1
|
Bourgeois S, Coenen S, Degroote L, Willems L, Van Mulders A, Pierreux J, Heremans Y, De Leu N, Staels W. Harnessing beta cell regeneration biology for diabetes therapy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00082-1. [PMID: 38644094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic scale of diabetes mellitus is alarming, its complications remain devastating, and current treatments still pose a major burden on those affected and on the healthcare system as a whole. As the disease emanates from the destruction or dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, a real cure requires their restoration and protection. An attractive strategy is to regenerate β-cells directly within the pancreas; however, while several approaches for β-cell regeneration have been proposed in the past, clinical translation has proven challenging. This review scrutinizes recent findings in β-cell regeneration and discusses their potential clinical implementation. Hereby, we aim to delineate a path for innovative, targeted therapies to help shift from 'caring for' to 'curing' diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bourgeois
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Coenen
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Degroote
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien Willems
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annelore Van Mulders
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Pierreux
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, 9300 Aalst, Belgium.
| | - Willem Staels
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, KidZ Health Castle, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Liu Z, Li S, Su X, Lai KP, Li R. Biochemical pancreatic β-cell lineage reprogramming: Various cell fate shifts. Curr Res Transl Med 2024; 72:103412. [PMID: 38246021 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of pancreatic diseases has been continuously rising in recent years. Thus, research on pancreatic regeneration is becoming more popular. Chronic hyperglycemia is detrimental to pancreatic β-cells, leading to impairment of insulin secretion which is the main hallmark of pancreatic diseases. Obtaining plenty of functional pancreatic β-cells is the most crucial aspect when studying pancreatic biology and treating diabetes. According to the International Diabetes Federation, diabetes has become a global epidemic, with about 3 million people suffering from diabetes worldwide. Hyperglycemia can lead to many dangerous diseases, including amputation, blindness, neuropathy, stroke, and cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Insulin is widely used in the treatment of diabetes; however, innovative approaches are needed in the academic and preclinical stages. A new approach aims at synthesizing patient-specific functional pancreatic β-cells. The present article focuses on how cells from different tissues can be transformed into pancreatic β-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Zhuoqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Shengren Li
- Lingui Clinical College of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xuejuan Su
- Lingui Clinical College of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin 541199, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bauer BM, Bhattacharya S, Bloom-Saldana E, Irimia-Dominguez JM, Fueger PT. Dose-dependent progression of multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:381-391. [PMID: 37458461 PMCID: PMC10642924 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00032.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different multiple low doses of streptozotocin (STZ), namely 35 and 55 mg/kg, on the onset and progression of diabetes in mice. Both doses are commonly used in research, and although both induced a loss of beta cell mass, they had distinct effects on whole glucose tolerance, beta cell function, and gene transcription. Mice treated with 55 mg/kg became rapidly glucose intolerant, whereas those treated with 35 mg/kg had a slower onset and remained glucose tolerant for up to a week before becoming equally glucose intolerant as the 55 mg/kg group. Beta cell mass loss was similar between the two groups, but the 35 mg/kg-treated mice had improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in gold-standard hyperglycemic clamp studies. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the 55 mg/kg dose caused disruptions in nearly five times as many genes as the 35 mg/kg dose in isolated pancreatic islets. Pathways that were downregulated in both doses were more downregulated in the 55 mg/kg-treated mice, whereas pathways that were upregulated in both doses were more upregulated in the 35 mg/kg-treated mice. Moreover, we observed a differential downregulation in the 55 mg/kg-treated islets of beta cell characteristic pathways, such as exocytosis or hormone secretion. On the other hand, apoptosis was differentially upregulated in 35 mg/kg-treated islets, suggesting different transcriptional mechanisms in the onset of STZ-induced damage in the islets. This study demonstrates that the two STZ doses induce distinctly mechanistic progressions for the loss of functional beta cell mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Bauer
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Supriyo Bhattacharya
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Elizabeth Bloom-Saldana
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
- Comprehensive Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Jose M Irimia-Dominguez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
- Comprehensive Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Patrick T Fueger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
