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Caon E, Martins M, Hodgetts H, Blanken L, Vilia MG, Levi A, Thanapirom K, Al-Akkad W, Abu-Hanna J, Baselli G, Hall AR, Luong TV, Taanman JW, Vacca M, Valenti L, Romeo S, Mazza G, Pinzani M, Rombouts K. Exploring the impact of the PNPLA3 I148M variant on primary human hepatic stellate cells using 3D extracellular matrix models. J Hepatol 2024; 80:941-956. [PMID: 38365182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G (encoding for I148M) variant is a risk locus for the fibrogenic progression of chronic liver diseases, a process driven by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We investigated how the PNPLA3 I148M variant affects HSC biology using transcriptomic data and validated findings in 3D-culture models. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed on 2D-cultured primary human HSCs and liver biopsies of individuals with obesity, genotyped for the PNPLA3 I148M variant. Data were validated in wild-type (WT) or PNPLA3 I148M variant-carrying HSCs cultured on 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds from human healthy and cirrhotic livers, with/without TGFB1 or cytosporone B (Csn-B) treatment. RESULTS Transcriptomic analyses of liver biopsies and HSCs highlighted shared PNPLA3 I148M-driven dysregulated pathways related to mitochondrial function, antioxidant response, ECM remodelling and TGFB1 signalling. Analogous pathways were dysregulated in WT/PNPLA3-I148M HSCs cultured in 3D liver scaffolds. Mitochondrial dysfunction in PNPLA3-I148M cells was linked to respiratory chain complex IV insufficiency. Antioxidant capacity was lower in PNPLA3-I148M HSCs, while reactive oxygen species secretion was increased in PNPLA3-I148M HSCs and higher in bioengineered cirrhotic vs. healthy scaffolds. TGFB1 signalling followed the same trend. In PNPLA3-I148M cells, expression and activation of the endogenous TGFB1 inhibitor NR4A1 were decreased: treatment with the Csn-B agonist increased total NR4A1 in HSCs cultured in healthy but not in cirrhotic 3D scaffolds. NR4A1 regulation by TGFB1/Csn-B was linked to Akt signalling in PNPLA3-WT HSCs and to Erk signalling in PNPLA3-I148M HSCs. CONCLUSION HSCs carrying the PNPLA3 I148M variant have impaired mitochondrial function, antioxidant responses, and increased TGFB1 signalling, which dampens antifibrotic NR4A1 activity. These features are exacerbated by cirrhotic ECM, highlighting the dual impact of the PNPLA3 I148M variant and the fibrotic microenvironment in progressive chronic liver diseases. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a key role in the fibrogenic process associated with chronic liver disease. The PNPLA3 genetic mutation has been linked with increased risk of fibrogenesis, but its role in HSCs requires further investigation. Here, by using comparative transcriptomics and a novel 3D in vitro model, we demonstrate the impact of the PNPLA3 genetic mutation on primary human HSCs' behaviour, and we show that it affects the cell's mitochondrial function and antioxidant response, as well as the antifibrotic gene NR4A1. Our publicly available transcriptomic data, 3D platform and our findings on NR4A1 could facilitate the discovery of targets to develop more effective treatments for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caon
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Maria Martins
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Harry Hodgetts
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Lieke Blanken
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Maria Giovanna Vilia
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Ana Levi
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Kessarin Thanapirom
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Walid Al-Akkad
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Jeries Abu-Hanna
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Guido Baselli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew R Hall
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tu Vinh Luong
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London UK
| | - Michele Vacca
- Laboratory of Hepatic Metabolism and NAFLD, Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, London, UK; Clinica Medica "Frugoni", Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Precision Medicine, Biological Resource Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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Xia M, Varmazyad M, Palacin IP, Gavlock DC, Debiasio R, LaRocca G, Reese C, Florentino R, Faccioli LAP, Brown JA, Vernetti LA, Schurdak ME, Stern AM, Gough A, Behari J, Soto-Gutierrez A, Taylor DL, Miedel M. Comparison of Wild-Type and High-risk PNPLA3 variants in a Human Biomimetic Liver Microphysiology System for Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease Precision Therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590608. [PMID: 38712213 PMCID: PMC11071381 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a worldwide health epidemic with a global occurrence of approximately 30%. The pathogenesis of MASLD is a complex, multisystem disorder driven by multiple factors including genetics, lifestyle, and the environment. Patient heterogeneity presents challenges for developing MASLD therapeutics, creation of patient cohorts for clinical trials and optimization of therapeutic strategies for specific patient cohorts. Implementing pre-clinical experimental models for drug development creates a significant challenge as simple in vitro systems and animal models do not fully recapitulate critical steps in the pathogenesis and the complexity of MASLD progression. To address this, we implemented a precision medicine strategy that couples the use of our liver acinus microphysiology system (LAMPS) constructed with patient-derived primary cells. We investigated the MASLD-associated genetic variant PNPLA3 rs738409 (I148M variant) in primary hepatocytes, as it is associated with MASLD progression. We constructed LAMPS with genotyped wild type and variant PNPLA3 hepatocytes together with key non-parenchymal cells and quantified the reproducibility of the model. We altered media components to mimic blood chemistries, including insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, and immune activating molecules to reflect normal fasting (NF), early metabolic syndrome (EMS) and late metabolic syndrome (LMS) conditions. Finally, we investigated the response to treatment with resmetirom, an approved drug for metabolic syndrome-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), the progressive form of MASLD. This study using primary cells serves as a benchmark for studies using patient biomimetic twins constructed with patient iPSC-derived liver cells using a panel of reproducible metrics. We observed increased steatosis, immune activation, stellate cell activation and secretion of pro-fibrotic markers in the PNPLA3 GG variant compared to wild type CC LAMPS, consistent with the clinical characterization of this variant. We also observed greater resmetirom efficacy in PNPLA3 wild type CC LAMPS compared to the GG variant in multiple MASLD metrics including steatosis, stellate cell activation and the secretion of pro-fibrotic markers. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the capability of the LAMPS platform for the development of MASLD precision therapeutics, enrichment of patient cohorts for clinical trials, and optimization of therapeutic strategies for patient subgroups with different clinical traits and disease stages.
