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Monteyne AJ, West S, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Reconsidering the pre-eminence of dietary leucine and plasma leucinemia for predicting the stimulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:7-16. [PMID: 38705358 PMCID: PMC11251220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS) with or without physical activity has been an intensely studied area within nutrition and physiology. The leucine content of dietary protein and the subsequent plasma leucinemia it elicits postingestion is often considered the primary drivers of the postprandial MPS response. This concept, generally known as the leucine "trigger" hypothesis, has also been adopted within more applied aspects of nutrition. Our view is that recent evidence is driving a more nuanced picture of the regulation of postprandial MPS by revealing a compelling dissociation between ingested leucine or plasma leucinemia and the magnitude of the postprandial MPS response. Much of this lack of coherence has arisen as experimental progress has demanded relevant studies move beyond reliance on isolated amino acids and proteins to use increasingly complex protein-rich meals, whole foods, and mixed meals. Our overreliance on the centrality of leucine in this field has been reflected in 2 recent systematic reviews. In this perspective, we propose a re-evaluation of the pre-eminent role of these leucine variables in the stimulation of postprandial MPS. We view the development of a more complex intellectual framework now a priority if we are to see continued progress concerning the mechanistic regulation of postprandial muscle protein turnover, but also consequential from an applied perspective when evaluating the value of novel dietary protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam West
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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2
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Calvez J, Azzout-Marniche D, Tomé D. Protein quality, nutrition and health. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1406618. [PMID: 38863590 PMCID: PMC11165183 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1406618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary proteins are energy macronutrients providing nitrogen, amino acids (AA), and energy. AAs are the main nitrogen-containing compounds in the body and are the precursors for the synthesis of body proteins and of several other AA-derived molecules. Among the 20 AAs included in protein sequence, 9 are classified as "nutritionally essential" or "indispensable" AA (IAA) because they cannot be synthesized in the body and must be provided by the diet. IAAs are limiting components for protein synthesis. An adequate intake of protein is required to support growth, maintenance, body functions, health and survival. Official definition of protein requirement is based on nitrogen balance. Protein quality is related to the capacity of protein to provide an adequate quantity of nitrogen and of each of the 9 IAAs for the different physiological situations in humans. Protein source is considered high quality for humans when the protein is readily digested, simultaneously providing an adequate quantity of nitrogen and of each of the 9 IAAs to maintain an adequate metabolic AA pool. The most accurate assessment of protein quality of foods for humans is through metabolic studies that measure nitrogen balance. The protein quality score is the ratio of the content of each IAA in the food and in a reference profile. This score corresponds to the calculated composition of a protein which, when meeting protein requirements, simultaneously meets the requirements of each of the 9 IAAs. AA scores as predictors of protein quality must be adjusted for protein and AA availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Tomé
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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3
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Loveday SM. Protein digestion and absorption: the influence of food processing. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:544-559. [PMID: 36522674 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rates of dietary protein digestion and absorption can be significantly increased or decreased by food processing treatments such as heating, gelling and enzymatic hydrolysis, with subsequent metabolic impacts, e.g. on muscle synthesis and glucose homeostasis.This review examines in vivo evidence that industrial and domestic food processing modify the kinetics of amino acid release and absorption following a protein-rich meal. It focuses on studies that used compositionally-matched test meals processed in different ways.Food processing at extremely high temperature at alkaline pH and/or in the presence of reducing sugars can modify amino acid sidechains, leading to loss of bioavailability. Some protein-rich food ingredients are deliberately aggregated, gelled or hydrolysed during manufacture. Hydrolysis accelerates protein digestion/absorption and increases splanchnic utilisation. Aggregation and gelation may slow or accelerate proteolysis in the gut, depending on the aggregate/gel microstructure.Milk, beef and eggs are heat processed prior to consumption to eliminate pathogens and improve palatability. The temperature and time of heating affect protein digestion and absorption rates, and effects are sometimes non-linear. In light of a dietary transition away from animal proteins, more research is needed on how food processing affects digestion and absorption of non-animal proteins.Food processing modifies the microstructure of protein-rich foods, and thereby alters protein digestion and absorption kinetics in the stomach and small intestine. Exploiting this principle to optimise metabolic outcomes requires more human clinical trials in which amino acid absorption rates are measured and food microstructure is explicitly considered, measured and manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Loveday
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore138673, Singapore
- Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North4442, New Zealand
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4
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Pavis GF, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB, Dirks ML. Short-term disuse does not affect postabsorptive or postprandial muscle protein fractional breakdown rates. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2064-2075. [PMID: 37431714 PMCID: PMC10570083 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decline in postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein fractional synthesis rates (FSR) does not quantitatively account for muscle atrophy during uncomplicated, short-term disuse, when atrophy rates are the highest. We sought to determine whether 2 days of unilateral knee immobilization affects mixed muscle protein fractional breakdown rates (FBR) during postabsorptive and simulated postprandial conditions. METHODS Twenty-three healthy, male participants (age: 22 ± 1 year; height: 179 ± 1 cm; body mass: 73.4 ± 1.5 kg; body mass index 22.8 ± 0.5 kg·m-2 ) took part in this randomized, controlled study. After 48 h of unilateral knee immobilization, primed continuous intravenous l-[15 N]-phenylalanine and l-[ring-2 H5 ]-phenylalanine infusions were used for parallel determinations of FBR and FSR, respectively, in a postabsorptive (saline infusion; FAST) or simulated postprandial state (67.5 mg·kg body mass-1 ·h-1 amino acid infusion; FED). Bilateral m. vastus lateralis biopsies from the control (CON) and immobilized (IMM) legs, and arterialized-venous blood samples, were collected throughout. RESULTS Amino acid infusion rapidly increased plasma phenylalanine (59 ± 9%), leucine (76 ± 5%), isoleucine (109 ± 7%) and valine (42 ± 4%) concentrations in FED only (all P < 0.001), which was sustained for the remainder of infusion. Serum insulin concentrations peaked at 21.8 ± 2.2 mU·L-1 at 15 min in FED only (P < 0.001) and were 60% greater in FED than FAST (P < 0.01). Immobilization did not influence FBR in either FAST (CON: 0.150 ± 0.018; IMM: 0.143 ± 0.017%·h-1 ) or FED (CON: 0.134 ± 0.012; IMM: 0.160 ± 0.018%·h-1 ; all effects P > 0.05). However, immobilization decreased FSR (P < 0.05) in both FAST (0.071 ± 0.004 vs. 0.086 ± 0.007%·h-1 ; IMM vs CON, respectively) and FED (0.066 ± 0.016 vs. 0.119 ± 0.016%·h-1 ; IMM vs CON, respectively). Consequently, immobilization decreased net muscle protein balance (P < 0.05) and to a greater extent in FED (CON: -0.012 ± 0.025; IMM: -0.095 ± 0.023%·h-1 ; P < 0.05) than FAST (CON: -0.064 ± 0.020; IMM: -0.072 ± 0.017%·h-1 ). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that merely 2 days of leg immobilization does not modulate postabsorptive and simulated postprandial muscle protein breakdown rates. Instead, under these conditions the muscle negative muscle protein balance associated with brief periods of experimental disuse is driven near exclusively by reduced basal muscle protein synthesis rates and anabolic resistance to amino acid administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F. Pavis
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Doaa R. Abdelrahman
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
- Sealy Center of AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Andrew J. Murton
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
- Sealy Center of AgingUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTXUSA
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Marlou L. Dirks
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Hiol AN, von Hurst PR, Conlon CA, Beck KL. Associations of protein intake, sources and distribution on muscle strength in community-dwelling older adults living in Auckland, New Zealand. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e94. [PMID: 37649694 PMCID: PMC10465299 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein intake, sources and distribution impact on muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass in older adults. However, it is less clear whether dietary protein influences muscle strength. Data were obtained from the Researching Eating Activity and Cognitive Health (REACH) study, a cross-sectional study aimed at investigating dietary patterns, cognitive function and metabolic syndrome in older adults aged 65-74 years. Dietary intake was assessed using a 4-d food record and muscle strength using a handgrip strength dynamometer. After adjusting for confounders, in female older adults (n 212), total protein intake (β = 0⋅22, P < 0⋅01); protein from dairy and eggs (β = 0⋅21, P = 0⋅03) and plant food sources (β = 0⋅60, P < 0⋅01); and frequently consuming at least 0⋅4 g/kg BW per meal (β = 0⋅08, P < 0⋅01) were associated with higher BMI-adjusted muscle strength. However, protein from meat and fish intake and the coefficient of variance of protein intake were not related to BMI-muscle strength in female older adults. No statistically significant associations were observed in male participants (n = 113). There may be sex differences when investigating associations between protein intake and muscle strength in older adults. Further research is needed to investigate these sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne N. Hiol
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, North Shore City 0632, New Zealand
| | - Pamela R. von Hurst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, North Shore City 0632, New Zealand
| | - Cathryn A. Conlon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, North Shore City 0632, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn L. Beck
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, North Shore City 0632, New Zealand
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6
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Wilkinson K, Koscien CP, Monteyne AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates with dietary leucine: A systematic review. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15775. [PMID: 37537134 PMCID: PMC10400406 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion augments post (resistance) exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. It is thought that the dose of leucine ingested within the protein (leucine threshold hypothesis) and the subsequent plasma leucine variables (leucine trigger hypothesis; peak magnitude, rate of rise, and total availability) determine the magnitude of the postprandial postexercise MPS response. METHODS A quantitative systematic review was performed extracting data from studies that recruited healthy adults, applied a bout of resistance exercise, ingested a bolus of protein within an hour of exercise, and measured plasma leucine concentrations and MPS rates (delta change from basal). RESULTS Ingested leucine dose was associated with the magnitude of the MPS response in older, but not younger, adults over acute (0-2 h, r2 = 0.64, p = 0.02) and the entire postprandial (>2 h, r2 = 0.18, p = 0.01) period. However, no single plasma leucine variable possessed substantial predictive capacity over the magnitude of MPS rates in younger or older adults. CONCLUSION Our data provide support that leucine dose provides predictive capacity over postprandial postexercise MPS responses in older adults. However, no threshold in older adults and no plasma leucine variable was correlated with the magnitude of the postexercise anabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Wilkinson
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Christopher P. Koscien
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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7
