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Randolph G, Erlich E, Czepielewski R, Field R, Dunning T, Saleh L, Hoofnagle M, Tumanov A, Guilak F, Brestoff J. Distinct roles for LTalpha3 and LTalpha1beta2 produced by B cells contribute to their multi-faceted impact on ileitis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3962916. [PMID: 38464070 PMCID: PMC10925464 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3962916/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
B lymphocytes may facilitate chronic inflammation through antibody production or secretion of cytokines, including lymphotoxin (LT)-a 1 b 2 associated with development of lymphoid tissue. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) characterize human and murine ileitis by suppressing outflow from the ileum. Here, we show that B cell-derived secretory IgA protected against ileal inflammation, whereas B cell-derived LTa guarded against ileitis-associated loss of body mass. We initially hypothesized this protection resulted from formation of TLS that suppressed lymphatic outflow and thereby restrained systemic spread of inflammatory signals, but B cell-selective deletion of LTb did not exacerbate weight loss, despite eliminating TLS. Instead, weight loss driven by the cachectic cytokine TNF was exacerbated when LTa 3 , another ligand for TNF receptors, was selectively neutralized. Thus, B cells' multi-faceted impact on ileitis includes generating secretory IgA, expressing LTa 1 b 2 to drive formation of TLS, and producing LTa 3 for protecting against weight loss in the presence of TNF.
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Hazime H, Ducasa GM, Santander AM, Brito N, González EE, Ban Y, Kaunitz J, Akiba Y, Fernández I, Burgueño JF, Abreu MT. Intestinal Epithelial Inactivity of Dual Oxidase 2 Results in Microbiome-Mediated Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:557-572. [PMID: 37369278 PMCID: PMC10468370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by obesity, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis. Alterations in the gut microbiome play important roles in the development of MetS. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) is an antimicrobial reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase expressed in the gut epithelium. Here, we posit that epithelial DUOX2 activity provides a mechanistic link between the gut microbiome and the development of MetS. METHODS Mice carrying an intestinal epithelial-specific deletion of dual oxidase maturation factor 1/2 (DA IEC-KO), and wild-type littermates were fed a standard diet and killed at 24 weeks. Metabolic alterations were determined by glucose tolerance, lipid tests, and body and organ weight measurements. DUOX2 activity was determined by Amplex Red. Intestinal permeability was determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, microbial translocation assessments, and portal vein lipopolysaccharide measurements. Metagenomic analysis of the stool microbiome was performed. The role of the microbiome was assessed in antibiotic-treated mice. RESULTS DA IEC-KO males showed increased body and organ weights accompanied by glucose intolerance and increased plasma lipid and liver enzyme levels, and increased adiposity in the liver and adipose tissue. Expression of F4/80, CD68, uncoupling protein 1, carbohydrate response element binding protein, leptin, and adiponectin was altered in the liver and adipose tissue of DA IEC-KO males. DA IEC-KO males produced less epithelial H2O2, had altered relative abundance of Akkermansiaceae and Lachnospiraceae in stool, and showed increased portal vein lipopolysaccharides and intestinal permeability. Females were protected from barrier defects and MetS, despite producing less H2O2. Antibiotic depletion abrogated all MetS phenotypes observed. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal epithelial inactivity of DUOX2 promotes MetS in a microbiome-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Hazime
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - G Michelle Ducasa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ana M Santander
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nivis Brito
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Eddy E González
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jonathan Kaunitz
- Medical Service and Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Medical Service, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Medical Service and Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Medical Service, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Irina Fernández