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Tai J, Hsu C, Chen W, Yang S, Chiu C, Chien R, Chang M. Association of liver fibrosis with extrahepatic cancer in steatotic liver disease patients with PNPLA3 I148M GG genotype. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:564-574. [PMID: 38083881 PMCID: PMC10859614 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The impacts of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) I148M-rs738409, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) Ala222Val-rs1801133, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) Glu504Lys-rs671 on the outcomes of Taiwanese patients with steatotic liver disease (SLD) have remained elusive. An 8-year prospective cohort study of patients with (n = 546) and without (n = 580) SLD (controls) was undertaken in a Taiwanese tertiary care center. The 546 SLD patients comprised 306 (56.0%) men and 240 (44.0%) women with mean ages of 53.3 and 56.4 years, respectively. Compared with the controls, SLD patients had an increased frequency of the PNPLA3 I148M-rs738409 GG genotype (25.5 vs. 5.9%, p = 0.001). Among the SLD patients, 236 (43.1%) suffered cardiovascular events, 52 (9.5%) showed extrahepatic cancers, 13 (2.38%) experienced hepatic events, including hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 3, 0.5%) and liver cirrhosis (n = 8, 1.47%), and none died. The Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores were associated with extrahepatic cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 1.325; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.038-1.691) and cirrhosis development (HR 1.532; 95% CI, 1.055-2.224), and the PNPLA3 I148M-rs738409 G allele (β = 0.158, 95% CI, 0.054-0.325) was associated with the FIB-4 score. Stratified analyses showed that the impact of the FIB-4 score on extrahepatic cancer development was evident only in SLD patients with the PNPLA3 I148M-rs738409 GG genotype (HR 1.543; 95% CI, 1.195-1.993) and not in patients with the GC or CC genotype. Moreover, the ALDH2 Glu504Lys-rs671 G allele had a dose-dependent effect on alcoholism, and the MTHFR and ALDH2 genotypes were not significantly associated with SLD patient outcomes. In conclusion, special vigilance should be exercised for emerging extrahepatic cancer in SLD patients with the PNPLA3 I148M-rs738409 GG genotype and high FIB-4 scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tai
- Department of Medicine, College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
| | - Chao‐Wei Hsu
- Department of Medicine, College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Ting Chen
- Department of Medicine, College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
| | - Sien‐Sing Yang
- Liver Center, Cathay General Hospital Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Cheng‐Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research CenterChang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouTaoyuanTaiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of PediatricsChang Gung Memorial Hospital at LinkouTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Rong‐Nan Chien
- Department of Medicine, College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Ling Chang
- Department of Medicine, College of MedicineChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkouTaiwan
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Gou Y, Wang L, Zhao J, Xu X, Xu H, Xie F, Wang Y, Feng Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y. PNPLA3-I148M Variant Promotes the Progression of Liver Fibrosis by Inducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119681. [PMID: 37298640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 polymorphism (I148M) is strongly associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of PNPLA3-I148M on the activation of hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 and the progression of liver fibrosis. Immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect lipid accumulation. The expression levels of fibrosis, cholesterol metabolism, and mitochondria-related markers were measured via real-time PCR or western blotting. Electron microscopy was applied to analyze the ultrastructure of the mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiration was measured by a Seahorse XFe96 analyzer. PNPLA3-I148M significantly promoted intracellular free cholesterol aggregation in LX-2 cells by decreasing cholesterol efflux protein (ABCG1) expression; it subsequently induced mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by attenuated ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential, elevated ROS levels, caused mitochondrial structural damage, altered the oxygen consumption rate, and decreased the expression of mitochondrial-function-related proteins. Our results demonstrated for the first time that PNPLA3-I148M causes mitochondrial dysfunction of LX-2 cells through the accumulation of free cholesterol, thereby promoting the activation of LX-2 cells and the development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Gou
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lifei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinhan Zhao
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xu
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hangfei Xu
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yingmei Feng
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Third Unit, The Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing 100069, China