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de Marco Castro E, Valli G, Buffière C, Guillet C, Mullen B, Pratt J, Horner K, Naumann-Gola S, Bader-Mittermaier S, Paganini M, De Vito G, Roche HM, Dardevet D. Peripheral Amino Acid Appearance Is Lower Following Plant Protein Fibre Products, Compared to Whey Protein and Fibre Ingestion, in Healthy Older Adults despite Optimised Amino Acid Profile. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010035. [PMID: 36615694 PMCID: PMC9824653 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based proteins are generally characterised by lower Indispensable Amino Acid (IAA) content, digestibility, and anabolic properties, compared to animal-based proteins. However, they are environmentally friendlier, and wider consumption is advocated. Older adults have higher dietary protein needs to prevent sarcopenia, a disease marked by an accelerated loss of muscle mass and function. Given the lower environmental footprint of plant-based proteins and the importance of optimising dietary protein quality among older adults, this paper aims to assess the net peripheral Amino Acid (AA) appearance after ingestion of three different plant protein and fibre (PPF) products, compared to whey protein with added fibre (WPF), in healthy older adults. In a randomised, single-blind, crossover design, nine healthy men and women aged ≥65 years consumed four test meals balanced in AA according to the FAO reference protein for humans, matched for leucine, to optimally stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older adults. A fasted blood sample was drawn at each visit before consuming the test meal, followed by postprandial arterialise blood sampling every 30 min for 3 h. The test meal was composed of a soup containing either WPF or PPF 1-3. The PPF blends comprised pea proteins with varying additional rice, pumpkin, soy, oat, and/or almond protein. PPF product ingestion resulted in a lower maximal increase of postprandial leucine concentration and the sum of branched-chain AA (BCAA) and IAA concentrations, compared to WPF, with no effect on their incremental area under the curve. Plasma methionine and cysteine, and to a lesser extent threonine, appearance were limited after consuming the PPF products, but not WPF. Despite equal leucine doses, the WPF induced greater postprandial insulin concentrations than the PPF products. In conclusion, the postprandial appearance of AA is highly dependent on the protein source in older adults, despite providing equivalent IAA levels and dietary fibre. Coupled with lower insulin concentrations, this could imply less anabolic potential. Further investigation is required to understand the applicability of plant-based proteins in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena de Marco Castro
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giacomo Valli
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Caroline Buffière
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Brian Mullen
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jedd Pratt
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Katy Horner
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susanne Naumann-Gola
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str., 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Matteo Paganini
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Helen M. Roche
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, The Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Correspondence:
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8
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Milenkovic D, Capel F, Combaret L, Comte B, Dardevet D, Evrard B, Guillet C, Monfoulet LE, Pinel A, Polakof S, Pujos-Guillot E, Rémond D, Wittrant Y, Savary-Auzeloux I. Targeting the gut to prevent and counteract metabolic disorders and pathologies during aging. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11185-11210. [PMID: 35730212 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2089870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of gut function is one of the explanatory mechanisms of health status decline in elderly population. These impairments involve a decline in gut digestive physiology, metabolism and immune status, and associated to that, changes in composition and function of the microbiota it harbors. Continuous deteriorations are generally associated with the development of systemic dysregulations and ultimately pathologies that can worsen the initial health status of individuals. All these alterations observed at the gut level can then constitute a wide range of potential targets for development of nutritional strategies that can impact gut tissue or associated microbiota pattern. This can be key, in a preventive manner, to limit gut functionality decline, or in a curative way to help maintaining optimum nutrients bioavailability in a context on increased requirements, as frequently observed in pathological situations. The aim of this review is to give an overview on the alterations that can occur in the gut during aging and lead to the development of altered function in other tissues and organs, ultimately leading to the development of pathologies. Subsequently is discussed how nutritional strategies that target gut tissue and gut microbiota can help to avoid or delay the occurrence of aging-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Milenkovic
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Capel
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lydie Combaret
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Blandine Comte
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alexandre Pinel
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sergio Polakof
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Estelle Pujos-Guillot
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Rémond
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- Human Nutrition Unit, UMR1019, University Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Lixandrão ME, Longobardi I, Leitão AE, Morais JVM, Swinton PA, Aihara AY, Goes PCK, Ugrinowitsch C, Candow DG, Gualano B, Roschel H. Daily Leucine Intake Is Positively Associated with Lower Limb Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in the Elderly. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103536. [PMID: 34684538 PMCID: PMC8539207 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher daily protein intake, with an emphasis on leucine content, is thought to mitigate age-related anabolic resistance, potentially counteracting age-related morphological and functional declines. The present study investigated potential associations between total daily leucine intake and dependent variables, including quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum dynamic muscle strength (1-RM) in a cohort of healthy free-living older individuals of both sexes (n = 67; 34/33 men/women). Participants performed three 24 h dietary recalls and underwent a magnetic resonance imaging exam followed by 1-RM tests. Our results demonstrate moderate associations between total daily leucine and both quadriceps CSA (r = 0.42; p = 0.004) and 1-RM (r = 0.45; p = 0.001). Furthermore, our exploratory biphasic linear regression analyses, adjusted for sex, age, and protein intake relative to body weight, revealed a plateau for daily leucine intake and muscle mass and muscle strength (~7.6–8.0 g·day−1) in older adults. In conclusion, we demonstrated that total daily leucine intake is associated with muscle mass and strength in healthy older individuals and this association remains after controlling for multiple factors, including overall protein intake. Furthermore, our breakpoint analysis revealed non-linearities and a potential threshold for habitual leucine intake, which may help guide future research on the effects of chronic leucine intake in age-related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Igor Longobardi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Alice E. Leitão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - João V. M. Morais
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Paul A. Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QE, UK;
| | - André Y. Aihara
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Paola C. K. Goes
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-8783
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10
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Moore DR. Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves. Sports Med 2021; 51:13-30. [PMID: 34515969 PMCID: PMC8566396 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is established that protein requirements are elevated in athletes to support their training and post-exercise recovery and adaptation, especially within skeletal muscle. However, research on the requirements for this macronutrient has been performed almost exclusively in younger athletes, which may complicate their translation to the growing population of Master athletes (i.e. > 35 years old). In contrast to older (> 65 years) untrained adults who typically demonstrate anabolic resistance to dietary protein as a primary mediator of the ‘normal’ age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, Master athletes are generally considered successful models of aging as evidenced by possessing similar body composition, muscle mass, and aerobic fitness as untrained adults more than half their age. The primary physiology changes considered to underpin the anabolic resistance of aging are precipitated or exacerbated by physical inactivity, which has led to higher protein recommendations to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older untrained compared to younger untrained adults. This review puts forth the argument that Master athletes have similar muscle characteristics, physiological responses to exercise, and protein metabolism as young athletes and, therefore, are unlikely to have protein requirements that are different from their young contemporaries. Recommendations for protein amount, type, and pattern will be discussed for Master athletes to enhance their recovery from and adaptation to resistance and endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 100 Devonshire Place, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C9, Canada.
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11
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Figueiredo VC, McCarthy JJ. Targeting cancer via ribosome biogenesis: the cachexia perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5775-5787. [PMID: 34196731 PMCID: PMC11072391 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia afflicts many advanced cancer patients with many progressing to death. While there have been many advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of cancer cachexia, substantial gaps still exist. Chemotherapy drugs often target ribosome biogenesis to slow or blunt tumor cell growth and proliferation. Some of the most frequent side-effects of chemotherapy are loss of skeletal muscle mass, muscular strength and an increase in fatigue. Given that ribosome biogenesis has emerged as a main mechanism regulating muscle hypertrophy, and more recently, also implicated in muscle atrophy, we propose that some chemotherapy drugs can cause further muscle wasting via its effect on skeletal muscle cells. Many chemotherapy drugs, including the most prescribed drugs such as doxorubicin and cisplatin, affect ribosomal DNA transcription, or other pathways related to ribosome biogenesis. Furthermore, middle-aged and older individuals are the most affected population with cancer, and advanced cancer patients often show reduced levels of physical inactivity. Thus, aging and inactivity can themselves affect muscle ribosome biogenesis, which can further worsen the effect of chemotherapy on skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis and, ultimately, muscle mass and function. We propose that chemotherapy can accelerate the onset or worsen cancer cachexia via its inhibitory effects on skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis. We end our review by providing recommendations that could be used to ameliorate the negative effects of chemotherapy on skeletal muscle ribosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandré Casagrande Figueiredo
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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12
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Pearson T, Wendowski O, Powell PP. Enhanced small neutral but not branched chain amino acid transport after epigenetic sodium coupled neutral amino acid transporter-2 (SNAT2) cDNA expression in myoblasts. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:811-822. [PMID: 33982880 PMCID: PMC8200435 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle mass and function are partly maintained by the supply of amino acids, altered amino acid transport is an important cause of frailty that can lead to decreased independence with increasing age and slow trauma recovery. The system-A sodium coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT)-2 coded by gene family SLC38A2 generates a 506 amino acid 56 kDa protein that is an important transporter of amino acids in skeletal muscle. Ageing is associated with a decrease in expression of SNAT2 transporters. METHODS In this study, we used the C2C12 cell line, using myoblast cells and cells differentiated into myotubes. We investigated if the expression of SNAT2 DNA would enhance intracellular amino acid levels and increase their availability for protein synthesis. RESULTS In control myoblasts and myotubes, we found significantly decreased expression of SNAT2 (6.5× decrease, n = 4 per group, P < 0.05) in myotubes than found in myoblasts. After transfection with a SNAT2-eGFP cDNA plasmid, C2C12 myoblasts significantly increased perinuclear punctate SNAT2-eGFP expression that persisted and was more cytoplasmic after differentiation into myotubes. Interestingly, transfected cells were significantly more responsive to the hormone 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 4.5 nM, by 1.6×, n = 3 per group, P < 0.04). Starvation significantly enhanced the amino acid C14 -MeAIB transport (1.7×, n = 3 per group, P < 0.05) indicating increased function of SNAT2. Inhibiting SNAT2 with high concentrations of MeAIB (3.3 or 5 mM) significantly reduced C14 -Isoleucine transport by L-type amino acid transporter (LAT2, 52.8% and 77%, respectively, n = 3 per group, P < 0.05). However, there was no increase in the LAT2 transport of C14 -isoleucine detectable in SNAT2-eGFP transfected cells after DHT (4.5 nM) exposure. This indicated that small amino acid availability was not rate limiting to LAT2 function in myoblasts. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data show that transfection of SNAT2-eGFP expression enhanced its function following starvation and treatment with physiological levels of DHT. Enhanced SNAT2 expression in muscle cells offers a viable epigenetic target in pathological conditions associated with altered amino acid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Pearson
- Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Oskar Wendowski
- Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Penny P Powell
- Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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13
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Lee EJ, Neppl RL. Influence of Age on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy Signaling: Established Paradigms and Unexpected Links. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050688. [PMID: 34063658 PMCID: PMC8147613 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy in an inevitable occurrence with advancing age, and a consequence of disease including cancer. Muscle atrophy in the elderly is managed by a regimen of resistance exercise and increased protein intake. Understanding the signaling that regulates muscle mass may identify potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and reversal of muscle atrophy in metabolic and neuromuscular diseases. This review covers the major anabolic and catabolic pathways that regulate skeletal muscle mass, with a focus on recent progress and potential new players.
