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Alghamdi W, Mosli M, Alqahtani SA. Gut microbiota in MAFLD: therapeutic and diagnostic implications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2024; 15:20420188241242937. [PMID: 38628492 PMCID: PMC11020731 DOI: 10.1177/20420188241242937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is becoming a significant contributor to chronic liver disease globally, surpassing other etiologies, such as viral hepatitis. Prevention and early treatment strategies to curb its growing prevalence are urgently required. Recent evidence suggests that targeting the gut microbiota may help treat and alleviate disease progression in patients with MAFLD. This review aims to explore the complex relationship between MAFLD and the gut microbiota in relation to disease pathogenesis. Additionally, it delves into the therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota, such as diet, exercise, antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and fecal microbiota transplantation, and discusses novel biomarkers, such as microbiota-derived testing and liquid biopsy, for their diagnostic and staging potential. Overall, the review emphasizes the urgent need for preventive and therapeutic strategies to address the devastating consequences of MAFLD at both individual and societal levels and recognizes that further exploration of the gut microbiota may open avenues for managing MAFLD effectively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Alghamdi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Mosli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alqahtani
- Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Long C, Zhou X, Xia F, Zhou B. Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Gut Microbiota in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Assessment, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Considerations. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:243. [PMID: 38666855 PMCID: PMC11048184 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a type of metabolic stress liver injury closely related to insulin resistance (IR) and genetic susceptibility without alcohol consumption, which encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple hepatic lipid accumulation, known as steatosis, to the more severe form of steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), posing significant health risks. As a multisystem disease, NAFLD is closely associated with systemic insulin resistance, central obesity, and metabolic disorders, which contribute to its pathogenesis and the development of extrahepatic complications, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and certain extrahepatic cancers. Recent evidence highlights the indispensable roles of intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota in the onset and progression of NAFLD/NASH. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota in NAFLD, including intestinal barrier function and assessment, inflammatory factors, TLR4 signaling, and the gut-liver axis. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on the potential therapeutic strategies targeting gut permeability and gut microbiota in individuals with NAFLD/NASH, such as interventions with medications/probiotics, fecal transplantation (FMT), and modifications in lifestyle, including exercise and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrui Long
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sehenzhen 518107, China;
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sehenzhen 518107, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Benjie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sehenzhen 518107, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen 518107, China
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3
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Cai T, Song X, Xu X, Dong L, Liang S, Xin M, Huang Y, Zhu L, Li T, Wang X, Fang Y, Xu Z, Wang C, Wang M, Li J, Zheng Y, Sun W, Li L. Effects of plant natural products on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and the underlying mechanisms: a narrative review with a focus on the modulation of the gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1323261. [PMID: 38444539 PMCID: PMC10912229 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1323261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in hepatocytes. However, due to the complex pathogenesis of MAFLD, there are no officially approved drugs for treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find safe and effective anti-MAFLD drugs. Recently, the relationship between the gut microbiota and MAFLD has been widely recognized, and treating MAFLD by regulating the gut microbiota may be a new therapeutic strategy. Natural products, especially plant natural products, have attracted much attention in the treatment of MAFLD due to their multiple targets and pathways and few side effects. Moreover, the structure and function of the gut microbiota can be influenced by exposure to plant natural products. However, the effects of plant natural products on MAFLD through targeting of the gut microbiota and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Based on the above information and to address the potential therapeutic role of plant natural products in MAFLD, we systematically summarize the effects and mechanisms of action of plant natural products in the prevention and treatment of MAFLD through targeting of the gut microbiota. This narrative review provides feasible ideas for further exploration of safer and more effective natural drugs for the prevention and treatment of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Cai
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Shufei Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Meiling Xin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Linghui Zhu
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxing Li
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueke Wang
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yini Fang
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengbao Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Jingda Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Parola M, Pinzani M. Liver fibrosis in NAFLD/NASH: from pathophysiology towards diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 95:101231. [PMID: 38056058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, as an excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, results from chronic liver injury as well as persistent activation of inflammatory response and of fibrogenesis. Liver fibrosis is a major determinant for chronic liver disease (CLD) progression and in the last two decades our understanding on the major molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the fibrogenic progression of CLD has dramatically improved, boosting pre-clinical studies and clinical trials designed to find novel therapeutic approaches. From these studies several critical concepts have emerged, starting to reveal the complexity of the pro-fibrotic microenvironment which involves very complex, dynamic and interrelated interactions between different hepatic and extrahepatic cell populations. This review will offer first a recapitulation of established and novel pathophysiological basic principles and concepts by intentionally focus the attention on NAFLD/NASH, a metabolic-related form of CLD with a high impact on the general population and emerging as a leading cause of CLD worldwide. NAFLD/NASH-related pro-inflammatory and profibrogenic mechanisms will be analysed as well as novel information on cells, mediators and signalling pathways which have taken advantage from novel methodological approaches and techniques (single cell genomics, imaging mass cytometry, novel in vitro two- and three-dimensional models, etc.). We will next offer an overview on recent advancement in diagnostic and prognostic tools, including serum biomarkers and polygenic scores, to support the analysis of liver biopsies. Finally, this review will provide an analysis of current and emerging therapies for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Parola
- Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine - Royal Free Hospital, London, NW32PF, United Kingdom.
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Duarte MJ, Tien PC, Somsouk M, Price JC. The human microbiome and gut-liver axis in people living with HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:170-180. [PMID: 37129834 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst people living with HIV (PLWH). Emerging data suggests that gut microbial translocation may play a role in driving and modulating liver disease, a bi-directional relationship termed the gut-liver axis. While it is recognized that PLWH have a high degree of dysbiosis and gut microbial translocation, little is known about the gut-liver axis in PLWH. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that microbial translocation can directly lead to hepatic inflammation, and have linked gut microbial signatures, dysbiosis, and translocation to liver disease in PLWH. Additionally, multiple trials have explored interventions targeting the microbiome in PLWH. Emerging research supports the interaction between the gut microbiome and liver disease in PLWH. This offers new opportunities to expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of liver disease in this population, as well as to explore possible clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Duarte
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Price
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Tian G, Wang W, Xia E, Chen W, Zhang S. Dendrobium officinale alleviates high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1078447. [PMID: 36860985 PMCID: PMC9968977 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1078447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study investigated the preventive effect of Dendrobium officinale (DO), including whether its effect was related to the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability and liver inflammation. Methods A NASH model was established in rats using a high-fat diet (HFD) and gavage with different doses of DO or Atorvastatin Calcium (AT) for 10 weeks. Body weight and body mass index along with liver appearance, weight, index, pathology, and biochemistry were measured to assess the preventive effects of DO on NASH rats. Changes in the gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, and intestinal permeability and liver inflammation were determined to explore the mechanism by which DO treatment prevented NASH. Results Pathological and biochemical indexes showed that DO was able to protect rats against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that Proteobacteria, Romboutsia, Turicibacter, Lachnoclostridium, Blautia, Ruminococcus_torques_group, Sutterella, Escherichia-Shigella, Prevotella, Alistipes, and Lactobacillus_acidophilus differed significantly at the phylum, genus, and species levels. DO treatment modulated the diversity, richness, and evenness of gut microbiota, downregulated the abundance of the Gram-negative bacteria Proteobacteria, Sutterella, and Escherichia-Shigella, and reduced gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. DO also restored expression of the tight junction proteins, zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, and occludin in the intestine and ameliorated the increased intestinal permeability caused by HFD, gut microbiota such as Turicibacter, Ruminococcus, Escherichia-Shigella, and Sutterella, and LPS. Lower intestinal permeability reduced LPS delivery to the liver, thus inhibiting TLR4 expression and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation, improving liver inflammation. Discussion These results suggest that DO may alleviate NASH by regulating the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Tian
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Enrui Xia
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Shunzhen Zhang, ; Wenhui Chen,
| | - Shunzhen Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,The Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Education Department of Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Shunzhen Zhang, ; Wenhui Chen,
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MAFLD and Celiac Disease in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021764. [PMID: 36675276 PMCID: PMC9866925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated systemic disorder elicited by the ingestion of gluten whose clinical presentation ranges from the asymptomatic form to clinical patterns characterized by multiple systemic involvement. Although CD is a disease more frequently diagnosed in patients with symptoms of malabsorption such as diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, or failure to thrive, the raised rate of overweight and obesity among general pediatric and adult populations has increased the possibility to diagnose celiac disease in obese patients as well. Consequently, it is not difficult to also find obesity-related disorders in patients with CD, including "metabolic associated fatty liver disease" (MAFLD). The exact mechanisms linking these two conditions are not yet known. The going assumption is that a gluten-free diet (GFD) plays a pivotal role in determining an altered metabolic profile because of the elevated content of sugars, proteins, saturated fats, and complex carbohydrates, and the higher glycemic index of gluten-free products than gluten-contained foods, predisposing individuals to the development of insulin resistance. However, recent evidence supports the hypothesis that alterations in one of the components of the so-called "gut-liver axis" might contribute to the increased afflux of toxic substances to the liver triggering the liver fat accumulation and to the subsequent hepatocellular damage. The aim of this paper was to describe the actual knowledge about the factors implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in pediatric patients with CD. The presented review allows us to conclude that the serological evaluations for CD with anti-transglutaminase antibodies, should be a part of the general workup in the asymptomatic patients with "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease" (NAFLD) when metabolic risk factors are not evident, and in the patients with steatohepatitis when other causes of liver disease are excluded.
