-fold) than in wild-type controls (6-fold) ( P = 0.01). This is the first ex vivo characterization of arginase expression and activity in CF mouse lung and airways. Our data show that pulmonary arginase expression and activity is increased in CF mice, especially with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jaecklin
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Duerr
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hailu Huang
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahroukh Rafii
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine E. Bear
- Program in Molecular Structure & Function, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Pencharz
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian P. Kavanagh
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Hartmut Grasemann
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Synakiewicz A, Stachowicz-Stencel T, Adamkiewicz-Drozynska E. The role of arginine and the modified arginine deiminase enzyme ADI-PEG 20 in cancer therapy with special emphasis on Phase I/II clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1517-29. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.934808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Bode-Böger SM. Mass spectrometric quantification of L-arginine and its pathway related substances in biofluids: the road to maturity. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 964:89-102. [PMID: 24210895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid L-arginine together with its metabolites and related substances is in the center of many biologically important pathways, especially the urea cycle and the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Therefore, the concentrations of these substances in various biological fluids are of great interest as predictive markers for health and disease. Yet, they provide major analytical difficulties as they are very polar in nature and therefore not easily to be separated on standard reversed phase HPLC stationary phases. Furthermore, as endogenous substances, no analyte-free matrix is available, a fact that results in complicated calibration procedures. This review evaluates the analytical literature for the determination of L-arginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, monomethylarginine, L-citrulline, L-ornithine, L-homoarginine, agmatine and dimethylguanidinovaleric acid in biological fluids. Papers are discussed, which were published since 2007 and describe methods applying capillary electrophoresis (CE), gas chromatography (GC), reversed phase HPLC or polar phase HPLC, coupled to mass spectrometric quantification. Nowadays, many carefully developed and validated methods for L-arginine and its related substances are available to the scientific community. The use of stable isotope labeled internal standards enables high precision and accuracy in mass spectrometry-based quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie M Bode-Böger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Vegge A, Thymann T, Lund P, Stoll B, Bering SB, Hartmann B, Jelsing J, Qvist N, Burrin DG, Jeppesen PB, Holst JJ, Sangild PT. Glucagon-like peptide-2 induces rapid digestive adaptation following intestinal resection in preterm neonates. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G277-85. [PMID: 23764891 PMCID: PMC4073902 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00064.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a frequent complication after intestinal resection in infants suffering from intestinal disease. We tested whether treatment with the intestinotrophic hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) increases intestinal volume and function in the period immediately following intestinal resection in preterm pigs. Preterm pigs were fed enterally for 48 h before undergoing resection of 50% of the small intestine and establishment of a jejunostomy. Following resection, pigs were maintained on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) without (SBS, n = 8) or with GLP-2 treatment (3.5 μg/kg body wt per h, SBS+GLP-2, n = 7) and compared with a group of unresected preterm pigs (control, n = 5). After 5 days of TPN, all piglets were fed enterally for 24 h, and a nutrient balance study was performed. Intestinal resection was associated with markedly reduced endogenous GLP-2 levels. GLP-2 increased the relative absorption of wet weight (46 vs. 22%), energy (79 vs. 64%), and all macronutrients (all parameters P < 0.05). These findings were supported by a 200% increase in sucrase and maltase activities, a 50% increase in small intestinal epithelial volume (P < 0.05), as well as increased DNA and protein contents and increased total protein synthesis rate in SBS+GLP-2 vs. SBS pigs (+100%, P < 0.05). Following intestinal resection in preterm pigs, GLP-2 induced structural and functional adaptation, resulting in a higher relative absorption of fluid and macronutrients. GLP-2 treatment may be a promising therapy to enhance intestinal adaptation and improve digestive function in preterm infants with jejunostomy following intestinal resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vegge
- Dept. of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, Univ. of Copenhagen, 30 Rolighedsvej, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Departments of 1Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, and