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Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. Advances in our understanding of the molecular heterogeneity of fatty liver disease: toward informed treatment decision making. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:317-324. [PMID: 36912694 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2191190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex disorder resulting from intricate relationships with diverse cardiometabolic risk factors and environmental factors. NAFLD may result in severe chronic liver damage and potentially declining liver function. AREAS COVERED Accumulated knowledge over the last decade indicates that the disease trajectory presents substantial heterogeneity. In addition, overlapping features with the diseases of the metabolic syndrome, combined with heterogeneity in disease mechanisms, further complicates NAFLD diagnosis and prognosis, and hampers progress in biomarker and pharmacological discoveries. Here, we explore solving the heterogeneous clinical landscape of NAFLD by cluster analysis of molecular signatures that serve as a proxy for disease stratification into molecular sub-types. First, we collected information on NAFLD and metabolic syndrome-associated protein-coding genes by data mining the literature. Next, we performed pathways enrichment and cluster analyses to decipher and dissect the different patterns of phenotypic heterogeneity. Our approach showed unique biological pathways for every clinical subtype/group, namely NAFLD + obesity, NAFLD + arterial hypertension, NAFLD + dyslipidemia, and NAFLD + type 2 diabetes. EXPERT OPINION Patients with NAFLD may be benefited by a better understanding of the disease biology, which involves 'dissection' of the molecular sub-phenotypes that drive the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pirola
- Systems Biology of Complex Diseases, Centro de Altos Estudios En Ciencias Humanas Y de la Salud (CAECIHS), Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Sookoian
- Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Centro de Altos Estudios En Ciencias Humanas Y de la Salud (CAECIHS), Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kaur S, Kidambi S, Ortega-Ribera M, Thuy LTT, Nieto N, Cogger VC, Xie WF, Tacke F, Gracia-Sancho J. In Vitro Models for the Study of Liver Biology and Diseases: Advances and Limitations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:559-571. [PMID: 36442812 PMCID: PMC9868680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of liver (patho)physiology, new technologies, and experimental approaches are progressing rapidly. Based on cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cells or primary cells derived from mouse or human liver as well as whole tissue (slices), such in vitro single- and multicellular models, including complex microfluidic organ-on-a-chip systems, provide tools to functionally understand mechanisms of liver health and disease. The International Society of Hepatic Sinusoidal Research (ISHSR) commissioned this working group to review the currently available in vitro liver models and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each in the context of evaluating their use for the study of liver functionality, disease modeling, therapeutic discovery, and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Martí Ortega-Ribera
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Le Thi Thanh Thuy
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei-Fen Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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TM6SF2/PNPLA3/MBOAT7 Loss-of-Function Genetic Variants Impact on NAFLD Development and Progression Both in Patients and in In Vitro Models. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:759-788. [PMID: 34823063 PMCID: PMC8783129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The I148M Patatin-like Phospholipase Domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3), the rs641738 in the Membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7-transmembrane channel-like 4 (MBOAT7-TMC4) locus, and the E167K Transmembrane 6 Superfamily Member 2 (TM6SF2) polymorphisms represent the main predisposing factors to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development and progression. We previously generated a full knockout of MBOAT7 in HepG2 cells (MBOAT7-/-), homozygous for I148M PNPLA3. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the synergic impact of the 3 at-risk variants on liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a large cohort of NAFLD patients, and create in vitro models of genetic NAFLD by silencing TM6SF2 in both HepG2 and MBOAT7-/- cells. METHODS NAFLD patients (n = 1380), of whom 121 had HCC, were stratified with a semiquantitative score ranging from 0 to 3 according to the number of PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and MBOAT7 at-risk variants. TM6SF2 was silenced in HepG2 (TM6SF2-/-) and MBOAT7-/- (MBOAT7-/-TM6SF2-/-) through Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). RESULTS In NAFLD patients, the additive weight of these mutations was associated with liver disease severity and an increased risk of developing HCC. In HepG2 cells, TM6SF2 silencing altered lipid composition and induced the accumulation of microvesicular lipid droplets (LDs), whereas the MBOAT7-/-TM6SF2-/- cells showed a mixed microvesicular/macrovesicular pattern of LDs. TM6SF2 deletion strongly affected endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria ultrastructures, thus increasing endoplasmic reticulum/oxidative stress. The mitochondrial number was increased in both TM6SF2-/- and MBOAT7-/-TM6SF2-/- models, suggesting an unbalancing in mitochondrial dynamics, and the silencing of both MBOAT7 and TM6SF2 impaired mitochondrial activity with a shift toward anaerobic glycolysis. MBOAT7-/-TM6SF2-/- cells also showed the highest proliferation rate. Finally, the re-overexpression of MBOAT7 and/or TM6SF2 reversed the metabolic and tumorigenic features observed in the compound knockout model. CONCLUSIONS The co-presence of the 3 at-risk variants impacts the NAFLD course in both patients and experimental models, affecting LD accumulation, mitochondrial functionality, and metabolic reprogramming toward HCC.