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Hakeem AN, Kamal MM, Tawfiq RA, Abdelrahman BA, Hammam OA, Elmazar MM, El-Khatib AS, Attia YM. Elafibranor modulates ileal macrophage polarization to restore intestinal integrity in NASH: Potential crosstalk between ileal IL-10/STAT3 and hepatic TLR4/NF-κB axes. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114050. [PMID: 36462310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence implicate disrupted gut barrier integrity in provoking innate immune responses, specifically macrophages, towards the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), a subset of the nuclear receptor superfamily, act to fine-tune several metabolic and inflammatory processes implicated in NASH. As such, the current study was carried out to decipher the potential role of dual PPAR α/δ activation using elafibranor (ELA) on ileal macrophage polarization (MP) and its likely impact on the liver in a NASH setting. To achieve this aim, an in vitro NASH model using fat-laden HepG2 cells was first used to validate the impact of ELA on hepatic fat accumulation. Afterwards, ELA was used in a combined model of dietary NASH and chronic colitis analogous to the clinical presentation of NASH parallel with intestinal barrier dysfunction. ELA mitigated fat accumulation in vitro as evidenced by Oil Red-O staining and curbed triglyceride levels. Additionally, ELA restored the expression of tight junctional proteins, claudin-1 and occludin, along with decreasing intestinal permeability and inflammation skewing ileal macrophages towards the M2 phenotype, as indicated by boosted arginase-1 (Arg1) and curtailed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels. These changes were aligned with a modulation in hepatic toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) along with ileal interleukin-10 (IL-10)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) axes. Overall, the present findings suggest that the dual PPAR α/δ agonist, ELA, may drive MP in the ileum towards the M2 phenotype improving intestinal integrity towards alleviating NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Hakeem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Kamal
- The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Tawfiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma A Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat A Hammam
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Elmazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aiman S El-Khatib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmeen M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
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Khanmohammadi S, Kuchay MS. Toll-like receptors and metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Immune mechanisms linking metabolic injury to inflammation and fibrosis in fatty liver disease - novel insights into cellular communication circuits. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1136-1160. [PMID: 35750137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease and is emerging as the leading cause of cirrhosis, liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is a metabolic disease that is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome; however, during the evolution of NAFLD from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to more advanced stages of NASH with liver fibrosis, the immune system plays an integral role. Triggers for inflammation are rooted in hepatic (lipid overload, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress) and extrahepatic (gut-liver axis, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle) systems, resulting in unique immune-mediated pathomechanisms in NAFLD. In recent years, the implementation of single-cell RNA-sequencing and high dimensional multi-omics (proteogenomics, lipidomics) and spatial transcriptomics have tremendously advanced our understanding of the complex heterogeneity of various liver immune cell subsets in health and disease. In NAFLD, several emerging inflammatory mechanisms have been uncovered, including profound macrophage heterogeneity, auto-aggressive T cells, the role of unconventional T cells and platelet-immune cell interactions, potentially yielding novel therapeutics. In this review, we will highlight the recent discoveries related to inflammation in NAFLD, discuss the role of immune cell subsets during the different stages of the disease (including disease regression) and integrate the multiple systems driving inflammation. We propose a refined concept by which the immune system contributes to all stages of NAFLD and discuss open scientific questions arising from this paradigm shift that need to be unravelled in the coming years. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches to target the multiple triggers of inflammation, including combination therapy via nuclear receptors (FXR agonists, PPAR agonists).
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da Cruz NS, Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento G, e Oliveira ACP, Magalhães KG. Inflammasome-Mediated Cytokines: A Key Connection between Obesity-Associated NASH and Liver Cancer Progression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102344. [PMID: 36289606 PMCID: PMC9598450 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies and is commonly diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a tumor type that affects about 90% of patients. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and obesity are both risk factors for this disease. HCC initiation and progression are deeply linked with changes in the hepatic microenvironment, with cytokines playing key roles. The understanding of the pathogenic pathways that connect these disorders to liver cancer remains poor. However, the inflammasome-mediated cytokines associated with both diseases are central actors in liver cancer progression. The release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 during inflammasome activation leads to several detrimental effects on the liver microenvironment. Considering the critical crosstalk between obesity, NASH, and HCC, this review will present the connections of IL-1β and IL-18 from obesity-associated NASH with HCC and will discuss approaches to using these cytokines as therapeutic targets against HCC.
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Vetrani C, Di Nisio A, Paschou SA, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Graziadio C, Savastano S, Colao A. From Gut Microbiota through Low-Grade Inflammation to Obesity: Key Players and Potential Targets. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102103. [PMID: 35631244 PMCID: PMC9145366 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, the gut microbiota has gained much interest in relation to human health. Mounting evidence has shown a strict association between gut microbiota and obesity and its related diseases. Inflammation has been appointed as the driving force behind this association. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota might influence inflammation in the host could pave for the identification of effective strategies to reduce inflammation-related diseases, such as obesity and obesity-related diseases. For this purpose, we carried out an extensive literature search for studies published in the English language during the last 10 years. Most relevant studies were used to provide a comprehensive view of all aspects related to the association of gut microbiota and low-grade inflammation with obesity. Accordingly, this narrative review reports the evidence on the key players supporting the role of gut microbiota in the modulation of inflammation in relation to obesity and its complications. Moreover, therapeutic approaches to reduce microbiota-related inflammation are discussed to provide potential targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vetrani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (C.G.); (S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Stavroula A. Paschou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, 80143 Napoli, Italy;
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (C.G.); (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair “Education for Health and Sustainable Development”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Chiara Graziadio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (C.G.); (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (C.G.); (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (C.G.); (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair “Education for Health and Sustainable Development”, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
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13
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Branković M, Jovanović I, Dukić M, Radonjić T, Oprić S, Klašnja S, Zdravković M. Lipotoxicity as the Leading Cause of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095146. [PMID: 35563534 PMCID: PMC9105530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging issues nowadays are non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its advanced stage non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which further can be a predisposing factor for chronic liver complications, such as cirrhosis and/or development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver lipotoxicity can influence the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), so oxidative stress is also crucial for the progression of NASH. Moreover, NASH is in strong connection with metabolic disorders, and supporting evidence shows that insulin resistance (IR) is in a close relation to NAFLD, as it is involved in the progression to NASH and further progression to hepatic fibrosis. The major issue is that, at the moment, NASH treatment is based on lifestyle changes only due to the fact that no approved therapeutic options are available. The development of new therapeutic strategies should be conducted towards the potential NAFLD and NASH treatment by the modulation of IR but also by dietary antioxidants. As it seems, NASH is going to be the leading indication for liver transplantation as a consequence of increased disease prevalence and the lack of approved treatment; thus, an effective solution is needed as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Branković
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska kosa, Dr Žorža Matea bb, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (M.Z.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Igor Jovanović
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska kosa, Dr Žorža Matea bb, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marija Dukić
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska kosa, Dr Žorža Matea bb, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Tijana Radonjić
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska kosa, Dr Žorža Matea bb, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Svetlana Oprić
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska kosa, Dr Žorža Matea bb, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Slobodan Klašnja
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska kosa, Dr Žorža Matea bb, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marija Zdravković
- University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska kosa, Dr Žorža Matea bb, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.J.); (M.D.); (T.R.); (S.O.); (S.K.); (M.Z.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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14
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Heldens A, Lefere S. MD2 AMP(K)s up the link between lipid accumulation and inflammation in NAFLD. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e832. [PMID: 35452173 PMCID: PMC9028087 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Heldens
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Lefere
- Hepatology Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Luo W, Ye L, Hu XT, Wang MH, Wang MX, Jin LM, Xiao ZX, Qian JC, Wang Y, Zuo W, Huang LJ, Liang G. MD2 deficiency prevents high-fat diet-induced AMPK suppression and lipid accumulation through regulating TBK1 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e777. [PMID: 35343085 PMCID: PMC8958353 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most predominant form of liver diseases worldwide. Recent evidence shows that myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2), a protein in innate immunity and inflammation, regulates liver injury in models of NAFLD. Here, we investigated a new mechanism by which MD2 participates in the pathogenesis of experimental NAFLD. METHODS Wild-type, Md2-/- and bone marrow reconstitution mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD) were used to identify the role of hepatocyte MD2 in NAFLD. Transcriptomic RNA-seq and pathway enrich analysis were performed to explore the potential mechanisms of MD2. In vitro, primary hepatocytes and macrophages were cultured for mechanistic studies. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis and bone marrow reconstitution studies showed that hepatocyte MD2 may participate in regulating lipid metabolism in models with NAFLD. We then discovered that Md2 deficiency in mice prevents HFD-mediated suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This preservation of AMPK in Md2-deficient mice was associated with normalized sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) transcriptional program and a lack of lipid accumulation in both hepatocytes and liver. We then showed that hepatocyte MD2 links HFD to AMPK/SREBP1 through TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1). In addition, MD2-increased inflammatory factor from macrophages induces hepatic TBK1 activation and AMPK suppression. CONCLUSION Hepatocyte MD2 plays a pathogenic role in NAFLD through TBK1-AMPK/SREBP1 and lipid metabolism pathway. These studies provide new insight into a non-inflammatory function of MD2 and evidence for the important role of MD2 in NALFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lin Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ting Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mei-Hong Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min-Xiu Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei-Ming Jin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Xiang Xiao
