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Bruschetta G, Jin S, Liu ZW, Kim JD, Diano S. MC 4R Signaling in Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Controls Feeding, Anxiety, and Depression. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108267. [PMID: 33053350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is associated with weight loss and decreased appetite; however, the signaling that connects these conditions is unclear. Here, we show that MC4R signaling in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) affects feeding, anxiety, and depression. DRN infusion of α-MSH decreases DRN neuronal activation and feeding. DRN MC4R is expressed in GABAergic PRCP-producing neurons. DRN selective knockdown of PRCP (PrcpDRNKD), an enzyme inactivating α-MSH, decreases feeding and DRN neuronal activation. Interestingly, PrcpDRNKD mice present lower DRN serotonin levels and depressive-like behavior. Similarly, PRCP-ablated MC4R mice (PrcpMC4RKO) show metabolic and behavioral phenotypes comparable to those of PrcpDRNKD mice. Selective PRCP re-expression in DRN MC4R neurons of PrcpMC4RKO mice partially reverses feeding, while fully restoring mood behaviors. Chemogenetic inhibition of DRN MC4R neurons induces anxiety, depression, and reduced feeding, whereas chemogenetic activation reverses these effects. Our results indicate that MC4R signaling in DRN plays a role in feeding, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sungho Jin
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jung Dae Kim
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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2
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Tebbenkamp ATN, Varela L, Choi J, Paredes MI, Giani AM, Song JE, Sestan-Pesa M, Franjic D, Sousa AMM, Liu ZW, Li M, Bichsel C, Koch M, Szigeti-Buck K, Liu F, Li Z, Kawasawa YI, Paspalas CD, Mineur YS, Prontera P, Merla G, Picciotto MR, Arnsten AFT, Horvath TL, Sestan N. The 7q11.23 Protein DNAJC30 Interacts with ATP Synthase and Links Mitochondria to Brain Development. Cell 2019; 175:1088-1104.e23. [PMID: 30318146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the known causality of copy-number variations (CNVs) to human neurodevelopmental disorders, the mechanisms behind each gene's contribution to the constellation of neural phenotypes remain elusive. Here, we investigated the 7q11.23 CNV, whose hemideletion causes Williams syndrome (WS), and uncovered that mitochondrial dysfunction participates in WS pathogenesis. Dysfunction is facilitated in part by the 7q11.23 protein DNAJC30, which interacts with mitochondrial ATP-synthase machinery. Removal of Dnajc30 in mice resulted in hypofunctional mitochondria, diminished morphological features of neocortical pyramidal neurons, and altered behaviors reminiscent of WS. The mitochondrial features are consistent with our observations of decreased integrity of oxidative phosphorylation supercomplexes and ATP-synthase dimers in WS. Thus, we identify DNAJC30 as an auxiliary component of ATP-synthase machinery and reveal mitochondrial maladies as underlying certain defects in brain development and function associated with WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T N Tebbenkamp
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Luis Varela
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jinmyung Choi
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Miguel I Paredes
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Alice M Giani
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jae Eun Song
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Matija Sestan-Pesa
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel Franjic
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - André M M Sousa
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Candace Bichsel
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marco Koch
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Klara Szigeti-Buck
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fuchen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yuka I Kawasawa
- Institute for Personalized Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Constantinos D Paspalas
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yann S Mineur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia," 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merla
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Genetics and of Comparative Medicine, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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3
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The Angiotensin-(1-7) Axis: Formation and Metabolism Pathways. ANGIOTENSIN-(1-7) 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121467 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22696-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Revilla M, Puig-Oliveras A, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Criado-Mesas L, Castelló A, Fernández AI, Ballester M, Folch JM. Expression analysis of candidate genes for fatty acid composition in adipose tissue and identification of regulatory regions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2045. [PMID: 29391556 PMCID: PMC5794915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the genetic basis of the backfat expression of lipid-related genes associated with meat quality traits in pigs. We performed a genome-wide association study with the backfat gene expression measured in 44 genes by qPCR and the PorcineSNP60 BeadChip genotypes in 115 Iberian x Landrace backcross animals. A total of 193 expression-associated SNPs located in 19 chromosomal regions were associated with expression levels of ACSM5, ELOVL6, FABP4, FADS2, and SLC27A4 genes. Three expression quantitative trail loci (eQTLs) corresponding to ACSM5, FABP4, and FADS2 were classified as cis-acting eQTLs, whereas the remaining 16 eQTLs have trans-regulatory effects. Remarkably, a SNP in the ACSM5 promoter region and a SNP in the 3′UTR region of FABP4 were the most associated polymorphisms with the ACSM5 and FABP4 expression levels, respectively. Moreover, relevant lipid-related genes mapped in the trans-eQTLs regions associated with the ACSM5, FABP4, FADS2, and SLC27A4 genes. Interestingly, a trans-eQTL hotspot on SSC13 regulating the gene expression of ELOVL6, ELOLV5, and SCD, three important genes implicated in the elongation and desaturation of fatty acids, was identified. These findings provide new data to further understand the functional regulatory mechanisms implicated in the variation of fatty acid composition in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Revilla