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Dongiovanni P, Meroni M, Longo M, Fargion S, Fracanzani AL. Genetics, Immunity and Nutrition Boost the Switching from NASH to HCC. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1524. [PMID: 34829753 PMCID: PMC8614742 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading contributor to the global burden of chronic liver diseases. The phenotypic umbrella of NAFLD spans from simple and reversible steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may worsen into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Notwithstanding, HCC may develop also in the absence of advanced fibrosis, causing a delayed time in diagnosis as a consequence of the lack of HCC screening in these patients. The precise event cascade that may precipitate NASH into HCC is intricate and it entails diverse triggers, encompassing exaggerated immune response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress, organelle derangement and DNA aberrancies. All these events may be accelerated by both genetic and environmental factors. On one side, common and rare inherited variations that affect hepatic lipid remodeling, immune microenvironment and cell survival may boost the switching from steatohepatitis to liver cancer, on the other, diet-induced dysbiosis as well as nutritional and behavioral habits may furtherly precipitate tumor onset. Therefore, dietary and lifestyle interventions aimed to restore patients' health contribute to counteract NASH progression towards HCC. Even more, the combination of therapeutic strategies with dietary advice may maximize benefits, with the pursuit to improve liver function and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fargion
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Meroni M, Longo M, Tria G, Dongiovanni P. Genetics Is of the Essence to Face NAFLD. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1359. [PMID: 34680476 PMCID: PMC8533437 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the commonest cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. It is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia so much so it is considered the hepatic manifestation of the Metabolic Syndrome. The NAFLD spectrum extends from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a clinical condition which may progress up to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is a complex disease whose pathogenesis is shaped by both environmental and genetic factors. In the last two decades, several heritable modifications in genes influencing hepatic lipid remodeling, and mitochondrial oxidative status have been emerged as predictors of progressive hepatic damage. Among them, the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) p.I148M, the Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) p.E167K and the rs641738 membrane bound-o-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) polymorphisms are considered the most robust modifiers of NAFLD. However, a forefront frontier in the study of NAFLD heritability is to postulate score-based strategy, building polygenic risk scores (PRS), which aggregate the most relevant genetic determinants of NAFLD and biochemical parameters, with the purpose to foresee patients with greater risk of severe NAFLD, guaranteeing the most highly predictive value, the best diagnostic accuracy and the more precise individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Tria
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
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10
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Copper and lipid metabolism: A reciprocal relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129979. [PMID: 34364973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copper and lipid metabolism are intimately linked, sharing a complex, inverse relationship in the periphery (outside of the central nervous system), which remains to be fully elucidated. SCOPE Copper and lipids have independently been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases involving dyslipidaemia, including obesity, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and also in Wilson disease, an inherited disorder of copper overload. Here we review the relationship between copper and lipid regulatory pathways, which are potential druggable targets for therapeutic intervention. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS While the inverse relationship between copper and lipids is apparent, tissue-specific roles for the copper regulatory protein, ATP7B provide further insight into the association between copper and lipid metabolism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the relationship between copper and lipid metabolism is important for identifying druggable targets for diseases with disrupted copper and/or lipid metabolism; and may reveal similar connections within the brain and in neurological diseases with impaired copper and lipid transport.
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11
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Thacker JB, He C, Pennathur S. Quantitative analysis of γ-glutamylisoleucine, γ-glutamylthreonine, and γ-glutamylvaline in HeLa cells using UHPLC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2898-2907. [PMID: 34042281 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylpeptides have been identified as potential biomarkers for a number of diseases including cancer, diabetes, and liver disease. In this study, we developed and validated a novel quantitative analytical strategy for measuring γ-glutamylisoleucine, γ-glutamylthreonine, and γ-glutamylvaline, all of which have been previously reported as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer in HeLa cells using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A BEH C18 column was used as the stationary phase. Mobile phase A was 99:1 water:formic acid and mobile phase B was acetonitrile. Chemical isotope labeling using benzoyl chloride was used as the internal standardization strategy. Sample preparation consisted of the addition of water to a frozen cell pellet, sonication, derivatization, centrifugation, and subsequent addition of an internal standard solution. The method was validated for selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and stability. The determined concentrations of γ-glutamylisoleucine, γ-glutamylthreonine, and γ-glutamylvaline in HeLa cells were 1.92 ± 0.06, 10.8 ± 0.4, and 1.96 ± 0.04 pmol/mg protein, respectively. In addition, the qualitative analysis of these analytes in human serum was achieved using a modified sample preparation strategy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of benzoyl chloride for chemical isotope labeling for metabolite quantitation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Thacker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chenchen He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Longo M, Paolini E, Meroni M, Dongiovanni P. Remodeling of Mitochondrial Plasticity: The Key Switch from NAFLD/NASH to HCC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4173. [PMID: 33920670 PMCID: PMC8073183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Currently, the global burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically overcome both viral and alcohol hepatitis, thus becoming the main cause of HCC incidence. NAFLD pathogenesis is severely influenced by lifestyle and genetic predisposition. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that may adapt in response to environment, genetics and epigenetics in the liver ("mitochondrial plasticity"). Mounting evidence highlights that mitochondrial dysfunction due to loss of mitochondrial flexibility may arise before overt NAFLD, and from the early stages of liver injury. Mitochondrial failure promotes not only hepatocellular damage, but also release signals (mito-DAMPs), which trigger inflammation and fibrosis, generating an adverse microenvironment in which several hepatocytes select anti-apoptotic programs and mutations that may allow survival and proliferation. Furthermore, one of the key events in malignant hepatocytes is represented by the remodeling of glucidic-lipidic metabolism combined with the reprogramming of mitochondrial functions, optimized to deal with energy demand. In sum, this review will discuss how mitochondrial defects may be translated into causative explanations of NAFLD-driven HCC, emphasizing future directions for research and for the development of potential preventive or curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