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, China
| | - Jian-Chang Qian
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, China
| | - Li-Jiang Huang
- Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital, Wenzhou Medial University (Xiangshan First People's Hospital Medical and Health Group), Xiangshan, China
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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16
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Hoebinger C, Rajcic D, Hendrikx T. Oxidized Lipids: Common Immunogenic Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:824481. [PMID: 35083304 PMCID: PMC8784685 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.824481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ranging from simple steatosis to inflammatory steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, continues to rise, making it one of the major chronic liver diseases and indications for liver transplantation worldwide. The pathological processes underlying NAFLD not only affect the liver but are also likely to have systemic effects. In fact, growing evidence indicates that patients with NAFLD are at increased risk for developing atherosclerosis. Indeed, cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Here, we aim to address common pathophysiological molecular pathways involved in chronic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. In particular, we focus on the role of oxidized lipids and the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes, which are important targets of host immunity. Acting as metabolic danger signals, they drive pro-inflammatory processes and thus contribute to disease progression. Finally, we summarize encouraging studies indicating that oxidized lipids are promising immunological targets to improve intervention strategies for NAFLD and potentially limit the risk of developing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Hoebinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinisches Institut für Labormedizin (KILM), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragana Rajcic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinisches Institut für Labormedizin (KILM), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinisches Institut für Labormedizin (KILM), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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17
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MOU WL, CHEN SR, WU ZT, HU LH, ZHANG JY, CHANG HJ, ZHOU H, LIU Y. LPS-TLR4/MD-2–TNF-α signaling mediates alcohol-induced liver fibrosis in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:193-203. [PMID: 35516842 PMCID: PMC9018403 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling MOU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Shi-ru CHEN
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Zhen-ting WU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Li-hua HU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Ji-ye ZHANG
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Hong-jie CHANG
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Hang ZHOU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Ying LIU
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
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18
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Yue SR, Tan YY, Zhang L, Zhang BJ, Jiang FY, Ji G, Liu BC, Wang RR. Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice associated with gut microbiota and the TLR2/NLRP3 pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:885039. [PMID: 35937847 PMCID: PMC9352886 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.885039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the pivotal role of gut microbiota in the progress of liver diseases including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Many natural herbs, such as Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), have been extensively applied in the prevention of NASH, while the bioactive components and underlying mechanism remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the polysaccharides of GP (GPP) have a protective effect on NASH and to explore the potential mechanism underlying these effects. C57BL/6 male mice were fed with a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 4 weeks to induce NASH and administered daily oral gavage of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na), low dose of GPP (LGPP), high dose of GPP (HGPP), and polyene phosphatidylcholine capsules (PPC), compared with the methionine-choline-sufficient (MCS) group. Our results showed that the symptoms of hepatic steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, liver fibrosis, and oxidative stress could be partially recovered through the intervention of GPP with a dose-dependent effect. Furthermore, gut microbiome sequencing revealed that HGPP altered the composition of gut microbiota, mainly characterized by the enrichment of genera including Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and A2. Moreover, hepatic transcriptome analysis indicated that the anti-inflammatory effect of HGPP might be associated with toll-like receptor (TLR) and nod-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathways. HGPP could inhibit the expression of TLR2 and downregulate the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. In summary, GPP could ameliorate NASH possibly mediated via the modulation of gut microbiota and the TLR2/NLRP3 signaling pathway, indicating that GPP could be tested as a prebiotic agent in the prevention of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ran Yue
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Yun Tan
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Yan Jiang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Rui-Rui Wang, ; Bao-Cheng Liu, ; Guang Ji,
| | - Bao-Cheng Liu
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Rui-Rui Wang, ; Bao-Cheng Liu, ; Guang Ji,
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Rui-Rui Wang, ; Bao-Cheng Liu, ; Guang Ji,
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19
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Lv S, Zhang Z, Su X, Li W, Wang X, Pan B, Li H, Zhang H, Wang Y. Qingrequzhuo capsule alleviated methionine and choline deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice through regulating gut microbiota, enhancing gut tight junction and inhibiting the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1106875. [PMID: 36743916 PMCID: PMC9892721 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1106875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Qingrequzhuo capsule (QRQZ), composed of Morus alba L., Coptis chinensis Franch., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (Sam.) Sam., Citrus × aurantium L., Carthamus tinctorius L., Rheum palmatum L., Smilax glabra Roxb., Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Cyathula officinalis K.C.Kuan, has been used to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in clinic. However, the mechanism of QRQZ on NASH remains unclear. Recent studies have found that the dysfunction of gut microbiota could impair the gut barrier and induce the activation of TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway, and further contribute to the inflammatory response in NASH. Modulating the gut microbiota to reduce inflammation could prevent the progression of NASH. In this study, a mouse model of NASH was generated by methionine and choline deficient diet (MCD) and treated with QRQZ. First, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of QRQZ on liver injury and inflammation in the NASH mice. Second, the changes in the gut microbiota diversity and abundance in each group of mice were measured through 16S rRNA sequencing. Finally, the effects of QRQZ on gut mucosal permeability, endotoxemia, and liver TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway levels were examined. Our results showed that QRQZ significantly reduced the lipid accumulation in liver and the liver injury in NASH mice. In addition, QRQZ treatment decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in liver. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that QRQZ affected the diversity of gut microbiota and a f f e c t e d t h e r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e s o f D u b o s i e l l a , Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Blautiain NASH mice. Besides, QRQZ could increase the expression of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1 and occludin) in gut and decrease the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level in serum. Western blot results also showed that QRQZ treatment decreased the protein expression ofTLR4, MyD88 and the phosphorylation of IkB and NF-kBp65 and qPCR results showed that QRQZ treatment down-regulated the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a in liver. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that QRQZ could reduce the lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in NASH model mice. The mechanisms of QRQZ on NASH were associated with modulating gut microbiota, thereby inducing the tight junction of gut barrier, reducing the endotoxemia and inhibiting the activation of TLR4/NFkB signaling pathway in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhai Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Wendong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Baochao Pan
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hanzhou Li
- Graduate School, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuansong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuansong Wang,
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20
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Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010056. [PMID: 35053205 PMCID: PMC8774162 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD begins as a relatively benign hepatic steatosis which can evolve to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) increases when fibrosis is present. NAFLD represents a complex process implicating numerous factors—genetic, metabolic, and dietary—intertwined in a multi-hit etiopathogenetic model. Recent data have highlighted the role of gut dysbiosis, which may render the bowel more permeable, leading to increased free fatty acid absorption, bacterial migration, and a parallel release of toxic bacterial products, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and proinflammatory cytokines that initiate and sustain inflammation. Although gut dysbiosis is present in each disease stage, there is currently no single microbial signature to distinguish or predict which patients will evolve from NAFLD to NASH and HCC. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, the majority of patients with NAFLD/NASH exhibit increased numbers of Bacteroidetes and differences in the presence of Firmicutes, resulting in a decreased F/B ratio in most studies. They also present an increased proportion of species belonging to Clostridium, Anaerobacter, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Lactobacillus, whereas Oscillibacter, Flavonifaractor, Odoribacter, and Alistipes spp. are less prominent. In comparison to healthy controls, patients with NASH show a higher abundance of Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia spp., while Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila are diminished. Children with NAFLD/NASH have a decreased proportion of Oscillospira spp. accompanied by an elevated proportion of Dorea, Blautia, Prevotella copri, and Ruminococcus spp. Gut microbiota composition may vary between population groups and different stages of NAFLD, making any conclusive or causative claims about gut microbiota profiles in NAFLD patients challenging. Moreover, various metabolites may be involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, such as short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, bile acids, choline and trimethylamine-N-oxide, and ammonia. In this review, we summarize the role of the gut microbiome and metabolites in NAFLD pathogenesis, and we discuss potential preventive and therapeutic interventions related to the gut microbiome, such as the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and bacteriophages, as well as the contribution of bariatric surgery and fecal microbiota transplantation in the therapeutic armamentarium against NAFLD. Larger and longer-term prospective studies, including well-defined cohorts as well as a multi-omics approach, are required to better identify the associations between the gut microbiome, microbial metabolites, and NAFLD occurrence and progression.