- Animal Genomics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Anna Puig-Oliveras
- Animal Genomics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- Animal Genomics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lourdes Criado-Mesas
- Animal Genomics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Castelló
- Animal Genomics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana I Fernández
- Departamento de Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ballester
- Departament de Genètica i Millora Animal, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Josep M Folch
- Animal Genomics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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5
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Siddiqui S, Lustig A, Carter A, Sankar M, Daimon CM, Premont RT, Etienne H, van Gastel J, Azmi A, Janssens J, Becker KG, Zhang Y, Wood W, Lehrmann E, Martin JG, Martin B, Taub DD, Maudsley S. Genomic deletion of GIT2 induces a premature age-related thymic dysfunction and systemic immune system disruption. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:706-740. [PMID: 28260693 PMCID: PMC5391227 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has proposed that GIT2 (G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting protein 2) acts as an integrator of the aging process through regulation of 'neurometabolic' integrity. One of the commonly accepted hallmarks of the aging process is thymic involution. At a relatively young age, 12 months old, GIT2-/- mice present a prematurely distorted thymic structure and dysfunction compared to age-matched 12 month-old wild-type control (C57BL/6) mice. Disruption of thymic structure in GIT2-/- (GIT2KO) mice was associated with a significant reduction in the expression of the cortical thymic marker, Troma-I (cytokeratin 8). Double positive (CD4+CD8+) and single positive CD4+ T cells were also markedly reduced in 12 month-old GIT2KO mice compared to age-matched control wild-type mice. Coincident with this premature thymic disruption in GIT2KO mice was the unique generation of a novel cervical 'organ', i.e. 'parathymic lobes'. These novel organs did not exhibit classical peripheral lymph node-like characteristics but expressed high levels of T cell progenitors that were reflexively reduced in GIT2KO thymi. Using signaling pathway analysis of GIT2KO thymus and parathymic lobe transcriptomic data we found that the molecular signaling functions lost in the dysfunctional GIT2KO thymus were selectively reinstated in the novel parathymic lobe - suggestive of a compensatory effect for the premature thymic disruption. Broader inspection of high-dimensionality transcriptomic data from GIT2KO lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and parathymic lobes revealed a systemic alteration of multiple proteins (Dbp, Tef, Per1, Per2, Fbxl3, Ddit4, Sin3a) involved in the multidimensional control of cell cycle clock regulation, cell senescence, cellular metabolism and DNA damage. Altered cell clock regulation across both immune and non-immune tissues therefore may be responsible for the premature 'aging' phenotype of GIT2KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Siddiqui
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ana Lustig
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Arnell Carter
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mathavi Sankar
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Caitlin M Daimon
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Harmonie Etienne
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdelkrim Azmi
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Janssens
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - William Wood
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - James G Martin
- Research Institute of the MUHC, Centre for Translational Biology (CTB), Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dennis D Taub
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is an evolutionarily conserved brain structure that regulates an organism's basic functions, such as homeostasis and reproduction. Several hypothalamic nuclei and neuronal circuits have been the focus of many studies seeking to understand their role in regulating these basic functions. Within the hypothalamic neuronal populations, the arcuate melanocortin system plays a major role in controlling homeostatic functions. The arcuate pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in particular have been shown to be critical regulators of metabolism and reproduction because of their projections to several brain areas both in and outside of the hypothalamus, such as autonomic regions of the brain stem and spinal cord. Here, we review and discuss the current understanding of POMC neurons from their development and intracellular regulators to their physiological functions and pathological dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitoku Toda
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Anna Santoro
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Jung Dae Kim
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.,Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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7
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Graham TH. Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors and the therapeutic uses thereof: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:1077-1088. [PMID: 28699813 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1349104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) is a serine protease that produces or degrades signaling proteins in several important pathways including the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. PrCP has the potential to be a therapeutic target for cardiovascular, inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Numerous classes of PrCP inhibitors have been developed by rational drug design and from high-throughput screening hits. These inhibitors have been tested in mouse models to assess their potential as new therapeutics. Areas Covered: This review covers the relevant studies that support PrCP as a target for drug discovery. All the significant patent applications and primary literature concerning the development of PrCP inhibitors are discussed. Expert Opinion: The pathways where PrCP is known to operate are complex and many aspects remain to be characterized. Many potent inhibitors of PrCP have been tested in vivo. The variable results obtained from in vivo studies with PrCP inhibitors suggest that additional understanding of the biochemistry and the required therapeutic inhibitor levels is necessary. Additional fundamental research into the signaling pathways is likely required before the true therapeutic potential of PrCP inhibition will be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Graham