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14
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Morgan PT, Breen L. The role of protein hydrolysates for exercise-induced skeletal muscle recovery and adaptation: a current perspective. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:44. [PMID: 33882976 PMCID: PMC8061049 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein supplement industry is expanding rapidly and estimated to have a multi-billion market worth. Recent research has centred on understanding how the manufacturing processes of protein supplements may impact muscle recovery and remodeling. The hydrolysed forms of protein undergo a further heating extraction process during production which may contribute to amino acids (AA) appearing in circulation at a slightly quicker rate, or greater amplitude, than the intact form. Whilst the relative significance of the rate of aminoacidemia to muscle protein synthesis is debated, it has been suggested that protein hydrolysates, potentially through the more rapid delivery and higher proportion of di-, tri- and smaller oligo-peptides into circulation, are superior to intact non-hydrolysed proteins and free AAs in promoting skeletal muscle protein remodeling and recovery. However, despite these claims, there is currently insufficient evidence to support superior muscle anabolic properties compared with intact non-hydrolysed proteins and/or free AA controls. Further research is warranted with appropriate protein controls, particularly in populations consuming insufficient amounts of protein, to support and/or refute an important muscle anabolic role of protein hydrolysates. The primary purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a current perspective on the potential anabolic effects of protein hydrolysates in individuals wishing to optimise recovery from, and maximise adaptation to, exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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15
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Watson MD, Cross BL, Grosicki GJ. Evidence for the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Age-Related Anabolic Resistance. Nutrients 2021; 13:706. [PMID: 33672207 PMCID: PMC7926629 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, people 65 years of age and older are the fastest growing segment of the population. Physiological manifestations of the aging process include undesirable changes in body composition, declines in cardiorespiratory fitness, and reductions in skeletal muscle size and function (i.e., sarcopenia) that are independently associated with mortality. Decrements in muscle protein synthetic responses to anabolic stimuli (i.e., anabolic resistance), such as protein feeding or physical activity, are highly characteristic of the aging skeletal muscle phenotype and play a fundamental role in the development of sarcopenia. A more definitive understanding of the mechanisms underlying this age-associated reduction in anabolic responsiveness will help to guide promyogenic and function promoting therapies. Recent studies have provided evidence in support of a bidirectional gut-muscle axis with implications for aging muscle health. This review will examine how age-related changes in gut microbiota composition may impact anabolic response to protein feeding through adverse changes in protein digestion and amino acid absorption, circulating amino acid availability, anabolic hormone production and responsiveness, and intramuscular anabolic signaling. We conclude by reviewing literature describing lifestyle habits suspected to contribute to age-related changes in the microbiome with the goal of identifying evidence-informed strategies to preserve microbial homeostasis, anabolic sensitivity, and skeletal muscle with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory J. Grosicki
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA 31419, USA; (M.D.W.); (B.L.C.)
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16
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Gwin JA, Church DD, Hatch-McChesney A, Allen JT, Wilson MA, Varanoske AN, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Margolis LM, Carbone JW, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA, Pasiakos SM. Essential amino acid-enriched whey enhances post-exercise whole-body protein balance during energy deficit more than iso-nitrogenous whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal: a randomized, crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:4. [PMID: 33413462 PMCID: PMC7791816 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of ingesting varying essential amino acid (EAA)/protein-containing food formats on protein kinetics during energy deficit are undetermined. Therefore, recommendations for EAA/protein food formats necessary to optimize both whole-body protein balance and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) during energy deficit are unknown. We measured protein kinetics after consuming iso-nitrogenous amounts of free-form essential amino acid-enriched whey (EAA + W; 34.7 g protein, 24 g EAA sourced from whey and free-form EAA), whey (WHEY; 34.7 g protein, 18.7 g EAA), or a mixed-macronutrient meal (MEAL; 34.7 g protein, 11.4 g EAA) after exercise during short-term energy deficit. Methods Ten adults (mean ± SD; 21 ± 4 y; 25.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2) completed a randomized, double-blind crossover study consisting of three, 5 d energy-deficit periods (− 30 ± 3% of total energy requirements), separated by 14 d. Whole-body protein synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB), and net balance (NET) were determined at rest and in response to combination exercise consisting of load carriage treadmill walking, deadlifts, and box step-ups at the end of each energy deficit using L-[2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[2H2]-tyrosine infusions. Treatments were ingested immediately post-exercise. Mixed-muscle protein synthesis (mixed-MPS) was measured during exercise through recovery. Results Change (Δ postabsorptive + exercise to postprandial + recovery [mean treatment difference (95%CI)]) in whole-body (g/180 min) PS was 15.8 (9.8, 21.9; P = 0.001) and 19.4 (14.8, 24.0; P = 0.001) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, with no difference between WHEY and MEAL. ΔPB was − 6.3 (− 11.5, − 1.18; P = 0.02) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and − 7.7 (− 11.9, − 3.6; P = 0.002) greater for MEAL than WHEY, with no difference between EAA + W and MEAL. ΔNET was 22.1 (20.5, 23.8; P = 0.001) and 18.0 (16.5, 19.5; P = 0.00) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, while ΔNET was 4.2 (2.7, 5.6; P = 0.001) greater for MEAL than WHEY. Mixed-MPS did not differ between treatments. Conclusions While mixed-MPS was similar across treatments, combining free-form EAA with whey promotes greater whole-body net protein balance during energy deficit compared to iso-nitrogenous amounts of whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier no. NCT04004715. Retrospectively registered 28 June 2019, first enrollment 6 June 2019
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Jillian T Allen
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Marques A Wilson
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - John W Carbone
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
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Hirsch KR, Church DD, Kim IY, Park S, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA. Comparison of basal whole-body protein kinetics and muscle protein synthesis between young and older adults. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14633. [PMID: 33278070 PMCID: PMC7718838 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant research has been dedicated to counteracting age-related muscle loss, but underlying mechanisms have not been clearly established. Previous research examining differences in basal protein kinetics between young and older individuals has been limited by a lack of evaluation of protein breakdown and net balance. The aim of this study was to more comprehensively examine differences in basal protein kinetics between younger and older males and females. Basal whole-body protein kinetics and muscle fractional synthetic rate (FSR) from 91 younger (18-38 years; 52% female) and 66 older (51-81 years; 53% female) healthy adults were determined using stable isotope tracer techniques (L-[ring-2 H5 ]phenylalanine and L-[ring-2 H2 ]tyrosine). There were no group × sex interaction effects (p > .05). Older individuals had greater whole-body protein synthesis (mean difference old-young (Δ) ± SE: 28.54 ± 8.15 mg/kg LBM/hr; p = .001) and breakdown (Δ: 15.44 ± 7.33 mg/kgLBM/hr; p = .038), but a less negative net balance (Mean ± SD: Young: -31.22 ± 7.42 mg/kg LBM/hr; Old: -18.11 ± 21.60 mg/kg LBM/hr; p < .001) compared to young individuals. Basal FSR was not significantly different between young and older (Δ: 0.007 ± 0.003%/hr; p = .052). Across the age range, females had greater whole-body protein turnover (PSΔ: 19.10 ± 7.00 mg/kgLBM/hr; PBΔ: 19.22 ± 6.31 mg/kgLBM/hr; p < .01) compared to males. Results demonstrate a difference in basal whole-body protein kinetics between young and older adults, with older adults having a higher protein turnover rate and a less negative net balance. Across the age range, females were also found to have a higher turnover rate compared to males. Differences may represent a shift in older physiology toward mechanisms that increase the efficiency of amino acid reutilization, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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18
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Church DD, Hirsch KR, Park S, Kim IY, Gwin JA, Pasiakos SM, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA. Essential Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Insights into Maximizing the Muscle and Whole-Body Response to Feeding. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3717. [PMID: 33276485 PMCID: PMC7760188 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingesting protein-containing supplements and foods provides essential amino acids (EAA) necessary to increase muscle and whole-body protein synthesis (WBPS). Large variations exist in the EAA composition of supplements and foods, ranging from free-form amino acids to whole protein foods. We sought to investigate how changes in peripheral EAA after ingesting various protein and free amino acid formats altered muscle and whole-body protein synthesis. Data were compiled from four previous studies that used primed, constant infusions of L-(ring-2H5)-phenylalanine and L-(3,3-2H2)-tyrosine to determine fractional synthetic rate of muscle protein (FSR), WBPS, and circulating EAA concentrations. Stepwise regression indicated that max EAA concentration (EAACmax; R2 = 0.524, p < 0.001), EAACmax (R2 = 0.341, p < 0.001), and change in EAA concentration (ΔEAA; R = 0.345, p < 0.001) were the strongest predictors for postprandial FSR, Δ (change from post absorptive to postprandial) FSR, and ΔWBPS, respectively. Within our dataset, the stepwise regression equation indicated that a 100% increase in peripheral EAA concentrations increases FSR by ~34%. Further, we observed significant (p < 0.05) positive (R = 0.420-0.724) correlations between the plasma EAA area under the curve above baseline, EAACmax, ΔEAA, and rate to EAACmax to postprandial FSR, ΔFSR, and ΔWBPS. Taken together our results indicate that across a large variety of EAA/protein-containing formats and food, large increases in peripheral EAA concentrations are required to drive a robust increase in muscle and whole-body protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.R.H.); (R.R.W.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Katie R. Hirsch
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.R.H.); (R.R.W.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Sanghee Park
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.P.); (I.-Y.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.P.); (I.-Y.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Jess A. Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.A.G.); (S.M.P.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.A.G.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.R.H.); (R.R.W.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (K.R.H.); (R.R.W.); (A.A.F.)
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19
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Park S, Jang J, Choi MD, Shin YA, Schutzler S, Azhar G, Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR, Kim IY. The Anabolic Response to Dietary Protein Is Not Limited by the Maximal Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113276. [PMID: 33114585 PMCID: PMC7693481 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated in young adults that an anabolic response with mixed meal protein intake above ~35 g/meal, previously recognized as an "optimal" protein dose, was further stimulated. However, it is unknown if this applies to older adults. We therefore examined anabolic response to a mixed meal containing either 35 g (MOD, moderate amount of protein) or 70 g (HIGH, high amount of protein) in a randomized cross-over metabolic study in older adults (n = 8). Primed continuous infusions of L-[2H5] phenylalanine and L-[2H2]tyrosine were performed to determine whole-body protein kinetics and muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (MPS) in basal fasted and fed states. Whole-body protein kinetics (NB, net protein balance; PS, protein synthesis; PB, protein breakdown) and MPS was expressed as changes from the baseline post-absorptive state. Consistent with our previous findings in young adults, both feedings resulted in a positive NB, with HIGH being more positive than MOD. Furthermore, NB (expressed as g protein∙240 min) increased linearly with an increasing amount of protein intake, expressed relative to lean body mass. The positive NB was achieved due mainly to the suppression of PB in both MOD and to a greater extent HIGH, while PS was only increased in HIGH. Consistent with the whole-body data, MPS was significantly higher in HIGH than MOD. Plasma concentrations of essential amino acids and insulin were greater in HIGH vs. MOD. We conclude that in the context of mixed meals, whole-body anabolic response linearly increases with increasing protein intake primarily through the suppression of PB, and MPS was further stimulated with protein intake above the previously considered "optimal" protein dose in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Park
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.P.); (J.J.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Jiwoong Jang
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.P.); (J.J.)
- Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Myung Dong Choi
- Department of Human Movement Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
| | - Yun-A Shin
- Department of Prescription & Rehabilitation of Exercise, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Scott Schutzler
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.S.); (G.A.); (A.A.F.); (R.R.W.)
| | - Gohar Azhar
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.S.); (G.A.); (A.A.F.); (R.R.W.)
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.S.); (G.A.); (A.A.F.); (R.R.W.)
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.S.); (G.A.); (A.A.F.); (R.R.W.)
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.P.); (J.J.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.S.); (G.A.); (A.A.F.); (R.R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-10-9701-8335
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20
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Gorissen SHM, Trommelen J, Kouw IWK, Holwerda AM, Pennings B, Groen BBL, Wall BT, Churchward-Venne TA, Horstman AMH, Koopman R, Burd NA, Fuchs CJ, Dirks ML, Res PT, Senden JMG, Steijns JMJM, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Protein Type, Protein Dose, and Age Modulate Dietary Protein Digestion and Phenylalanine Absorption Kinetics and Plasma Phenylalanine Availability in Humans. J Nutr 2020; 150:2041-2050. [PMID: 32069356 PMCID: PMC7398787 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis by providing amino acids to the muscle. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis rates are largely determined by dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics. OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of protein type, protein dose, and age on dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics in vivo in humans. METHODS We included data from 18 randomized controlled trials with a total of 602 participants [age: 53 ± 23 y; BMI (kg/m2): 24.8 ± 3.3] who consumed various quantities of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled whey (n = 137), casein (n = 393), or milk (n = 72) protein and received intravenous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, which allowed us to assess protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and the postprandial release of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine into the circulation. The effect of aging on these processes was assessed in a subset of 82 young (aged 22 ± 3 y) and 83 older (aged 71 ± 5 y) individuals. RESULTS A total of 50% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appeared in the circulation over a 5-h postprandial period. Casein ingestion resulted in a smaller (45% ± 11%), whey protein ingestion in an intermediate (57% ± 10%), and milk protein ingestion in a greater (65% ± 13%) fraction of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation (P < 0.001). The postprandial availability of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine in the circulation increased with the ingestion of greater protein doses (P < 0.05). Protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics were attenuated in older when compared with young individuals, with 45% ± 10% vs. 51% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability in vivo in humans. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388, NCT00936039, NCT00991523, NCT01317511, NCT01473576, NCT01576848, NCT01578590, NCT01615276, NCT01680146, NCT01820975, NCT01986842, and NCT02596542, and at http://www.trialregister.nl as NTR3638, NTR3885, NTR4060, NTR4429, and NTR4492.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H M Gorissen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart Pennings
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - René Koopman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter T Res
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joan M G Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands,Address correspondence to LJCvL (e-mail: )
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21
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Shad BJ, Thompson JL, Holwerda AM, Stocks B, Elhassan YS, Philp A, VAN Loon LJC, Wallis GA. One Week of Step Reduction Lowers Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates in Young Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2125-2134. [PMID: 31083048 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Across the lifespan, physical activity levels decrease and time spent sedentary typically increases. However, little is known about the impact that these behavioral changes have on skeletal muscle mass regulation. The primary aim of this study was to use a step reduction model to determine the impact of reduced physical activity and increased sedentary time on daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy young men. METHODS Eleven men (22 ± 2 yr) completed 7 d of habitual physical activity (HPA) followed by 7 d of step reduction (SR). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were determined during HPA and SR using the deuterated water (H2O) method combined with the collection of skeletal muscle biopsies and daily saliva samples. Gene expression of selected proteins related to muscle mass regulation and oxidative metabolism were determined via real time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Daily step count was reduced by approximately 91% during SR (from 13,054 ± 2763 steps per day to 1192 ± 330 steps per day; P < 0.001) and this led to an increased contribution of sedentary time to daily activity (73% ± 6% to 90% ± 3%; P < 0.001). Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis decreased by approximately 27% from 1.39 ± 0.32%·d during HPA to 1.01 ± 0.38%·d during SR (P < 0.05). Muscle atrophy F-box and myostatin mRNA expression were upregulated, whereas mechanistic target of rapamycin, p53, and PDK4 mRNA expression were downregulated after SR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS One week of reduced physical activity and increased sedentary time substantially lowers daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Shad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Janice L Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Ben Stocks
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Yasir S Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andrew Philp
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA
| | - Luc J C VAN Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
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22
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Zhao Q, Shen H, Su KJ, Tian Q, Zhao LJ, Qiu C, Garrett TJ, Liu J, Kakhniashvili D, Deng HW. A joint analysis of metabolomic profiles associated with muscle mass and strength in Caucasian women. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:2624-2635. [PMID: 30318485 PMCID: PMC6224264 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both loss of muscle mass and strength are important sarcopenia-related traits. In this study, we investigated both specific and shared serum metabolites associated with these two traits in 136 Caucasian women using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. A joint analysis of multivariate traits was used to examine the associations of individual metabolites with muscle mass measured by the body mass index-adjusted appendicular lean mass (ALM/BMI) and muscle strength measured by hand grip strength (HGS). After adjusting for multiple testing, nine metabolites including two amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) and an amino acid derive (pipecolic acid), one peptide (phenylalanyl-threonine), one carbohydrate (methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside), and four lipids (12S-HETRE, arachidonic acid, 12S-HETE, and glycerophosphocholine) were significant in the joint analysis. Of them, the two amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) and two lipids (12S-HETRE and 12S-HETE) were associated with both ALM/BMI and HGS, and the other five were only associated with ALM/BMI. The pathway analysis showed the amino acid metabolism pathways (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) might play important roles in the regulation of muscle mass and strength. In conclusion, our study identified novel metabolites associated with sarcopenia-related traits, suggesting novel metabolic pathways for muscle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Tulane Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kuan-Jui Su
- Tulane Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Qing Tian
- Tulane Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lan-Juan Zhao
- Tulane Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chuan Qiu
- Tulane Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics Core, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Office of Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - David Kakhniashvili
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Office of Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Tulane Center of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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23
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Martin KE, Pencharz PB, Rafii M, Ball RO, Szwiega S, Elango R, Courtney-Martin G. The Phenylalanine Requirement of Elderly Men and Women Measured by Direct 13C Carbon Oxidation Method Is Similar to That of Young Adults. J Nutr 2019; 149:1776-1784. [PMID: 31271193 PMCID: PMC6768813 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenylalanine requirement of the elderly is not known. Current recommendations are based on studies in young adults and are derived from a combined estimate of the total aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the dietary phenylalanine requirement of adults aged >65 y, using the direct amino acid oxidation method, by measuring the oxidation of l-[1-13C]phenylalanine to 13CO2 in response to graded phenylalanine intakes in the presence of excess tyrosine. METHODS Twelve subjects (6 men, 6 women), aged 73.8 ± 6.7 y (mean ± SD) and with a BMI (in kg/m2) of 26.4 ± 4.8 and 25.2 ± 4.4 for men and women, respectively, were randomized to phenylalanine intakes ranging from 7.20 to 40.0 mg .kg-1 .d-1 for a total of 66 studies. Study diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous, providing protein and energy at 1.0 g .kg-1 .d-1 and 1.5 × resting energy expenditure (REE), respectively. Protein was provided as an amino acid mixture patterned after egg protein, with an excess of tyrosine and alanine to balance the nitrogen as phenylalanine intakes were varied. Two days prior to the study day, subjects were adapted to a milkshake diet providing protein at 1.0 g.kg-1 .d-1 and energy at 1.7 × REE. The mean phenylalanine requirement was determined using biphase linear regression analysis, which identified a breakpoint in the F13CO2 in response to graded phenylalanine intakes. RESULTS The mean and upper 95% CIs (approximating the recommended dietary allowance) of phenylalanine requirements were estimated to be 9.03 and 15.9 mg.kg-1 .d-1, respectively. CONCLUSION These results are similar to previously derived estimates of 9.1 and 13.6 mg.kg-1 .d-1 in young adult men and suggest that higher protein needs of the elderly to stimulate similar muscle protein synthesis rates as young adults are not driven by an increased requirement for phenylalanine. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02971059.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mahroukh Rafii
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sylwia Szwiega
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rajavel Elango
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Address correspondence to GC-M (e-mail: )
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24