- Comprehensive Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bauer BM, Bhattacharya S, Bloom-Saldana E, Irimia JM, Fueger PT. Dose-dependent progression of multiple low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.08.536122. [PMID: 37066233 PMCID: PMC10104175 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.08.536122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different multiple low doses of streptozotocin (STZ), namely 35 and 55 mg/kg, on the onset and progression of diabetes in mice. Both doses are commonly used in research, and while both induced a loss of beta cell mass, they had distinct effects on whole glucose tolerance, beta cell function and gene transcription. Mice treated with 55 mg/kg became rapidly glucose intolerant, whereas those treated with 35 mg/kg had a slower onset and remained glucose tolerant for up to a week before becoming equally glucose intolerant as the 55 mg/kg group. Beta cell mass loss was similar between the two groups, but the 35 mg/kg-treated mice had improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in gold-standard hyperglycemic clamp studies. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the 55 mg/kg dose caused disruptions in nearly five times as many genes as the 35 mg/kg dose in isolated pancreatic islets. Pathways that were downregulated in both doses were more downregulated in the 55 mg/kg-treated mice, while pathways that were upregulated in both doses were more upregulated in the 35 mg/kg treated mice. Moreover, we observed a differential downregulation in the 55 mg/kg-treated islets of beta cell characteristic pathways, such as exocytosis or hormone secretion. On the other hand, apoptosis was differentially upregulated in 35 mg/kg-treated islets, suggesting different transcriptional mechanisms in the onset of STZ-induced damage in the islets. This study demonstrates that the two STZ doses induce distinctly mechanistic progressions for the loss of functional beta cell mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Bauer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Supriyo Bhattacharya
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bloom-Saldana
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Comprehensive Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jose M. Irimia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Comprehensive Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Patrick T. Fueger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Comprehensive Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McDonald S, Ray P, Bunn RC, Fowlkes JL, Thrailkill KM, Popescu I. Heterogeneity and altered β-cell identity in the TallyHo model of early-onset type 2 diabetes. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151940. [PMID: 35969910 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A primary underlying defect makes β-cells "susceptible" to no longer compensate for the peripheral insulin resistance and to trigger the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). New evidence suggests that in T2D, β-cells are not destroyed but experience a loss of identity, reverting to a progenitor-like state and largely losing the ability to sense glucose and produce insulin. We assessed (using fluorescence microscopy and histomorphometry correlated with the glycaemic status) the main β-cell identity modifications as diabetes progresses in the TallyHo/JngJ (TH) male mice, a polygenic model of spontaneous T2D, akin to the human phenotype. We found that: 1) conversion to overt diabetes is paralleled by a progressive reduction of insulin-expressing cells and expansion of a glucagon-positive population, together with alteration of islet size and shape; 2) the β-cell population is highly heterogeneous in terms of insulin content and specific transcription factors like PDX1 and NKX6.1, that are gradually lost during diabetes progression; 3) GLUT2 expression is altered early and strongly reduced at late stages of diabetes; 4) an endocrine developmental program dependent on NGN3-expressing progenitors is revived when hyperglycaemia becomes severe; and 5) the re-expression of the EMT-associated factor vimentin occurs as diabetes worsens, representing a possible regenerative response to β-cell loss. Based on these results, we formulated additional hypotheses for the β-cell identity alteration in the TH model, together with several limitations of the study, that constitute future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McDonald
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 900S. Limestone, CTW 469, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Phil Ray
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 900S. Limestone, CTW 469, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 2195 Harrodsburg Rd., Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Robert C Bunn
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 900S. Limestone, CTW 469, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 2195 Harrodsburg Rd., Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - John L Fowlkes
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 900S. Limestone, CTW 469, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 2195 Harrodsburg Rd., Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Kathryn M Thrailkill
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 900S. Limestone, CTW 469, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 2195 Harrodsburg Rd., Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Iuliana Popescu