- a Merck Research Laboratories , Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
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8
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Sonne SB, Yadav R, Yin G, Dalgaard MD, Myrmel LS, Gupta R, Wang J, Madsen L, Kajimura S, Kristiansen K. Obesity is associated with depot-specific alterations in adipocyte DNA methylation and gene expression. Adipocyte 2017; 6:124-133. [PMID: 28481699 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1320002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify genes exhibiting concomitant obesity-dependent changes in DNA methylation and gene expression in adipose tissues in the mouse using diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6J and genetically obese ob/ob mice as models. Mature adipocytes were isolated from epididymal and inguinal adipose tissues of ob/ob and DIO C57BL/6J mice. DNA methylation was analyzed by MeDIP-sequencing and gene expression by microarray analysis. The majority of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were hypomethylated in obese mice. Global methylation of long interspersed elements indicated that hypomethylation did not reflect methyl donor deficiency. In both DIO and ob/ob mice, we observed more obesity-associated methylation changes in epididymal than in inguinal adipocytes. Assignment of DMRs to promoter, exon, intron and intergenic regions demonstrated that DIO-induced changes in DNA methylation in C57BL/6J mice occurred primarily in exons, whereas inguinal adipocytes of ob/ob mice exhibited a higher enrichment of DMRs in promoter regions than in other regions of the genome, suggesting an influence of leptin on DNA methylation in inguinal adipocytes. We observed altered methylation and expression of 9 genes in epididymal adipocytes, including the known obesity-associated genes, Ehd2 and Kctd15, and a novel candidate gene, Irf8, possibly involved in immune type 1/type2 balance. The use of 2 obesity models enabled us to dissociate changes associated with high fat feeding from those associated with obesity per se. This information will be of value in future studies on the mechanisms governing the development of obesity and changes in adipocyte function associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Brask Sonne
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Marlene Danner Dalgaard
- DTU Multi-Assay Core (DMAC), Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jun Wang
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lise Madsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Maier C, Schadock I, Haber PK, Wysocki J, Ye M, Kanwar Y, Flask CA, Yu X, Hoit BD, Adams GN, Schmaier AH, Bader M, Batlle D. Prolylcarboxypeptidase deficiency is associated with increased blood pressure, glomerular lesions, and cardiac dysfunction independent of altered circulating and cardiac angiotensin II. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:473-486. [PMID: 28160049 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a carboxypeptidase that cleaves angiotensin II (AngII) forming Ang(1-7). The impact of genetic PRCP deficiency on AngII metabolism, blood pressure (BP), kidney histology, and cardiac phenotype was investigated in two lines of PRCP-deficient mice: KST302 derived in C57BL/6 background and GST090 derived in FVB/N background. The GST090 line had increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) (113.7 ± 2.07 vs. WT 105.0 ± 1.23 mmHg; p < 0.01) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (ratio of diastolic left ventricular posterior wall dimension to left ventricular diameter 0.239 ± 0.0163 vs. WT 0.193 ± 0.0049; p < 0.05). Mice in the KST302 line also had mild hypertension and LVH. Cardiac defects, increased glomerular size, and glomerular mesangial expansion were also observed. After infusion of AngII to mice in the KST302 line, both MAP and LVH increased, but the constitutive differences between the gene trap mice and controls were no longer observed. Plasma and cardiac AngII and Ang(1-7) were not significantly different between PRCP-deficient mice and controls. Thus, PRCP deficiency is associated with elevated blood pressure and cardiac alterations including LVH and cardiac defects independently of systemic or cardiac AngII and Ang(1-7). An ex vivo assay showed that recombinant PRCP, unlike recombinant ACE2, did not degrade AngII to form Ang(1-7) in plasma at pH 7.4. PRCP was localized in α-intercalated cells of the kidney collecting tubule. The low pH prevailing at this site and the acidic pH preference of PRCP suggest a role of this enzyme in regulating AngII degradation in the collecting tubule where this peptide increases sodium reabsorption and therfore BP. However, there are other potential mechanisms for increased BP in this model that need to be considered as well. PRCP converts AngII to Ang(1-7) but only at an acidic pH. Global PRCP deficiency causes heart and kidney alterations and a moderate rise in BP. PRCP is abundant in the kidney collecting tubules, where the prevailing pH is low. In collecting tubules, PRCP deficiency could result in impaired AngII degradation. Increased AngII at this nephron site stimulates Na reabsorption and increases BP. KEY MESSAGE Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) converts AngII to Ang (1-7) but only at an acidic pH. Global PRCP deficiency causes heart and kidney alterations and a moderate rise in BP. PRCP is abundant in the kidney collecting tubules, where the prevailing pH is low. In collecting tubules, PRCP deficiency could result in impaired AngII degradation. Increased AngII at this nephron site stimulates Na reabsorption and increases BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Maier
