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Chen CY, Wang YF, Lei L, Zhang Y. Impacts of microbiota and its metabolites through gut-brain axis on pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Life Sci 2024; 351:122815. [PMID: 38866215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by a high rate of recurrence and disability, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. That's why a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of MDD pathology is an urgent task, and some studies have found that intestinal symptoms accompany people with MDD. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, which was found to have a strong association with the pathogenesis of MDD. Previous studies have focused more on the communication between the gut and the brain through neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and autonomic pathways, and the role of gut microbes and their metabolites in depression is unclear. Metabolites of intestinal microorganisms (e.g., tryptophan, kynurenic acid, indole, and lipopolysaccharide) can participate in the pathogenesis of MDD through immune and inflammatory pathways or by altering the permeability of the gut and blood-brain barrier. In addition, intestinal microbes can communicate with intestinal neurons and glial cells to affect the integrity and function of intestinal nerves. However, the specific role of gut microbes and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of MDD is not well understood. Hence, the present review summarizes how gut microbes and their metabolites are directly or indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Ya Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Lan Lei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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2
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Almeida PP, Brito ML, Thomasi B, Mafra D, Fouque D, Knauf C, Tavares-Gomes AL, Stockler-Pinto MB. Is the enteric nervous system a lost piece of the gut-kidney axis puzzle linked to chronic kidney disease? Life Sci 2024; 351:122793. [PMID: 38848938 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) regulates numerous functional and immunological attributes of the gastrointestinal tract. Alterations in ENS cell function have been linked to intestinal outcomes in various metabolic, intestinal, and neurological disorders. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a challenging intestinal environment due to gut dysbiosis, which further affects patient quality of life. Although the gut-related repercussions of CKD have been thoroughly investigated, the involvement of the ENS in this puzzle remains unclear. ENS cell dysfunction, such as glial reactivity and alterations in cholinergic signaling in the small intestine and colon, in CKD are associated with a wide range of intestinal pathways and responses in affected patients. This review discusses how the ENS is affected in CKD and how it is involved in gut-related outcomes, including intestinal permeability, inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Lima Brito
- Pathology Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denis Fouque
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hopitalier Lyon Sud, INSERM 1060, CENS, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Claude Knauf
- INSERM U1220 Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, CHU Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares-Gomes
- Neurosciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Pathology Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; INSERM U1220 Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, CHU Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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3
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Sunami Y, Sugaya K, Takahashi K. G protein-coupled receptors related to autoimmunity in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Immunol Med 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38900132 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2024.2370079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is characterized by exaggerated orthostatic tachycardia in the absence of orthostatic hypotension. The pathophysiology of POTS may involve hypovolemia, autonomic neuropathy, a hyperadrenergic state, and cardiovascular deconditioning, any of which can co-occur in the same patient. Furthermore, there is growing evidence of the role of autoimmunity in a subset of POTS cases. In recent years, investigators have described an increased rate of autoimmune comorbidities as evidenced by the finding of several types of neural receptor autoantibody and non-specific autoimmune marker in patients with POTS. In particular, the association of the disease with several types of anti-G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) antibodies and POTS has frequently been noted. A previous study reported that autoantibodies to muscarinic AChRs may play an important role in POTS with persistent, gastrointestinal symptoms. To date, POTS is recognized as one of the sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its frequency and pathogenesis are still largely unknown. Multiple autoantibody types occur in COVID-related, autonomic disorders, suggesting the presence of autoimmune pathology in these disorders. Herein, we review the association of anti-GPCR autoantibodies with disorders of the autonomic nervous system, in particular POTS, and provide a new perspective for understanding POTS-related autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sunami
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keizo Sugaya
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Santhosh S, Zanoletti L, Stamp LA, Hao MM, Matteoli G. From diversity to disease: unravelling the role of enteric glial cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1408744. [PMID: 38957473 PMCID: PMC11217337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1408744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are an essential component of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and play key roles in gastrointestinal development, homeostasis, and disease. Derived from neural crest cells, EGCs undergo complex differentiation processes regulated by various signalling pathways. Being among the most dynamic cells of the digestive system, EGCs react to cues in their surrounding microenvironment and communicate with various cell types and systems within the gut. Morphological studies and recent single cell RNA sequencing studies have unveiled heterogeneity among EGC populations with implications for regional functions and roles in diseases. In gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infections and cancer, EGCs modulate neuroplasticity, immune responses and tumorigenesis. Recent evidence suggests that EGCs respond plastically to the microenvironmental cues, adapting their phenotype and functions in disease states and taking on a crucial role. They exhibit molecular abnormalities and alter communication with other intestinal cell types, underscoring their therapeutic potential as targets. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of EGCs, particularly emphasizing their interactions with various cell types in the gut and their significant contributions to gastrointestinal disorders. Understanding the complex roles of EGCs in gastrointestinal physiology and pathology will be crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Santhosh
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Zanoletti
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lincon A. Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marlene M. Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Single-cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Gonzales J, Dharshika C, Mazhar K, Morales-Soto W, McClain JL, Moeser AJ, Nault R, Price TJ, Gulbransen BD. Early life adversity promotes gastrointestinal dysfunction through a sex-dependent phenotypic switch in enteric glia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596805. [PMID: 38895433 PMCID: PMC11185517 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome and related disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are common and exhibit a complex, poorly understood etiology that manifests as abnormal gut motility and pain. Risk factors such as biological sex, stressors during critical periods, and inflammation are thought to influence DGBI vulnerability by reprogramming gut-brain circuits, but the specific cells affected are unclear. Here, we used a model of early life stress to understand cellular mechanisms in the gut that produce DGBIs. Our findings identify enteric glia as a key cellular substrate in which stress and biological sex converge to dictate DGBI susceptibility. Enteric glia exhibit sexual dimorphism in genes and functions related to cellular communication, inflammation, and disease susceptibility. Experiencing early life stress has sex-specific effects on enteric glia that cause a phenotypic switch in male glia toward a phenotype normally observed in females. This phenotypic transformation is followed by physiological changes in the gut, mirroring those observed in DGBI in humans. These effects are mediated, in part, by alterations to glial prostaglandin and endocannabinoid signaling. Together, these data identify enteric glia as a cellular integration site through which DGBI risk factors produce changes in gut physiology and suggest that manipulating glial signaling may represent an attractive target for sex-specific therapeutic strategies in DGBIs.