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21
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Conte E. Targeting monocytes/macrophages in fibrosis and cancer diseases: Therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108031. [PMID: 34774879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over almost 140 years since their identification, the knowledge about macrophages has unbelievably evolved. The 'big eaters' from being thought of as simple phagocytic cells have been recognized as master regulators in immunity, homeostasis, healing/repair and organ development. Long considered to originate exclusively from bone marrow-derived circulating monocytes, macrophages have been also demonstrated to be the first immune cells colonizing tissues in the developing embryo and persisting in adult life by self-renewal, as long-lived tissue resident macrophages. Therefore, heterogeneous populations of macrophages with different ontogeny and functions co-exist in tissues. Macrophages act as sentinels of homeostasis and are intrinsically programmed to lead the wound healing and repair processes that occur after injury. However, in certain pathological circumstances macrophages get dysfunctional, and impaired or aberrant macrophage activities become key features of diseases. For instance, in both fibrosis and cancer, that have been defined 'wounds that do not heal', dysfunctional monocyte-derived macrophages overall play a key detrimental role. On the other hand, due to their plasticity these cells can be 're-educated' and exert anti-fibrotic and anti-cancer functions. Therefore macrophages represent an important therapeutic target in both fibrosis and cancer diseases. The current review will illustrate new insights into the role of monocytes/macrophages in these devastating diseases and summarize new therapeutic strategies and applications of macrophage-targeted drug development in their clinical setting.
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22
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Jacob JS, Ahmed A, Cholankeril G. The impact of alteration in gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:477-482. [PMID: 34267042 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We have increasing evidence that alterations of the intestinal microbiome have a strong influence on human health. Previous work has demonstrated the association between changes in the microbiome and metabolic risk factors. One related area of interest is the relationship between dysbiosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as the global prevalence of NAFLD, and its resultant complications, increases. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we summarize the hypothesized pathophysiology of dysbiosis-mediated progression of NAFLD, including promotion of an inflammatory intestinal environment, increased intestinal permeability, endogenous ethanol production, short-chain fatty acid production, secondary bile acid metabolism, and choline depletion. We also review potential therapeutic interventions of the microbiome to slow or prevent NAFLD progression, including antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplant, and farnesoid × receptor agonism. SUMMARY Much of the evidence supporting dysbiosis-mediated NAFLD progression has been gathered in high-quality animal trials. There remains a need for additional observational and randomized controlled trials in humans to establish causality between the suspected factors and pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S Jacob
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - George Cholankeril
- Liver Center, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Michael E DeBakey Department of General Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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23
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Tahmasebi S, Neishaboori H, Jafari D, Faghihzadeh E, Esmaeilzadeh A, Mirshafiey A. The effects of guluronic acid (G2013), a new emerging treatment, on inflammatory factors in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients under in vitro conditions. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:562-570. [PMID: 34314306 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1954946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) results from the accumulation of fatty acids in the liver. The elevated production of pro-inflammatory factors is the reason for the hyper inflammation in NASH. The α-L-Guluronic acid (G2013), a new member of NSAID family, is a plant-originated agent with immunomodulatory properties. The current study investigated the effects of G2013 on inflammatory factors in PBMCs of NASH patients. METHODS PBMCs of 14 NASH patients and 14 healthy controls were isolated and cultured. The patient's cells were treated with low (5 µg/mL) and moderate (25 µg/mL) doses of G2013 alongside the diclofenac optimum dose (3 µg/mL). The expression and secretion levels of variables were assessed by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Findings indicated that the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB, as well as the secretion levels of TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines, were significantly elevated in NASH patients compared to healthy individuals. The expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB were strikingly downregulated in treated cells of patients in both low and moderate doses of G2013. A considerable reduction was obtained in the secretion level of IL-6 using both low and moderate doses of G2013 and in the secretion level of TNF-α using the moderate dose of G2013. CONCLUSION The results indicated that G2013 could meaningfully decrease the expression and secretion levels of evaluated factors (TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6) in PMBCs of NASH cases. Since there is no effective treatment for NASH patients, we hope that G2013 would be a promising immunomodulatory agent in reducing inflammation and improvement of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Neishaboori
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Davood Jafari
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Faghihzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Eritoran Attenuates Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice with Chronic Liver Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061562. [PMID: 34205789 PMCID: PMC8235164 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling plays a key role in liver inflammation and fibrosis. The therapeutic effects of eritoran, a TLR4 antagonist, in mice with chronic liver injury remained unclear. C57BL/6 mice were fed a fast-food diet (FFD) or treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to induce chronic liver injury. Eritoran (10 mg/kg) or a vehicle was randomly intraperitoneally administered to the FFD-fed mice and the CCl4-injured mice. Primary mouse liver cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or eritoran. In both FFD and CCl4 mouse models, eritoran significantly reduced serum ALT levels and decreased hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration without altering hepatic steatosis. Additionally, eritoran attenuated liver fibrosis by decreasing hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and the abundance of α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor-β1. Hepatic TLR4 downstream signaling including MyD88 expression, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, p38 and JNK phosphorylation were successfully inhibited by eritoran. In the in vitro study, LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB in primary HSCs and Kupffer cells was significantly suppressed by eritoran. In conclusion, eritoran attenuated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway in mice with chronic liver injury. Eritoran may serve as a potential drug for chronic liver disease.
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) as Model of Gut-Liver Axis Interaction: From Pathophysiology to Potential Target of Treatment for Personalized Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126485. [PMID: 34204274 PMCID: PMC8233936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of liver disease worldwide, affecting both adults and children and will result, in the near future, as the leading cause of end-stage liver disease. Indeed, its prevalence is rapidly increasing, and NAFLD is becoming a major public health concern. For this reason, great efforts are needed to identify its pathogenetic factors and new therapeutic approaches. In the past decade, enormous advances understanding the gut-liver axis-the complex network of cross-talking between the gut, microbiome and liver through the portal circulation-have elucidated its role as one of the main actors in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Indeed, evidence shows that gut microbiota is involved in the development and progression of liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis seen in the context of NAFLD, as well as in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. As a result, gut microbiota is currently emerging as a non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis of disease and for the assessment of its severity. Additionally, to its enormous diagnostic potential, gut microbiota is currently studied as a therapeutic target in NAFLD: several different approaches targeting the gut homeostasis such as antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, adsorbents, bariatric surgery and fecal microbiota transplantation are emerging as promising therapeutic options.
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Salzman NH, Schwimmer JB. Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the microbiome: Mechanisms contributing to pathogenesis and progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 19:22-29. [PMID: 34222711 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of pediatric liver disease in the United States, and often associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD comprises a broad spectrum of liver diseases, from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Disease progression is considered a multi-modal process of liver injury. The intestinal microbiome has been implicated in several aspects of NAFLD pathophysiology. Pediatric studies associating the intestinal microbiome with NAFLD have been limited in number and complicated by inconsistencies in study design and approach. Nevertheless, they provide support for involvement of the intestinal microbiome in NAFLD development and progression and point to common mechanisms shared by microbiome-associated inflammatory diseases with potential to inform future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita H Salzman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jeffrey B Schwimmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.,Department of Gastroenterology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Dan Diego, California
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27