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, 900S. Limestone, CTW 469, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gaudreau MC, Gudi RR, Li G, Johnson BM, Vasu C. Gastrin producing syngeneic mesenchymal stem cells protect non-obese diabetic mice from type 1 diabetes. Autoimmunity 2022; 55:95-108. [PMID: 34882054 PMCID: PMC9875811 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2021.2012165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Progressive destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells by immune cells is a primary feature of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and therapies that can restore the functional β-cell mass are needed to alleviate disease progression. Here, we report the use of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) for the production and delivery of Gastrin, a peptide hormone that is produced by intestinal cells and foetal islets and can increase β-Cell mass, to promote protection from T1D. A single injection of syngeneic MSCs that were engineered to express Gastrin (Gastrin-MSCs) caused a significant delay in hyperglycaemia in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice compared to engineered control-MSCs. Similar treatment of early-hyperglycaemic mice caused the restoration of euglycemia for a considerable duration, and these therapeutic effects were associated with the protection of, and/or higher frequencies of, insulin-producing islets and less severe insulitis. While the overall immune cell phenotype was not affected profoundly upon treatment using Gastrin-MSCs or upon in vitro culture, pancreatic lymph node cells from Gastrin-MSC treated mice, upon ex vivo challenge with self-antigen, showed a Th2 and Th17 bias, and diminished the diabetogenic property in NOD-Rag1 deficient mice suggesting a disease protective immune modulation under Gastrin-MSC treatment associated protection from hyperglycaemia. Overall, this study shows the potential of production and delivery of Gastrin in vivo, by MSCs, in protecting insulin-producing β-cells and ameliorating the disease progression in T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Gaudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC-29425
| | - Radhika R. Gudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC-29425
| | - Gongbo Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL-60612
| | - Benjamin M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC-29425
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC-29425,Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL-60612,Address Correspondence: Chenthamarakshan Vasu, Medical University of South Carolina, Microbiology and Immunology, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 509, BSB214B, Charleston, SC-29425, Phone: 843-792-1032, Fax: 843-792-9588,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Desentis-Desentis MF. Regenerative approaches to preserve pancreatic β-cell mass and function in diabetes pathogenesis. Endocrine 2022; 75:338-350. [PMID: 34825343 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), there is a substantial β-cell mass loss. Residual β-cell mass is susceptible to cellular damage because of specific pancreatic β-cell characteristics. β cells have a low proliferation rate, being in human adults almost zero and a low antioxidant system that makes β cells susceptible to oxidative stress and increases their vulnerability to cell destruction. Different strategies have been addressed to preserve pancreatic β-cell residual mass and function in patients with diabetes. However, the effect of many compounds proposed in rodent models to trigger β-cell replication has different results in human β cells. In this review, scientific evidence of β-cell of two major regenerative approaches has been gathered. Regeneration proceedings for pancreatic β cells are promising and could improve β-cell proliferation capacity and contribute to the conservation of mature β-cell phenotypic characteristics. This evidence supports the notion that regenerative medicine could be a helpful strategy to yield amelioration of T1D and T2D pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Desentis-Desentis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Brief Review of the Mechanisms of β-Cell Dedifferentiation in Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051593. [PMID: 34068827 PMCID: PMC8151793 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Over 90% of patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Pancreatic β-cells are endocrine cells that produce and secrete insulin, an essential endocrine hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. Deficits in β-cell function and mass play key roles in the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes. Apoptosis has been considered as the main contributor of β-cell dysfunction and decrease in β-cell mass for a long time. However, recent studies suggest that β-cell failure occurs mainly due to increased β-cell dedifferentiation rather than limited β-cell proliferation or increased β-cell death. In this review, we summarize the current advances in the understanding of the pancreatic β-cell dedifferentiation process including potential mechanisms. A better understanding of β-cell dedifferentiation process will help to identify novel therapeutic targets to prevent and/or reverse β-cell loss in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu M, Liu X, Liu W, Lu Y, Cheng J, Chen Y. β cell aging and age-related diabetes. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7691-7706. [PMID: 33686020 PMCID: PMC7993693 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and loss of β cell mass and function. Aging is considered as a major risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes. However, the roles of pancreatic β cell senescence and systemic aging in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in elderly people remain poorly understood. In this review, we aimed to discuss the current findings and viewpoints focusing on β cell aging and the development of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Younan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, Liu F. The De-, Re-, and trans-differentiation of β-cells: Regulation and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 103:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
11
|