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Li HY, Yan WX, Li J, Ye J, Wu ZG, Hou ZK, Chen B. Global research status and trends of enteric glia: a bibliometric analysis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1403767. [PMID: 38855748 PMCID: PMC11157232 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1403767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Enteric glia are essential components of the enteric nervous system. Previously believed to have a passive structural function, mounting evidence now suggests that these cells are indispensable for maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis and exert pivotal influences on both wellbeing and pathological conditions. This study aimed to investigate the global status, research hotspots, and future directions of enteric glia. Methods The literature on enteric glia research was acquired from the Web of Science Core Collection. VOSviewer software (v1.6.19) was employed to visually represent co-operation networks among countries, institutions, and authors. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords and co-citation analysis of references were conducted using CiteSpace (v6.1.R6). Simultaneously, cluster analysis and burst detection of keywords and references were performed. Results A total of 514 publications from 36 countries were reviewed. The United States was identified as the most influential country. The top-ranked institutions were University of Nantes and Michigan State University. Michel Neunlist was the most cited author. "Purinergic signaling" was the largest co-cited reference cluster, while "enteric glial cells (EGCs)" was the cluster with the highest number of co-occurring keywords. As the keyword with the highest burst strength, Crohns disease was a hot topic in the early research on enteric glia. The burst detection of keywords revealed that inflammation, intestinal motility, and gut microbiota may be the research frontiers. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of enteric glia research. EGCs have emerged as a crucial link between neurons and immune cells, attracting significant research attention in neurogastroenterology. Their fundamental and translational studies on inflammation, intestinal motility, and gut microbiota may promote the treatment of some gastrointestinal and parenteral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Yu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Xin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Wu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Idrizaj E, Nistri S, Nardini P, Baccari MC. Adiponectin affects ileal contractility of mouse preparations. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G187-G194. [PMID: 38111974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin (ADPN) has been reported to induce inhibitory effects on gastric motor activity, which, being a source of peripheral satiety signals, would contribute to the central anorexigenic effects of the hormone in rodents. However, peripheral satiety signals can also originate from the small intestine. Since there are no data on the effects of ADPN in this gut region, the present study aimed to investigate whether ADPN affects murine ileal contractility. Immunofluorescence experiments and Western blot were also performed to reveal the expression of ADPN receptors. Mechanical responses of ileal preparations were recorded in vitro via force-displacement transducers. Preparations showed a tetrodotoxin- and atropine-insensitive spontaneous contractile activity. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced tetrodotoxin- and atropine-sensitive contractile responses. ADPN induced a decay of the basal tension and decreased the amplitude of either the spontaneous contractility or the EFS-induced excitatory responses. All ADPN effects were abolished by the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitor NG-nitro l-arginine. The expression of the ADPN receptor, AdipoR1, but not AdipoR2, was also revealed in enteric glial cells. The present results offer the first evidence that ADPN acts on ileal preparations. The hormone exerts inhibitory effects, likely involving AdipoR1 on enteric glial cells and NO. From a physiological point of view, it could be hypothesized that the depressant action of ADPN on ileal contractility represents an additional peripheral satiety signal which, as also described for the ileal brake, could contribute to the central anorexigenic effects of the hormone.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides the first evidence that adiponectin (ADPN) is able to act on ileal preparations. Functional results demonstrate that the hormone, other than causing a slight decay of the basal tension, depresses the amplitude of both spontaneous contractility and neurally induced excitatory responses of the mouse ileum through the involvement of nitric oxide. The expression of the ADPN receptor AdipoR1 and its localization on glial cells was revealed by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglantina Idrizaj
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nardini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Baccari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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Zhang XL, Sun Q, Quan ZS, Wu L, Liu ZM, Xia YQ, Wang QY, Zhang Y, Zhu JX. Dopamine regulates colonic glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor secretion through cholinergic dependent and independent pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:413-428. [PMID: 37614042 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) maintains gut homeostasis. Dopamine promotes GDNF release in astrocytes. We investigated the regulation by dopamine of colonic GDNF secretion. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH D1 receptor knockout (D1 R-/- ) mice, adeno-associated viral 9-short hairpin RNA carrying D2 receptor (AAV9-shD2 R)-treated mice, 6-hydroxydopamine treated (6-OHDA) rats and primary enteric glial cells (EGCs) culture were used. Incubation fluid from colonic submucosal plexus and longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus were collected for GDNF and ACh measurements. KEY RESULTS D2 receptor-immunoreactivity (IR), but not D1 receptor-IR, was observed on EGCs. Both D1 receptor-IR and D2 receptor-IR were co-localized on cholinergic neurons. Low concentrations of dopamine induced colonic GDNF secretion in a concentration-dependent manner, which was mimicked by the D1 receptor agonist SKF38393, inhibited by TTX and atropine and eliminated in D1 R-/- mice. SKF38393-induced colonic ACh release was absent in D1 R-/- mice. High concentrations of dopamine suppressed colonic GDNF secretion, which was mimicked by the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole, and absent in AAV-shD2 R-treated mice. Quinpirole decreased GDNF secretion by reducing intracellular Ca2+ levels in primary cultured EGCs. Carbachol ( ACh analogue) promoted the release of GDNF. Quinpirole inhibited colonic ACh release, which was eliminated in the AAV9-shD2 R-treated mice. 6-OHDA treated rats with low ACh and high dopamine content showed decreased GDNF content and increased mucosal permeability in the colon. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Low concentrations of dopamine promote colonic GDNF secretion via D1 receptors on cholinergic neurons, whereas high concentrations of dopamine inhibit GDNF secretion via D2 receptors on EGCs and/or cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Sheng Quan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Endoscopy Center, Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Ming Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Qi Xia
- Grade 2020 Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Yi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Xia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Mao X, Shen J. Potential roles of enteric glial cells in Crohn's disease: A critical review. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13536. [PMID: 37551711 PMCID: PMC10771111 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells in the enteric nervous system are critical for the regulation of gastrointestinal homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests two-way communication between enteric glial cells and both enteric neurons and immune cells. These interactions may be important in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic relapsing disease characterized by a dysregulated immune response. Structural abnormalities in glial cells have been identified in CD. Furthermore, classical inflammatory pathways associated with CD (e.g., the nuclear factor kappa-B pathway) function in enteric glial cells. However, the specific mechanisms by which enteric glial cells contribute to CD have not been summarized in detail. In this review, we describe the possible roles of enteric glial cells in the pathogenesis of CD, including the roles of glia-immune interactions, neuronal modulation, neural plasticity, and barrier integrity. Additionally, the implications for the development of therapeutic strategies for CD based on enteric glial cell-mediated pathogenic processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Mao
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBaoshan Branch, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMinistry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive DiseaseShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBaoshan Branch, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMinistry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive DiseaseShanghaiChina
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Liu G, Yu Q, Zhu H, Tan B, Yu H, Li X, Lu Y, Li H. Amyloid-β mediates intestinal dysfunction and enteric neurons loss in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:351. [PMID: 37930455 PMCID: PMC11072809 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is traditionally considered as a brain disorder featured by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. The current study on whether pathological changes of AD extend to the enteric nervous system (ENS) is still in its infancy. In this study, we found enteric Aβ deposition, intestinal dysfunction, and colonic inflammation in the young APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, these mice exhibited cholinergic and nitrergic signaling pathways damages and enteric neuronal loss. Our data show that Aβ42 treatment remarkably affected the gene expression of cultured myenteric neurons and the spontaneous contraction of intestinal smooth muscles. The intra-colon administration of Aβ42 induced ENS dysfunction, brain gliosis, and β-amyloidosis-like changes in the wild-type mice. Our results suggest that ENS mirrors the neuropathology observed in AD brains, and intestinal pathological changes may represent the prodromal events, which contribute to brain pathology in AD. In summary, our findings provide new opportunities for AD early diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Medical College, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, China
| | - Quntao Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Houze Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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11
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Thomasi B, Valdetaro L, Ricciardi MC, Gonçalves de Carvalho M, Fialho Tavares I, Tavares-Gomes AL. Enteric glia as a player of gut-brain interactions during Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1281710. [PMID: 38027511 PMCID: PMC10644407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1281710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric glia has been shown as a potential component of neuroimmune interactions that signal in the gut-brain axis during Parkinson's disease (PD). Enteric glia are a peripheral glial type found in the enteric nervous system (ENS) that, associated with enteric neurons, command various gastrointestinal (GI) functions. They are a unique cell type, with distinct phenotypes and distribution in the gut layers, which establish relevant neuroimmune modulation and regulate neuronal function. Comprehension of enteric glial roles during prodromal and symptomatic phases of PD should be a priority in neurogastroenterology research, as the reactive enteric glial profile, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and colonic inflammation have been verified during the prodromal phase of PD-a moment that may be interesting for interventions. In this review, we explore the mechanisms that should govern enteric glial signaling through the gut-brain axis to understand pathological events and verify the possible windows and pathways for therapeutic intervention. Enteric glia directly modulate several functional aspects of the intestine, such as motility, visceral sensory signaling, and immune polarization, key GI processes found deregulated in patients with PD. The search for glial biomarkers, the investigation of temporal-spatial events involving glial reactivity/signaling, and the proposal of enteric glia-based therapies are clearly demanded for innovative and intestine-related management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Carolina Ricciardi
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Fialho Tavares
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neurobiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Tavares-Gomes
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neurobiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Craig CF, Finkelstein DI, McQuade RM, Diwakarla S. Understanding the potential causes of gastrointestinal dysfunctions in multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106296. [PMID: 37714308 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by autonomic, pyramidal, parkinsonian and/or cerebellar dysfunction. Autonomic symptoms of MSA include deficits associated with the gastrointestinal (GI) system, such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain and bloating, nausea, delayed gastric emptying, and constipation. To date, studies assessing GI dysfunctions in MSA have primarily focused on alterations of the gut microbiome, however growing evidence indicates other structural components of the GI tract, such as the enteric nervous system, the intestinal barrier, GI hormones, and the GI-driven immune response may contribute to MSA-related GI symptoms. Here, we provide an in-depth exploration of the physiological, structural, and immunological changes theorised to underpin GI dysfunction in MSA patients and highlight areas for future research in order to identify more suitable pharmaceutical treatments for GI symptoms in patients with MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Parkinson's Disease Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research and Education (WCHRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia.