| | - Pernille Lund
- Departments of 1Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, and
| | - Barbara Stoll
- 2USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
| | - Stine B. Bering
- Departments of 1Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, and
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- 3Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | | | - Niels Qvist
- 5Surgical Department A, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- 2USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
| | - Palle B. Jeppesen
- 6Department of Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- 3Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Per T. Sangild
- Departments of 1Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, and
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Marion V, Sankaranarayanan S, de Theije C, van Dijk P, Hakvoort TBM, Lamers WH, Köhler ES. Hepatic adaptation compensates inactivation of intestinal arginine biosynthesis in suckling mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67021. [PMID: 23785515 PMCID: PMC3681768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Suckling mammals, including mice, differ from adults in the abundant expression of enzymes that synthesize arginine from citrulline in their enterocytes. To investigate the importance of the small-intestinal arginine synthesis for whole-body arginine production in suckling mice, we floxed exon 13 of the argininosuccinate synthetase (Ass) gene, which codes for a key enzyme in arginine biosynthesis, and specifically and completely ablated Ass in enterocytes by crossing Ass (fl) and Villin-Cre mice. Unexpectedly, Ass (fl/fl) /VilCre (tg/-) mice showed no developmental impairments. Amino-acid fluxes across the intestine, liver, and kidneys were calculated after determining the blood flow in the portal vein, and hepatic and renal arteries (86%, 14%, and 33%, respectively, of the transhepatic blood flow in 14-day-old mice). Relative to control mice, citrulline production in the splanchnic region of Ass (fl/fl) /VilCre (tg/-) mice doubled, while arginine production was abolished. Furthermore, the net production of arginine and most other amino acids in the liver of suckling control mice declined to naught or even changed to consumption in Ass (fl/fl) /VilCre (tg/-) mice, and had, thus, become remarkably similar to that of post-weaning wild-type mice, which no longer express arginine-biosynthesizing enzymes in their small intestine. The adaptive changes in liver function were accompanied by an increased expression of genes involved in arginine metabolism (Asl, Got1, Gpt2, Glud1, Arg1, and Arg2) and transport (Slc25a13, Slc25a15, and Slc3a2), whereas no such changes were found in the intestine. Our findings suggest that the genetic premature deletion of arginine synthesis in enterocytes causes a premature induction of the post-weaning pattern of amino-acid metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Marion
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Laboratoire de Génetique Médicale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1112, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | - Chiel de Theije
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van Dijk
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo B. M. Hakvoort
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonore S. Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- *E-mail:
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Altorf-van der Kuil W, Engberink MF, De Neve M, van Rooij FJA, Hofman A, van't Veer P, Witteman JCM, Franco OH, Geleijnse JM. Dietary amino acids and the risk of hypertension in a Dutch older population: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:403-10. [PMID: 23283504 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inverse associations between dietary protein and hypertension have been reported, which may be attributed to specific amino acids. OBJECTIVE We examined whether the intake of glutamic acid, arginine, cysteine, lysine, or tyrosine was associated with blood pressure (BP) levels (n = 3086) and incident hypertension (n = 1810) in the Rotterdam Study. DESIGN We calculated BP levels in quartiles of amino acid intake as a percentage of total protein intake (% of protein) with adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, education, and dietary factors. Subsequently, we used Cox proportional models that included the same confounders to evaluate the associations between specific amino acid intake and hypertension incidence. RESULTS Glutamic acid contributed most to protein intake (21% of protein), whereas lysine provided 7%, arginine 5%, tyrosine 4%, and cysteine 1.5%. A higher intake of tyrosine (∼0.3% of protein) was significantly related to a 2.4-mm Hg lower systolic BP (P-trend = 0.05) but not to diastolic BP (P = 0.35). The other amino acids were not significantly associated with BP levels in a cross-sectional analysis. During 6 y of follow-up (7292 person-years), 873 cases of hypertension developed. None of the amino acids were significantly associated with incident hypertension (HR: 0.81-1.18; P-trend > 0.2). CONCLUSION Our data do not suggest a major role for glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, tyrosine, or cysteine intake (as % of protein intake) in determining population BP or risk of hypertension.