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Schadock
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp K Haber
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Wysocki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Minghao Ye
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yashpal Kanwar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher A Flask
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian D Hoit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gregory N Adams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alvin H Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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10
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Jahuey-Martínez FJ, Parra-Bracamonte GM, Sifuentes-Rincón AM, Martínez-González JC, Gondro C, García-Pérez CA, López-Bustamante LA. Genomewide association analysis of growth traits in Charolais beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:4570-4582. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Jahuey-Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México, 88710
| | - G. M. Parra-Bracamonte
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México, 88710
| | - A. M. Sifuentes-Rincón
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México, 88710
| | - J. C. Martínez-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas-Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Victoria, Tamaulipas, México, 87749
| | - C. Gondro
- The Centre for Genetic Analyses and Applications, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia, 2351
| | - C. A. García-Pérez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México, 88710
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11
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Burgos-Ramos E, Canelles S, Rodríguez A, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Frago LM, Chowen JA, Frühbeck G, Argente J, Barrios V. Chronic central leptin infusion modulates the glycemia response to insulin administration in male rats through regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:157-72. [PMID: 26296906 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Leptin and insulin use overlapping signaling mechanisms to modify hepatic glucose metabolism, which is critical in maintaining normal glycemia. We examined the effect of an increase in central leptin and insulin on hepatic glucose metabolism and its influence on serum glucose levels. Chronic leptin infusion increased serum leptin and reduced hepatic SH-phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1, the association of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 to the insulin receptor in liver and the rise in glycemia induced by central insulin. Leptin also decreased hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase levels and increased insulin's ability to phosphorylate insulin receptor substrate-1, Akt and glycogen synthase kinase on Ser9 and to stimulate glucose transporter 2 and glycogen levels. Peripheral leptin treatment reproduced some of these changes, but to a lesser extent. Our data indicate that leptin increases the hepatic response to a rise in insulin, suggesting that pharmacological manipulation of leptin targets may be of interest for controlling glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Burgos-Ramos
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28009, Spain; IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28009, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28009, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28009, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28009, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28009, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28009, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28009, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28009, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28009, Spain; Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28009, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28009, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28009, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28009, Spain.
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12
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Wang J, Matafonov A, Madkhali H, Mahdi F, Watson D, Schmaier AH, Gailani D, Shariat-Madar Z. Prolylcarboxypeptidase independently activates plasma prekallikrein (fletcher factor). Curr Mol Med 2015; 14:1173-85. [PMID: 25324000 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666141015153519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolylcarboxypeptidase isoform 1 (PRCP1) is capable of regulating numerous autocrines and hormones, such as angiotensin II, angiotensin III, αMSH1-13, and DesArg(9) bradykinin. It does so by cleaving a C-terminal PRO-X bond. Recent work also indicates that the human PRCP1 activates plasma prekallikrein (PK) to kallikrein on endothelial cells through an uncharacterized mechanism. This study aims to identify PRCP1 binding interaction and cleavage site on PK. Recently, a cDNA encoding a novel splice variant of the human PRCP1 was identified. This isoform differed only in the N-terminal region of the deduced amino acid sequence. Using structural and functional studies, a combination of peptide mapping and site-directed mutagenesis approaches were employed to investigate the interaction of PRCP1 with PK. Three PRCP peptides, in decreasing order of potency, from 1) the N-terminus of the secreted protein, 2) spanning the opening of the active site pocket, and 3) in the dimerization region inhibit PRCP activation of PK on endothelial cells. Investigations also tested the hypothesis that PRCP cleavage site on PK is between its C-terminal Pro 637 (P(637)) and Ala 638 (A(638)). Recombinant forms of PK with C-terminal alanine mutagenesis or a stop codon is activated equally as wild type PK by PRCP. In conclusion, PRCP1 interacts with PK at multiple sites for PK activation. PRCP1 also enhances FXIIa activation of PK, suggesting that its activation site on PK is not identical to that of FXIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Z Shariat-Madar
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677- 1848, USA.