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan F Burgueño
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Martín-Vañó S, Miralles-Abella A, Castaño P, Hurtado-Genovés G, Aguilar-Ballester M, Herrero-Cervera A, Vinué A, Martínez-Hervás S, González-Navarro H. Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype is modulated by ligands of the lymphotoxin β receptor and the tumor necrosis factor receptor. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2023; 35:1-11. [PMID: 35738949 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo a phenotypic-switching process during the generation of unstable atheroma plaques. In this investigation, the potential implication of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) ligands, in the gene expression signature associated with VSMC plasticity was studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human aortic (ha)VSMCs were obtained commercially and treated with the cytokine TNFSF14, also called LIGHT, the lymphotoxin alpha (LTα), the heterotrimer LTα1β2 or with vehicle for 72h. The effect of the different treatments on gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR and included the study of genes associated with myofibroblast-like cell function, osteochondrogenesis, pluripotency, lymphorganogenesis and macrophage-like cell function. RESULTS HaVSMCs displayed a change in myofibroblast-like cell genes which consisted in reduced COL1A1 and TGFB1 mRNA levels when treated with LTα or LIGHT and with augmented MMP9 expression levels when treated with LTα. LTα and LIGHT treatments also diminished the expression of genes associated with osteochondrogenesis and pluripotency SOX9, CKIT, and KLF4. By contrary, all the above genes were no affected by the treatment with the trimer LTα1β2. In addition, haVSMC treatment with LTα, LTα1β2 and LIGHT altered lymphorganogenic cytokine gene expression which consisted of augmented CCL20 and CCL21 mRNA levels by LTα and a reduction in the gene expression of CCL21 and CXCL13 by LIGHT and LTα1β2 respectively. Neither, LTα or LIGHT or LTα1β2 treatments affected the expression of macrophage-like cell markers in haVSMC. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, indicates that the TNFSF ligands through their interconnected network of signaling, are important in the preservation of VSMC identity against the acquisition of a genetic expression signature compatible with functional cellular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela Vinué
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Güroy D, Güroy B, Bilen S, Terzi E, Kenanoğlu ON, García-Suárez M, Marzin D, Mantoğlu S, Karadal O, Şahin İ, Kuşku H. Effects of dietary marine sulphated polysaccharides (Algimun®) on growth performance, immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1139-1147. [PMID: 35870744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of a dietary mix of marine sulphated polysaccharides, named Algimun® (AL), supplementation to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles in terms of growth performance, immune responses, and resistance against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. A total of 240 fish (initial mean weight of 6.00 ± 0.03 g) was randomly separated into 12 tanks (400 L, 20 fish per tank) distributed in four replicates. Fish were fed three experimental diets: a basal diet (Control), and a basal diet with two inclusion rates of Algimun® as 3 g/kg (AL0.3) and 5 g/kg (AL0.5) for 30 days before bacterial infection with P. damselae subsp. piscicida. After a 30-day feeding-period, growth performance was significantly improved in AL0.3 and AL0.5 groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). AL0.3 and AL0.5 groups showed significantly higher lysozyme activity and myeloperoxidase activity when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The gene expression of immune mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α and COX-2) was significantly upregulated in the intestine, spleen and head kidney in AL0.3 and AL0.5 groups when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Eight days post-challenge, the survival rate against P. damselae subsp. piscicida was numerically higher in fish within AL0.3 and AL0.5 groups compared to control (+20%). The study findings suggest that marine sulphated polysaccharides (Algimun®) could be used as an immunomodulator in gilthead seabream to support animal's health and boost resistance in case of disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Güroy
- Department of Aquaculture, Armutlu Vocational School, Yalova University, 77500, Armutlu, Yalova, Turkey.