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Takayama S, Katada K, Takagi T, Iida T, Ueda T, Mizushima K, Higashimura Y, Morita M, Okayama T, Kamada K, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Ishikawa T, Yasukawa Z, Okubo T, Itoh Y, Naito Y. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice through the gut-liver axis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2160-2176. [PMID: 34025071 PMCID: PMC8117741 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i18.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut-liver axis has attracted much interest in the context of chronic liver disease pathogenesis. Prebiotics such as dietary fibers were shown to attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by modulating gut microbiota. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), a water-soluble dietary fiber, has been reported to alleviate the symptoms of various intestinal diseases and metabolic syndromes. However, its effects on NAFLD remain to be fully elucidated. AIM To determine whether treatment with PHGG attenuates NAFLD development in mice through the gut-liver axis. METHODS Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice with increased intestinal permeability were fed a control or atherogenic (Ath) diet (a mouse model of NAFLD) for 8 wk, with or without 5% PHGG. Increased intestinal permeability was induced through chronic intermittent administration of low-dose dextran sulfate sodium. Body weight, liver weight, macroscopic findings in the liver, blood biochemistry [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acids, and glucose levels], liver histology, myeloperoxidase activity in liver tissue, mRNA expression in the liver and intestine, serum endotoxin levels in the portal vein, intestinal permeability, and microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles in the cecal samples were investigated. RESULTS Mice with increased intestinal permeability subjected to the Ath diet showed significantly increased serum AST and ALT levels, liver fat accumulation, liver inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and fibrogenic (collagen 1a1 and α smooth muscle actin) marker levels, and liver myeloperoxidase activity, which were significantly attenuated by PHGG treatment. Furthermore, the Ath diet combined with increased intestinal permeability resulted in elevated portal endotoxin levels and activated toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR9 expression, confirming that intestinal permeability was significantly elevated, as observed by evaluating the lumen-to-blood clearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran. PHGG treatment did not affect fatty acid metabolism in the liver. However, it decreased lipopolysaccharide signaling through the gut-liver axis. In addition, it significantly increased the abundance of cecal Bacteroides and Clostridium subcluster XIVa. Treatment with PHGG markedly increased the levels of SCFAs, particularly, butyric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and formic acid, in the cecal samples. CONCLUSION PHGG partially prevented NAFLD development in mice through the gut-liver axis by modulating microbiota and downstream SCFA profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Takayama
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Katada
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Medical Innovation and Translational Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaya Iida
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ueda
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higashimura
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi 921-8836, Japan
| | - Mayuko Morita
- Department of Health Care Nutrition, Showa Gakuin Junior College, Ichikawa 272-0823, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okayama
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Uchiyama
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Osamu Handa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Zenta Yasukawa
- Department of Nutrition, Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd, Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okubo
- Department of Nutrition, Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd, Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Maheshwari G, Wen G, Gessner DK, Ringseis R, Lochnit G, Eder K, Zorn H, Timm T. Tandem mass tag-based proteomics for studying the effects of a biotechnologically produced oyster mushroom against hepatic steatosis in obese Zucker rats. J Proteomics 2021; 242:104255. [PMID: 33957313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is a very common response to liver injury and often attributed to metabolic disorders. Prior studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a biotechnologically produced oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju, PSC) in alleviating hepatic steatosis in obese Zucker rats. This study aims to elucidate molecular events underlying the anti-steatotic effects of PSC. Tandem mass tag (TMT) peptide labeling coupled with LC-MS/MS/MS was used to quantify and compare proteins in the livers of lean Zucker rats fed a control diet (LC), obese Zucker rats fed the same control diet (OC) and obese Zucker rats fed the control diet supplemented with 5% PSC (OPSC) for 4 weeks. Using this technique 3128 proteins could be quantified, out of which 108 were differentially abundant between the OPSC and OC group. Functional enrichment analysis of the up-regulated proteins showed that these proteins were mainly involved in metabolic processes, while the down-regulated proteins were involved in inflammatory processes. Results from proteomic analysis were successfully validated for two up-regulated (carbonic anhydrase 3, regucalcin) and two down-regulated (cadherin-17, ceruloplasmin) proteins by means of immunoblotting. SIGNIFICANCE: Valorization of low-grade agricultural waste by edible fungi, such as the mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju (PSC), represents a promising strategy for the production of protein rich biomass since they boast of a unique enzyme system that has the ability to recover nutrients and energy from biodegradable waste. Herein, we describe the metabolic effects of PSC feeding using a combined quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics approach. In total, 108 proteins were identified to be regulated by PSC feeding in the liver of the obese rats. Complementary usage of a bioinformatics approach allowed us to decipher the mechanisms underlying the recently observed lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory activity of PSC feeding in obese Zucker rats, namely a reduction of fatty acid synthesis, an improvement of hepatoprotective mechanisms and an enhancement of anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Maheshwari
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Timm
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Liu YL, Zhang QZ, Wang YR, Fu LN, Han JS, Zhang J, Wang BM. Astragaloside IV Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Rats by Regulating Inflammatory Factors Level via TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:605064. [PMID: 33708118 PMCID: PMC7941269 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.605064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is the primary bioactive component purified from Astragalus membranaceus which is one of the traditional Chinese medicines. Research studies found that AS-IV has significant pharmacological effects on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, and diabetic nephropathy, but little is known about the effects of AS-IV on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we investigated whether AS-IV has beneficial effects on NAFLD in rats and its potential mechanisms. Methods: Male SD rats were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to establish NAFLD rat model, and then, the rats were divided into five groups. The control group rats were fed with normal diet for 12 weeks and then were given normal saline (1.0 ml kg−1 day−1) by intragastric administration for 4 weeks. The model group rats were fed with HFD for 12 weeks and then were given normal saline (1.0 ml kg−1 day−1) by intragastric administration for 4 weeks. The AS-IV-L, AS-IV-M, and AS-IV-H groups were treated with 20, 40, and 80 mg kg−1 day−1 of AS-IV by intragastric administration for 4 weeks and given HFD diet. Then, we detected serum transaminase (ALT, AST), blood lipid (TG, TC), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α), liver histology(NAFLD activity score), TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway in liver tissue. Results: We found AS-IV significantly reduced serum levels of AST, ALT, TG, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in NAFLD rats and downregulate the expression of TLR4 mRNA, MyD88 mRNA, NF-κB mRNA, and proteins in liver tissue. Moreover, AS-IV could significantly reduce the NAFLD activity score of NAFLD rat liver. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated that AS-IV have a protective effect on NAFLD by inhibiting TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 levels and down-regulating TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB expression in rat liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Liu
- Gastroenterology, the Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Gastroenterology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiu-Zan Zhang
- Gastroenterology, the Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Gastroenterology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Rong Wang
- Gastroenterology, the Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Gastroenterology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Na Fu
- Gastroenterology, the Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Gastroenterology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Shu Han
- Gastroenterology, the Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Gastroenterology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Gastroenterology, the Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Gastroenterology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bang-Mao Wang
- Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by 4-methylumbelliferone ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet-induced murine model. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:230-240. [PMID: 33486695 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) as a glycosaminoglycan can bind to cell-surface receptors, such as TLR4, to regulate inflammation, tissue injury, repair, and fibrosis. 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an inhibitor of HA synthesis, is a drug used for the treatment of biliary spasms. Currently, therapeutic interventions are not available for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this study, we investigated the effects of 4-MU on NASH using a choline-deficient amino acid (CDAA) diet model. CDAA diet-fed mice showed NASH characteristics, including hepatocyte injury, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. 4-MU treatment significantly reduced hepatic lipid contents in CDAA diet-fed mice. 4-MU reversed CDAA diet-mediated inhibition of Ppara and induction of Srebf1 and Slc27a2. Analysis of serum ALT and AST levels revealed that 4-MU treatment protected against hepatocellular damage induced by CDAA diet feeding. TLR4 regulates low molecular weight-HA-induced chemokine expression in hepatocytes. In CDAA diet-fed, 4-MU-treated mice, the upregulated chemokine/cytokine expression, such as Cxcl1, Cxcl2, and Tnf was attenuated with the decrease of macrophage infiltration into the liver. Moreover, HA inhibition repressed CDAA diet-induced mRNA expression of fibrogenic genes, Notch1, and Hes1 in the liver. In conclusion, 4-MU treatment inhibited liver steatosis and steatohepatitis in a mouse model of NASH, implicating that 4-MU may have therapeutic potential for NASH.