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13
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Wang J, Ma MCJ, Mennie AK, Pettus JM, Xu Y, Lin L, Traxler MG, Jakoubek J, Atanur SS, Aitman TJ, Xing Y, Kwitek AE. Systems biology with high-throughput sequencing reveals genetic mechanisms underlying the metabolic syndrome in the Lyon hypertensive rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:316-26. [PMID: 25573024 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of co-occurring complex disorders including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The Lyon hypertensive and Lyon normotensive rats are models of MetS sensitivity and resistance, respectively. To identify genetic determinants and mechanisms underlying MetS, an F2 intercross between Lyon hypertensive and Lyon normotensive was comprehensively studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Multidimensional data were obtained including genotypes of 1536 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, 23 physiological traits, and >150 billion nucleotides of RNA-seq reads from the livers of F2 intercross offspring and parental rats. Phenotypic and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) were mapped. Application of systems biology methods identified 17 candidate MetS genes. Several putative causal cis-eQTL were identified corresponding with phenotypic QTL loci. We found an eQTL hotspot on rat chromosome 17 that is causally associated with multiple MetS-related traits and found RGD1562963, a gene regulated in cis by this eQTL hotspot, as the most likely eQTL driver gene directly affected by genetic variation between Lyon hypertensive and Lyon normotensive rats. CONCLUSIONS Our study sheds light on the intricate pathogenesis of MetS and demonstrates that systems biology with high-throughput sequencing is a powerful method to study the pathogenesis of complex genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Wang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Man Chun John Ma
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Amanda K Mennie
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Janette M Pettus
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Yang Xu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Lan Lin
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Matthew G Traxler
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Jessica Jakoubek
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Santosh S Atanur
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.)
| | - Yi Xing
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.).
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (J.W., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, L.L., Y. Xing, A.E.K.), Department of Pharmacology (M.C.J.M., A.K.M., J.M.P., Y. Xu, M.G.T., J.J., A.E.K.), and Iowa Institute of Human Genetics (A.E.K.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (J.W., L.L., Y. Xing); and Physiological Genomics and Medicine Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (S.S.A., T.J.A.).
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14
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Jeong JK, Kim JG, Lee BJ. Participation of the central melanocortin system in metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3799-809. [PMID: 24894870 PMCID: PMC11113577 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension, have attracted considerable attention as life-threatening diseases not only in developed countries but also worldwide. Additionally, the rate of obesity in young people all over the world is rapidly increasing. Accumulated evidence suggests that the central nervous system may participate in the development of and/or protection from obesity. For example, in the brain, the hypothalamic melanocortin system senses and integrates central and peripheral metabolic signals and controls the degree of energy expenditure and feeding behavior, in concert with metabolic status, to regulate whole-body energy homeostasis. Currently, researchers are studying the mechanisms by which peripheral metabolic molecules control feeding behavior and energy balance through the central melanocortin system. Accordingly, recent studies have revealed that some inflammatory molecules and transcription factors participate in feeding behavior and energy balance by controlling the central melanocortin pathway, and have thus become new candidates as therapeutic targets to fight metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Jeong
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004 USA
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749 South Korea
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15
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Hypothalamic prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) regulates pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11876-81. [PMID: 25071172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) has been implicated in neuronal functions. Here we report that hypothalamic PREP is predominantly expressed in the ventromedial nucleus (VMH), where it regulates glucose-induced neuronal activation. PREP knockdown mice (Prep(gt/gt)) exhibited glucose intolerance, decreased fasting insulin, increased fasting glucagon levels, and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion compared with wild-type controls. Consistent with this, central infusion of a specific PREP inhibitor, S17092, impaired glucose tolerance and decreased insulin levels in wild-type mice. Arguing further for a central mode of action of PREP, isolated pancreatic islets showed no difference in glucose-induced insulin release between Prep(gt/gt) and wild-type mice. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies showed no difference between Prep(gt/gt) and wild-type control mice. Central PREP regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion appears to be mediated by the autonomic nervous system because Prep(gt/gt) mice have elevated sympathetic outflow and norepinephrine levels in the pancreas, and propranolol treatment reversed glucose intolerance in these mice. Finally, re-expression of PREP by bilateral VMH injection of adeno-associated virus-PREP reversed the glucose-intolerant phenotype of the Prep(gt/gt) mice. Taken together, our results unmask a previously unknown player in central regulation of glucose metabolism and pancreatic function.