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Jonker R, Deutz NEP, Ligthart-Melis GC, Zachria AJ, Veley EA, Harrykissoon R, Engelen MPKJ. Preserved anabolic threshold and capacity as estimated by a novel stable tracer approach suggests no anabolic resistance or increased requirements in weight stable COPD patients. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:1833-1843. [PMID: 30100106 PMCID: PMC6355392 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Assessing the ability to respond anabolic to dietary protein intake during illness provides important insight in the capacity of lean body mass maintenance. We applied a newly developed stable tracer approach to assess in one session in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy older adults both the minimal amount of protein intake to obtain protein anabolism (anabolic threshold) and the efficiency of dietary protein to promote protein anabolism (anabolic capacity). METHODS We studied 12 clinically and weight stable patients with moderate to very severe COPD (mean ± SE forced expiratory volume in 1 s: 36 ± 3% of predicted) and 10 healthy age-matched older adults. At 2-h intervals and in consecutive order, all participants consumed a mixture of 0.0, 0.04, 0.10 and 0.30 g hydrolyzed casein protein×kg ffm-1×2 h-1 and carbohydrates (2:1). We assessed whole body protein synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB), net PS (PS-PB) and net protein balance (phenylalanine (PHE) intake - PHE to tyrosine (TYR) hydroxylation) by IV primed and continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]PHE and L-[13C9,15N]-TYR. Anabolic threshold (net protein balance = 0) and capacity (slope) were determined on an individual basis from the assumed linear relationship between protein intake and net protein balance. RESULTS We confirmed a linear relationship between protein intake and net protein balance for all participants (R2 range: 0.9988-1.0, p ≤ 0.0006). On average, the anabolic threshold and anabolic capacity were comparable between the groups (anabolic threshold COPD vs. healthy: 3.82 ± 0.31 vs. 4.20 ± 0.36 μmol PHE × kg ffm-1 × hr-1; anabolic capacity COPD vs. healthy: 0.952 ± 0.007 and 0.954 ± 0.004). At protein intake around the anabolic threshold (0.04 and 0.10 g protein×kg ffm-1×2 h-1), the increase in net PS resulted mainly from PB reduction (p < 0.0001) whereas at a higher protein intake (0.30 g protein×kg ffm-1×2 h-1) PS was also stimulated (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The preserved anabolic threshold and capacity in clinically and weight stable COPD patients suggests no disease related anabolic resistance and/or increased protein requirements. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No. NCT01734473; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Jonker
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gerdien C Ligthart-Melis
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Anthony J Zachria
- Center for Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders, College Station Medical Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eugene A Veley
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Pulmonary Critical Care, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rajesh Harrykissoon
- Center for Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders, College Station Medical Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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25
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Moro T, Brightwell CR, Velarde B, Fry CS, Nakayama K, Sanbongi C, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Whey Protein Hydrolysate Increases Amino Acid Uptake, mTORC1 Signaling, and Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Healthy Young Men in a Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1149-1158. [PMID: 31095313 PMCID: PMC7443767 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) can be stimulated by ingestion of protein sources, such as whey, casein, or soy. Protein supplementation can enhance muscle protein synthesis after exercise and may preserve skeletal muscle mass and function in aging adults. Therefore, identifying protein sources with higher anabolic potency is of high significance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the anabolic potency and efficacy of a novel whey protein hydrolysate mixture (WPH) on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and skeletal MPS in healthy young subjects. METHODS Ten young men (aged 28.7 ± 3.6 y, 25.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2 body mass index [BMI]) were recruited into a double-blind two-way crossover trial. Subjects were randomized to receive either 0.08 g/kg of body weight (BW) of WPH or an intact whey protein (WHEY) mixture during stable isotope infusion experiments. Fractional synthetic rate, leucine and phenylalanine kinetics, and markers of amino acid sensing were assessed as primary outcomes before and 1-3 h after protein ingestion using a repeated measures mixed model. RESULTS Blood leucine concentration, delivery of leucine to muscle, transport of leucine from blood into muscle and intracellular muscle leucine concentration significantly increased to a similar extent 1 h after ingestion of both mixtures (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of S6K1 (i.e. a marker of mTORC1 activation) increased equally by ∼20% 1-h postingestion (P < 0.05). Ingestion of WPH and WHEY increased mixed MPS similarly in both groups by ∼43% (P < 0.05); however, phenylalanine utilization for synthesis increased in both treatments 1-h postingestion but remained elevated 3-h postingestion only in the WPH group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a small dose of WPH effectively increases leucine transport into muscle, activating mTORC1 and stimulating MPS in young men. WPH anabolic potency and efficacy for promoting overall muscle protein anabolism is similar to WHEY, an intact protein source. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03313830.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Kyosuke Nakayama
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sanbongi
- Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition & Metabolism,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX,Address correspondence to BBR (e-mail: )
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26
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Wolfe RR, Park S, Kim IY, Starck C, Marquis BJ, Ferrando AA, Moughan PJ. Quantifying the contribution of dietary protein to whole body protein kinetics: examination of the intrinsically labeled proteins method. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E74-E84. [PMID: 30939051 PMCID: PMC6689738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00294.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically labeled dietary proteins have been used to trace various aspects of digestion and absorption, including quantifying the contribution of dietary protein to observed postprandial amino acid and protein kinetics in human subjects. Quantification of the rate of appearance in peripheral blood of an unlabeled (tracee) amino acid originating from an intrinsically labeled protein (exogenous Ra) requires the assumption that there is no dilution of the isotope enrichment of the protein-bound amino acid in the gastrointestinal tract or across the splanchnic bed. It must also be assumed that the effective volume of distribution into which the tracer and tracee appear can be reasonably estimated by a single value and that any recycling of the tracer is minimal and thus does not affect calculated rates. We have assessed these assumptions quantitatively using values from published studies. We conclude that the use of intrinsically labeled proteins as currently described to quantify exogenous Ra systematically underestimates the true value. When used with the tracer-determined rates of amino acid kinetics, underestimation of exogenous Ra from the intrinsically labeled protein method likely translates to incorrect conclusions regarding protein breakdown, including the effect of a protein meal and the anabolic impact of the speed of digestion and absorption of amino acids. Estimation of exogenous Ra from the bioavailability of ingested protein has some advantages as compared with the intrinsically labeled protein method. We therefore conclude that the bioavailability method for estimating exogenous Ra is preferable to the intrinsically labeled protein method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Carlene Starck
- Riddet Institute, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Bryce J Marquis
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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27
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Hamarsland H, Aas SN, Nordengen AL, Holte K, Garthe I, Paulsen G, Cotter M, Børsheim E, Benestad HB, Raastad T. Native Whey Induces Similar Post Exercise Muscle Anabolic Responses as Regular Whey, Despite Greater Leucinemia, in Elderly Individuals. J Nutr Health Aging 2019; 23:42-50. [PMID: 30569067 PMCID: PMC6332708 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elderly muscle seems less sensitive to the anabolic stimulus of a meal. Changes in blood concentrations of leucine are suggested as one important trigger of the anabolic response in muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate whether native whey protein, containing high amounts of leucine, may be a more potent stimulator of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in elderly than regular whey protein (WPC-80) or milk. DESIGN Randomized controlled partial crossover. SETTING Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. PARTICIPANTS 21 healthy elderly men and women (≥70 years). INTERVENTION Participants received either 20 g of WPC-80 and native whey (n = 11) on separate days in a crossover design, or milk (n = 10). Supplements were ingested immediately and two hours after a bout of lower body heavy-load resistance exercise. MEASUREMENTS Blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected to measure blood concentrations of amino acids by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS), phosphorylation of p70S6K, 4E-BP1 and eEF-2 by immunoblotting and mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate (FSR) by use of [2H5]phenylalanine-infusion, GCMS and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS Native whey increased blood leucine concentrations more than WPC-80 (P < 0.05), but not p70S6K phosphorylation or mixed muscle FSR. Both whey supplements increased blood leucine concentrations (P < 0.01) and P70S6K phosphorylation more than milk (P = 0.014). Native whey reached higher mixed muscle FSR values than milk (P = 0.026) 1-3h after exercise. CONCLUSIONS Despite greater increases in blood leucine concentrations than WPC-80 and milk, native whey was only superior to milk concerning increases in MPS and phosphorylation of P70S6K during a 5-hour post-exercise period in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hamarsland
- Håvard Hamarsland, Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O. Box 4014 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway, Tel: +47 93445916.
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Wilkinson DJ, Hossain T, Limb MC, Phillips BE, Lund J, Williams JP, Brook MS, Cegielski J, Philp A, Ashcroft S, Rathmacher JA, Szewczyk NJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Impact of the calcium form of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate upon human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:2068-2075. [PMID: 29097038 PMCID: PMC6295980 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is purported as a key nutritional supplement for the preservation of muscle mass in health, disease and as an ergogenic aid in exercise. Of the two available forms of HMB (calcium (Ca-HMB) salt or free acid (FA-HMB)) - differences in plasma bioavailability have been reported. We previously reported that ∼3 g oral FA-HMB increased muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and reduced muscle protein breakdown (MPB). The objective of the present study was to quantify muscle protein metabolism responses to oral Ca-HMB. METHODS Eight healthy young males received a primed constant infusion of 1,2 13C2 leucine and 2H5 phenylalanine to assess MPS (by tracer incorporation in myofibrils) and MPB (via arterio-venous (A-V) dilution) at baseline and following provision of ∼3 g of Ca-HMB; muscle anabolic (MPS) and catabolic (MPB) signalling was assessed via immunoblotting. RESULTS Ca-HMB led a significant and rapid (<60 min) peak in plasma HMB concentrations (483.6 ± 14.2 μM, p < 0.0001). This rise in plasma HMB was accompanied by increases in MPS (PA: 0.046 ± 0.004%/h, CaHMB: 0.072 ± 0.004%/h, p < 0001) and suppressions in MPB (PA: 7.6 ± 1.2 μmol Phe per leg min-1, Ca-HMB: 5.2 ± 0.8 μmol Phe per leg min-1, p < 0.01). Increases in the phosphorylation of mTORc1 substrates i.e. p70S6K1 and RPS6 were also observed, with no changes detected in the MPB targets measured. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the pro-anabolic properties of HMB via mTORc1, and show that despite proposed differences in bioavailability, Ca-HMB provides a comparable stimulation to MPS and suppression of MPB, to FA-HMB, further supporting its use as a pharmaconutrient in the modulation of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - T Hossain
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - M C Limb
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - B E Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - J Lund
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - J P Williams
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - M S Brook
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - J Cegielski
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - A Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Ashcroft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J A Rathmacher
- Metabolic Technologies, Inc, Iowa State University Research Park, 2711 S. Loop Drive, Ste 4400, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - N J Szewczyk
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - K Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - P J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK.