| | - Betül Güroy
- Department of Food Processing, Armutlu Vocational School, Yalova University, 77500, Armutlu, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Soner Bilen
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kuzeykent, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Terzi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kuzeykent, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Osman Nezih Kenanoğlu
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kuzeykent, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | | | | | - Serhan Mantoğlu
- Department of Food Processing, Armutlu Vocational School, Yalova University, 77500, Armutlu, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Onur Karadal
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620, Çiğli, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İzzet Şahin
- Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies, Altınova Vocational School, Yalova University, 77700, Altınova, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Halit Kuşku
- Department of Marine Technology Engineering, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Li K, Qiu H, Yan J, Shen X, Wei X, Duan M, Yang J. The involvement of TNF-α and TNF-β as proinflammatory cytokines in lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immunity of Nile tilapia by initiating apoptosis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103884. [PMID: 33045273 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are pleiotropic cytokines with important functions in homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Recent advances have shown that TNFs are also involved in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. However, the knowledge about how TNF participates in and regulates adaptive immune response in early vertebrates is still limited. In present study, we identified two isoforms of TNF, TNF-α and TNF-β, from Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (On-TNF-α and β). After analyzing the sequence characteristics, we investigated their regulatory roles in adaptive immune response of this fish species. On-TNF-α and β are evolutionarily conserved compare with their homologs from other vertebrates. Both TNFs were distributed in a wide range of tissues in O. niloticus, and with relative higher expression level in gill. After the animals were infected by Streptococcus agalactiae, mRNA levels of On-TNF-α and TNF-β in spleen lymphocytes were significantly upregulated during the primary response stage of adaptive immunity. Meanwhile, both TNF proteins in spleen lymphocytes were also dramatically elevated during the adaptive immune stage after bacterial infection. These results indicate the potential participation of On-TNF-α and TNF-β in adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia. Furthermore, On-TNF-α and β transcripts were obviously augmented, once spleen lymphocytes were activated by T cell-specific mitogen PHA. More importantly, both recombinant On-TNF-α and β could induce the apoptosis of head-kidney leukocytes of Nile tilapia. And On-TNF-β but not On-TNF-α promoted the apoptosis by activating caspase-8 in the target cells. Altogether, our study revealed that TNF-α and TNF-β participated in the lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia by initiating the apoptosis, and thus shed novel perspective for the regulatory mechanism of adaptive immunity in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaotong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ming Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Tilg H, Zmora N, Adolph TE, Elinav E. The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:40-54. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Plubell DL, Wilmarth PA, Zhao Y, Fenton AM, Minnier J, Reddy AP, Klimek J, Yang X, David LL, Pamir N. Extended Multiplexing of Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) Labeling Reveals Age and High Fat Diet Specific Proteome Changes in Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissue. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:873-890. [PMID: 28325852 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.065524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of high-throughput methods to analyze the adipose tissue protein composition limits our understanding of the protein networks responsible for age and diet related metabolic response. We have developed an approach using multiple-dimension liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and extended multiplexing (24 biological samples) with tandem mass tags (TMT) labeling to analyze proteomes of epididymal adipose tissues isolated from mice fed either low or high fat diet for a short or a long-term, and from mice that aged on low versus high fat diets. The peripheral metabolic health (as measured by body weight, adiposity, plasma fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol levels, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests) deteriorated with diet and advancing age, with long-term high fat diet exposure being the worst. In response to short-term high fat diet, 43 proteins representing lipid metabolism (e.g. AACS, ACOX1, ACLY) and red-ox pathways (e.g. CPD2, CYP2E, SOD3) were significantly altered (FDR < 10%). Long-term high fat diet significantly altered 55 proteins associated with immune response (e.g. IGTB2, IFIT3, LGALS1) and rennin angiotensin system (e.g. ENPEP, CMA1, CPA3, ANPEP). Age-related changes on low fat diet significantly altered only 18 proteins representing mainly urea cycle (e.g. OTC, ARG1, CPS1), and amino acid biosynthesis (e.g. GMT, AKR1C6). Surprisingly, high fat diet driven age-related changes culminated with alterations in 155 proteins involving primarily the urea cycle (e.g. ARG1, CPS1), immune response/complement activation (e.g. C3, C4b, C8, C9, CFB, CFH, FGA), extracellular remodeling (e.g. EFEMP1, FBN1, FBN2, LTBP4, FERMT2, ECM1, EMILIN2, ITIH3) and apoptosis (e.g. YAP1, HIP1, NDRG1, PRKCD, MUL1) pathways. Using our adipose tissue tailored approach we have identified both age-related and high fat diet specific proteomic signatures highlighting a pronounced involvement of arginine metabolism in response to advancing age, and branched chain amino acid metabolism in early response to high fat feeding. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD005953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Plubell