Weir GC, Gaglia J, Bonner-Weir S. Inadequate β-cell mass is essential for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:249-256. [PMID: 32006519 PMCID: PMC7098467 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For patients with type 1 diabetes, it is accepted among the scientific community that there is a marked reduction in β-cell mass; however, with type 2 diabetes, there is disagreement as to whether this reduction in mass occurs in every case. Some have argued that β-cell mass in some patients with type 2 diabetes is normal and that the cause of the hyperglycaemia in these patients is a functional abnormality of insulin secretion. In this Personal View, we argue that a deficient β-cell mass is essential for the development of type 2 diabetes. The main point is that there are enormous (≥10 fold) variations in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in the general population, with a very close correlation between these two factors for any individual. Although β-cell mass cannot be accurately measured in living patients, it is highly likely that it too is highly correlated with insulin sensitivity and secretion. Thus, our argument is that a person with type 2 diabetes can have a β-cell mass that is the same as a person without type 2 diabetes, but because they are insulin resistant, the mass is inadequate and responsible for their diabetes. Because the abnormal insulin secretion of diabetes is caused by dysglycaemia and can be largely reversed with glycaemic control, it is a less serious problem than the reduction in β-cell mass, which is far more difficult to restore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jason Gaglia
- Section on Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Téllez N, Montanya E. Determining Beta Cell Mass, Apoptosis, Proliferation, and Individual Beta Cell Size in Pancreatic Sections. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2128:313-337. [PMID: 32180202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0385-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells have a significant remodeling capacity which plays an essential role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Beta cell apoptosis, replication, size, dedifferentiation, and (neo)generation contribute to the beta cell mass regulation. However, the extent of their respective contribution varies significantly depending on the specific condition, and it is the balance among them that determines the eventual change in beta cell mass. Thus, the study of the pancreatic beta cell mass regulation requires the determination of all these factors. In this chapter, we describe the quantification of beta cell replication based on the incorporation of thymidine analogs into replicated DNA strands and on the expression of Ki67 antigen and phosphorylation of histone H3. Beta cell apoptosis is analyzed by the TUNEL technique, and beta cell mass and cross-sectional area of individual beta cells are determined by computerized image processing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noèlia Téllez
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain. .,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain. .,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eduard Montanya
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Endocrine Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Han F, Li X, Yang J, Liu H, Zhang Y, Yang X, Yang S, Chang B, Chen L, Chang B. Salsalate Prevents β-Cell Dedifferentiation in OLETF Rats with Type 2 Diabetes through Notch1 Pathway. Aging Dis 2019; 10:719-730. [PMID: 31440379 PMCID: PMC6675521 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A strategic approach is urgently needed to curb the growing global epidemic of diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of salsalate (SAL), an anti-inflammatory drug with anti-diabetic properties, assessing its potential to prevent diabetes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats (OLETF). All animals in our placebo group developed diabetes, whereas none in the SAL test group did so, and only 25% of SAL-treated rats displayed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). SAL lowered levels of glucagon and raised levels of insulin in plasma, while improving both insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. The protective effect of SAL is likely due to diminished β-cell dedifferentiation, manifested as relative declines in Neurogenin 3+/insulin- cells and synaptophysin+/islet hormone- cells and increased expression of β-cell-specific transcription factor Foxo1. Both Notch1-siRNA and N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-1-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT; an indirect inhibitor of the Notch1 pathway) were shown to prevent β-cell dedifferentiation. Similar to DAPT, SAL effectively reduced β-cell dedifferentiation, significantly suppressing Notch1 pathway activation in INS-1 cells. The inhibitory role of SAL in β-cell dedifferentiation may thus be attributable to Notch1 pathway suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Juhong Yang
- 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyi Liu
- 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- 2Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Bai Chang
- 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Baocheng Chang
- 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhong F, Jiang Y. Endogenous Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration: A Potential Strategy for the Recovery of β Cell Deficiency in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:101. [PMID: 30842756 PMCID: PMC6391341 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous pancreatic β cell regeneration is a potential strategy for β cell expansion or neogenesis to treat diabetes. Regeneration can occur through stimulation of existing β cell replication or conversion of other pancreatic cells into β cells. Recently, various strategies and approaches for stimulation of endogenous β cell regeneration have been evaluated, but they were not suitable for clinical application. In this paper, we comprehensively review these strategies, and further discuss various factors involved in regulation of β cell regeneration under physiological or pathological conditions, such as mediators, transcription factors, signaling pathways, and potential pharmaceutical drugs. Furthermore, we discuss possible reasons for the failure of regenerative medicines in clinical trials, and possible strategies for improving β cell regeneration. As β cell heterogeneity and plasticity determines their function and environmental adaptability, we focus on β cell subtype markers and discuss the importance of research evaluating the characteristics of new β cells. In addition, based on the autoimmunologic features of type 1 diabetes, NOD/Lt-SCID-IL2rg null (NSG) mice grafted with human immune cells and β cells are recommended for use in evaluation of antidiabetic regenerative medicines. This review will further understand current advances in endogenous β cell regeneration, and provide potential new strategies for the treatment of diabetes focused on cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Jiang