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13
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Mazzotta E, Grants I, Villalobos-Hernandez E, Chaudhuri S, McClain JL, Seguella L, Kendig DM, Blakeney BA, Murthy SK, Schneider R, Leven P, Wehner S, Harzman A, Grider JR, Gulbransen BD, Christofi FL. BQ788 reveals glial ET B receptor modulation of neuronal cholinergic and nitrergic pathways to inhibit intestinal motility: Linked to postoperative ileus. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2550-2576. [PMID: 37198101 PMCID: PMC11085045 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ET-1 signalling modulates intestinal motility and inflammation, but the role of ET-1/ETB receptor signalling is poorly understood. Enteric glia modulate normal motility and inflammation. We investigated whether glial ETB signalling regulates neural-motor pathways of intestinal motility and inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied ETB signalling using: ETB drugs (ET-1, SaTX, BQ788), activity-dependent stimulation of neurons (high K+ -depolarization, EFS), gliotoxins, Tg (Ednrb-EGFP)EP59Gsat/Mmucd mice, cell-specific mRNA in Sox10CreERT2 ;Rpl22-HAflx or ChATCre ;Rpl22-HAflx mice, Sox10CreERT2 ::GCaMP5g-tdT, Wnt1Cre2 ::GCaMP5g-tdT mice, muscle tension recordings, fluid-induced peristalsis, ET-1 expression, qPCR, western blots, 3-D LSM-immunofluorescence co-labelling studies in LMMP-CM and a postoperative ileus (POI) model of intestinal inflammation. KEY RESULTS In the muscularis externa ETB receptor is expressed exclusively in glia. ET-1 is expressed in RiboTag (ChAT)-neurons, isolated ganglia and intra-ganglionic varicose-nerve fibres co-labelled with peripherin or SP. ET-1 release provides activity-dependent glial ETB receptor modulation of Ca2+ waves in neural evoked glial responses. BQ788 reveals amplification of glial and neuronal Ca2+ responses and excitatory cholinergic contractions, sensitive to L-NAME. Gliotoxins disrupt SaTX-induced glial-Ca2+ waves and prevent BQ788 amplification of contractions. The ETB receptor is linked to inhibition of contractions and peristalsis. Inflammation causes glial ETB up-regulation, SaTX-hypersensitivity and glial amplification of ETB signalling. In vivo BQ788 (i.p., 1 mg·kg-1 ) attenuates intestinal inflammation in POI. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Enteric glial ET-1/ETB signalling provides dual modulation of neural-motor circuits to inhibit motility. It inhibits excitatory cholinergic and stimulates inhibitory nitrergic motor pathways. Amplification of glial ETB receptors is linked to muscularis externa inflammation and possibly pathogenic mechanisms of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio Mazzotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Iveta Grants
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Samhita Chaudhuri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathon L McClain
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Derek M Kendig
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bryan A Blakeney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Srinivasa K Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Patrick Leven
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alan Harzman
- Department of GI Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John R Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Fedias L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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14
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Scantlen MD, Majd H, Fattahi F. Modeling enteric glia development, physiology and disease using human pluripotent stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2023; 811:137334. [PMID: 37315730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glia play an integral role in many functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, but they have not been characterized comprehensively compared to other cells of the gut. Enteric glia are a specialized type of neuroglia in the enteric nervous system (ENS) that support neurons and interact with other cells of the gut such as immune and epithelial cells. The ENS is diffusely spread throughout the GI tract, making it extremely difficult to access and manipulate. As a result, it has remained extremely understudied. Nevertheless, much more is known about enteric neurons than enteric glia despite the glia being 6 times more abundant in humans [1]. In the past two decades, our understanding of enteric glia has greatly expanded and their many roles in the gut have been described and reviewed elsewhere [2-5]. While the field has made substantial progress, there are still a multitude of open questions about enteric glia biology and their role in disease. Many of these questions have remained intractable due to technical limitations of currently available experimental models of the ENS. In this review, we describe the benefits and limitations of the models commonly used to study enteric glia and discuss the ways in which a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) derived enteric glia model could help advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Scantlen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Homa Majd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Faranak Fattahi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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15
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Scavuzzo MA, Letai KC, Maeno-Hikichi Y, Wulftange WJ, Shah IK, Rameshbabu JS, Tomar A, Shick HE, Shah AK, Xiong Y, Cohn EF, Allan KC, Tesar PJ. Enteric glial hub cells coordinate intestinal motility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544052. [PMID: 37333182 PMCID: PMC10274798 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glia are the predominant cell type in the enteric nervous system yet their identities and roles in gastrointestinal function are not well classified. Using our optimized single nucleus RNA-sequencing method, we identified distinct molecular classes of enteric glia and defined their morphological and spatial diversity. Our findings revealed a functionally specialized biosensor subtype of enteric glia that we call "hub cells." Deletion of the mechanosensory ion channel PIEZO2 from adult enteric glial hub cells, but not other subtypes of enteric glia, led to defects in intestinal motility and gastric emptying in mice. These results provide insight into the multifaceted functions of different enteric glial cell subtypes in gut health and emphasize that therapies targeting enteric glia could advance the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A. Scavuzzo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Katherine C. Letai
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Yuka Maeno-Hikichi
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - William J. Wulftange
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Isha K. Shah
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jeyashri S. Rameshbabu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Alka Tomar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - H. Elizabeth Shick
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Aakash K. Shah
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Erin F. Cohn
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Kevin C. Allan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Paul J. Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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16
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Thomasi B, Gulbransen B. Mini-review: Intercellular communication between enteric glia and neurons. Neurosci Lett 2023; 806:137263. [PMID: 37085112 PMCID: PMC10150911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is a dense network of enteric neurons and glia housed in the gastrointestinal tract. This system is responsible for performing several functions that enable digestion as well as maintaining gut homeostasis through diverse signaling processes including those that arise from interactions with the immune system. Bidirectional communication between enteric neurons and enteric glia has gained increased attention for playing essential roles in enteric nervous system function. Neuronal mediators such as neurotransmitters stimulate enteric glia and subsequent gliotransmission processes refine neuronal signaling during intestinal motor control. In this mini-review, we present and discuss the basis of intercellular signaling between neurons and glia in the enteric nervous system and the relevance of these interactions to gut function.
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17
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Prochera A, Rao M. Mini-Review: Enteric glial regulation of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Neurosci Lett 2023; 805:137215. [PMID: 37001854 PMCID: PMC10125724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Many enteric glia are located along nerve fibers in the gut mucosa where they form close associations with the epithelium lining the gastrointestinal tract. The gut epithelium is essential for absorbing nutrients, regulating fluid flux, forming a physical barrier to prevent the entry of pathogens and toxins into the host, and participating in immune responses. Disruptions to this epithelium are linked to numerous diseases, highlighting its central importance in maintaining health. Accumulating evidence indicates that glia regulate gut epithelial homeostasis. Observations from glial-epithelial co-cultures in vitro and mouse genetic models in vivo suggest that enteric glia influence several important features of the gut epithelium including barrier integrity, ion transport, and capacity for self-renewal. Here we review the evidence for enteric glial regulation of the intestinal epithelium, with a focus on these three features of its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Prochera
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Collier CA, Foncerrada S, Clevenger AJ, Shetty A, Raghavan SA. Acute Exposure to Pyridostigmine Bromide Disrupts Cholinergic Myenteric Neuroimmune Function in Mice. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200254. [PMID: 36802210 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) results from chemical exposure during the Gulf War, with notable impacts on gastrointestinal motility. Due to the limited demographic impacted by this ailment, an in-depth investigation of the GWI has yielded little regarding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Here, the hypothesis that exposure to pyridostigmine bromide (PB) results in severe enteric neuro-inflammation, that cascades to disruptions in colonic motility, is tested. The analyses are performed on male C57BL/6 mice that are treated with physiologically similar doses of PB given to GW veterans. When colonic motility is assessed, GWI colons have significantly reduced forces in response to acetylcholine or electrical field stimulation. GWI is also accompanied by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, associated with increased numbers of CD40+ pro-inflammatory macrophages within the myenteric plexus. Enteric neurons responsible for mediating colonic motility reside within the myenteric plexus, and PB exposure reduced their numbers. Significant smooth muscle hypertrophy is also observed due to increased inflammation. Together, the results show that PB exposure caused functional and anatomical dysfunction, promoting impaired motility within the colon. Achieving a greater understanding of the mechanisms of GWI will allow more refinement in therapeutic options that improve veterans' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Steven Foncerrada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Abigail J Clevenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ashok Shetty
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, College Station, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Shreya A Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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19
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Igarashi-Hisayoshi Y, Ihara E, Bai X, Higashi C, Ikeda H, Tanaka Y, Hirano M, Ogino H, Chinen T, Taguchi Y, Ogawa Y. Determination of Region-Specific Roles of the M 3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Gastrointestinal Motility. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:439-450. [PMID: 35947306 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The specific role of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in gastrointestinal motility under physiological conditions is unclear, due to a lack of subtype-selective compounds. AIMS The objective of this study was to determine the region-specific role of the M3 receptor in gastrointestinal motility. METHODS We developed a novel positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for the M3 receptor, PAM-369. The effects of PAM-369 on the carbachol-induced contractile response of porcine esophageal smooth muscle and mouse colonic smooth muscle (ex vivo) and on the transit in mouse small intestine and rat colon (in vivo) were examined. RESULTS PAM-369 selectively potentiated the M3 receptor under the stimulation of its orthosteric ligands without agonistic or antagonistic activity. Half-maximal effective concentrations of PAM activity for human, mouse, and rat M3 receptors were 0.253, 0.345, and 0.127 μM, respectively. PAM-369 enhanced carbachol-induced contraction in porcine esophageal smooth muscle and mouse colonic smooth muscle without causing any contractile responses by itself. The oral administration of 30 mg/kg PAM-369 increased the small intestinal transit in both normal motility and loperamide-induced intestinal dysmotility mice but had no effects on the colonic transit, although the M3 receptor mRNA expression is higher in the colon than in the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first direct evidence that the M3 receptor has different region-specific roles in the motility function between the small intestine and colon in physiological and pathophysiological contexts. Selective PAMs designed for targeted subtypes of muscarinic receptors are useful for elucidating the subtype-specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Igarashi-Hisayoshi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan.