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Yoshii N, Sato K, Ogasawara R, Nishimura Y, Shinohara Y, Fujita S. Effect of Mixed Meal and Leucine Intake on Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Young Men. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101543. [PMID: 30340425 PMCID: PMC6213454 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein intake is critical for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. Plasma amino acid concentrations increase with protein intake and increases in muscle protein synthesis are dependent on leucine concentrations. We aimed to investigate the effect of a mixed meal and free amino acids intake on plasma leucine concentrations. In this randomized crossover study, 10 healthy young men (age 25 ± 1 years, height 1.73 ± 0.02 m, weight 65.8 ± 1.5 kg) underwent tests under different conditions—intake of 2 g of leucine (LEU), intake of a mixed meal (protein 27.5 g, including 2.15 g of leucine, protein: fat: carbohydrate ratio—22:25:53) only (MEAL), intake of 2 g of leucine immediately after a mixed meal (MEAL-LEU) and intake of 2 g of leucine 180 min after a mixed meal (MEAL-LEU180). Blood samples were collected within 420 min (240 min for LEU only) after intake and changes in amino acid concentrations were evaluated. Although the maximum plasma leucine concentration increased to 442 ± 24 µM for LEU, it was lower at 347 ± 16 µM (p < 0.05 vs. LEU) for MEAL-LEU, 205 ± 8 µM (p < 0.05 vs. LEU) for MEAL. The maximum plasma leucine concentration for MEAL-LEU180 increased to 481 ± 27 µM and compared to LEU there was no significant difference (p > 0.1). The observation that rapid elevations in plasma leucine concentrations are suppressed when leucine is ingested at the same time as a meal suggests that the timing of its intake must be considered to maximize the anabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Koji Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Yasushi Shinohara
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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Mundi MS, Patel J, McClave SA, Hurt RT. Current perspective for tube feeding in the elderly: from identifying malnutrition to providing of enteral nutrition. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:1353-1364. [PMID: 30122907 PMCID: PMC6080667 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s134919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the number of individuals older than 65 years expected to rise significantly over the next few decades, dramatic changes to our society and health care system will need to take place to meet their needs. Age-related changes in muscle mass and body composition along with medical comorbidities including stroke, dementia, and depression place elderly adults at high risk for developing malnutrition and frailty. This loss of function and decline in muscle mass (ie, sarcopenia) can be associated with reduced mobility and ability to perform the task of daily living, placing the elderly at an increased risk for falls, fractures, and subsequent institutionalization, leading to a decline in the quality of life and increased mortality. There are a number of modifiable factors that can mitigate some of the muscle loss elderly experience especially when hospitalized. Due to this, it is paramount for providers to understand the pathophysiology behind malnutrition and sarcopenia, be able to assess risk factors for malnutrition, and provide appropriate nutrition support. The present review describes the pathophysiology of malnutrition, identifies contributing factors to this condition, discusses tools to assess nutritional status, and proposes key strategies for optimizing enteral nutrition therapy for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet S Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,
| | - Jayshil Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Stephen A McClave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ryan T Hurt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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31
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Moro T, Brightwell CR, Deer RR, Graber TG, Galvan E, Fry CS, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Muscle Protein Anabolic Resistance to Essential Amino Acids Does Not Occur in Healthy Older Adults Before or After Resistance Exercise Training. J Nutr 2018; 148:900-909. [PMID: 29796648 PMCID: PMC6251608 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The muscle protein anabolic response to contraction and feeding may be blunted in older adults. Acute bouts of exercise can improve the ability of amino acids to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) by activating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, but it is not known whether exercise training may improve muscle sensitivity to amino acid availability. Objective The aim of this study was to determine if muscle protein anabolism is resistant to essential amino acids (EAAs) and whether resistance exercise training (RET) improves muscle sensitivity to EAA in healthy older adults. Methods In a longitudinal study, 19 healthy older adults [mean ± SD age: 71 ± 4 y body mass index (kg/m2): 28 ± 3] were trained for 12 wk with a whole-body program of progressive RET (60-75% 1-repetition maximum). Body composition, strength, and metabolic health were measured pre- and posttraining. We also performed stable isotope infusion experiments with muscle biopsies pre- and posttraining to measure MPS and markers of amino acid sensing in the basal state and in response to 6.8 g of EAA ingestion. Results RET increased muscle strength by 16%, lean mass by 2%, and muscle cross-sectional area by 27% in healthy older adults (P < 0.05). MPS and mTORC1 signaling (i.e., phosphorylation status of protein kinase B, 4E binding protein 1, 70-kDa S6 protein kinase, and ribosomal protein S6) increased after EAA ingestion (P < 0.05) pre- and posttraining. RET increased basal MPS by 36% (P < 0.05); however, RET did not affect the response of MPS and mTORC1 signaling to EAA ingestion. Conclusion RET increases strength and basal MPS, promoting hypertrophy in healthy older adults. In these subjects, a small dose of EAAs stimulates muscle mTORC1 signaling and MPS, and this response to EAAs does not improve after RET. Our data indicate that anabolic resistance to amino acids may not be a problem in healthy older adults. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02999802.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Address correspondence to BBR (e-mail: )
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Verschuren O, Smorenburg AR, Luiking Y, Bell K, Barber L, Peterson MD. Determinants of muscle preservation in individuals with cerebral palsy across the lifespan: a narrative review of the literature. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:453-464. [PMID: 29392922 PMCID: PMC5989853 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), smaller muscle and atrophy are present at young age. Many people with CP also experience a decline in gross motor function as they age, which might be explained by the loss of muscle mass. The clinical observation of muscle wasting has prompted a comparison with sarcopenia in older adults, and the term accelerated musculoskeletal ageing is often used to describe the hallmark phenotype of CP through the lifespan. However, there has been very little research emphasis on the natural history of ageing with CP and even less with respect to the determinants or prevention of muscle loss with CP. Considering the burgeoning interest in the science of muscle preservation, this paper aims to (i) describe the characteristics of accelerated musculoskeletal ageing in people with CP, (ii) describe the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and parallels with CP, and (iii) discuss possible therapeutic approaches, based on established approaches for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Verschuren
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, De Hoogstraat RehabilitationUniversity Medical Center UtrechtRembrandtkade 10Utrecht3583TMThe Netherlands
| | | | - Yvette Luiking
- Nutricia ResearchAdvanced Medical NutritionUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kristie Bell
- Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Lady Cilento Children's HospitalSouth BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Lee Barber
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Mark D. Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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Giezenaar C, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Hutchison AT, Standfield S, Feinle-Bisset C, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010078. [PMID: 29329233 PMCID: PMC5793306 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-rich supplements are used widely for the prevention and management of malnutrition in older people. We have reported that healthy older, compared to younger, adults have less suppression of energy intake by whey-protein-effects on appetite-related hormones are unknown. The objective was to determine the effects of intraduodenally administered whey-protein on glucose, gut hormone, and amino acid concentrations, and their relation to subsequent ad libitum energy intake at a buffet meal, in healthy older and younger men. Hydrolyzed whey-protein (30 kcal, 90 kcal, and 180 kcal) and a saline control (~0 kcal) were infused intraduodenally for 60 min in 10 younger (19-29 years, 73 ± 2 kg, 22 ± 1 kg/m²) and 10 older (68-81 years, 79 ± 2 kg, 26 ± 1 kg/m²) healthy men in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Plasma insulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and amino acid concentrations, but not blood glucose, increased, while ghrelin decreased during the whey-protein infusions. Plasma GIP concentrations were greater in older than younger men. Energy intake correlated positively with plasma ghrelin and negatively with insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acids concentrations (p < 0.05). In conclusion, intraduodenal whey-protein infusions resulted in increased GIP and comparable ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acid responses in healthy older and younger men, which correlated to subsequent energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giezenaar
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Food and Nutrition, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Scott Standfield
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Ian Chapman
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3638
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Berryman CE, Young AJ, Karl JP, Kenefick RW, Margolis LM, Cole RE, Carbone JW, Lieberman HR, Kim IY, Ferrando AA, Pasiakos SM. Severe negative energy balance during 21 d at high altitude decreases fat-free mass regardless of dietary protein intake: a randomized controlled trial. FASEB J 2018; 32:894-905. [PMID: 29066613 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this 2-phase randomized controlled study, we examined whether consuming a higher-protein (HP) diet would attenuate fat-free mass (FFM) loss during energy deficit (ED) at high altitude (HA) in 17 healthy males (mean ± sd: 23 ± 6 yr; 82 ± 14 kg). During phase 1 at sea level (SL, 55 m), participants consumed a eucaloric diet providing standard protein (SP; 1.0 g protein/kg,) for 21 d. During phase 2, participants resided at HA (4300 m) for 22 d and were randomly assigned to either an SP or HP (2.0 g protein/kg) diet designed to elicit a 40% ED. Body composition, substrate oxidation, and postabsorptive whole-body protein kinetics were measured. Participants were weight stable during SL and lost 7.9 ± 1.9 kg ( P < 0.01) during HA, regardless of dietary protein intake. Decrements in whole-body FFM (3.6 ± 2.4 kg) and fat mass (3.6 ± 1.3 kg) were not different between SP and HP. HP oxidized 0.95 ± 0.32 g protein/kg per day more than SP and whole-body net protein balance was more negative for HP than for SP ( P < 0.01). Based on changes in body energy stores, the overall ED was 70% (-1849 ± 511 kcal/d, no group differences). Consuming an HP diet did not protect FFM during severe ED at HA.-Berryman, C. E., Young, A. J., Karl, J. P., Kenefick, R. W., Margolis, L. M., Cole, R. E., Carbone, J. W., Lieberman, H. R., Kim, I.-Y., Ferrando, A. A., Pasiakos, S. M. Severe negative energy balance during 21 d at high altitude decreases fat-free mass regardless of dietary protein intake: a randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew J Young
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, Maryland, USA
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert W Kenefick
- Thermal Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee E Cole
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John W Carbone
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, Maryland, USA.,School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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Deutz NEP, Thaden JJ, Ten Have GAM, Walker DK, Engelen MPKJ. Metabolic phenotyping using kinetic measurements in young and older healthy adults. Metabolism 2018; 78:167-178. [PMID: 28986165 PMCID: PMC5732887 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging process is often associated with the presence of sarcopenia. Although changes in the plasma concentration of several amino acids have been observed in older adults, it remains unclear whether these changes are related to disturbances in whole body production and/or interconversions. METHODS We studied 10 healthy young (~22.7y) and 17 older adults (~64.8y) by administering a mixture of stable amino acid tracers in a pulse and in a primed constant infusion. We calculated whole body production (WBP) and metabolite to metabolite interconversions. In addition, we measured body composition, muscle function, and provided questionnaires to assess daily dietary intake, physical activity, mood (anxiety, depression) and markers of cognitive function. Plasma enrichments and metabolite concentrations were measured by GC- and LC-MS/MS and statistics were performed by student t-test. RESULTS Older adults had a 11% higher body mass index (p=0.04) and 27% reduced peak leg extension force (p=0.02) than the younger group, but comparable values for muscle mass, mood and cognitive function. Although small differences in several plasma amino acid concentrations were observed, we found older adults had about 40% higher values of WBP for glutamine (221±27 vs. 305±21μmol/kgffm/h, p=0.03) and tau-methylhistidine (0.15±0.01 vs. 0.21±0.02μmol/kgffm/h, p=0.04), 26% lower WBP value for arginine (59±4 vs. 44±4μmol/kgffm/h, p=0.02) and a reduction in WBP (50%; 1.23±0.15 vs. 0.69±0.06μmol/kgffm/h, p=0.001) and concentration (25%; 3.5±0.3μmol/l vs. 2.6±0.2μmol/l, p=0.01) for β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate. No differences were observed in protein catabolism. Clearance of arginine was decreased (27%, p=0.03) and clearance of glutamine (58%, p=0.01), leucine (67%, p=0.001) and KIC (76%, p=0.004) were increased in older adults. CONCLUSIONS Specific differences exist between young and older adults in amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - John J Thaden
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriella A M Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dillon K Walker