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aguayo-Mazzucato C, Bonner-Weir S. Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration as a Possible Therapy for Diabetes. Cell Metab 2018; 27:57-67. [PMID: 28889951 PMCID: PMC5762410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is the result of having inadequate supply of functional insulin-producing β cells. Two possible approaches for replenishing the β cells are: (1) replacement by transplanting cadaveric islets or β cells derived from human embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells and (2) induction of endogenous regeneration. This review focuses on endogenous regeneration, which can follow two pathways: enhanced replication of existing β cells and formation of new β cells from cells not expressing insulin, either by conversion from a differentiated cell type (transdifferentiation) or differentiation from progenitors (neogenesis). Exciting progress on both pathways suggest that regeneration may have therapeutic promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Purification of replicating pancreatic β-cells for gene expression studies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17515. [PMID: 29235543 PMCID: PMC5727529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cell proliferation is a rare event in adult pancreatic islets. To study the replication-related β-cell biology we designed a replicating β-cells sorting system for gene expression experiments. Replicating β-cells were identified by EdU incorporation and purified by flow cytometry. For β-cell separation islet cells were sorted by size, granularity and Newport Green fluorescence emission that was combined with emitted fluorescence for EdU-labelled replicating cells sorting. The purity of the resulting sorted populations was evaluated by insulin staining and EdU for β-cell identification and for replicating cells, respectively. Total RNA was isolated from purified cell-sorted populations for gene expression analysis. Cell sorting of dispersed islet cells resulted in 96.2% purity for insulin positivity in the collected β-cell fraction and 100% efficiency of the EdU-based cell separation. RNA integrity was similar between FACS-sorted replicating and quiescent β-cells. Global transcriptome analysis of replicating vs quiescent β-cells showed the expected enrichment of categories related to cell division and DNA replication. Indeed, key genes in the spindle check-point were the most upregulated genes in replicating β-cells. This work provides a method that allows for the isolation of replicating β-cells, a very scarce population in adult pancreatic islets.
Collapse
|
17
|
Breuer TGK, Borker L, Quast DR, Tannapfel A, Schmidt WE, Uhl W, Meier JJ. Impact of proton pump inhibitor treatment on pancreatic beta-cell area and beta-cell proliferation in humans. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:467-76. [PMID: 27562401 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrin has been shown to promote beta-cell proliferation in rodents, but its effects in adult humans are largely unclear. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) lead to endogenous hypergastrinaemia, and improved glucose control during PPI therapy has been reported in patients with diabetes. Therefore, we addressed whether PPI treatment is associated with improved glucose homoeostasis, islet cell hyperplasia or increased new beta-cell formation in humans. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pancreatic tissue specimens from 60 patients with and 33 patients without previous PPI therapy were examined. The group was subdivided into patients without diabetes (n = 27), pre-diabetic patients (n = 31) and patients with diabetes (n = 35). RESULTS Fasting glucose and HbA1c levels were not different between patients with and without PPI therapy (P = 0.34 and P = 0.30 respectively). Beta-cell area was higher in patients without diabetes than in patients with pre-diabetes or diabetes (1.33 ± 0.12%, 1.05 ± 0.09% and 0.66 ± 0.07% respectively; P < 0.0001). There was no difference in beta-cell area between patients with and without PPI treatment (1.05 ± 0.08% vs 0.87 ± 0.08%, respectively; P = 0.16). Beta-cell replication was rare and not different between patients with and without PPI therapy (P = 0.20). PPI treatment was not associated with increased duct-cell replication (P = 0.18), insulin expression in ducts (P = 0.28) or beta-cell size (P = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in adult humans, chronic PPI treatment does not enhance beta-cell mass or beta-cell function to a relevant extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G K Breuer
- Diabetes DivisionSt. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Laura Borker
- Diabetes DivisionSt. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel R Quast
- Diabetes DivisionSt. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang E Schmidt
- Diabetes DivisionSt. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Waldemar Uhl
- Department of SurgerySt. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Juris J Meier
- Diabetes DivisionSt. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|