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13
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Longo M, Meroni M, Paolini E, Macchi C, Dongiovanni P. Mitochondrial dynamics and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): new perspectives for a fairy-tale ending? Metabolism 2021; 117:154708. [PMID: 33444607 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a broad spectrum of liver dysfunctions and it is predicted to become the primary cause of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles involved in multiple metabolic/bioenergetic pathways in the liver. Emerging evidence outlined that hepatic mitochondria adapt in number and functionality in response to external cues, as high caloric intake and obesity, by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis, and maladaptive mitochondrial response has been described from the early stages of NAFLD. Indeed, mitochondrial plasticity is lost in progressive NAFLD and these organelles may assume an aberrant phenotype to drive or contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. Severe alimentary regimen and physical exercise represent the cornerstone for NAFLD care, although the low patients' compliance is urging towards the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments. Mitochondrial-targeted drugs aimed to recover mitochondrial lifecycle and to modulate oxidative stress are becoming attractive molecules to be potentially introduced for NAFLD management. Although the path guiding the switch from bench to bedside remains tortuous, the study of mitochondrial dynamics is providing intriguing perspectives for future NAFLD healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Pirola CJ, Salatino A, Sookoian S. Pleiotropy within gene variants associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and traits of the hematopoietic system. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:305-320. [PMID: 33584064 PMCID: PMC7852588 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of complex diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have demonstrated that a large number of variants are implicated in the susceptibility of multiple traits — a phenomenon known as pleiotropy that is increasingly being explored through phenome-wide association studies. We focused on the analysis of pleiotropy within variants associated with hematologic traits and NAFLD. We used information retrieved from large public National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, Genome-wide association studies, and phenome-wide association studies based on the general population and explored whether variants associated with NAFLD also present associations with blood cell-related traits. Next, we applied systems biology approaches to assess the potential biological connection/s between genes that predispose affected individuals to NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and genes that modulate hematological-related traits—specifically platelet count. We reasoned that this analysis would allow the identification of potential molecular mediators that link NAFLD with platelets. Genes associated with platelet count are most highly expressed in the liver, followed by the pancreas, heart, and muscle. Conversely, genes associated with NAFLD presented high expression levels in the brain, lung, spleen, and colon. Functional mapping, gene prioritization, and functional analysis of the most significant loci (P < 1 × 10-8) revealed that loci involved in the genetic modulation of platelet count presented significant enrichment in metabolic and energy balance pathways. In conclusion, variants in genes influencing NAFLD exhibit pleiotropic associations with hematologic traits, particularly platelet count. Likewise, significant enrichment of related genes with variants influencing platelet traits was noted in metabolic-related pathways. Hence, this approach yields novel mechanistic insights into NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jose Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427ARO, Argentina
- Institute of Medical Research A Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427ARO, Argentina
| | - Adrian Salatino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427ARO, Argentina
- Institute of Medical Research A Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427ARO, Argentina
| | - Silvia Sookoian
- Institute of Medical Research A Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427ARO, Argentina
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1427ARO, Argentina
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15
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Banini BA, Kumar DP, Cazanave S, Seneshaw M, Mirshahi F, Santhekadur PK, Wang L, Guan HP, Oseini A, Alonso C, Bedossa P, Koduru SV, Min HK, Sanyal AJ. Identification of a Metabolic, Transcriptomic, and Molecular Signature of Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain Containing 3-Mediated Acceleration of Steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2020; 73:1290-1306. [PMID: 33131062 PMCID: PMC8046714 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The mechanisms by which the I148M mutant variant of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3I148M ) drives development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are not known. The aim of this study was to obtain insights on mechanisms underlying PNPLA3I148M -induced acceleration of NASH. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hepatocyte-specific overexpression of empty vector (luciferase), human wild-type PNPLA3, or PNPLA3I148M was achieved using adeno-associated virus 8 in a diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease followed by chow diet or high-fat Western diet with ad libitum administration of sugar in drinking water (WDSW) for 8 weeks. Under WDSW, PNPLA3I148M overexpression accelerated steatohepatitis with increased steatosis, inflammation ballooning, and fibrosis (P < 0.001 versus other groups for all). Silencing PNPLA3I148M after its initial overexpression abrogated these findings. PNPLA3I148M caused 22:6n3 docosahexanoic acid depletion and increased ceramides under WDSW in addition to increasing triglycerides and diglycerides, especially enriched with unsaturated fatty acids. It also increased oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Increased total ceramides was associated with signature of transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation with downstream activation of multiple immune-inflammatory pathways at a transcriptomic level by network analyses. Silencing PNPLA3I148M reversed STAT3 activation. Conditioned media from HepG2 cells overexpressing PNPLA3I148M increased procollagen mRNA expression in LX2 cells; this was abrogated by hepatocyte STAT3 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Under WDSW, PNPLA3I148M overexpression promotes steatosis and NASH by metabolic reprogramming characterized by increased triglycerides and diglycerides, n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid depletion, and increased ceramides with resultant STAT3 phosphorylation and downstream inflammatory pathway activation driving increased stellate cell fibrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bubu A Banini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Divya. P. Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sophie Cazanave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Glympse Bio, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mulugeta Seneshaw
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Faridoddin Mirshahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Prasanna K. Santhekadur
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Abdul Oseini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cristina Alonso
- OWL Metabolomics, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Pierre Bedossa
- Department of Pathology, Physiology and Imaging, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Srinivas V. Koduru
- Gene Arrays, Entity of Vedic Research, New York, NY, USA,Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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16