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Linking Cancer Cachexia-Induced Anabolic Resistance to Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Metabolism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8018197. [PMID: 29375734 PMCID: PMC5742498 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8018197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia, a wasting syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle depletion, contributes to increased patient morbidity and mortality. While the intricate balance between protein synthesis and breakdown regulates skeletal muscle mass, the suppression of basal protein synthesis may not account for the severe wasting induced by cancer. Therefore, recent research has shifted to the regulation of “anabolic resistance,” which is the impaired ability of nutrition and exercise to stimulate protein synthesis. Emerging evidence suggests that oxidative metabolism can regulate both basal and induced muscle protein synthesis. While disrupted protein turnover and oxidative metabolism in cachectic muscle have been examined independently, evidence suggests a linkage between these processes for the regulation of cancer-induced wasting. The primary objective of this review is to highlight the connection between dysfunctional oxidative metabolism and cancer-induced anabolic resistance in skeletal muscle. First, we review oxidative metabolism regulation of muscle protein synthesis. Second, we describe cancer-induced alterations in the response to an anabolic stimulus. Finally, we review a role for exercise to inhibit cancer-induced anabolic suppression and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Revel A, Jarzaguet M, Peyron MA, Papet I, Hafnaoui N, Migné C, Mosoni L, Polakof S, Savary-Auzeloux I, Rémond D, Dardevet D. At same leucine intake, a whey/plant protein blend is not as effective as whey to initiate a transient post prandial muscle anabolic response during a catabolic state in mini pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186204. [PMID: 29045496 PMCID: PMC5646799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle atrophy has been explained by an anabolic resistance following food intake and an increase of dietary protein intake is recommended. To be optimal, a dietary protein has to be effective not only to initiate but also to prolong a muscle anabolic response in a catabolic state. To our knowledge, whether or not a dairy or a dairy/plant protein blend fulfills these criterions is unknown in a muscle wasting situation. OBJECTIVE Our aim was, in a control and a catabolic state, to measure continuously muscle anabolism in term of intensity and duration in response to a meal containing casein (CAS), whey (WHEY) or a whey/ plant protein blend (BLEND) and to evaluate the best protein source to elicit the best post prandial anabolism according to the physio-pathological state. METHODS Adult male Yucatan mini pigs were infused with U-13C-Phenylalanine and fed either CAS, WHEY or BLEND. A catabolic state was induced by a glucocorticoid treatment for 8 days (DEX). Muscle protein synthesis, proteolysis and balance were measured with the hind limb arterio-venous differences technique. Repeated time variance analysis were used to assess significant differences. RESULTS In a catabolic situation, whey proteins were able to initiate muscle anabolism which remained transient in contrast to the stimulated muscle protein accretion with WHEY, CAS or BLEND in healthy conditions. Despite the same leucine intake compared to WHEY, BLEND did not restore a positive protein balance in DEX animals. CONCLUSIONS Even with WHEY, the duration of the anabolic response was not optimal and has to be improved in a catabolic state. The use of BLEND remained of lower efficiency even at same leucine intake than whey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Revel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marianne Jarzaguet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Peyron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Papet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Noureddine Hafnaoui
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carole Migné
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Mosoni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sergio Polakof
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Savary-Auzeloux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Rémond
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, PFEM, MetaboHUB-Clermont, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
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Update on maximal anabolic response to dietary protein. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:411-418. [PMID: 28807333 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The anabolic response to dietary protein can be defined as the difference between protein synthesis and breakdown, or the net protein balance, in response to ingestion of protein alone or a mixed meal containing protein. Others have concluded that a maximal anabolic response can be achieved with ingestion of 20-35 g of a high quality protein, leading to the formulation of a popular concept that the maximal anabolic response can be achieved by distributing the total protein intake evenly throughout the day, rather than eating a majority of dietary protein with dinner. However, this concept was based entirely on the measurement of muscle protein synthesis and thus ignored the potential contributions of suppression of protein breakdown to the anabolic response, as well as the possibility that tissues and organs other than muscle may also play a role in the anabolic response. In this review we discuss the factors comprising the total anabolic response, discuss relevant methodological issues, derive a theoretical maximal anabolic response based on current literature values, and interpret recent papers addressing the issue of maximal anabolic response as well as meal distribution of dietary protein. We conclude that it is not likely that there is a practical limit to the maximal anabolic response to a single meal, and the most efficient way in which to maximize the total anabolic response over a 24-h period is to increase dietary protein at breakfast and lunch without reducing protein intake with dinner.
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Wendowski O, Redshaw Z, Mutungi G. Dihydrotestosterone treatment rescues the decline in protein synthesis as a result of sarcopenia in isolated mouse skeletal muscle fibres. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:48-56. [PMID: 27239418 PMCID: PMC4863930 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia, the progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass and function with age, is a debilitating condition. It leads to inactivity, falls, and loss of independence. Despite this, its cause(s) and the underlying mechanism(s) are still poorly understood. METHODS In this study, small skeletal muscle fibre bundles isolated from the extensor digitorum longus (a fast-twitch muscle) and the soleus (a slow-twitch muscle) of adult mice of different ages (range 100-900 days old) were used to investigate the effects of ageing and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment on protein synthesis as well as the expression and function of two amino acid transporters; the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) 2, and the sodium-independent L-type amino-acid transporter (LAT) 2. RESULTS At all ages investigated, protein synthesis was always higher in the slow-twitch than in the fast-twitch muscle fibres and decreased with age in both fibre types. However, the decline was greater in the fast-twitch than in the slow-twitch fibres and was accompanied by a reduction in the expression of SNAT2 and LAT2 at the protein level. Again, the decrease in the expression of the amino acid transporters was greater in the fast-twitch than in the slow-twitch fibres. In contrast, ageing had no effect on SNAT2 and LAT2 expressions at the mRNA level. Treating the muscle fibre bundles with physiological concentrations (~2 nM) of DHT for 1 h completely reversed the effects of ageing on protein synthesis and the expression of SNAT2 and LAT2 protein in both fibre types. CONCLUSION From the observations that ageing is accompanied by a reduction in protein synthesis and transporter expression and that these effects are reversed by DHT treatment, we conclude that sarcopenia arises from an age-dependent reduction in protein synthesis caused, in part, by the lack of or by the low bioavailability of the male sex steroid, DHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Wendowski
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Zoe Redshaw
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences De Montfort University Leicester UK
| | - Gabriel Mutungi
- Department of Medicine, Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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Abstract
Cachexia represents progressive wasting of muscle and adipose tissue and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although anorexia usually accompanies cachexia, cachexia rarely responds to increased food intake alone. Our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms responsible for cachexia remains incomplete. However, most states of cachexia are associated with underlying inflammatory processes and/or cancer. These processes activate protein degradation and lipolytic pathways, resulting in tissue loss. In this article, we briefly review the pathophysiology of cachexia and discuss the role of specific nutrient supplements for the treatment of cachexia. The branched chain amino acid leucine, the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, glutamine, omega-3 long chain fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, and polyphenols have demonstrated some efficacy in animal and/or human studies. Optimal treatment for cachexia is likely aimed at maximizing muscle and adipose synthesis while minimizing degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Siddiqui
- Methodist Research Institute, 1812 N Capitol Ave, Wile Hall, Room 120, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Lancha AH, Zanella R, Tanabe SGO, Andriamihaja M, Blachier F. Dietary protein supplementation in the elderly for limiting muscle mass loss. Amino Acids 2016; 49:33-47. [PMID: 27807658 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with whey and other dietary protein, mainly associated with exercise training, has been proposed to be beneficial for the elderly to gain and maintain lean body mass and improve health parameters. The main objective of this review is to examine the evidence provided by the scientific literature indicating benefit from such supplementation and to define the likely best strategy of protein uptake for optimal objectified results in the elderly. Overall, it appears that an intake of approximately 0.4 g protein/kg BW per meal thus representing 1.2-1.6 g protein/kg BW/day may be recommended taking into account potential anabolic resistance. The losses of the skeletal muscle mass contribute to lower the capacity to perform activities in daily living, emphasizing that an optimal protein consumption may represent an important parameter to preserve independence and contribute to health status. However, it is worth noting that the maximal intake of protein with no adverse effect is not known, and that high levels of protein intake is associated with increased transfer of protein to the colon with potential deleterious effects. Thus, it is important to examine in each individual case the benefit that can be expected from supplementation with whey protein, taking into account the usual protein dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herbert Lancha
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Rudyard Zanella
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Stefan Gleissner Ohara Tanabe
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, R. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Mireille Andriamihaja
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Francois Blachier
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France.
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Shad BJ, Thompson JL, Breen L. Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E803-E817. [PMID: 27555299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The precise role of age-related muscle anabolic resistance in the progression of sarcopenia and functional decline in older individuals is unclear. The present aim was to assess whether the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to acute exercise (endurance or resistance) and/or amino acid-based nutrition is attenuated in older compared with young individuals. A systematic review was conducted on studies that directly examined the influence of age on the MPS response to exercise and/or amino acid-based nutrition. Each study arm was synthesized and reported as providing sufficient or insufficient "evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance". Subsequently, three models were established to compare age-related differences in the MPS response to 1) exercise alone, 2) amino acid-based nutrition alone, or 3) the combination of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition. Following exercise alone, 8 of the 17 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance, while in response to amino acid-based nutrition alone, 8 of the 21 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. When exercise and amino acid-based nutrition were combined, only 2 of the 10 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. Our results highlight that optimization of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition is sufficient to induce a comparable MPS response between young and older individuals. However, the exercise volume completed and/or the amino acid/protein dose and leucine content must exceed a certain threshold to stimulate equivalent MPS rates in young and older adults, below which age-related muscle anabolic resistance may become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Shad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Janice L Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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43
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Protein Requirements during Aging. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080492. [PMID: 27529275 PMCID: PMC4997405 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein recommendations for elderly, both men and women, are based on nitrogen balance studies. They are set at 0.66 and 0.8 g/kg/day as the estimated average requirement (EAR) and recommended dietary allowance (RDA), respectively, similar to young adults. This recommendation is based on single linear regression of available nitrogen balance data obtained at test protein intakes close to or below zero balance. Using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, we estimated the protein requirement in young adults and in both elderly men and women to be 0.9 and 1.2 g/kg/day as the EAR and RDA, respectively. This suggests that there is no difference in requirement on a gender basis or on a per kg body weight basis between younger and older adults. The requirement estimates however are ~40% higher than the current protein recommendations on a body weight basis. They are also 40% higher than our estimates in young men when calculated on the basis of fat free mass. Thus, current recommendations may need to be re-assessed. Potential rationale for this difference includes a decreased sensitivity to dietary amino acids and increased insulin resistance in the elderly compared with younger individuals.