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Sepulveda-Crespo D, Resino S, Martinez I. Strategies Targeting the Innate Immune Response for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Liver Fibrosis. Drugs 2021; 81:419-443. [PMID: 33400242 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) in more than 95% of treated individuals and may abolish liver injury, arrest fibrogenesis, and reverse fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, liver regeneration is usually a slow process that is less effective in the late stages of fibrosis. What is more, fibrogenesis may prevail in patients with advanced cirrhosis, where it can progress to liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the development of antifibrotic drugs that halt and reverse fibrosis progression is urgently needed. Fibrosis occurs due to the repair process of damaged hepatic tissue, which eventually leads to scarring. The innate immune response against HCV is essential in the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. HCV-infected hepatocytes and liver macrophages secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that promote the activation and differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to myofibroblasts that produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Prolonged ECM production by myofibroblasts due to chronic inflammation is essential to the development of fibrosis. While no antifibrotic therapy is approved to date, several drugs are being tested in phase 2 and phase 3 trials with promising results. This review discusses current state-of-the-art knowledge on treatments targeting the innate immune system to revert chronic hepatitis C-associated liver fibrosis. Agents that cause liver damage may vary (alcohol, virus infection, etc.), but fibrosis progression shows common patterns among them, including chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, hepatocyte injury, HSC activation, and excessive ECM deposition. Therefore, mechanisms underlying these processes are promising targets for general antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepulveda-Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Carter JK, Bhattacharya D, Borgerding JN, Fiel MI, Faith JJ, Friedman SL. Modeling dysbiosis of human NASH in mice: Loss of gut microbiome diversity and overgrowth of Erysipelotrichales. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244763. [PMID: 33395434 PMCID: PMC7781477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & aim Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is responsible for a growing fraction of cirrhosis and liver cancer cases worldwide. Changes in the gut microbiome have been implicated in NASH pathogenesis, but the lack of suitable murine models has been a barrier to progress. We have therefore characterized the microbiome in a well-validated murine NASH model to establish its value in modeling human disease. Methods The composition of intestinal microbiota was monitored in mice on a 12- or 24-week NASH protocol consisting of high fat, high sugar Western Diet (WD) plus once weekly i.p injection of low-dose CCl4. Additional mice were subjected to WD-only or CCl4-only conditions to assess the independent effect of these variables on the microbiome. Results There was substantial remodeling of the intestinal microbiome in NASH mice, characterized by declines in both species diversity and bacterial abundance. Based on changes to beta diversity, microbiota from NASH mice clustered separately from controls in principal coordinate analyses. A comparison between WD-only and CCl4-only controls with the NASH model identified WD as the primary driver of early changes to the microbiome, resulting in loss of diversity within the 1st week. A NASH signature emerged progressively at weeks 6 and 12, including, most notably, a reproducible bloom of the Firmicute order Erysipelotrichales. Conclusions We have established a valuable model to study the role of gut microbes in NASH, enabling us to identify a new NASH gut microbiome signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Carter
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dipankar Bhattacharya
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua N. Borgerding
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - M. Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah J. Faith
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sasaki GY, Li J, Cichon MJ, Kopec RE, Bruno RS. Catechin-Rich Green Tea Extract and the Loss-of-TLR4 Signaling Differentially Alter the Hepatic Metabolome in Mice with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000998. [PMID: 33249742 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Catechin-rich green tea extract (GTE) limits inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) consistent with a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent mechanism. It is hypothesized that GTE supplementation during NASH will shift the hepatic metabolome similar to that attributed to the loss-of-TLR4 signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type (WT) and loss-of-function TLR4-mutant (TLR4mut ) mice are fed a high-fat diet containing 0% or 2% GTE for 8 weeks prior to performing untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics on liver tissue. The loss-of-TLR4 signaling and GTE shift the hepatic metabolome away from that of WT mice. However, relatively few metabolites are altered by GTE in WT mice to the same extent as the loss-of-TLR4 signaling in TLR4mut mice. GTE increases acetyl-coenzyme A precursors and spermidine to a greater extent than the loss-of-TLR4 signaling. Select metabolites associated with thiol metabolism are similarly affected by GTE and the loss-of-TLR4 signaling. Glycerophospholipid catabolites are decreased by GTE, but are unaffected in TLR4mut mice. Conversely, the loss-of-TLR4 signaling but not GTE increases several bile acid metabolites. CONCLUSION GTE limitedly alters the hepatic metabolome consistent with a TLR4-dependent mechanism. This suggests that the anti-inflammatory activities of GTE and loss-of-TLR4 signaling that regulate hepatic metabolism to abrogate NASH are likely due to distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Y Sasaki
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jinhui Li
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Morgan J Cichon
- Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rachel E Kopec
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Mu T, Tong N, Cheng P. Hepatic stellate cells specific liposomes with the Toll-like receptor 4 shRNA attenuates liver fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1299-1313. [PMID: 33336563 PMCID: PMC7812270 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a significant role in the onset of liver fibrosis, which can be treated by the inhibition and reversal of HSC activation. The RNA interference-mediated TLR4 gene silencing might be a potential therapeutic approach for liver fibrosis. The crucial challenge in this method is the absence of an efficient delivery system for the RNAi introduction in the target cells. HSCs have an enhanced capacity of vitamin A intake as they contain retinoic acid receptors (RARs). In the current study, we developed cationic liposomes modified with vitamin A to improve the specificity of delivery vehicles for HSCs. The outcome of this study revealed that the VitA-coupled cationic liposomes delivered the TLR4 shRNA to aHSCs more efficiently, as compared to the uncoupled cationic liposomes, both in the in vitro and in vivo conditions. Besides, as evident from the outcome of this study, the TLR4 gene silencing inhibited the HSCs activation and attenuated the liver fibrosis via the NF-κB transcriptional inactivation, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis. Thus, the VitA-coupled liposomes encapsulated with the TLR4-shRNA might prove as an efficient therapeutic agent for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Yang Li
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Tong Mu
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Xu J, Wu N, Wang Y, Lin T, Liu Y, Liu Y. E. coli NF73-1 Isolated From NASH Patients Aggravates NAFLD in Mice by Translocating Into the Liver and Stimulating M1 Polarization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:535940. [PMID: 33363046 PMCID: PMC7759485 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.535940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The gut microbiota is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We isolated the Escherichia coli strain NF73-1 from the intestines of a NASH patient and then investigated its effect and underlying mechanism. Methods 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) amplicon sequencing was used to detect bacterial profiles in healthy controls, NAFLD patients and NASH patients. Highly enriched E. coli strains were cultured and isolated from NASH patients. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics were performed to investigate gene expression. Depending on the diet, male C57BL/6J mice were further grouped in normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD) groups. To avoid disturbing the bacterial microbiota, some of the ND and HFD mice were grouped as “bacteria-depleted” mice and treated with a cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotic complex (ABX) from the 8th to 10th week. Then, E. coli NF73-1, the bacterial strain isolated from NASH patients, was administered transgastrically for 6 weeks to investigate its effect and mechanism in the pathogenic progression of NAFLD. Results The relative abundance of Escherichia increased significantly in the mucosa of NAFLD patients, especially NASH patients. The results from whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics showed a specific gene expression profile in E. coli strain NF73-1, which was isolated from the intestinal mucosa of NASH patients. E. coli NF73-1 accelerates NAFLD independently. Only in the HFD-NF73-1 and HFD-ABX-NF73-1 groups were EGFP-labeled E. coli NF73-1 detected in the liver and intestine. Subsequently, translocation of E. coli NF73-1 into the liver led to an increase in hepatic M1 macrophages via the TLR2/NLRP3 pathway. Hepatic M1 macrophages induced by E. coli NF73-1 activated mTOR-S6K1-SREBP-1/PPAR-α signaling, causing a metabolic switch from triglyceride oxidation toward triglyceride synthesis in NAFLD mice. Conclusions E. coli NF73-1 is a critical trigger in the progression of NAFLD. E. coli NF73-1 might be a specific strain for NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology & Central Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology & Central Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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The Gut Microbiota: How Does It Influence the Development and Progression of Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110501. [PMID: 33207562 PMCID: PMC7697996 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut–liver axis plays important roles in both the maintenance of a healthy liver and the pathogenesis of liver diseases, where the gut microbiota acts as a major determinant of this relationship. Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and cellular components are key molecules that affect the function of the liver and modulate the pathology of liver diseases. Accumulating evidence showed that gut microbiota produces a myriad of molecules, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and DNA, as well as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine, and indole derivatives. The translocation of these components to the liver exerts beneficial or pathogenic effects by interacting with liver immune cells. This is a bidirectional relationship. Therefore, the existence of crosstalk between the gut and liver and its implications on host health and diseases are essential for the etiology and treatment of diseases. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis of liver diseases, but still, the mechanisms behind the pathogenic role of gut-derived components on liver pathogenesis remain elusive and not understandable. This review discusses the current progress on the gut microbiota and its components in terms of the progression of liver diseases, and in turn, how liver diseases indirectly affect the intestinal function and induce intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this paper highlights the current therapeutic and preventive strategies used to restore the gut microbiota composition and improve host health.
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Sumneang N, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Myeloid differentiation factor 2 in the heart: Bench to bedside evidence for potential clinical benefits? Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105239. [PMID: 33053443 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac inflammation has been involved in many pathological processes in the heart including cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, adverse remodeling, and dysfunction. Myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) is a key mediating protein that has been shown to contribute to the inflammatory process. MD2 is required for the activation of TLR4 in the form of dimerization complex. Upon activation of TLR4, the signal can be sent through either myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (Myd88) or toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) proteins to activate the inflammatory response in cardiac tissue, after which the inflammatory cytokines and genes are produced. In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, a positive correlation was demonstrated between the serum MD2 levels and mortality rate. Therefore, MD2 inhibition should provide beneficial effects in inflammation related to cardiac diseases such as obesity and heart failure. Multiple inhibitors of TLR4/MD2 interaction reportedly attenuated cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in animals with obesity and heart failure. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the reports from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies regarding the role of MD2 and the effects of MD2 inhibitors on cardiac inflammation, dysfunction, fibrosis, and remodeling. The information regarding the beneficial effects of MD2 inhibitors will be used to encourage future clinical use as a novel anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natticha Sumneang
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellent in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Wu YN, Zhang L, Chen T, Li X, He LH, Liu GX. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor protects mice against hepatocellular carcinoma by ameliorating intestinal dysbiosis and attenuating inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5420-5436. [PMID: 33024394 PMCID: PMC7520605 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i36.5420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The gut microbiota can help maintain healthy metabolism and immunity. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a critical factor in promoting health and homeostasis; it promotes intestinal immunity, stimulates bone marrow precursors to generate macrophage colonies, and enhances the antibacterial and antitumor activity of circulating monocytes. As such, GM-CSF may protect against HCC development by regulating immunity as well as intestinal microecology.
AIM To investigate the impact of GM-CSF on the gut microbiome and metabolic characteristics of HCC.