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Marini JC, Stoll B, Didelija IC, Burrin DG. De novo synthesis is the main source of ornithine for citrulline production in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1348-53. [PMID: 23074237 PMCID: PMC3774079 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00399.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Citrulline is an amino acid synthesized in the gut and utilized for the synthesis of the conditionally essential amino acid arginine. Recently, the origin of the ornithine utilized for citrulline synthesis has become a matter of discussion. Multiple physiological factors may have contributed to the differences found among different researchers; one of these is the developmental stage of the subjects studied. To test the hypothesis that during the neonatal period de novo synthesis is the main source of ornithine for citrulline synthesis, neonatal piglets were infused intravenously or intragastrically with [U-(13)C(6)]arginine, [U-(13)C(5)]glutamine, or [U-(13)C(5)]proline during the fasted and fed periods. [ureido-(15)N]citrulline and [(2)H(2)]ornithine were infused intravenously for the entire infusion protocol. During fasting, plasma proline (13%) and ornithine (19%) were the main precursors for citrulline synthesis, whereas plasma arginine (62%) was the main precursor for plasma ornithine. During feeding, enteral (27%) and plasma (12%) proline were the main precursors for the ornithine utilized in the synthesis of citrulline, together with plasma ornithine (27%). Enteral proline and glutamine were utilized directly by the gut to produce ornithine utilized for citrulline synthesis. Arginine was not utilized by the gut, which is consistent with the lack of arginase activity in the neonate. Arginine, however, was the main source (47%) of plasma ornithine and in this way contributed to citrulline synthesis. In conclusion, during the neonatal period, the de novo pathway is the predominant source for the ornithine utilized in the synthesis of citrulline, and proline is the preferred precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Marini
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Marini JC. Arginine and ornithine are the main precursors for citrulline synthesis in mice. J Nutr 2012; 142:572-80. [PMID: 22323761 PMCID: PMC3278269 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.153825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent isotopic tracer studies in mice, piglets, and humans have produced conflicting results as to the main carbon skeleton precursor for citrulline and arginine synthesis. This may be due in part to the different tracers infused and models used to interpret the stable isotope data. Furthermore, previous studies usually investigated a single precursor, which prevented the direct comparison among multiple precursors. To further elucidate the contribution of different precursors to citrulline synthesis, all possible enteral and plasma precursors of citrulline were studied in a mouse model during the postabsorptive and postprandial period using multitracer protocols. In addition, three different models were used to interpret the stable isotope data. The utilization of the classic precursor-product equation, developed for i.v. infused tracers but also used to include i.g. tracers, grossly overestimated the contribution of enteral precursors. Regardless of the model employed, dietary and plasma arginine were the main precursors for citrulline synthesis during feeding and plasma arginine during feed deprivation. The contribution of arginine was directly at the site of citrulline synthesis and through plasma ornithine. The predominant role of arginine and ornithine seen in this study supports the observations in mice, piglets, and humans suggesting that ornithine amino transferase is a pivotal enzyme in this pathway.
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16
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Regulatory role for l-arginine in the utilization of amino acids by pig small-intestinal bacteria. Amino Acids 2011; 43:233-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tomlinson C, Rafii M, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Arginine can be synthesized from enteral proline in healthy adult humans. J Nutr 2011; 141:1432-6. [PMID: 21677074 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.137224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable controversy recently in identifying dietary precursors for arginine synthesis. We have previously shown in human neonates and piglets that proline is the sole dietary precursor for arginine synthesis. It is unclear in adult humans whether proline is a dietary precursor for arginine. We performed a multi-tracer stable isotope study in adults using (15)N(2)-ureido arginine and (15)N proline to elucidate synthesis of citrulline and arginine and determine whether proline is a precursor for arginine. Primed, intermittent infusions of the labeled amino acids were given enterally to 5 healthy men consuming a standardized milkshake diet. Blood was sampled during plateau enrichment between 1.5 and 3 h. Plasma enrichment occurred for both tracers, giving enteral turnover estimates of 93 μmol · kg(-1) · h(-1) for arginine and 154 μmol · kg(-1) · h(-1) for proline. Appearance of the label from proline in arginine and the intermediaries, ornithine and citrulline, was measured in all participants. The rate of synthesis of arginine from proline was 3.7 μmol · kg(-1) · h(-1), which is estimated to be ~40% of newly synthesized arginine. In this first study in adult humans using an enteral proline tracer, we have demonstrated synthesis of arginine from this dietary amino acid. Therefore, as in newborns, proline must now be considered a dietary precursor for arginine in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tomlinson