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Mitchell WK, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Lund JN, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Human Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism Responses to Amino Acid Nutrition. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:828S-38S. [PMID: 27422520 PMCID: PMC4942869 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy individuals maintain remarkably constant skeletal muscle mass across much of adult life, suggesting the existence of robust homeostatic mechanisms. Muscle exists in dynamic equilibrium whereby the influx of amino acids (AAs) and the resulting increases in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) associated with the intake of dietary proteins cancel out the efflux of AAs from muscle protein breakdown that occurs between meals. Dysregulated proteostasis is evident with aging, especially beyond the sixth decade of life. Women and men aged 75 y lose muscle mass at a rate of ∼0.7% and 1%/y, respectively (sarcopenia), and lose strength 2- to 5-fold faster (dynapenia) as muscle "quality" decreases. Factors contributing to the disruption of an otherwise robust proteostatic system represent targets for potential therapies that promote healthy aging. Understanding age-related impairments in anabolic responses to AAs and identifying strategies to mitigate these factors constitute major areas of interest. Numerous studies have aimed to identify 1) the influence of distinct protein sources on absorption kinetics and muscle anabolism, 2) the latency and time course of MPS responses to protein/AAs, 3) the impacts of protein/AA intake on muscle microvascular recruitment, and 4) the role of certain AAs (e.g., leucine) as signaling molecules, which are able to trigger anabolic pathways in tissues. This review aims to discuss these 4 issues listed, to provide historical and modern perspectives of AAs as modulators of human skeletal muscle protein metabolism, to describe how advances in stable isotope/mass spectrometric approaches and instrumentation have underpinned these advances, and to highlight relevant differences between young adults and older individuals. Whenever possible, observations are based on human studies, with additional consideration of relevant nonhuman studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kyle Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council, Arthritis Research United Kingdom, Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council, Arthritis Research United Kingdom, Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N Lund
- Department of Surgery, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom; and,,Medical Research Council, Arthritis Research United Kingdom, Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council, Arthritis Research United Kingdom, Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council, Arthritis Research United Kingdom, Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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45
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Dirks ML, Wall BT, Kramer IF, Zorenc AH, Goessens JPB, Gijsen AP, van Loon LJC. A single session of neuromuscular electrical stimulation does not augment postprandial muscle protein accretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E278-85. [PMID: 27279248 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00085.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging, termed sarcopenia, has been (at least partly) attributed to an impaired muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. Previously, we showed that neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can stimulate fasting muscle protein synthesis rates and prevent muscle atrophy during disuse. We hypothesized that NMES prior to protein ingestion would increase postprandial muscle protein accretion. Eighteen healthy elderly (69 ± 1 yr) males participated in this study. After a 70-min unilateral NMES protocol was performed, subjects ingested 20 g of intrinsically l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled casein. Plasma samples and muscle biopsies were collected to assess postprandial mixed muscle and myofibrillar protein accretion as well as associated myocellular signaling during a 4-h postprandial period in both the control (CON) and stimulated (NMES) leg. Protein ingestion resulted in rapid increases in both plasma phenylalanine concentrations and l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments, which remained elevated during the entire 4-h postprandial period (P < 0.05). Mixed-muscle protein-bound l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments increased significantly over time following protein ingestion, with no differences between the CON (0.0164 ± 0.0019 MPE) and NMES (0.0164 ± 0.0019 MPE) leg (P > 0.05). In agreement, no differences were observed in the postprandial rise in myofibrillar protein bound l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments between the CON and NMES legs (0.0115 ± 0.0014 vs. 0.0133 ± 0.0013 MPE, respectively, P > 0.05). Significant increases in mTOR and P70S6K phosphorylation status were observed in the NMES-stimulated leg only (P < 0.05). We conclude that a single session of NMES prior to food intake does not augment postprandial muscle protein accretion in healthy older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Fleur Kramer
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Baum JI, Kim IY, Wolfe RR. Protein Consumption and the Elderly: What Is the Optimal Level of Intake? Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060359. [PMID: 27338461 PMCID: PMC4924200 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining independence, quality of life, and health is crucial for elderly adults. One of the major threats to living independently is the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that progressively occurs with aging, known as sarcopenia. Several studies have identified protein (especially the essential amino acids) as a key nutrient for muscle health in elderly adults. Elderly adults are less responsive to the anabolic stimulus of low doses of amino acid intake compared to younger individuals. However, this lack of responsiveness in elderly adults can be overcome with higher levels of protein (or essential amino acid) consumption. The requirement for a larger dose of protein to generate responses in elderly adults similar to the responses in younger adults provides the support for a beneficial effect of increased protein in older populations. The purpose of this review is to present the current evidence related to dietary protein intake and muscle health in elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie I Baum
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, 2650 N. Young Ave, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Geriatrics, the Center for Translational Research on Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, the Center for Translational Research on Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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47
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Identifying effective and feasible interventions to accelerate functional recovery from hospitalization in older adults: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2016; 49:6-14. [PMID: 27178766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hospitalization induces functional decline in older adults. Many geriatric patients fail to fully recover physical function after hospitalization, which increases the risk of frailty, disability, dependence, re-hospitalization, and mortality. There is a lack of evidence-based therapies that can be implemented following hospitalization to accelerate functional improvements. The aims of this Phase I clinical trial are to determine 1) the effect size and variability of targeted interventions in accelerating functional recovery from hospitalization and 2) the feasibility of implementing such interventions in community-dwelling older adults. Older patients (≥65years, n=100) will be recruited from a single site during hospitalization for an acute medical condition. Subjects will be randomized to one of five interventions initiated immediately upon discharge: 1. protein supplementation, 2. in-home rehabilitation plus placebo supplementation, 3. in-home rehabilitation plus protein supplementation, 4. single testosterone injection, or 5. isocaloric placebo supplementation. Testing will occur during hospitalization (baseline) and at 1 and 4weeks post-discharge. Each testing session will include measures of muscle strength, physical function/performance, body composition, and psychological function. Physical activity levels will be continuously monitored throughout study participation. Feasibility will be determined through collection of the number of eligible, contacted, and enrolled patients; intervention adherence and compliance; and reasons for declining enrollment and study withdrawal. This research will determine the feasibility of post-hospitalization strategies to improve physical function in older adults. These results will also provide a foundation for performing larger, multi-site clinical trials to improve physical function and reduce readmissions in geriatric patents.
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48
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Dickerson RN. Nitrogen Balance and Protein Requirements for Critically Ill Older Patients. Nutrients 2016; 8:226. [PMID: 27096868 PMCID: PMC4848694 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill older patients with sarcopenia experience greater morbidity and mortality than younger patients. It is anticipated that unabated protein catabolism would be detrimental for the critically ill older patient. Healthy older subjects experience a diminished response to protein supplementation when compared to their younger counterparts, but this anabolic resistance can be overcome by increasing protein intake. Preliminary evidence suggests that older patients may respond differently to protein intake than younger patients during critical illness as well. If sufficient protein intake is given, older patients can achieve a similar nitrogen accretion response as younger patients even during critical illness. However, there is concern among some clinicians that increasing protein intake in older patients during critical illness may lead to azotemia due to decreased renal functional reserve which may augment the propensity towards worsened renal function and worsened clinical outcomes. Current evidence regarding protein requirements, nitrogen balance, ureagenesis, and clinical outcomes during nutritional therapy for critically ill older patients is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland N Dickerson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, 881 Madison Avenue, Suite 345, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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49
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Growing older with health and vitality: a nexus of physical activity, exercise and nutrition. Biogerontology 2016; 17:529-46. [PMID: 26878863 PMCID: PMC4889705 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The preservation of skeletal muscle mass and strength with advancing age are, we propose, critical aspects of ageing with health and vitality. Physical inactivity and poor nutrition are known to accelerate the gradual age-related decline in muscle mass and strength—sarcopenia—however, both are subject to modification. The main purpose of this review is to present the latest, evidence-based recommendations for physical activity and exercise, as well as diet for older adults that would help in preserving muscle mass and strength. We take the position that future physical activity/exercise guidelines need to make specific reference to resistance exercise and highlight the benefits of higher-intensity aerobic exercise training, alongside advocating older adults perform aerobic-based physical activity and household tasks (e.g., carrying groceries). In terms of dietary recommendations, greater emphasis should be placed on optimal rather than minimum protein intakes for older adults. Indeed, guidelines that endorse a daily protein intake of 1.2–1.5 g/kg BM/day, which are levels 50–90 % greater than the current protein Recommendation Dietary Allowance (0.8 g/kg BM/day), are likely to help preserve muscle mass and strength and are safe for healthy older adults. Being cognisant of factors (e.g., reduced appetite) that may preclude older adults from increasing their total daily protein intake, we echo the viewpoint of other active researchers in advocating that protein recommendations for older adults be based on a per meal approach in order to maximize muscle protein synthesis (MPS). On this basis, assuming three meals are consumed daily, a protein dose of 0.4–0.5 g/kg BM should be contained in each meal. We are beginning to understand ways in which to increase the utilization of ingested protein for the stimulation of MPS, namely by increasing the proportion of leucine contained in a given dose of protein, co-ingesting other nutrients (e.g., carbohydrate and fat or supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) or being physically active prior to protein intake. Clearly, developing simple lifestyle interventions targeted at preserving muscle mass and strength with advancing age is crucial for facilitating longer, healthier lives into older age.
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50
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English KL, Mettler JA, Ellison JB, Mamerow MM, Arentson-Lantz E, Pattarini JM, Ploutz-Snyder R, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D. Leucine partially protects muscle mass and function during bed rest in middle-aged adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:465-73. [PMID: 26718415 PMCID: PMC4733256 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity triggers a rapid loss of muscle mass and function in older adults. Middle-aged adults show few phenotypic signs of aging yet may be more susceptible to inactivity than younger adults. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine whether leucine, a stimulator of translation initiation and skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS), can protect skeletal muscle health during bed rest. DESIGN We used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess changes in skeletal MPS, cellular signaling, body composition, and skeletal muscle function in middle-aged adults (n = 19; age ± SEM: 52 ± 1 y) in response to leucine supplementation (LEU group: 0.06 g ∙ kg(-1) ∙ meal(-1)) or an alanine control (CON group) during 14 d of bed rest. RESULTS Bed rest decreased postabsorptive MPS by 30% ± 9% (CON group) and by 10% ± 10% (LEU group) (main effect for time, P < 0.05), but no differences between groups with respect to pre-post changes (group × time interactions) were detected for MPS or cell signaling. Leucine protected knee extensor peak torque (CON compared with LEU group: -15% ± 2% and -7% ± 3%; group × time interaction, P < 0.05) and endurance (CON compared with LEU: -14% ± 3% and -2% ± 4%; group × time interaction, P < 0.05), prevented an increase in body fat percentage (group × time interaction, P < 0.05), and reduced whole-body lean mass loss after 7 d (CON compared with LEU: -1.5 ± 0.3 and -0.8 ± 0.3 kg; group × time interaction, P < 0.05) but not 14 d (CON compared with LEU: -1.5 ± 0.3 and -1.0 ± 0.3 kg) of bed rest. Leucine also maintained muscle quality (peak torque/kg leg lean mass) after 14 d of bed-rest inactivity (CON compared with LEU: -9% ± 2% and +1% ± 3%; group × time interaction, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Bed rest has a profoundly negative effect on muscle metabolism, mass, and function in middle-aged adults. Leucine supplementation may partially protect muscle health during relatively brief periods of physical inactivity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00968344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L English
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | | | | | | | | | - James M Pattarini
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
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