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Xu B, Shen J, Li D, Ning B, Guo L, Bing H, Chen J, Li Y. Overexpression of microRNA-9 inhibits 3T3-L1 cell adipogenesis by targeting PNPLA3 via activation of AMPK. Gene 2020; 730:144260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Dhar D, Baglieri J, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. Mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its role in liver cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:96-108. [PMID: 31924111 PMCID: PMC7016420 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219898141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrogenesis is a pathophysiological outcome of chronic liver injury hallmarked by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Fibrosis is a dynamic process that involves cross-talk between parenchymal cells (hepatocytes), hepatic stellate cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells and both resident and infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we focus on key cell-types that contribute to liver fibrosis, cytokines, and chemokines influencing this process and what it takes for fibrosis to regress. We discuss how mitochondria and metabolic changes in hepatic stellate cells modulate the fibrogenic process. We also briefly review how the presence of fibrosis affects development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacopo Baglieri
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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18
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Fromenty B. Inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in drug-induced hepatic steatosis. LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Luukkonen PK, Nick A, Hölttä-Vuori M, Thiele C, Isokuortti E, Lallukka-Brück S, Zhou Y, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom N, Peltonen M, Orho-Melander M, Orešič M, Hyötyläinen T, Hodson L, Ikonen E, Yki-Järvinen H. Human PNPLA3-I148M variant increases hepatic retention of polyunsaturated fatty acids. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127902. [PMID: 31434800 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The common patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) variant I148M predisposes to nonalcoholic liver disease but not its metabolic sequelae. We compared the handling of labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) in vivo in humans and in cells harboring different PNPLA3 genotypes. In 148M homozygous individuals, triglycerides (TGs) in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were depleted of PUFAs both under fasting and postprandial conditions compared with 148I homozygotes, and the PUFA/SFA ratio in VLDL-TGs was lower relative to the chylomicron precursor pool. In human PNPLA3-148M and PNPLA3-KO cells, PUFA but not SFA incorporation into TGs was increased at the expense of phosphatidylcholines, and under lipolytic conditions, PUFA-containing diacylglycerols (DAGs) accumulated compared with PNPLA3-148I cells. Polyunsaturated TGs were increased, while phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were decreased in the human liver in 148M homozygous individuals as compared with 148I homozygotes. We conclude that human PNPLA3-I148M is a loss-of-function allele that remodels liver TGs in a polyunsaturated direction by impairing hydrolysis/transacylation of PUFAs from DAGs to feed phosphatidylcholine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu K Luukkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Auli Nick
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Hölttä-Vuori
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Elina Isokuortti
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Lallukka-Brück
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - You Zhou
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Nina Lundbom
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Peltonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,School of Medical Sciences and
| | | | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Yang J, Trépo E, Nahon P, Cao Q, Moreno C, Letouzé E, Imbeaud S, Bayard Q, Gustot T, Deviere J, Bioulac-Sage P, Calderaro J, Ganne-Carrié N, Laurent A, Blanc JF, Guyot E, Sutton A, Ziol M, Zucman-Rossi J, Nault JC. A 17-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 13 Variant Protects From Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Hepatology 2019; 70:231-240. [PMID: 30908678 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a loss of function variant (rs72613567) in 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) has been identified as protective of nonalcoholic (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, the role of this single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently unknown. A total of 3,315 European patients with HCC (n = 1,109) or without HCC, but with chronic liver disease (CLD; n = 2,206), from four centers were analyzed either by whole-exome sequencing (WES; exploratory cohort, 285 HCC) or genotyped for HSD17B13 rs72613567 (validation cohort, 824 HCC and all CLD). We included a control group of 33,337 healthy European individuals from the Exome Aggregation Consortium. We compared distribution of genotype using the chi-square test and logistic regression. In the exploratory cohort analyzed by WES, frequency of the TA allele of HSD17B13 rs72613567 was significantly decreased in HCC patients compared to healthy controls (P = 1.52 × 10-06 ). In the validation cohort, frequency of TA allele carriers was also decreased in patients with CLD and without HCC (39%) compared to healthy individuals (47%; P < 0.0001). The protective effect of the TA allele of HSD17B13 rs72613567 was identified in patients with ALD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-0.82; P < 0.0001), NAFLD (OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.49-0.83; P = 0.0007), and hepatitis C (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.85; P = 0.0002). In patients with ALD, the proportion of TA allele carriers with HCC was significantly lower (32%) than in CLD patients without HCC (40%), even after adjustment for age, sex, and fibrosis (OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46-0.87; P = 0.005). Conclusion: The HSD17B13 rs72613567 loss of function variant is protective of HCC development in patients with ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Eric Trépo
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, University clinics of Bruxelles Erasme Hospital, Free University of Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierre Nahon
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France.,Liver unit, Jean Verdier Hospital, Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis University Hospital, Assistance-Publique Paris Hospitals, Bondy, France.,Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Christophe Moreno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, University clinics of Bruxelles Erasme Hospital, Free University of Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Eric Letouzé
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Bayard
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Gustot
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, University clinics of Bruxelles Erasme Hospital, Free University of Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jacques Deviere
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, University clinics of Bruxelles Erasme Hospital, Free University of Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Paulette Bioulac-Sage
- Bordeaux university, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Pathology, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux CHU, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor Hospital; Paris Est Créteil University, Inserm U955, Team 18, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Créteil, France
| | - Nathalie Ganne-Carrié
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France.,Liver unit, Jean Verdier Hospital, Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis University Hospital, Assistance-Publique Paris Hospitals, Bondy, France.,Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Paris Est Créteil University, Inserm U955, Team 18, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, Créteil, France
| | - Jean Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Gastroenterology, Magellan Medical and Surgical Center, Haut-Lévêque hospital, CHU of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Guyot