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Tomlinson C, Rafii M, Ball RO, Pencharz P. Arginine synthesis from enteral glutamine in healthy adults in the fed state. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E267-73. [PMID: 21540446 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00006.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented transfer of labeled nitrogen from [2-(15)N]glutamine to citrulline and arginine in fasting human adults. Conversely, in neonates and piglets we have shown no synthesis of arginine from [2-(15)N]glutamate, and others have shown in mice that glutamine is a nitrogen, but not a carbon donor, for arginine synthesis. Therefore, we performed a multitracer study to determine whether glutamine is a nitrogen and/or carbon donor for arginine in healthy adult men. Two glutamine tracers, 2-(15)N and 1-(13)C, were given enterally to five healthy men fed a standardized milkshake diet. There was no difference in plasma enrichments between the two glutamine tracers. 1-(13)C isotopomers of citrulline and arginine were synthesized from [1-(13)C]glutamine. Three isotopomers each of citrulline and arginine were synthesized from the [2-(15)N]glutamine tracer: 2-(15)N, 5-(15)N, and 2,5-(15)N(2). Significantly greater enrichment was found of both [5-(15)N]arginine (0.75%) and citrulline (3.98%) compared with [2-(15)N]arginine (0.44%) and [2-(15)N]citrulline (2.62%), indicating the amino NH(2) from glutamine is mostly transferred to arginine and citrulline by transamination. Similarly, the enrichment of the 1-(13)C isotopomers was significantly less than the 2-(15)N isotopomers, suggesting rapid formation of α-ketoglutarate and recycling of the nitrogen label. Our results show that the carbon for 50% of newly synthesized arginine comes from dietary glutamine but that glutamine acts primarily as a nitrogen donor for arginine synthesis. Hence, studies using [2-(15)N]glutamine will overestimate arginine synthesis rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tomlinson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition,Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Tomlinson C, Rafii M, Sgro M, Ball RO, Pencharz P. Arginine is synthesized from proline, not glutamate, in enterally fed human preterm neonates. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:46-50. [PMID: 20856169 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181fc6ab7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In neonatal mammals, arginine is synthesized in the enterocyte, with either proline or glutamate as the dietary precursor. We have shown several times in piglets that proline is the only precursor to arginine, although in vitro evidence supports glutamate in this role. Because of this uncertainty, we performed a multitracer stable isotope study to determine whether proline, glutamate, or both are dietary precursors for arginine in enterally fed human neonates. Labeled arginine (M + 2), proline (M + 1), and glutamate (M + 3) were given enterally to 15 stable, growing preterm infants (GA at birth 30-35 wk) at 1-3 wk postnatal age. Enrichment in urine of the tracer amino acids and the M + 1 and M + 3 isotopomers of arginine were measured by LC-tandem mass spectrometry to determine the contribution of proline and glutamate to arginine synthesis. Plateau enrichments of arginine and proline tracers were measurable in urine. Urinary glutamate enrichment was not detected. Conversion of proline to arginine was detected. However, the M + 3 isotopomer of arginine, which would have been synthesized from glutamate, was not detected. We conclude that, in contrast to the current consensus in the literature based on in vitro studies, proline is the major contributor to arginine synthesis in human preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tomlinson
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
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20
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Marini JC, Keller B, Didelija IC, Castillo L, Lee B. Enteral arginase II provides ornithine for citrulline synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E188-94. [PMID: 20978229 PMCID: PMC3023202 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of citrulline from arginine in the small intestine depends on the provision of ornithine. To test the hypothesis that arginase II plays a central role in the supply of ornithine for citrulline synthesis, the contribution of dietary arginine, glutamine, and proline was determined by utilizing multitracer stable isotope protocols in arginase II knockout (AII(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice. The lack of arginase II resulted in a lower citrulline rate of appearance (121 vs. 137 μmol·kg(-1)·h(-1)) due to a reduced availability of ornithine; ornithine supplementation was able to restore the rate of citrulline production in AII(-/-) to levels comparable with WT mice. There were significant differences in the utilization of dietary citrulline precursors. The contribution of dietary arginine to the synthesis of citrulline was reduced from 45 to 10 μmol·kg(-1)·h(-1) due to the lack of arginase II. No enteral utilization of arginine was observed in AII(-/-) mice (WT = 25 μmol·kg(-1)·h(-1)), and the contribution of dietary arginine through plasma ornithine was reduced in the transgenic mice (20 vs. 13 μmol·kg(-1)·h(-1)). Dietary glutamine and proline utilization were greater in AII(-/-) than in WT mice (20 vs. 13 and 1.4 vs. 3.7 μmol·kg(-1)·h(-1), respectively). Most of the contribution of glutamine and proline was enteral rather than through plasma ornithine. The arginase isoform present in the small intestinal mucosa has the role of providing ornithine for citrulline synthesis. The lack of arginase II results in a greater contribution of plasma ornithine and dietary glutamine and proline to the synthesis of citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Marini