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Eikichi Ihara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chika Higashi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirano
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruei Ogino
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Chinen
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasushi Taguchi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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20
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Schwann cell functions in peripheral nerve development and repair. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105952. [PMID: 36493976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial cell of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the Schwann cell (SC), counts among the most multifaceted cells of the body. During development, SCs secure neuronal survival and participate in axonal path finding. Simultaneously, they orchestrate the architectural set up of the developing nerves, including the blood vessels and the endo-, peri- and epineurial layers. Perinatally, in rodents, SCs radially sort and subsequently myelinate individual axons larger than 1 μm in diameter, while small calibre axons become organised in non-myelinating Remak bundles. SCs have a vital role in maintaining axonal health throughout life and several specialized SC types perform essential functions at specific locations, such as terminal SC at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or SC within cutaneous sensory end organs. In addition, neural crest derived satellite glia maintain a tight communication with the soma of sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic neurons and neural crest derivatives are furthermore an indispensable part of the enteric nervous system. The remarkable plasticity of SCs becomes evident in the context of a nerve injury, where SC transdifferentiate into intriguing repair cells, which orchestrate a regenerative response that promotes nerve repair. Indeed, the multiple adaptations of SCs are captivating, but remain often ill-resolved on the molecular level. Here, we summarize and discuss the knowns and unknowns of the vast array of functions that this single cell type can cover in peripheral nervous system development, maintenance, and repair.
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21
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Functional Intraregional and Interregional Heterogeneity between Myenteric Glial Cells of the Colon and Duodenum in Mice. J Neurosci 2022; 42:8694-8708. [PMID: 36319118 PMCID: PMC9671584 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2379-20.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric glia are a unique population of peripheral neuroglia that regulate homeostasis in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and intestinal functions. Despite existing in functionally diverse regions of the gastrointestinal tract, enteric glia have been approached scientifically as a homogeneous group of cells. This assumption is at odds with the functional specializations of gastrointestinal organs and recent data suggesting glial heterogeneity in the brain and ENS. Here, we used calcium imaging in transgenic mice of both sexes expressing genetically encoded calcium sensors in enteric glia and conducted contractility studies to investigate functional diversity among myenteric glia in two functionally distinct intestinal organs: the duodenum and the colon. Our data show that myenteric glia exhibit regionally distinct responses to neuromodulators that require intercellular communication with neurons to differing extents in the duodenum and colon. Glia regulate intestinal contractility in a region-specific and pathway-specific manner, which suggests regionally diverse engagement of enteric glia in local motor patterns through discrete signaling pathways. Further, functional response profiles delineate four unique subpopulations among myenteric glia that are differentially distributed between the colon and duodenum. Our findings support the conclusion that myenteric glia exhibit both intraregional and interregional heterogeneity that contributes to region-specific mechanisms that regulate digestive functions. Glial heterogeneity adds an unexpected layer of complexity in peripheral neurocircuits, and understanding the specific functions of specialized glial subtypes will provide new insight into ENS physiology and pathophysiology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Enteric glia modulate gastrointestinal functions through intercellular communication with enteric neurons. Whether heterogeneity exists among neuron-glia interactions in the digestive tract is not understood. Here, we show that myenteric glia display regional heterogeneity in their responses to neuromodulators in the duodenum and the colon, which are functionally distinct organs. Glial-mediated control of intestinal motility is region and pathway specific. Four myenteric glial subtypes are present within a given gut region that are differently distributed between gut regions. These data provide functional and regional insights into enteric circuit specificity in the adult enteric nervous system.
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22
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Enteric glia: extent, cohesion, axonal contacts, membrane separations and mitochondria in Auerbach's ganglia of guinea pigs. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 389:409-426. [PMID: 35729372 PMCID: PMC9436829 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Studied by electron microscopy and morphometry, Auerbach’s ganglia comprise nerve cell bodies that occupy ~ 40% of volume; of the neuropil, little over 30% is neural processes (axons, dendrites) and little less than 30% is glia (cell bodies, processes). The amount of surface membrane of neural elements only marginally exceeds that of glia. Glial cells extend laminar processes radially between axons, reaching the ganglion’s surface with specialized membrane domains. Nerve cells and glia are tightly associated, eliminating any free space in ganglia. Glia expands maximally its cell membrane with a minimum of cytoplasm, contacting a maximal number of axons, which, with their near-circular profile, have minimal surface for a given volume. Shape of glia is moulded by the neural elements (predominantly concave the first, predominantly convex the second); the glia extends its processes to maximize contact with neural elements. Yet, a majority of axons is not reached by glia and only few are wrapped by it. Despite the large number of cells, the glia is not sufficiently developed to wrap around or just contact many of the neural elements. Mitochondria are markedly fewer in glia than in neurons, indicating a lower metabolic rate. Compactness of ganglia, their near-circular profile, absence of spaces between elements and ability to withstand extensive deformation suggest strong adhesion between the cellular elements, holding them together and keeping them at a fixed distance. Many axonal varicosities, with vesicles and membrane densities, abut on non-specialized areas of glia, suggesting the possibility of neurotransmitters being released outside synaptic sites.
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23
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Drumm BT, Cobine CA, Baker SA. Insights on gastrointestinal motility through the use of optogenetic sensors and actuators. J Physiol 2022; 600:3031-3052. [PMID: 35596741 DOI: 10.1113/jp281930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscularis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and various populations of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), platelet-derived growth factor receptor α+ (PDGFRα+ ) cells, as well as excitatory and inhibitory enteric motor nerves. SMCs, ICC and PDGFRα+ cells form an electrically coupled syncytium, which together with inputs from the enteric nervous system (ENS) regulate GI motility. Early studies evaluating Ca2+ signalling behaviours in the GI tract relied upon indiscriminate loading of tissues with Ca2+ dyes. These methods lacked the means to study activity in specific cells of interest without encountering contamination from other cells within the preparation. Development of mice expressing optogenetic sensors (GCaMP, RCaMP) has allowed visualization of Ca2+ signalling behaviours in a cell specific manner. Additionally, availability of mice expressing optogenetic modulators (channelrhodopsins or halorhodospins) has allowed manipulation of specific signalling pathways using light. GCaMP expressing animals have been used to characterize Ca2+ signalling behaviours of distinct classes of ICC and SMCs throughout the GI musculature. These findings illustrate how Ca2+ signalling in ICC is fundamental in GI muscles, contributing to tone in sphincters, pacemaker activity in rhythmic muscles and relaying enteric signals to SMCs. Animals that express channelrhodopsin in specific neuronal populations have been used to map neural circuitry and to examine post junctional neural effects on GI motility. Thus, optogenetic approaches provide a novel means to examine the contribution of specific cell types to the regulation of motility patterns within complex multi-cellular systems. Abstract Figure Legends Optogenetic activators and sensors can be used to investigate the complex multi-cellular nature of the gastrointestinal (GI tract). Optogenetic activators that are activated by light such as channelrhodopsins (ChR2), OptoXR and halorhodopsinss (HR) proteins can be genetically encoded into specific cell types. This can be used to directly activate or silence specific GI cells such as various classes of enteric neurons, smooth muscle cells (SMC) or interstitial cells, such as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Optogenetic sensors that are activated by different wavelengths of light such as green calmodulin fusion protein (GCaMP) and red CaMP (RCaMP) make high resolution of sub-cellular Ca2+ signalling possible within intact tissues of specific cell types. These tools can provide unparalleled insight into mechanisms underlying GI motility and innervation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Department of Life & Health Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland.,Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Caroline A Cobine
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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Koh SD, Drumm BT, Lu H, Kim HJ, Ryoo SB, Kim HU, Lee JY, Rhee PL, Wang Q, Gould TW, Heredia D, Perrino BA, Hwang SJ, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Propulsive colonic contractions are mediated by inhibition-driven poststimulus responses that originate in interstitial cells of Cajal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123020119. [PMID: 35446689 PMCID: PMC9170151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The peristaltic reflex is a fundamental behavior of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in which mucosal stimulation activates propulsive contractions. The reflex occurs by stimulation of intrinsic primary afferent neurons with cell bodies in the myenteric plexus and projections to the lamina propria, distribution of information by interneurons, and activation of muscle motor neurons. The current concept is that excitatory cholinergic motor neurons are activated proximal to and inhibitory neurons are activated distal to the stimulus site. We found that atropine reduced, but did not block, colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs) in mouse, monkey, and human colons, suggesting a mechanism other than one activated by cholinergic neurons is involved in the generation/propagation of CMMCs. CMMCs were activated after a period of nerve stimulation in colons of each species, suggesting that the propulsive contractions of CMMCs may be due to the poststimulus excitation that follows inhibitory neural responses. Blocking nitrergic neurotransmission inhibited poststimulus excitation in muscle strips and blocked CMMCs in intact colons. Our data demonstrate that poststimulus excitation is due to increased Ca2+ transients in colonic interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) following cessation of nitrergic, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent inhibitory responses. The increase in Ca2+ transients after nitrergic responses activates a Ca2+-activated Cl− conductance, encoded by Ano1, in ICC. Antagonists of ANO1 channels inhibit poststimulus depolarizations in colonic muscles and CMMCs in intact colons. The poststimulus excitatory responses in ICC are linked to cGMP-inhibited cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase 3a and cAMP-dependent effects. These data suggest alternative mechanisms for generation and propagation of CMMCs in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Bernard T. Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Hongli Lu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Seung-Bum Ryoo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Heung-Up Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Poong-Lyul Rhee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, Korea 135-710