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16
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Eerola K, Rinne P, Penttinen AM, Vähätalo L, Savontaus M, Savontaus E. α-MSH overexpression in the nucleus tractus solitarius decreases fat mass and elevates heart rate. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:123-36. [PMID: 24829220 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The POMC pathway is involved in the regulation of energy and cardiovascular homeostasis in the hypothalamus and the brain stem. Although the acute effects of POMC-derived peptides in different brain locations have been elucidated, the chronic site-specific effects of distinct peptides remain to be studied. To this end, we used a lentiviral gene delivery vector to study the long-term effects of α-MSH in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brain stem. The α-MSH vector (LVi-α-MSH-EGFP) based on the N-terminal POMC sequence and a control vector (LVi-EGFP) were delivered into the NTS of C57BL/6N male mice fed on a western diet. Effects on body weight and composition, feeding, glucose metabolism, and hemodynamics by telemetric analyses were studied during the 12-week follow-up. The LVi-α-MSH-EGFP-treated mice had a significantly smaller gain in the fat mass compared with LVi-EGFP-injected mice. There was a small initial decrease in food intake and no differences in the physical activity. Glucose metabolism was not changed compared with the control. LVi-α-MSH-EGFP increased the heart rate (HR), which was attenuated by adrenergic blockade suggesting an increased sympathetic activity. Reduced response to muscarinic blockade suggested a decreased parasympathetic activity. Fitting with sympathetic activation, LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treatment reduced urine secretion. Thus, the results demonstrate that long-term α-MSH overexpression in the NTS attenuates diet-induced obesity. Modulation of autonomic nervous system tone increased the HR and most probably contributed to an anti-obesity effect. The results underline the key role of NTS in the α-MSH-induced long-term effects on adiposity and in regulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eerola
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - P Rinne
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - A M Penttinen
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - L Vähätalo
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Savontaus
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - E Savontaus
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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17
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Kelly SA, Nehrenberg DL, Hua K, Garland T, Pomp D. Quantitative genomics of voluntary exercise in mice: transcriptional analysis and mapping of expression QTL in muscle. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:593-601. [PMID: 24939925 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation and ability both underlie voluntary exercise, each with a potentially unique genetic architecture. Muscle structure and function are one of many morphological and physiological systems acting to simultaneously determine exercise ability. We generated a large (n = 815) advanced intercross line of mice (G4) derived from a line selectively bred for increased wheel running (high runner) and the C57BL/6J inbred strain. We previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to voluntary exercise, body composition, and changes in body composition as a result of exercise. Using brain tissue in a subset of the G4 (n = 244), we have also previously reported expression QTL (eQTL) colocalizing with the QTL for the higher-level phenotypes. Here, we examined the transcriptional landscape of hind limb muscle tissue via global mRNA expression profiles. Correlations revealed an ∼1,168% increase in significant relationships between muscle transcript expression levels and the same exercise and body composition phenotypes examined previously in the brain. The exercise trait most often significantly correlated with gene expression in the brain was running duration while in the muscle it was maximum running speed. This difference may indicate that time spent engaging in exercise behavior may be more influenced by central (neurobiological) mechanisms, while intensity of exercise may be largely controlled by peripheral mechanisms. Additionally, we used subsets of cis-acting eQTL, colocalizing with QTL, to identify candidate genes based on both positional and functional evidence. We discuss three plausible candidate genes (Insig2, Prcp, Sparc) and their potential regulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Kelly
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio;
| | - Derrick L Nehrenberg
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Kunjie Hua
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
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18
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Adams et al provide evidence for an important novel function of prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP), or angiotensinase C, in endothelial cell physiology and angiogenesis.