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Although glutamine is considered the main precursor for citrulline synthesis, the current literature does not differentiate between the contribution of glutamine carbon skeleton vs. nonspecific nitrogen (i.e., ammonia) and carbon derived from glutamine oxidation. To elucidate the role of glutamine and nonspecific nitrogen in the synthesis of citrulline, l-[2-(15)N]- and l-[5-(15)N]glutamine and (15)N-ammonium acetate were infused intragastrically in mice. The amino group of glutamine labeled the three nitrogen groups of citrulline almost equally. The amido group and ammonium acetate labeled the ureido and amino groups of citrulline, but not the delta-nitrogen. D(5)-glutamine also infused in this arm of the study, which traces the carbon skeleton of glutamine, was utilized poorly, accounting for only 0.2-0.4% of the circulating citrulline. Dietary glutamine nitrogen (both N groups) incorporation was 25-fold higher than the incorporation of its carbon skeleton into citrulline. To investigate the relative contributions of the carbon skeleton and nonspecific carbon of glutamine, arginine, and proline to citrulline synthesis, U-(13)C(n) tracers of these amino acids were infused intragastrically. Dietary arginine was the main precursor for citrulline synthesis, accounting for approximately 40% of the circulating citrulline. Proline contribution was minor (3.4%), and glutamine was negligible (0.4%). However, the glutamine tracer resulted in a higher enrichment in the ureido group, indicating incorporation of nonspecific carbon from glutamine oxidation into carbamylphosphate used for citrulline synthesis. In conclusion, dietary glutamine is a poor carbon skeleton precursor for the synthesis of citrulline, although it contributes both nonspecific nitrogen and carbon to citrulline synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Marini
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to highlight recent publications examining nitric oxide production in health and disease and its association with clinical nutrition and alterations in metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS The role of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin in nitric oxide production and its relation with arginine availability is indicated as an important explanation for the arginine paradox. This offers potential for nitric oxide regulation by dietary factors such as arginine or its precursors and vitamin C. Because diets with a high saturated fat content induce high plasma fatty acid levels, endothelial nitric oxide production is often impaired due to a reduction in nitric oxide synthase 3 phosphorylation. Increasing the arginine availability by arginine therapy or arginase inhibition was, therefore, proposed as a potential therapy to treat hypertension. Recent studies in septic patients and transgenic mice models found that inadequate de-novo arginine production from citrulline reduces nitric oxide production. Citrulline supplementation may, therefore, be a novel therapeutic approach in conditions of arginine deficiency. SUMMARY Both lack and excess of nitric oxide production in diseases can have various important implications in which dietary factors can play a modulating role. Future research is needed to expand our understanding of the regulation and adequate measurement of nitric oxide production at the organ level and by the different nitric oxide synthase isoforms, also in relation to clinical nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Luiking
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Crenn P, Cynober L. Effect of intestinal resections on arginine metabolism: practical implications for nutrition support. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13:65-9. [PMID: 19915459 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328333c1a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review relates recent developments in the understanding of arginine and citrulline metabolism and complementation after intestinal resection. RECENT FINDINGS Arginine metabolism is disturbed after significant intestinal resection, with reduced fluxes and circulating and tissue concentrations. There is also a reduction in citrulline production, a major source of endogenous arginine by enterocyte metabolism. There is evidence to suggest that arginine or citrulline supplementation may be important in this situation. SUMMARY In experimental intestinal resection, arginine availability decreases as intestinal citrulline synthesis decreases. In this setting, there is debate over the efficiency of arginine supplementation on intestinal adaptation, perhaps due to different doses used. In contrast, citrulline, a precursor for arginine synthesis, whether provided enterally or parenterally, is more efficient at 1 g/kg/day than complementation with arginine (at the same dose) in sustaining arginine pools. In addition, citrulline is more effective than arginine in maintaining nitrogen homeostasis. Clinical studies are vital in order to establish the value of citrulline supplementation in short bowel patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Crenn
- Laboratoire de Biologie de Nutrition, EA 2498, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France.