METHODS Thirty-six male BALB/c nude mice were divided into three groups: Control (n = 10), HCC (n = 13), and HCC + GM-CSF (GM-CSF overexpression, n = 13). We utilized HCC cells to establish orthotopic transplantation tumor models of HCC with normal and over-expressing GM-CSF. Liver injury, immune inflammatory function and intestinal barrier function were evaluated. The fecal microbiome and metabolome were studied using 16S rRNA absolute quantification sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
RESULTS GM-CSF overexpression significantly affected the gut microbiome of mice with HCC and resulted in a high abundance of organisms of the genera Roseburia, Blautia and Butyricimonass, along with a significant reduction in Prevotella, Parabacteroides, Anaerotruncus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, and Mucispirillum. Likewise, GM-CSF overexpression resulted in a substantial increase in fecal biotin and oleic acid levels, along with a prominent decrease in the fecal succinic acid, adenosine, fumaric acid, lipoic acid, and maleic acid levels. Correlation analysis revealed that the intestinal microbiota and fecal metabolites induced by GM-CSF were primarily involved in pathways related to reducing the inflammatory response, biotin metabolism, and intestinal barrier dysfunction.
CONCLUSION GM-CSF can protect against HCC development by regulating immunity and modulating the abundance of specific intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites. This study provides new insights into the therapeutic approaches for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Na Wu
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Li-Hong He
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guang-Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Saiman Y, Hooks R, Carr RM. High-Risk Groups for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Development and Progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11901-020-00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gut-Pancreas-Liver Axis as a Target for Treatment of NAFLD/NASH. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165820. [PMID: 32823659 PMCID: PMC7461212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common form of chronic liver disease worldwide. Due to its association with obesity and diabetes and the fall in hepatitis C virus morbidity, cirrhosis in NAFLD is becoming the most frequent indication to liver transplantation, but the pathogenetic mechanisms are still not completely understood. The so-called gut-liver axis has gained enormous interest when data showed that its alteration can lead to NAFLD development and might favor the occurrence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Moreover, several therapeutic approaches targeting the gut-pancreas-liver axis, e.g., incretins, showed promising results in NASH treatment. In this review, we describe the role of incretin hormones in NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis and treatment and how metagenomic/metabolomic alterations in the gut microbiota can lead to NASH in the presence of gut barrier modifications favoring the passage of bacteria or bacterial products in the portal circulation, i.e., bacterial translocation.
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Si-Wu-Tang Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Blocking TLR4-JNK and Caspase-8-GSDMD Signaling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8786424. [PMID: 32849904 PMCID: PMC7439165 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8786424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has high global prevalence; however, the treatments of NAFLD are limited due to lack of approved drugs. Methods Mice were randomly assigned into three groups: Control group, NAFLD group, NAFLD plus Si-Wu-Tang group. A NAFLD mice model was established by feeding with a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for four weeks. Si-Wu-Tang was given orally by gastric gavage at the beginning of 3rd week, and it lasted for two weeks. The treatment effects of Si-Wu-Tang were confirmed by examining the change of body weight, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, Oil Red O staining, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the liver samples and accompanied by steatosis grade scores. The expression and activation of the possible signaling proteins involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD were determined by western blotting. Results Mice fed with four weeks of MCD diet displayed elevated serum levels of ALT and AST, while there was decreased body weight. The hepatic Oil Red O staining and H&E staining showed severe liver steatosis with high steatosis grade scores. All these can be improved by treating with Si-Wu-Tang for two weeks. Mechanistically, the increased hepatic TLR4 expression and its downstream JNK phosphorylation induced by MCD diet were suppressed by Si-Wu-Tang. Moreover, the upregulations of Caspase-8, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and cleaved-GSDMD in liver mediated by MCD diet were all inhibited by Si-Wu-Tang. Conclusions Treatment with Si-Wu-Tang improves MCD diet-induced NAFLD in part via blocking TLR4-JNK and Caspase-8-GSDMD signaling pathways, suggesting that Si-Wu-Tang has potential for clinical application in treating NAFLD.
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Engelmann C, Sheikh M, Sharma S, Kondo T, Loeffler-Wirth H, Zheng YB, Novelli S, Hall A, Kerbert AJC, Macnaughtan J, Mookerjee R, Habtesion A, Davies N, Ali T, Gupta S, Andreola F, Jalan R. Toll-like receptor 4 is a therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of liver failure. J Hepatol 2020; 73:102-112. [PMID: 31987990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an essential role in mediating organ injury in acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Herein, we assess whether inhibiting TLR4 signaling can ameliorate liver failure and serve as a potential treatment. METHODS Circulating TLR4 ligands and hepatic TLR4 expression were measured in plasma samples and liver biopsies from patients with cirrhosis. TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor) was tested in vivo (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in rodent models of ACLF (bile duct ligation + lipopolysaccharide [LPS]; carbon tetrachloride + LPS) and ALF (galactosamine + LPS) and in vitro on immortalized human monocytes (THP-1) and hepatocytes (HHL5). The in vivo therapeutic effect was assessed by coma-free survival, organ injury and cytokine release and in vitro by measuring IL-6, IL-1β or cell injury (TUNEL), respectively. RESULTS In patients with cirrhosis, hepatic TLR4 expression was upregulated and circulating TLR4 ligands were increased (p <0.001). ACLF in rodents was associated with a switch from apoptotic cell death in ALF to non-apoptotic forms of cell death. TAK-242 reduced LPS-induced cytokine secretion and cell death (p = 0.002) in hepatocytes and monocytes in vitro. In rodent models of ACLF, TAK-242 administration improved coma-free survival, reduced the degree of hepatocyte cell death in the liver (p <0.001) and kidneys (p = 0.048) and reduced circulating cytokine levels (IL-1β, p <0.001). In a rodent model of ALF, TAK-242 prevented organ injury (p <0.001) and systemic inflammation (IL-1β, p <0.001). CONCLUSION This study shows that TLR4 signaling is a key factor in the development of both ACLF and ALF; its inhibition reduces the severity of organ injury and improves outcome. TAK-242 may be of therapeutic relevance in patients with liver failure. LAY SUMMARY Toll-like receptor 4 (or TLR4) mediates endotoxin-induced tissue injury in liver failure and cirrhosis. This receptor sensitizes cells to endotoxins, which are produced by gram-negative bacteria. Thus, inhibiting TLR4 signaling with an inhibitor (TAK-242) ameliorates organ injury and systemic inflammation in rodent models of acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Engelmann
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom; Section Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Medical Department, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammed Sheikh
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shreya Sharma
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yu Bao Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Simone Novelli
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrew Hall
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annarein J C Kerbert
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Macnaughtan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajeshwar Mookerjee
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abeba Habtesion
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Davies
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tauhid Ali
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Fausto Andreola
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Akiba Y, Maruta K, Takajo T, Narimatsu K, Said H, Kato I, Kuwahara A, Kaunitz JD. Lipopolysaccharides transport during fat absorption in rodent small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G1070-G1087. [PMID: 32390462 PMCID: PMC7311662 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00079.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are potent pro-inflammatory molecules that enter the systemic circulation from the intestinal lumen by uncertain mechanisms. We investigated these mechanisms and the effect of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) on LPS transport in the rodent small intestine. Transmucosal LPS transport was measured in Ussing-chambered rat jejunal mucosa. In anesthetized rats, the appearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-LPS into the portal vein (PV) and the mesenteric lymph was simultaneously monitored after intraduodenal perfusion of FITC-LPS with oleic acid and taurocholate (OA/TCA). In vitro, luminally applied LPS rapidly appeared in the serosal solution only with luminal OA/TCA present, inhibited by the lipid raft inhibitor methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and the CD36 inhibitor sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO), or by serosal GLP-2. In vivo, perfusion of FITC-LPS with OA/TCA rapidly increased FITC-LPS appearance into the PV, followed by a gradual increase of FITC-LPS into the lymph. Rapid PV transport was inhibited by the addition of MβCD or by SSO, whereas transport into the lymph was inhibited by chylomicron synthesis inhibition. Intraveous injection of the stable GLP-2 analog teduglutide acutely inhibited FITC-LPS transport into the PV, yet accelerated FITC-LPS transport into the lymph via Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)- and PG97-269-sensitive mechanisms. In vivo confocal microscopy in mouse jejunum confirmed intracellular FITC-LPS uptake with no evidence of paracellular localization. This is the first direct demonstration in vivo that luminal LPS may cross the small intestinal barrier physiologically during fat absorption via lipid raft- and CD36-mediated mechanisms, followed by predominant transport into the PV, and that teduglutide inhibits LPS uptake into the PV in vivo.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report direct in vivo confirmation of transcellular lipopolysaccharides (LPS) uptake from the intestine into the portal vein (PV) involving CD36 and lipid rafts, with minor uptake via the canonical chylomicron pathway. The gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) inhibited uptake into the PV. These data suggest that the bulk of LPS absorption is via the PV to the liver, helping clarify the mechanism of LPS transport into the PV as part of the "gut-liver" axis. These data do not support the paracellular transport of LPS, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the "leaky gut" syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Koji Maruta
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Takeshi Takajo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hyder Said
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Surgery, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
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44
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Processes exacerbating apoptosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2245-2264. [PMID: 31742325 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health concern, owing to its high prevalence, progressive nature and lack of effective medical therapies. NAFLD is a complex and multifactorial disease involving the progressive and concerted action of factors that contribute to the development of liver inflammation and eventually fibrosis. Here, we summarize fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), how they are interrelated and possible translation to clinical applications. We focus on processes triggering and exacerbating apoptotic signalling in the liver of NAFLD patients and their metabolic and pathological implications. Indeed, liver injury and inflammation are cardinal histopathological features of NASH, a duo in which derailment of apoptosis is of paramount importance. In turn, the liver houses a very high number of mitochondria, crucial metabolic unifiers of both extrinsic and intrinsic signals that converge in apoptosis activation. The role of lifestyle options is also dissected, highlighting the management of modifiable risk factors, such as obesity and harmful alcohol consumption, influencing apoptosis signalling in the liver and ultimately NAFLD progression. Integrating NAFLD-associated pathologic mechanisms in the cell death context could provide clues for a more profound understating of the disease and pave the way for novel rational therapies.