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19
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Jeong JK, Diano S. Prolyl carboxypeptidase mRNA expression in the mouse brain. Brain Res 2013; 1542:85-92. [PMID: 24161824 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP), a serine protease, is widely expressed in the body including liver, lung, kidney and brain, with a variety of known substrates such as plasma prekallikrein, bradykinin, angiotensins II and III, and α-MSH, suggesting its role in the processing of tissue-specific substrates. In the brain, PRCP has been shown to inactivate hypothalamic α-MSH, thus modulating melanocortin signaling in the control of energy metabolism. While its expression pattern has been reported in the hypothalamus, little is known on the distribution of PRCP throughout the mouse brain. This study was undertaken to determine PRCP expression in the mouse brain. Radioactive in situ hybridization was performed to determine endogenous PRCP mRNA expression. In addition, using a gene-trap mouse model for PRCP deletion, X-gal staining was performed to further determine PRCP distribution. Results from both approaches showed that PRCP gene is broadly expressed in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Jeong
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Ob/Gyn & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Ob/Gyn & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Debenham JS, Graham TH, Verras A, Zhang Y, Clements MJ, Kuethe JT, Madsen-Duggan C, Liu W, Bhatt UR, Chen D, Chen Q, Garcia-Calvo M, Geissler WM, He H, Li X, Lisnock J, Shen Z, Tong X, Tung EC, Wiltsie J, Xu S, Hale JJ, Pinto S, Shen DM. Discovery and optimization of orally active cyclohexane-based prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6228-33. [PMID: 24157366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, SAR, binding affinities and pharmacokinetic profiles are described for a series of cyclohexane-based prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors discovered by high throughput screening. Compounds show high levels of ex vivo target engagement in mouse plasma 20 h post oral dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Debenham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is associated with leanness, hypertension, and thrombosis. PRCP-depleted mice have injured vessels with reduced Kruppel-like factor (KLF)2, KLF4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and thrombomodulin. Does PRCP influence vessel growth, angiogenesis, and injury repair? PRCP depletion reduced endothelial cell growth, whereas transfection of hPRCP cDNA enhanced cell proliferation. Transfection of hPRCP cDNA, or an active site mutant (hPRCPmut) rescued reduced cell growth after PRCP siRNA knockdown. PRCP-depleted cells migrated less on scratch assay and murine PRCP(gt/gt) aortic segments had reduced sprouting. Matrigel plugs in PRCP(gt/gt) mice had reduced hemoglobin content and angiogenic capillaries by platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) and NG2 immunohistochemistry. Skin wounds on PRCP(gt/gt) mice had delayed closure and reepithelialization with reduced PECAM staining, but increased macrophage infiltration. After limb ischemia, PRCP(gt/gt) mice also had reduced reperfusion of the femoral artery and angiogenesis. On femoral artery wire injury, PRCP(gt/gt) mice had increased neointimal formation, CD45 staining, and Ki-67 expression. Alternatively, combined PRCP(gt/gt) and MRP-14(-/-) mice were protected from wire injury with less neointimal thickening, leukocyte infiltration, and cellular proliferation. PRCP regulates cell growth, angiogenesis, and the response to vascular injury. Combined with its known roles in blood pressure and thrombosis control, PRCP is positioned as a key regulator of vascular homeostasis.