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glutamine and arginine are conditionally essential amino acids because depletion occurs in stressed conditions. Intravenous glutamine supplementation reduces morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients fed parenterally. In surgical patients, arginine-enriched diets have beneficial effects, but the use of supplemental arginine in critically ill patients should be avoided in most cases. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to its role as a fuel, glutamine regulates gut barrier function, immuno-inflammatory response and antioxidant status. Arginine metabolism leads to nitric oxide and/or polyamines and thus modulates the immuno-inflammatory response and wound healing. Glutamine and arginine metabolism are closely related, and therefore may give additive or antagonist effects on several pathways. The effects of combined arginine and glutamine are still poorly documented. Combined administration of arginine and glutamine resulted in additive or synergistic effects on gut barrier function and inflammatory response but arginine reduced glutamine protection against oxidative stress. Preliminary data indicate that the combination may be beneficial during intestinal inflammation, whereas data in surgical or critically ill patients are still lacking. SUMMARY Mostly speculative effects of combined infusion of arginine and glutamine are discussed. Future studies are needed in specific pathophysiological conditions to assess whether this combination is beneficial or detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moïse Coëffier
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital and ADEN EA4311, Institute for Biomedical Research, Institute for Peptides Research (IFRMP23), Medical School, Rouen University, Rouen, France
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25
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Bertolo RF, Burrin DG. Comparative aspects of tissue glutamine and proline metabolism. J Nutr 2008; 138:2032S-2039S. [PMID: 18806120 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.10.2032s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular metabolism of glutamine and proline are closely interrelated, because they can be interconverted with glutamate and ornithine via the mitochondrial pathway involving pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In adults, glutamine and proline are converted via P5C to citrulline in the gut, then citrulline is converted to arginine in the kidney. In neonates, arginine is a semiindispensable amino acid and is synthesized from proline completely in the gut; because of low P5C synthase activity, glutamine is not an important precursor for neonatal arginine synthesis. Thus, splanchnic metabolism of glutamine and proline is important, because both amino acids serve as key precursors for arginine synthesis with some developmental differences. Studies investigating splanchnic extraction demonstrate that about two-thirds of dietary glutamine and almost all dietary glutamate are extracted on first pass and the vast majority is oxidized in the gut. This capacity to extract glutamine and glutamate appears to be very large, so diets high in glutamine or glutamate probably have little impact on circulating concentrations and consequent potential toxicity. In contrast, it appears that very little proline is extracted by the gut and liver, at least in the neonate, which may result in hyperprolinemia and potential toxicity. Therefore, the upper limits of safe dietary intake for glutamine and proline, and other amino acids, appear to be substantially different depending on the extent of first-pass splanchnic extraction and irreversible catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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26
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Bendall SC, Hughes C, Stewart MH, Doble B, Bhatia M, Lajoie GA. Prevention of amino acid conversion in SILAC experiments with embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1587-97. [PMID: 18487603 PMCID: PMC2556023 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800113-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in culture (SILAC) in quantitative proteomics have made mention of the problematic conversion of isotope-coded arginine to proline in cells. The resulting converted proline peptide divides the heavy peptide ion signal causing inaccuracy when compared with the light peptide ion signal. This is of particular concern as it can effect up to half of all peptides in a proteomic experiment. Strategies to both compensate for and limit the inadvertent conversion have been demonstrated, but none have been shown to prevent it. Additionally, these methods combined with SILAC labeling in general have proven problematic in their large scale application to sensitive cell types including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from the mouse and human. Here, we show that