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- §Proteomics Shared Resources, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- ¶Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexandra M Fenton
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jessica Minnier
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ashok P Reddy
- §Proteomics Shared Resources, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - John Klimek
- §Proteomics Shared Resources, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xia Yang
- ¶Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larry L David
- §Proteomics Shared Resources, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Nathalie Pamir
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon;
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Pamir N, Liu NC, Irwin A, Becker L, Peng Y, Ronsein GE, Bornfeldt KE, Duffield JS, Heinecke JW. Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor-dependent Dendritic Cells Restrain Lean Adipose Tissue Expansion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14656-67. [PMID: 25931125 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological roles of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in lean white adipose tissue homeostasis have received little attention. Because DCs are generated from bone marrow progenitors in the presence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), we used GM-CSF-deficient (Csf2(-/-)) mice fed a low fat diet to test the hypothesis that adipose tissue DCs regulate the development of adipose tissue. At 4 weeks of age, Csf2(-/-) mice had 75% fewer CD45(+)Cd11b(+)Cd11c(+)MHCII(+) F4/80(-) DCs in white adipose tissue than did wild-type controls. Furthermore, the Csf2(-/-) mice showed a 30% increase in whole body adiposity, which persisted to adulthood. Adipocytes from Csf2(-/-) mice were 50% larger by volume and contained higher levels of adipogenesis gene transcripts, indicating enhanced adipocyte differentiation. In contrast, adipogenesis/adipocyte lipid accumulation was inhibited when preadipocytes were co-cultured with CD45(+)Cd11b(+)Cd11c(+)MHCII(+)F4/80(-) DCs. Medium conditioned by DCs, but not by macrophages, also inhibited adipocyte lipid accumulation. Proteomic analysis revealed that matrix metalloproteinase 12 and fibronectin 1 were greatly enriched in the medium conditioned by DCs compared with that conditioned by macrophages. Silencing fibronectin or genetic deletion of matrix metalloproteinase 12 in DCs partially reversed the inhibition of adipocyte lipid accumulation. Our observations indicate that DCs residing in adipose tissue play a critical role in suppressing normal adipose tissue expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lev Becker
- the Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy S Duffield
- the Division of Nephrology and Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109-8050 and
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Kardassis D, Gafencu A, Zannis VI, Davalos A. Regulation of HDL genes: transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:113-179. [PMID: 25522987 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
HDL regulation is exerted at multiple levels including regulation at the level of transcription initiation by transcription factors and signal transduction cascades; regulation at the posttranscriptional level by microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs which bind to the coding or noncoding regions of HDL genes regulating mRNA stability and translation; as well as regulation at the posttranslational level by protein modifications, intracellular trafficking, and degradation. The above mechanisms have drastic effects on several HDL-mediated processes including HDL biogenesis, remodeling, cholesterol efflux and uptake, as well as atheroprotective functions on the cells of the arterial wall. The emphasis is on mechanisms that operate in physiologically relevant tissues such as the liver (which accounts for 80% of the total HDL-C levels in the plasma), the macrophages, the adrenals, and the endothelium. Transcription factors that have a significant impact on HDL regulation such as hormone nuclear receptors and hepatocyte nuclear factors are extensively discussed both in terms of gene promoter recognition and regulation but also in terms of their impact on plasma HDL levels as was revealed by knockout studies. Understanding the different modes of regulation of this complex lipoprotein may provide useful insights for the development of novel HDL-raising therapies that could be used to fight against atherosclerosis which is the underlying cause of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece,
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10
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Upadhyay V, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin organizes contributions to host defense and metabolic illness from innate lymphoid cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:227-33. [PMID: 24411493 PMCID: PMC3999173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The lymphotoxin (LT)-pathway is a unique constituent branch of the Tumor Necrosis Superfamily (TNFSF). Use of LT is a critical mechanism by which fetal innate lymphoid cells regulate lymphoid organogenesis. Within recent years, adult innate lymphoid cells have been discovered to utilize this same pathway to regulate IL-22 and IL-23 production for host defense. Notably, genetic studies have linked polymorphisms in the genes encoding LTα to several phenotypes contributing to metabolic syndrome. The role of the LT-pathway may lay the foundation for a bridge between host immune response, microbiota, and metabolic syndrome. The contribution of the LT-pathway to innate lymphoid cell function and metabolic syndrome will be visited in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, United States
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, United States.