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45
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Chakaroun RM, Massier L, Kovacs P. Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability, and Tissue Bacteria in Metabolic Disease: Perpetrators or Bystanders? Nutrients 2020; 12:E1082. [PMID: 32295104 PMCID: PMC7230435 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging evidence on the interconnectedness between the gut microbiome and host metabolism has led to a paradigm shift in the study of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes with implications on both underlying pathophysiology and potential treatment. Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence of gut microbiota shifts, increased intestinal permeability in metabolic disease, and the critical positioning of the intestinal barrier at the interface between environment and internal milieu have led to the rekindling of the "leaky gut" concept. Although increased circulation of surrogate markers and directly measurable intestinal permeability have been linked to increased systemic inflammation in metabolic disease, mechanistic models behind this phenomenon are underdeveloped. Given repeated observations of microorganisms in several tissues with congruent phylogenetic findings, we review current evidence on these unanticipated niches, focusing specifically on the interaction between gut permeability and intestinal as well as extra-intestinal bacteria and their joint contributions to systemic inflammation and metabolism. We further address limitations of current studies and suggest strategies drawing on standard techniques for permeability measurement, recent advancements in microbial culture independent techniques and computational methodologies to robustly develop these concepts, which may be of considerable value for the development of prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima M. Chakaroun
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (L.M.); (P.K.)
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46
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Shah M, Kim GY, Achek A, Cho EY, Baek WY, Choi YS, Lee WH, Kim DJ, Lee SH, Kim W, Kim SS, Cheong JY, Suh CH, Choi S. The αC helix of TIRAP holds therapeutic potential in TLR-mediated autoimmune diseases. Biomaterials 2020; 245:119974. [PMID: 32220799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite being crucial for combating microbes, paradoxical Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling have been associated with the aggravation of multiple immune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The stoichiometry and precise arrangement of the interaction of adapters (via their Toll/interleukin-1 receptor [TIR] domains) are indispensable for the activation of TLRs and of downstream signaling cascades. Among adapters, plasma membrane-anchored MyD88 adaptor-like (MAL) has the potential for BB-loop-mediated self-oligomerization and interacts with other TIR domain-containing adaptors through αC and αD helices. Here, we used information on the MAL-αC interface to exploit its pharmacophores and to design a decoy peptide (MIP2) with broad-range TLR-inhibitory abilities. MIP2 abrogated MyD88- and TRIF-dependent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR4 signaling in murine and human cell lines and manifested a therapeutic potential in models of psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and sepsis. Levels of hallmark serological and histological biomarkers were significantly restored and the disease symptoms were substantially ameliorated by MIP2 treatment of the animals. Collectively, our biophysical, in vitro, and in vivo findings suggest that MIP2 has broad specificity for TLRs and may be effective in modulating autoimmune complications caused by microbial or environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaud Shah
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Asma Achek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Wook-Young Baek
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Yang Seon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Wang Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, 05278, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, 05278, South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Soon Sun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Jae Youn Cheong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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Kawakubo M, Tanaka M, Ochi K, Watanabe A, Saka-Tanaka M, Kanamori Y, Yoshioka N, Yamashita S, Goto M, Itoh M, Shirakawa I, Kanai S, Suzuki H, Sawada M, Ito A, Ishigami M, Fujishiro M, Arima H, Ogawa Y, Suganami T. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated liver fibrosis and tumor development in mice independently of its anti-diabetic effects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:983. [PMID: 31969650 PMCID: PMC6976646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a hepatic phenotype of the metabolic syndrome, and increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although increasing evidence points to the therapeutic implications of certain types of anti-diabetic agents in NASH, it remains to be elucidated whether their effects on NASH are independent of their effects on diabetes. Genetically obese melanocortin 4 receptor–deficient (MC4R-KO) mice fed Western diet are a murine model that sequentially develops hepatic steatosis, NASH, and HCC in the presence of obesity and insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor anagliptin on NASH and HCC development in MC4R-KO mice. Anagliptin treatment effectively prevented inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis in the liver of MC4R-KO mice. Interestingly, anagliptin only marginally affected body weight, systemic glucose and lipid metabolism, and hepatic steatosis. Histological data and gene expression analysis suggest that anagliptin treatment targets macrophage activation in the liver during the progression from simple steatosis to NASH. As a molecular mechanism underlying anagliptin action, we showed that glucagon-like peptide-1 suppressed proinflammatory and profibrotic phenotypes of macrophages in vitro. This study highlights the glucose metabolism–independent effects of anagliptin on NASH and HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kawakubo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miyako Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. .,Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kozue Ochi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Marie Saka-Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohei Kanamori
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoko Yamashita
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Moritaka Goto
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michiko Itoh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Organ Network and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ibuki Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kanai
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Brain Function, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Department of Brain Function, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. .,Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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48
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Baicalin and its nanoliposomes ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via suppression of TLR4 signaling cascade in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106208. [PMID: 31955065 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a natural flavonoid compound, baicalin(BA)has been reported to exhibit hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the characteristic of poor solubility and low bioavailability greatly limits its application. In addition, the effects and underlying mechanisms of BA in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain elusive. In this study, Methionine and choline deficient diet (MCD)-induced NAFLD mice were treated with baicalin or baicalin-loaded nanoliposomes (BA-NL), then hepatic histopathological changes, biochemical parameters and inflammatory molecules were observed. We found that mice in MCD group showed significant increases in plasma transaminase, hepatocyte apoptosis, hepatic lipid accumulation, liver fibrosis, and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages compared with control group, however, BA and BA-NL markedly attenuated MCD-induced the above changes. Besides, further analysis indicated that BA and BA-NL also inhibited the up-regulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal and the production of inflammatory mediators in MCD mice. Importantly, BA-NL was found to be more effective than baicalin on MCD-induced NAFLD in mice. These data suggested that BA and its nanoliposomes BA-NL could effectively protect mice against MCD-induced NAFLD, which might be mediated through inhibiting TLR4 signaling cascade.
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49
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Soltani N, Marandi SM, Kazemi M, Esmaeil N. The Exercise Training Modulatory Effects on the Obesity-Induced Immunometabolic Dysfunctions. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:785-810. [PMID: 32256095 PMCID: PMC7090203 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s234992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced physical activity rate in people's lifestyle is a global concern associated with the prevalence of health disorders such as obesity and metabolic disturbance. Ample evidence has indicated a critical role of the immune system in the aggravation of obesity. The type, duration, and production of adipose tissue-released mediators may change subsequent inactive lifestyle-induced obesity, leading to the chronic systematic inflammation and monocyte/macrophage (MON/MФ) phenotype polarization. Preliminary adipose tissue expansion can be inhibited by changing the lifestyle. In this context, exercise training is widely recommended due to a definite improvement of energy balance and the potential impacts on the inflammatory signaling cascades. How exercise training affects the immune system has not yet been fully elucidated, because its anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, or even immunosuppressive impacts have been indicated in the literature. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms triggered by exercise can suggest a new approach to combat meta-inflammation-induced metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarized the obesity-induced inflammatory pathways, the roles of MON/MФ polarization in adipose tissue and systemic inflammation, and the underlying inflammatory mechanisms triggered by exercise during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisa Soltani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohammad Marandi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Sayed Mohammad Marandi Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranTel +983137932358Fax +983136687572 Email
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Correspondence: Nafiseh Esmaeil Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan81744-176, IranTel +98 31 37929097Fax +98 3113 7929031 Email
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50
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Hendrikx T, Binder CJ. Oxidation-Specific Epitopes in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:607011. [PMID: 33362721 PMCID: PMC7756077 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.607011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An improper balance between the production and elimination of intracellular reactive oxygen species causes increased oxidative stress. Consequently, DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids are irreversibly damaged, leading to molecular modifications that disrupt normal function. In particular, the peroxidation of lipids in membranes or lipoproteins alters lipid function and promotes formation of neo-epitopes, such as oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs), which are found to be present on (lipo)proteins, dying cells, and extracellular vesicles. Accumulation of OSEs and recognition of OSEs by designated pattern recognition receptors on immune cells or soluble effectors can contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In line, recent studies highlight the involvement of modified lipids and OSEs in different stages of the spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including inflammatory non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Targeting lipid peroxidation products shows high potential in the search for novel, better therapeutic strategies for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM), Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Christoph J. Binder,
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