by providing as little as 200 mg/liter L-proline in SILAC media, the conversion of arginine to proline can be rendered completely undetectable. At the same time, there was no compromise in labeling with isotope-coded arginine, indicating there is no observable back conversion from the proline supplement. As a result, when supplemented with proline, correct interpretation of "light" and "heavy" peptide ratios could be achieved even in the worst cases of conversion. By extending these principles to ESC culture protocols and reagents we were able to routinely SILAC label both mouse and human ESCs in the absence of feeder cells and without compromising the pluripotent phenotype. This study provides the simplest protocol to prevent proline artifacts in SILAC labeling experiments with arginine. Moreover, it presents a robust, feeder cell-free, protocol for performing SILAC experiments on ESCs from both the mouse and the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Bendall
- Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impact of neonatal nutrition on the health status of the newborn and incidence of disease in later life is a topic of intense interest. Animal models are an invaluable tool to identify mechanisms that mediate the effect of nutrition on neonatal development and metabolic function. This review highlights recently developed animal models that are being used to study neonatal human nutrition. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, mice, rats, and pigs have become the most frequently used animal models to study human neonatal nutrition. Techniques for rearing newborn mice, preterm rats, and preterm pigs have been developed. Neonatal mice have great potential for mechanistic and genomic research in postnatal nutrition and related diseases. The neonatal pig model is valuable to study acute and chronic effects of parenteral and enteral nutrition on whole-body metabolism as well as specific tissues. To date, a wealth of information from studies with neonatal pigs has been applied to humans. SUMMARY Further development of neonatal animal models related to nutrition is required for the advancement of research in early postnatal nutrition. Improvement of nutritional support during this critical period of development will enhance immediate clinical outcomes and possibly prevent diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Puiman
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Marini JC, Erez A, Castillo L, Lee B. Interaction between murine spf-ash mutation and genetic background yields different metabolic phenotypes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E1764-71. [PMID: 17925451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00525.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spf-ash mutation in mice results in reduced hepatic and intestinal ornithine transcarbamylase. However, a reduction in enzyme activity only translates in reduced ureagenesis and hyperammonemia when an unbalanced nitrogen load is imposed. Six-week-old wild-type control and spf-ash mutant male mice from different genetic backgrounds (B6 and ICR) were infused intravenously with [(13)C(18)O]urea, l-[(15)N(2)]arginine, l-[5,5 D(2)]ornithine, l-[6-(13)C, 4,4,5,5, D(4)]citrulline, and l-[ring-D(5)]phenylalanine to investigate the interaction between genetic background and spf-ash mutation on ureagenesis, arginine metabolism, and nitric oxide production. ICR(spf-ash) mice maintained ureagenesis (5.5 +/- 0.3 mmol.kg(-1).h(-1)) and developed mild hyperammonemia (145 +/- 19 micromol/l) when an unbalanced nitrogen load was imposed; however, B6(spf-ash) mice became hyperammonemic (671 +/- 15 micromol/l) due to compromised ureagenesis (3.4 +/- 0.1 mmol.kg(-1).h(-1)). Ornithine supplementation restored ureagenesis and mitigated hyperammonemia. A reduction in citrulline entry rate was observed due to the mutation in both genetic backgrounds (wild-type: 128, spf-ash: 60; SE 4.0 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1)). Arginine entry rate was only reduced in B6(spf-ash) mice (B6(spf-ash): 332, ICR(spf-ash): 453; SE 20.6 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1)). Genetic background and mutation had an effect on nitric oxide production (B6: 3.4, B6(spf-ash): 2.8, ICR: 9.0, ICR(spf-ash): 4.6, SE 0.7 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1)). Protein breakdown was the main source of arginine during the postabsorptive state and was higher in ICR(spf-ash) than in B6(spf-ash) mice (phenylalanine entry rate 479 and 327, respectively; SE 18 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1)). Our results highlight the importance of the interaction between mutation and genetic background on ureagenesis, arginine metabolism, and nitric oxide production. These observations help explain the wide phenotypic variation of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Marini
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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