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Thomas W. Gould
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Dante Heredia
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Brian A. Perrino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Sung Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557
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Bohnen NI, Yarnall AJ, Weil RS, Moro E, Moehle MS, Borghammer P, Bedard MA, Albin RL. Cholinergic system changes in Parkinson's disease: emerging therapeutic approaches. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:381-392. [PMID: 35131038 PMCID: PMC8985079 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In patients with Parkinson's disease, heterogeneous cholinergic system changes can occur in different brain regions. These changes correlate with a range of clinical features, both motor and non-motor, that are refractory to dopaminergic therapy, and can be conceptualised within a systems-level framework in which nodal deficits can produce circuit dysfunctions. The topographies of cholinergic changes overlap with neural circuitries involved in sleep and cognitive, motor, visuo-auditory perceptual, and autonomic functions. Cholinergic deficits within cognition network hubs predict cognitive deficits better than do total brain cholinergic changes. Postural instability and gait difficulties are associated with cholinergic system changes in thalamic, caudate, limbic, neocortical, and cerebellar nodes. Cholinergic system deficits can involve also peripheral organs. Hypercholinergic activity of mesopontine cholinergic neurons in people with isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder, as well as in the hippocampi of cognitively normal patients with Parkinson's disease, suggests early compensation during the prodromal and early stages of Parkinson's disease. Novel pharmacological and neurostimulation approaches could target the cholinergic system to treat motor and non-motor features of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neurology Service, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Ann Arbor VAMC, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rimona S Weil
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble, France; Grenoble Alpes University, and INSERM u1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Mark S Moehle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marc-André Bedard
- Cognitive Pharmacology Research Unit, UQAM, Montreal, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roger L Albin
- VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Almeida PP, de Moraes Thomasi BB, Menezes ÁC, Da Cruz BO, da Silva Costa N, Brito ML, D'Avila Pereira A, Castañon CR, Degani VAN, Magliano DC, Knauf C, Tavares-Gomes AL, Stockler-Pinto MB. 5/6 nephrectomy affects enteric glial cells and promotes impaired antioxidant defense in the colonic neuromuscular layer. Life Sci 2022; 298:120494. [PMID: 35339510 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) produces multiple repercussions in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), such as alterations in motility, gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and increased oxidative stress. However, despite enteric glial cells (EGC) having important neural and immune features in GIT physiology, their function in CKD remains unknown. The present study investigates colonic glial markers, inflammation, and antioxidant parameters in a CKD model. MAIN METHODS A 5/6 nephrectomized rat model was used to induce CKD in rats and Sham-operated animals as a control to suppress. Biochemical measures in plasma and neuromuscular layer such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were carried out. Kidney histopathology was evaluated. Colon morphology analysis and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), connexin-43 (Cx43), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, and GPx protein expression were performed. KEY FINDINGS The CKD group exhibited dilated tubules and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the reminiscent kidney (p = 0.0002). CKD rats showed higher SOD activity (p = 0.004) in plasma, with no differences in neuromuscular layer (p = 0.9833). However, GPx activity was decreased in the CKD group in plasma (p = 0.013) and neuromuscular layer (p = 0.0338). Morphological analysis revealed alterations in colonic morphometry with inflammatory foci in the submucosal layer and neuromuscular layer straightness in CKD rats (p = 0.0291). In addition, GFAP, Cx43, NF-κBp65 protein expression were increased, and GPx decreased in the neuromuscular layer of the CKD group (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE CKD animals present alterations in colonic cytoarchitecture and decreased layer thickness. Moreover, CKD affects the enteric glial network of the neuromuscular layer, associated with decreased antioxidant activity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pereira Almeida
- Cardiovascular Sciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Ágatha Cristie Menezes
- Cardiovascular Sciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Oliveira Da Cruz
- Cardiovascular Sciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathalia da Silva Costa
- Cardiovascular Sciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michele Lima Brito
- Nutrition Graduation, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Cecília Ribeiro Castañon
- Clinic and Animal Reproduction Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - D'Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Cardiovascular Sciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Morphology Department, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares-Gomes
- Neuroscience Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Cardiovascular Sciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Nutrition Sciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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27
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Gau JT, Patel P, Pan JJ, Kao TC. Analyzing fecal loading and retention patterns by abdominal X-rays of hospitalized older adults: A retrospective study. Aging Med (Milton) 2022; 5:38-44. [PMID: 35309161 PMCID: PMC8917260 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging may affect ascending colon (AC) differently from descending colon (DC) and increase the risk of fecal loading (FL) in AC. Methods Patients aged ≥65 years admitted to a community hospital were analyzed by abdominal x‐ray for fecal loads and stool retention patterns. FL was scored between 0 and 5 (severe) on each segment of colon with a possible total score 20. Mean segment scores ≥3.5 were designated as high scores for both AC and DC. Logistic regression was performed between groups to identify factors associated with FL patterns. Results Groups identified were high FL in both AC and DC (N = 21, 17.2%), FL predominantly in AC (N = 38, 31.1%), low FL in both AC and DC (N=60, 49.2%), and FL low in AC and high in DC (N = 3, 2.5%). Among 71 patients with total FL scores ≥13 (indicating significant stool retention), 37 (52.1%) had the FL predominantly in AC. Patients prescribed antibiotic(s) prior to hospitalization had lower odds of FL predominantly in AC (adjusted odds ratio = 0.18, 95% confidence interval = 0.04–0.84) compared to the group of low FL in both AC and DC with the adjustment of confounders. Conclusion This study found that 52.1% of those with significant stool retention on x‐ray had the FL predominantly in AC. Antibiotic use was associated with lower odds of having FL predominately in AC. This study provided insights of FL distribution in colon and AC could be an area for significant stool burden in older adults with stool retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Tzer Gau
- Department of Primary Care/geriatric medicine Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM) Athens Ohio USA.,Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM) Athens Ohio USA
| | - Parth Patel
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-HCOM) Athens Ohio USA.,Present address: SUNY Upstate Medical University Hospital Syracuse New York USA
| | - Jen-Jung Pan
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Banner-University Medical Center Phoenix Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Tzu-Cheg Kao
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda Maryland USA
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28
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Ahmadzai MM, McClain JL, Dharshika C, Seguella L, Giancola F, De Giorgio R, Gulbransen BD. LPAR1 regulates enteric nervous system function through glial signaling and contributes to chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:149464. [PMID: 35166239 PMCID: PMC8843750 DOI: 10.1172/jci149464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility disorders involve alterations to the structure and/or function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) but the causal mechanisms remain unresolved in most cases. Homeostasis and disease in the ENS are processes that are regulated by enteric glia. Signaling mediated through type I lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPAR1) has recently emerged as an important mechanism that contributes to disease, in part, through effects on peripheral glial survival and function. Enteric glia express LPAR1 but its role in ENS function and motility disorders is unknown. We used a combination of genetic, immunohistochemical, calcium imaging, and in vivo pharmacological approaches to investigate the role of LPAR1 in enteric glia. LPAR1 was enriched in enteric glia in mice and humans and LPA stimulated intracellular calcium responses in enteric glia, subsequently recruiting activity in a subpopulation of myenteric neurons. Blocking LPAR1 in vivo with AM966 attenuated gastrointestinal motility in mice and produced marked enteric neuro- and gliopathy. Samples from humans with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO), a severe motility disorder, showed reduced glial LPAR1 expression in the colon and ileum. These data suggest that enteric glial LPAR1 signaling regulates gastrointestinal motility through enteric glia and could contribute to severe motility disorders in humans such as CIPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Ahmadzai
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program.,College of Osteopathic Medicine, and
| | | | - Christine Dharshika
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program.,College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Giancola