- Department of Biochemistry, Jean Verdier Hospital, Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis University Hospital, Assistance-Publique Paris Hospitals, Bondy, France.,INSERM U1148 LVTS, UFR SMBH, Paris 13 University, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Angela Sutton
- Department of Biochemistry, Jean Verdier Hospital, Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis University Hospital, Assistance-Publique Paris Hospitals, Bondy, France.,INSERM U1148 LVTS, UFR SMBH, Paris 13 University, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Marianne Ziol
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France.,Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Biological Resource Center (BB-0033-00027), Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis University Hospital, Assistance-Publique Paris Hospitals, Bondy, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France.,European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance-Publique Paris Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, Inserm, USPC, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Paris, France.,Liver unit, Jean Verdier Hospital, Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis University Hospital, Assistance-Publique Paris Hospitals, Bondy, France.,Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Sookoian S, Arrese M, Pirola CJ. Genetics Meets Therapy? Exome-wide Association Study Reveals a Loss-of-Function Variant in 17-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 13 That Protects Patients From Liver Damage and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression. Hepatology 2019; 69:907-910. [PMID: 30102780 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Institute of Medical Research A. Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Institute of Medical Research A. Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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The OMICs Window into Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9020025. [PMID: 30717274 PMCID: PMC6409793 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of hepatic abnormalities worldwide. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is part of the spectrum of NAFLD and leads to progressive liver disease, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In NASH patient, fibrosis represents the major predictor of liver-related mortality; therefore, it is important to have an early and accurate diagnosis of NASH. The current gold standard for the diagnosis of NASH is still liver biopsy. The development of biomarkers able to predict disease severity, prognosis, as well as response to therapy without the need for a biopsy is the focus of most up-to-date genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic research. In the future, patients might be diagnosed and treated according to their molecular signatures. In this short review, we discuss how information from genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics contribute to the understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis.
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A Case for Not Going Global: "Americanization" of Diet Accelerates Hepatic Mitochondrial Injury in a Model of Wilson Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 7:684-685. [PMID: 30707887 PMCID: PMC6477543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yang J, Trépo E, Nahon P, Cao Q, Moreno C, Letouzé E, Imbeaud S, Gustot T, Deviere J, Debette S, Amouyel P, Bioulac-Sage P, Calderaro J, Ganne-Carrié N, Laurent A, Blanc JF, Guyot E, Sutton A, Ziol M, Zucman-Rossi J, Nault JC. PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 variants as risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma across various etiologies and severity of underlying liver diseases. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:533-544. [PMID: 30289982 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Few single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reproducibly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our aim was to test the association between nine SNPs and HCC occurrence. SNPs in genes linked to HCC (DEPDC5, GRIK1, KIF1B, STAT4, MICA, DLC1, DDX18) or to liver damage (PNPLA3-rs738409, TM6SF2-rs58542926) in GWAS were genotyped in discovery cohorts including 1,020 HCC, 2,021 controls with chronic liver disease and 2,484 healthy individuals and replication was performed in prospective cohorts of cirrhotic patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD, n = 249) and hepatitis C (n = 268). In the discovery cohort, PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 SNPs were associated with HCC (OR = 1.67 [CI95%:1.16-2.40], p = 0.005; OR = 1.45 [CI95%:1.08-1.94], p = 0.01) after adjustment for fibrosis, age, gender and etiology. In contrast, STAT4-rs7574865 was associated with HCC only in HBV infected patients (p = 0.03) and the other tested SNP were not linked with HCC risk. PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 variants were independently associated with HCC in patients with ALD (OR = 3.91 [CI95%:2.52-6.06], p = 1.14E-09; OR = 1.79 [CI95%:1.25-2.56], p = 0.001) but not with other etiologies. PNPLA3 SNP was also significantly associated with HCC developed on a nonfibrotic liver (OR = 2.19 [CI95%:1.22-3.92], p = 0.007). The association of PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 with HCC risk was confirmed in the prospective cohort with ALD. A genetic score including PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 minor alleles showed a progressive significant increased risk of HCC in ALD patients. In conclusion, PNPLA3-rs738409 and TM6SF2-rs58542926 are inherited risk variants of HCC development in patients with ALD in a dose dependent manner. The link between PNPLA3 and HCC on nonfibrotic liver suggests a direct role in liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Inserm UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Eric Trépo
- Inserm UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierre Nahon
- Inserm UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France.,Liver unit, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Christophe Moreno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Eric Letouzé
- Inserm UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- Inserm UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Gustot
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jacques Deviere
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Department of Neurology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- University of Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Paulette Bioulac-Sage
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux, France.,Service de Pathologie, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Service d'anatomopathologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil.,Université Paris Est Créteil, Inserm U955, Team 18, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, France
| | - Nathalie Ganne-Carrié
- Inserm UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France.,Liver unit, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Service de chirurgie digestive, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil.,Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, France
| | - Jean Frédéric Blanc
- Service Hépato-Gastroentérologie et oncologie digestive, Centre Medico-Chirurgical Magellan, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Guyot
- Laboratoire de biochimie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France.,INSERM U1148 LVTS, UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Angela Sutton
- Laboratoire de biochimie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France.,INSERM U1148 LVTS, UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Marianne Ziol
- Inserm UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre de Ressources Biologiques (BB-0033-00027) Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France.,Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Inserm UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Paris, France.,Liver unit, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris 13, Communauté d'Universités et Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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25