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11
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Kim YJ, Choi MS, Cha BY, Woo JT, Park YB, Kim SR, Jung UJ. Long-term supplementation of honokiol and magnolol ameliorates body fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and adipose inflammation in high-fat fed mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1988-98. [PMID: 23901038 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study investigated the effect of honokiol (HON) and magnolol (MAG), phenolic compounds in Magnolia plants, on adiposity and adiposity-related metabolic disturbances in mice fed high-fat diet (HFD), and the potential underlying mechanisms focusing on the lipid metabolism and inflammatory response. METHOD AND RESULTS C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD (45 kcal% fat) with or without HON (0.02%, w/w) or MAG (0.02%, w/w) for 16 wk. Despite no changes in body weight, food intake, and hepatic fat accumulation, HON and MAG significantly lowered the weight of white adipose tissue (WAT) as well as adipocyte size and protected against insulin resistance induced by HFD. These effects were associated with increases in energy expenditure and adipose fatty acid oxidation and decreases in fatty acid synthase activity and expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis, desaturation, and uptake, as well as adipocyte differentiation in WAT. Moreover, HON and MAG significantly lowered the expression of proinflammatory genes in WAT and elevated the plasma IL-10 level. Particularly, HON significantly decreased the plasma resistin level and increased the plasma adiponectin level compared to the control group. CONCLUSION HON and MAG have potential as novel agents for amelioration of adiposity and associated insulin resistance and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Je Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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12
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Abstract
The field of lymphotoxin biology has seen many advances in the past decade. Notably, a role for lymphotoxin as a key effector cytokine has emerged to add to its foundational contribution to lymphoid organogenesis. It is now clear that lymphotoxin contributes to host defense for a wide variety of pathogens, and the lymphotoxin receptor is a defining feature of and regulatory mechanism in both innate and adaptive immunities. Specifically, lymphotoxin contributes to Th education, licensing of IL-22 production from type 3 innate lymphoid cells, and even maintains innate myeloid populations within the fully developed lymph node. Most recently, lymphotoxin has been implicated in regulation of the microbiota and metabolic disease. Early studies revealed that lymphotoxin might influence composition of the commensal microbiota through its regulation of immunological compartmentalization in the gut. Additionally, several epidemiological studies have linked polymorphisms in lymphotoxin to metabolic disease. Studies exploring the role of lymphotoxin in metabolic disease have demonstrated that lymphotoxin may influence metabolism both directly in the liver and indirectly through regulation of gut immune responses. It now appears that lymphotoxin may bridge the gap between altered composition of the commensal microbiota and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Upadhyay V, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin signalling in immune homeostasis and the control of microorganisms. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:270-9. [PMID: 23524463 PMCID: PMC3900493 DOI: 10.1038/nri3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily that was originally thought to be functionally redundant to TNF, but these proteins were later found to have independent roles in driving lymphoid organogenesis. More recently, LT-mediated signalling has been shown to actively contribute to effector immune responses. LT regulates dendritic cell and CD4(+) T cell homeostasis in the steady state and determines the functions of these cells during pathogenic challenges. The LT receptor pathway is essential for controlling pathogens and even contributes to the regulation of the intestinal microbiota, with recent data suggesting that LT-induced changes in the microbiota promote metabolic disease. In this Review, we discuss these newly defined roles for LT, with a particular focus on how the LT receptor pathway regulates innate and adaptive immune responses to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Upadhyay V, Poroyko V, Kim TJ, Devkota S, Fu S, Liu D, Tumanov AV, Koroleva EP, Deng L, Nagler C, Chang EB, Tang H, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin regulates commensal responses to enable diet-induced obesity. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:947-53. [PMID: 22922363 PMCID: PMC3718316 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota are essential for weight gain in mouse models of diet-induced obesity (DIO), but the pathways that cause the microbiota to induce weight gain are unknown. We report that mice deficient in lymphotoxin, a key molecule in gut immunity, were resistant to DIO. Ltbr(-/-) mice had different microbial community composition compared to their heterozygous littermates, including an overgrowth of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). Furthermore, cecal transplantation conferred leanness to germ-free recipients. Housing Ltbr(-/-) mice with their obese siblings rescued weight gain in Ltbr(-/-) mice, demonstrating the communicability of the obese phenotype. Ltbr(-/-) mice lacked interleukin 23 (IL-23) and IL-22, which can regulate SFB. Mice deficient in these pathways also resisted DIO, demonstrating that intact mucosal immunity guides diet-induced changes to the microbiota to enable obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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