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Almeida PPD, Thomasi BBDM, Costa NDS, Valdetaro L, Pereira AD, Gomes ALT, Stockler-Pinto MB. Brazil Nut ( Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K) Retards Gastric Emptying and Modulates Enteric Glial Cells in a Dose-Dependent Manner. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2022; 41:157-165. [PMID: 33301378 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1852981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of food and nutrients in the regulation of enteric glial cell functions is unclear. Some foods influence enteric neurophysiology and can affect glial cell functions that include regulation of the intestinal barrier, gastric emptying, and colonic transit. Brazil nuts are the most abundant natural source of selenium, unsaturated fatty acids, fibers, and polyphenols. OBJECTIVE The study investigated the effects of a Brazil nut-enriched diet on enteric glial cells and gastrointestinal transit. METHODS Two-month-old male Wistar rats were randomized to a standard diet (control group, CG), standard diet containing 5% (wt/wt) Brazil nut (BN5), and standard diet containing 10% (wt/wt) Brazil nut (BN10) (n = 9 per group). After eight weeks, the animals underwent constipation and gastric emptying tests to assess motility. Evaluations of colonic immunofluorescence staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myenteric ganglia area were performed. RESULTS The BN5 group showed increased weight gain while the BN10 group did not (p < 0.0001). The BN10 group showed higher gastric residue amounts compared to the other groups (p = 0.0008). The colon exhibited an increase in GFAP immunoreactivity in the BN5 group compared to that in the other groups (p = 0.0016), and the BN10 group presented minor immunoreactivity compared to the CG (p = 0.04). The BN10 group presented a minor ganglia area compared to the CG (p = 0.0155). CONCLUSION The Brazil nut-enriched diet modified the gastric residual, colonic GFAP immunoreactivity, and myenteric ganglia area after eight weeks in healthy male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathalia da Silva Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline D'Avila Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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30
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Association of autoantibodies to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors with gastrointestinal symptoms and disease severity in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Immunol Res 2022; 70:197-207. [PMID: 34993884 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported a relationship between postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and positivity for serum autoantibodies against G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, the role of these autoantibodies in POTS is unclear. The present retrospective study analyzed the autoimmune etiology of POTS in 24 patients using a head-up tilt test to assess for any correlation between the clinical features of POTS and serum levels of autoantibodies against diverse GPCRs. In total, ten assessment items, including autonomic function tests, were analyzed. Of these, persistent, gastrointestinal symptoms and disease severity showed a significant association with the serum level of anti-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChRs) antibodies (gastrointestinal symptoms, M1, M2, M5; disease severity, M1, M3, M4, M5) [P <0.05]), while no significant association was found between the clinical features and autoantibodies against adrenergic receptors (α1, α2, β1, β2), angiotensin receptor 1, or endothelin receptor A. The patients were further divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of persistent gastrointestinal symptoms and then were characterized by the ten assessment items and neuropsychological tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale score and Self-Rating Depression Scale score. The results demonstrated a clear difference between the two groups in terms of disease severity, age at onset (older or younger than 20 years), and processing speed index (P <0.05), which were highly consistent with the association between these clinical features and the levels of serum anti-mAChR antibodies, particularly the anti-M5 receptor antibody. These findings suggested that anti-mAChR antibodies may play an important role in a subgroup of POTS patients with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms.
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32
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Enteric neuroimmune interactions coordinate intestinal responses in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:27-39. [PMID: 34471248 PMCID: PMC8732275 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract interacts with the local immune system bidirectionally. Recent publications have demonstrated that such interactions can maintain normal GI functions during homeostasis and contribute to pathological symptoms during infection and inflammation. Infection can also induce long-term changes of the ENS resulting in the development of post-infectious GI disturbances. In this review, we discuss how the ENS can regulate and be regulated by immune responses and how such interactions control whole tissue physiology. We also address the requirements for the proper regeneration of the ENS and restoration of GI function following the resolution of infection.
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Schledwitz A, Sundel MH, Alizadeh M, Hu S, Xie G, Raufman JP. Differential Actions of Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in Gastric, Pancreatic, and Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313153. [PMID: 34884958 PMCID: PMC8658119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers arising from gastrointestinal epithelial cells are common, aggressive, and difficult to treat. Progress in this area resulted from recognizing that the biological behavior of these cancers is highly dependent on bioactive molecules released by neurocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment. For many decades after its discovery as a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine was thought to be synthesized and released uniquely from neurons and considered the sole physiological ligand for muscarinic receptor subtypes, which were believed to have similar or redundant actions. In the intervening years, we learned this former dogma is not tenable. (1) Acetylcholine is not produced and released only by neurons. The cellular machinery required to synthesize and release acetylcholine is present in immune, cancer, and other cells, as well as in lower organisms (e.g., bacteria) that inhabit the gut. (2) Acetylcholine is not the sole physiological activator of muscarinic receptors. For example, selected bile acids can modulate muscarinic receptor function. (3) Muscarinic receptor subtypes anticipated to have overlapping functions based on similar G protein coupling and downstream signaling may have unexpectedly diverse actions. Here, we review the relevant research findings supporting these conclusions and discuss how the complexity of muscarinic receptor biology impacts health and disease, focusing on their role in the initiation and progression of gastric, pancreatic, and colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Schledwitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
| | - Margaret H. Sundel
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Madeline Alizadeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- The Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shien Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Guofeng Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-328-8728
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Pellegrini C, D'Antongiovanni V, Ippolito C, Segnani C, Antonioli L, Fornai M, Bernardini N. From the intestinal mucosal barrier to the enteric neuromuscular compartment: an integrated overview on the morphological changes in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34802221 PMCID: PMC8636839 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal dysfunctions represent the most common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Of note, changes in gut microbiota, impairments of intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB), bowel inflammation and neuroplastic rearrangements of the enteric nervous system (ENS) could be involved in the pathophysiology of the intestinal disturbances in PD. In this context, although several review articles have pooled together evidence on the alterations of enteric bacteria-neuro-immune network in PD, a revision of the literature on the specific morphological changes occurring in the intestinal mucosal barrier, the ENS and enteric muscular layers in PD, is lacking. The present review provides a complete appraisal of the available knowledge on the morphological alterations of intestinal mucosal barrier, with particular focus on IEB, ENS and enteric muscular layers in PD. In particular, our intent was to critically discuss whether, based on evidence from translational studies and preclinical models, morphological changes in the intestinal barrier and enteric neuromuscular compartment contribute to the pathophysiology of intestinal dysfunctions occurring in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Histology, University of Pisa.
| | - Vanessa D'Antongiovanni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa.
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Histology, University of Pisa.
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Histology, University of Pisa.
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa.
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa.
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Histology; Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa.
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Circuit-specific enteric glia regulate intestinal motor neurocircuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025938118. [PMID: 34593632 PMCID: PMC8501758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025938118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia in the central nervous system exert precise spatial and temporal regulation over neural circuitry on a synapse-specific basis, but it is unclear if peripheral glia share this exquisite capacity to sense and modulate circuit activity. In the enteric nervous system (ENS), glia control gastrointestinal motility through bidirectional communication with surrounding neurons. We combined glial chemogenetics with genetically encoded calcium indicators expressed in enteric neurons and glia to study network-level activity in the intact myenteric plexus of the proximal colon. Stimulation of neural fiber tracts projecting in aboral, oral, and circumferential directions activated distinct populations of enteric glia. The majority of glia responded to both oral and aboral stimulation and circumferential pathways, while smaller subpopulations were activated only by ascending and descending pathways. Cholinergic signaling functionally specifies glia to the descending circuitry, and this network plays an important role in repressing the activity of descending neural pathways, with some degree of cross-inhibition imposed upon the ascending pathway. Glial recruitment by purinergic signaling functions to enhance activity within ascending circuit pathways and constrain activity within descending networks. Pharmacological manipulation of glial purinergic and cholinergic signaling differentially altered neuronal responses in these circuits in a sex-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings establish that the balance between purinergic and cholinergic signaling may differentially control specific circuit activity through selective signaling between networks of enteric neurons and glia. Thus, enteric glia regulate the ENS circuitry in a network-specific manner, providing profound insights into the functional breadth and versatility of peripheral glia.