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22
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Goptar IA, Shagin DA, Shagina IA, Mudrik ES, Smirnova YA, Zhuzhikov DP, Belozersky MA, Dunaevsky YE, Oppert B, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. A digestive prolyl carboxypeptidase in Tenebrio molitor larvae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:501-509. [PMID: 23499933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a lysosomal proline specific serine peptidase that also plays a vital role in the regulation of physiological processes in mammals. In this report, we isolate and characterize the first PRCP in an insect. PRCP was purified from the anterior midgut of larvae of a stored product pest, Tenebrio molitor, using a three-step chromatography strategy, and it was determined that the purified enzyme was a dimer. The cDNA of PRCP was cloned and sequenced, and the predicted protein was identical to the proteomic sequences of the purified enzyme. The substrate specificity and kinetic parameters of the enzyme were determined. The T. molitor PRCP participates in the hydrolysis of the insect's major dietary proteins, gliadins, and is the first PRCP to be ascribed a digestive function. Our collective data suggest that the evolutionary enrichment of the digestive peptidase complex in insects with an area of acidic to neutral pH in the midgut is a result of the incorporation of lysosomal peptidases, including PRCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Goptar
- Chemical Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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23
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Spina A, Di Maiolo F, Esposito A, Sapio L, Chiosi E, Sorvillo L, Naviglio S. cAMP Elevation Down-Regulates β3 Integrin and Focal Adhesion Kinase and Inhibits Leptin-Induced Migration of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:324-32. [PMID: 23515360 PMCID: PMC3559230 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies and a major cause of cancer death among women worldwide. The high mortality rate associated with breast cancer is mainly due to a propensity of the tumor to metastasize, even if small or undetectable. Given the relevant role of leptin in breast cancer growth and metastasis, novel strategies to counteract biological effects of this obesity-linked cytokine are warranted. Recently, we demonstrated that in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, intracellular cAMP elevation completely abrogates both ERK1/2 and STAT3 phosphorylation in response to leptin. Very surprisingly, this provided evidence that when cAMP levels are increased, leptin drives cells towards apoptosis associated with a marked decrease of Bcl2 protein levels and accompanied by down-regulation of protein kinase A (PKA). The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of cAMP in leptin-associated motility of breast cancer cells. Here we show that cAMP elevation completely prevents leptin-induced migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, the inhibition by cAMP-elevating agents of leptin-mediated cell migration is accompanied by a strong decrease of β3 integrin subunit and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) protein levels. Analysis of the underlying cAMP-dependent molecular mechanisms revealed that PKA blockers partly counteract the inhibition of leptin-induced migration and completely prevent the antiproliferative action by cAMP elevation. Moreover, a cAMP analogue that specifically activates Epac and not PKA has an inhibitory effect on leptin-induced cell migration as well. The present study confirms initial evidence for the efficacy of cAMP elevation against oncogenic effects of leptin, identifies β3 integrin subunit and FAK as proteins strongly down-regulated by cAMP elevation, and suggests that both cAMP/PKA- and cAMP/Epac-dependent pathways are involved in inhibition of leptin-induced migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The potential clinical significance and therapeutic applications of our data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Spina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples , Medical School, Naples, Italy
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24
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Jeong JK, Diano S. Prolyl carboxypeptidase and its inhibitors in metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:61-7. [PMID: 23245768 PMCID: PMC3893043 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus integrate a variety of central and peripheral metabolic inputs, and regulate energy homeostasis by controlling energy expenditure and food intake. To accomplish this, a precise balance of production and degradation of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), an anorexigenic neuropeptide and product of the POMC gene, in the hypothalamus, is crucial. Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a key enzyme that degrades α-MSH to an inactive form unable to inhibit food intake. Because it represents a new therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes, efforts have been made to generate potent, brain-penetrant PRCP inhibitors. Here, we discuss the role of PRCP on energy metabolism and the development of PRCP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Jeong
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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25
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Kwon Jeong J, Dae Kim J, Diano S. Ghrelin regulates hypothalamic prolyl carboxypeptidase expression in mice. Mol Metab 2013; 2:23-30. [PMID: 24024131 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism by inactivating hypothalamic α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) levels and thus affecting melanocortin signaling. Alpha-MSH production is highly regulated both at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Here we show that fasting induces a hypothalamic-specific up-regulation of Prcp mRNA and protein levels. Since fasting is characterized by elevated circulating ghrelin levels, we tested the effect of peripheral and central administration of ghrelin, and found that ghrelin increases hypothalamic Prcp mRNA expression. No changes in Prcp mRNA levels were detected in ghrelin knockout mice compared to their controls. Finally, ghrelin effect on PRCP expression was ghrelin receptor-mediated. Altogether our data show that ghrelin is a key regulator of hypothalamic PRCP expression, and up-regulation of PRCP by ghrelin may be an additional mechanism to decrease melanocortin signaling.
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Key Words
- (ARC), Arcuate nucleus
- (AgRP), Agouti related peptide
- (CTX), Cortex
- (DMH), Dorsomedial nucleus
- (GHS-R), Growth hormone secretagogue receptor
- (Hcrt), Hypocretin
- (LH), Lateral hypothalamus
- (MCH), Melanin concentrating hormone
- (NPY), Neuropeptide Y
- (POMC), Proopiomelanocortin
- (PRCP), Prolyl carboxypeptidase
- (Prcpgt/gt), Prcp-ablated mice
- (VMH), Ventromedial nucleus
- (α-MSH), α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone
- Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
- Fasting
- Ghrelin
- Hypothalamus
- Prolyl carboxypeptidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Jeong
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA ; Department of Ob/Gyn & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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