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Cerantola S, Faggin S, Annaloro G, Mainente F, Filippini R, Savarino EV, Piovan A, Zoccatelli G, Giron MC. Influence of Tilia tomentosa Moench Extract on Mouse Small Intestine Neuromuscular Contractility. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103505. [PMID: 34684506 PMCID: PMC8541069 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and bowel disturbances. FGID therapy is primarily symptomatic, including treatment with herbal remedies. Flower extract of Tilia tomentosa Moench (TtM) is occasionally used as an anti-spasmodic in popular medicine. Since its effect on intestinal response is unknown, we evaluated the influence of TtM extract on small intestine contractility. Ileal preparations from C57BL/6J mice were mounted in organ baths to assess changes in muscle tension, following addition of TtM extract (0.5–36 μg/mL) or a vehicle (ethanol). Changes in contractile response to receptor- and non-receptor-mediated stimuli were assessed in ileal preparations pretreated with 12 μg/mL TtM. Alterations in the enteric nervous system neuroglial network were analyzed by confocal immunofluorescence. Increasing addition of TtM induced a marked relaxation in ileal specimens compared to the vehicle. Pretreatment with TtM affected cholinergic and tachykininergic neuromuscular contractions as well as K+-induced smooth muscle depolarization. Following incubation with TtM, a significant reduction in non-adrenergic non-cholinergic-mediated relaxation sensitive to Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (pan-nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) was found. In vitro incubation of intestinal specimens with TtM did not affect the myenteric plexus neuroglial network. Our findings show that TtM-induced intestinal relaxation is mediated by nitric oxide pathways, providing a pharmacological basis for the use of TtM in FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerantola
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.A.); (R.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Sofia Faggin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.A.); (R.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Gabriela Annaloro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.A.); (R.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Federica Mainente
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Raffaella Filippini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.A.); (R.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino
- Department of Surgery, Oncological and Gastrointestinal Science, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Anna Piovan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.A.); (R.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Gianni Zoccatelli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (F.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.A.); (R.F.); (A.P.)
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-5091
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Abstract
Glia, the non-neuronal cells of the nervous system, were long considered secondary cells only necessary for supporting the functions of their more important neuronal neighbors. Work by many groups over the past two decades has completely overturned this notion, revealing the myriad and vital functions of glia in nervous system development, plasticity, and health. The largest population of glia outside the brain is in the enteric nervous system, a division of the autonomic nervous system that constitutes a key node of the gut-brain axis. Here, we review the latest in the understanding of these enteric glia in mammals with a focus on their putative roles in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Seguella L, Gulbransen BD. Enteric glial biology, intercellular signalling and roles in gastrointestinal disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:571-587. [PMID: 33731961 PMCID: PMC8324524 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most transformative developments in neurogastroenterology is the realization that many functions normally attributed to enteric neurons involve interactions with enteric glial cells: a large population of peripheral neuroglia associated with enteric neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The notion that glial cells function solely as passive support cells has been refuted by compelling evidence that demonstrates that enteric glia are important homeostatic cells of the intestine. Active signalling mechanisms between enteric glia and neurons modulate gastrointestinal reflexes and, in certain circumstances, function to drive neuroinflammatory processes that lead to long-term dysfunction. Bidirectional communication between enteric glia and immune cells contributes to gastrointestinal immune homeostasis, and crosstalk between enteric glia and cancer stem cells regulates tumorigenesis. These neuromodulatory and immunomodulatory roles place enteric glia in a unique position to regulate diverse gastrointestinal disease processes. In this Review, we discuss current concepts regarding enteric glial development, heterogeneity and functional roles in gastrointestinal pathophysiology and pathophysiology, with a focus on interactions with neurons and immune cells. We also present a working model to differentiate glial states based on normal function and disease-induced dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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High-fat diet impairs duodenal barrier function and elicits glia-dependent changes along the gut-brain axis that are required for anxiogenic and depressive-like behaviors. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:115. [PMID: 33993886 PMCID: PMC8126158 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood and metabolic disorders are interrelated and may share common pathological processes. Autonomic neurons link the brain with the gastrointestinal tract and constitute a likely pathway for peripheral metabolic challenges to affect behaviors controlled by the brain. The activities of neurons along these pathways are regulated by glia, which exhibit phenotypic shifts in response to changes in their microenvironment. How glial changes might contribute to the behavioral effects of consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) is uncertain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that anxiogenic and depressive-like behaviors driven by consuming a HFD involve compromised duodenal barrier integrity and subsequent phenotypic changes to glia and neurons along the gut-brain axis. METHODS C57Bl/6 male mice were exposed to a standard diet or HFD for 20 weeks. Bodyweight was monitored weekly and correlated with mucosa histological damage and duodenal expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin at 0, 6, and 20 weeks. The expression of GFAP, TLR-4, BDNF, and DCX were investigated in duodenal myenteric plexus, nodose ganglia, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus at the same time points. Dendritic spine number was measured in cultured neurons isolated from duodenal myenteric plexuses and hippocampi at weeks 0, 6, and 20. Depressive and anxiety behaviors were also assessed by tail suspension, forced swimming, and open field tests. RESULTS HFD mice exhibited duodenal mucosa damage with marked infiltration of immune cells and decreased expression of ZO-1 and occludin that coincided with increasing body weight. Glial expression of GFAP and TLR4 increased in parallel in the duodenal myenteric plexuses, nodose ganglia, and hippocampus in a time-dependent manner. Glial changes were associated with a progressive decrease in BDNF, and DCX expression, fewer neuronal dendritic spines, and anxiogenic/depressive symptoms in HFD-treated mice. Fluorocitrate (FC), a glial metabolic poison, abolished these effects both in the enteric and central nervous systems and prevented behavioral alterations at week 20. CONCLUSIONS HFD impairs duodenal barrier integrity and produces behavioral changes consistent with depressive and anxiety phenotypes. HFD-driven changes in both peripheral and central nervous systems are glial-dependent, suggesting a potential glial role in the alteration of the gut-brain signaling that occurs during metabolic disorders and psychiatric co-morbidity.
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Lucas TA, Zhu L, Buckwalter MS. Spleen glia are a transcriptionally unique glial subtype interposed between immune cells and sympathetic axons. Glia 2021; 69:1799-1815. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tawaun A. Lucas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Stanford School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Stanford School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Marion S. Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Stanford School of Medicine Stanford California USA
- Department of Neurosurgery Stanford School of Medicine Stanford California USA
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Influence of Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitors and Memantine, Clinically Approved for Alzheimer's Dementia Treatment, on Intestinal Properties of the Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031015. [PMID: 33498392 PMCID: PMC7864027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Four drugs are currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by the FDA. Three of these drugs—donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine—belong to the class of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. Memantine, a NMDA receptor antagonist, represents the fourth and a combination of donepezil and memantine the fifth treatment option. Recently, the gut and its habitants, its microbiome, came into focus of AD research and added another important factor to therapeutic considerations. While the first data provide evidence that AD patients might carry an altered microbiome, the influence of administered drugs on gut properties and commensals have been largely ignored so far. However, the occurrence of digestive side effects with these drugs and the knowledge that cholinergic transmission is crucial for several gut functions enforces the question if, and how, this medication influences the gastrointestinal system and its microbial stocking. Here, we investigated aspects such as microbial viability, colonic propulsion, and properties of enteric neurons, affected by assumed intestinal concentration of the four drugs using the mouse as a model organism. All ex vivo administered drugs revealed no direct effect on fecal bacteria viability and only a high dosage of memantine resulted in reduced biofilm formation of E. coli. Memantine was additionally the only compound that elevated calcium influx in enteric neurons, while all acetylcholine esterase inhibitors significantly reduced esterase activity in colonic tissue specimen and prolonged propulsion time. Both, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and memantine, had no effect on general viability and neurite outgrowth of enteric neurons. In sum, our findings indicate that all AD symptomatic drugs have the potential to affect distinct intestinal functions and with this—directly or indirectly—microbial commensals.
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Fung C, Vanden Berghe P. Functional circuits and signal processing in the enteric nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4505-4522. [PMID: 32424438 PMCID: PMC7599184 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an extensive network comprising millions of neurons and glial cells contained within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The major functions of the ENS that have been most studied include the regulation of local gut motility, secretion, and blood flow. Other areas that have been gaining increased attention include its interaction with the immune system, with the gut microbiota and its involvement in the gut-brain axis, and neuro-epithelial interactions. Thus, the enteric circuitry plays a central role in intestinal homeostasis, and this becomes particularly evident when there are faults in its wiring such as in neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we first focus on the current knowledge on the cellular composition of enteric circuits. We then further discuss how enteric circuits detect and process external information, how these signals may be modulated by physiological and pathophysiological factors, and finally, how outputs are generated for integrated gut function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Fung
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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43
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Wang YM, Jia YT, Li ZX. Role of enteric glial cells in intestinal function and intestinal diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:979-985. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i19.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells, as a key component of the intestinal nervous system, not only have the function of nutrition and supporting intestinal neurons, but also participate in the regulation of various intestinal functions. Abnormal activation of enteric glial cells may also be one of the important pathogenic factors for inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal infection, intestinal obstruction, colon cancer, and other intestinal diseases. At present, the role of enteric glial cells in the occurrence and development of digestive system diseases remains to be elucidated. This paper reviews the research progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Wang
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China,Department of Oncology, Heibei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yi-Tao Jia
- Department of Oncology, Heibei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhong-Xin Li
- the Second Department of Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
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Johnson AC, Louwies T, Ligon CO, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Enlightening the frontiers of neurogastroenterology through optogenetics. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G391-G399. [PMID: 32755304 PMCID: PMC7717115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00384.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurogastroenterology refers to the study of the extrinsic and intrinsic nervous system circuits controlling the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Over the past 5-10 yr there has been an explosion in novel methodologies, technologies and approaches that offer great promise to advance our understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying GI function in health and disease. This review focuses on the use of optogenetics combined with electrophysiology in the field of neurogastroenterology. We discuss how these technologies and tools are currently being used to explore the brain-gut axis and debate the future research potential and limitations of these techniques. Taken together, we consider that the use of these technologies will enable researchers to answer important questions in neurogastroenterology through fundamental research. The answers to those questions will shorten the path from basic discovery to new treatments for patient populations with disorders of the brain-gut axis affecting the GI tract such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, achalasia, and delayed gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Johnson
- 1Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,2Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,3Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Tijs Louwies
- 1Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Casey O. Ligon
- 1Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- 1Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,2Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,4Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Gonkowski S, Gajęcka M, Makowska K. Mycotoxins and the Enteric Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070461. [PMID: 32707706 PMCID: PMC7404981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungal species. They are commonly found in a wide range of agricultural products. Mycotoxins contained in food enter living organisms and may have harmful effects on many internal organs and systems. The gastrointestinal tract, which first comes into contact with mycotoxins present in food, is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of these toxins. One of the lesser-known aspects of the impact of mycotoxins on the gastrointestinal tract is the influence of these substances on gastrointestinal innervation. Therefore, the present study is the first review of current knowledge concerning the influence of mycotoxins on the enteric nervous system, which plays an important role, not only in almost all regulatory processes within the gastrointestinal tract, but also in adaptive and protective reactions in response to pathological and toxic factors in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Stoye NM, Dos Santos Guilherme M, Endres K. Alzheimer's disease in the gut-Major changes in the gut of 5xFAD model mice with ApoA1 as potential key player. FASEB J 2020; 34:11883-11899. [PMID: 32681583 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903128rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects around 33 million people worldwide, which makes it the most prominent form of dementia. The main focus of AD research has been on the central nervous system (CNS) for long, but in recent years, the gut gained more attention. The intestinal tract is innervated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), built of numerous different types of neurons showing great similarity to neurons of the CNS. It already has been demonstrated that the amyloid precursor protein, which plays a major role in AD pathology, is also expressed in these cells. We analyzed gut tissue of AD model mice (5xFAD) and the respective wild-type littermates at different pathological stages: pre-pathological, early pathological and late pathological. Our results show significant difference in function of the intestine of 5xFAD mice as compared to wild-type mice. Using a pathway array detecting 84 AD-related gene products, we found ApoA1 expression significantly altered in colon tissue of 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, we unveil ApoA1's beneficial impact on cell viability and calcium homeostasis of cultured enteric neurons of 5xFAD animals. With this study, we demonstrate that the intestine is altered in AD-like pathology and that ApoA1 might be one key player within the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai M Stoye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malena Dos Santos Guilherme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Yu Z. Neuromechanism of acupuncture regulating gastrointestinal motility. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3182-3200. [PMID: 32684734 PMCID: PMC7336328 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i23.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture has been used in China for thousands of years and has become more widely accepted by doctors and patients around the world. A large number of clinical studies and animal experiments have confirmed that acupuncture has a benign adjustment effect on gastrointestinal (GI) movement; however, the mechanism of this effect is unclear, especially in terms of neural mechanisms, and there are still many areas that require further exploration. This article reviews the recent data on the neural mechanism of acupuncture on GI movements. We summarize the neural mechanism of acupuncture on GI movement from four aspects: acupuncture signal transmission, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
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48
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D’Antongiovanni V, Pellegrini C, Fornai M, Colucci R, Blandizzi C, Antonioli L, Bernardini N. Intestinal epithelial barrier and neuromuscular compartment in health and disease. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1564-1579. [PMID: 32327906 PMCID: PMC7167418 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i14.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of digestive and extra-digestive disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, intestinal infections, metabolic syndrome and neuropsychiatric disorders, share a set of clinical features at gastrointestinal level, such as infrequent bowel movements, abdominal distension, constipation and secretory dysfunctions. Several lines of evidence indicate that morphological and molecular changes in intestinal epithelial barrier and enteric neuromuscular compartment contribute to alterations of both bowel motor and secretory functions in digestive and extra-digestive diseases. The present review has been conceived to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the available knowledge on the morphological and molecular changes occurring in intestinal epithelial barrier and enteric neuromuscular compartment in both digestive and extra-digestive diseases. In addition, our intent was to highlight whether these morphological and molecular alterations could represent a common path (or share some common features) driving the pathophysiology of bowel motor dysfunctions and related symptoms associated with digestive and extra-digestive disorders. This assessment might help to identify novel targets of potential usefulness to develop original pharmacological approaches for the therapeutic management of such disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
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Involvement of Enteric Glia in Small Intestine Neuromuscular Dysfunction of Toll-Like Receptor 4-Deficient Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040838. [PMID: 32244316 PMCID: PMC7226836 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) influence nitric oxide (NO)− and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)− mediated signaling in the enteric nervous system (ENS). Since Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) participates to EGC homoeostasis, this study aimed to evaluate the possible involvement of EGCs in the alterations of the inhibitory neurotransmission in TLR4−/− mice. Ileal segments from male TLR4−/− and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were incubated with the gliotoxin fluoroacetate (FA). Alterations in ENS morphology and neurochemical coding were investigated by immunohistochemistry whereas neuromuscular responses were determined by recording non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) relaxations in isometrically suspended isolated ileal preparations. TLR4−/− ileal segments showed increased iNOS immunoreactivity associated with enhanced NANC relaxation, mediated by iNOS-derived NO and sensitive to P2Y1 inhibition. Treatment with FA diminished iNOS immunoreactivity and partially abolished NO− and ADP− mediated relaxation in the TLR4−/− mouse ileum, with no changes of P2Y1 and connexin-43 immunofluorescence distribution in the ENS. After FA treatment, S100β and GFAP immunoreactivity in TLR4−/− myenteric plexus was reduced to levels comparable to those observed in WT. Our findings show the involvement of EGCs in the alterations of ENS architecture and in the increased purinergic and nitrergic-mediated relaxation, determining gut dysmotility in TLR4−/− mice.
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Enes J, Haburčák M, Sona S, Gerard N, Mitchell AC, Fu W, Birren SJ. Satellite glial cells modulate cholinergic transmission between sympathetic neurons. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0218643. [PMID: 32017764 PMCID: PMC6999876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons and satellite glial cells are the two major cell types of the peripheral sympathetic ganglia. Sympathetic neurons project to and provide neural control of peripheral organs and have been implicated in human disorders ranging from cardiovascular disease to peripheral neuropathies. Here we show that satellite glia regulate synaptic activity of cultured postnatal sympathetic neurons, providing evidence for local ganglionic control of sympathetic drive. In addition to modulating neuron-to-neuron cholinergic neurotransmission, satellite glia promote synapse formation and contribute to neuronal survival. Examination of the cellular architecture of the rat sympathetic ganglia in vivo shows this regulation of neuronal properties takes place during a developmental period in which neuronal morphology and density are actively changing and satellite glia enwrap sympathetic neuronal somata. Cultured satellite glia make and release factors that promote neuronal activity and that can partially rescue the neurons from cell death following nerve growth factor deprivation. Thus, satellite glia play an early and ongoing role within the postnatal sympathetic ganglia, expanding our understanding of the contributions of local and target-derived factors in the regulation of sympathetic neuron function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Enes
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Marián Haburčák
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Surbhi Sona
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Nega Gerard
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Alexander C. Mitchell
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Wenqi Fu
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Birren
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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