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Green CJ, Parry SA, Gunn PJ, Ceresa CDL, Rosqvist F, Piché ME, Hodson L. Studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the ins and outs of in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro human models. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 41:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2018-0038/hmbci-2018-0038.xml. [PMID: 30098284 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. Determining the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of human NAFLD will allow for evidence-based prevention strategies, and more targeted mechanistic investigations. Various in vivo, ex situ and in vitro models may be utilised to study NAFLD; but all come with their own specific caveats. Here, we review the human-based models and discuss their advantages and limitations in regards to studying the development and progression of NAFLD. Overall, in vivo whole-body human studies are advantageous in that they allow for investigation within the physiological setting, however, limited accessibility to the liver makes direct investigations challenging. Non-invasive imaging techniques are able to somewhat overcome this challenge, whilst the use of stable-isotope tracers enables mechanistic insight to be obtained. Recent technological advances (i.e. normothermic machine perfusion) have opened new opportunities to investigate whole-organ metabolism, thus ex situ livers can be investigated directly. Therefore, investigations that cannot be performed in vivo in humans have the potential to be undertaken. In vitro models offer the ability to perform investigations at a cellular level, aiding in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of NAFLD. However, a number of current models do not closely resemble the human condition and work is ongoing to optimise culturing parameters in order to recapitulate this. In summary, no single model currently provides insight into the development, pathophysiology and progression across the NAFLD spectrum, each experimental model has limitations, which need to be taken into consideration to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of findings are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Green
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Siôn A Parry
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Pippa J Gunn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo D L Ceresa
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Eve Piché
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leanne Hodson
- University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital,Old Road Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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26
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Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. Multiomics biomarkers for the prediction of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease severity. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1601-1615. [PMID: 29686467 PMCID: PMC5910543 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i15.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review intends to uncover how information from large-scale genetic profiling (whole genome sequencing, and whole exome sequencing) of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as well as information from circulating transcriptomics (cell-free miRNAs) and metabolomics, contributes to the understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis. A further aim is to address the question of whether OMICs information is ready to be implemented in the clinics. The available evidence suggests that any new knowledge pertaining to molecular signatures associated with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis should be promptly translated into the clinical setting. Nevertheless, rigorous steps that must include validation and replication are mandatory before utilizing OMICs biomarkers in diagnostics to identify patients at risk of advanced disease, including liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pirola
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology of Complex Diseases. University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina, National Scientific and Technical Research Council-University of Buenos Aires. Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), CABA 1427, Argentina
| | - Silvia Sookoian
- Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina, National Scientific and Technical Research Council-University of Buenos Aires. Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), CABA 1427, Argentina
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27
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Jiménez-Sousa MÁ, Gómez-Moreno AZ, Pineda-Tenor D, Sánchez-Ruano JJ, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Artaza-Varasa T, Gómez-Sanz A, Martín-Vicente M, Vázquez-Morón S, Resino S. PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism is associated with liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C: A repeated measures study. J Clin Virol 2018; 103:71-74. [PMID: 29674183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host genetic background has been associated with liver fibrosis progression. OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 polymorphism and liver fibrosis progression in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective cohort study, 187 patients with chronic HCV infection were included, who had at least two liver stiffness measurements (LSM) by transient elastography during the follow-up. Results were expressed in kilopascals (kPa). The analysis of genetic association was carried out according to additive model by using Generalized Linear Models. RESULTS No patients had advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis at baseline. During a median follow-up time of 47.9 months, 15 patients developed advanced fibrosis and 17 cirrhosis. In multivariate analysis adjusted by the main clinical and epidemiological covariates, the rs738409 G allele was related to higher increase of LSM values during the follow-up (adjusted arithmetic mean ratio (aAMR) = 1.16 (95%CI = 1.04; 1.29); p = .006) and higher odds of having progression to advanced fibrosis [aOR = 2.03 (95%CI = 1.01; 4.06); p = .045], and progression to cirrhosis [aOR = 3.03 (95%CI = 1.26; 7.30); p = .014]. CONCLUSIONS PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism appears to be related to the increased progression of liver fibrosis in HCV infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Jiménez-Sousa
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Pineda-Tenor
- Servicio de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Gómez-Sanz
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Martín-Vicente
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Morón
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain.
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28
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Guo W, Tan HY, Wang N, Wang X, Feng Y. Deciphering hepatocellular carcinoma through metabolomics: from biomarker discovery to therapy evaluation. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:715-734. [PMID: 29692630 PMCID: PMC5903488 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s156837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of death from cancer, with increasing prevalence worldwide. The mortality rate of HCC is similar to its incidence rate, which reflects its poor prognosis. At present, the diagnosis of HCC is still mostly dependent on invasive biopsy, imaging methods, and serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) testing. Because of the asymptomatic nature of early HCC, biopsy and imaging methods usually detect HCC at the middle–late stages. AFP has limited sensitivity and specificity, as many other nonmalignant liver diseases can also result in a very high serum level of AFP. Therefore, better biomarkers with higher sensitivity and specificity at earlier stages are greatly needed. Since metabolic reprogramming is an essential hallmark of cancer and the liver is the metabolic hub of living systems, it is useful to investigate HCC from a metabolic perspective. As a noninvasive and nondestructive approach, metabolomics provides holistic information on dynamically metabolic responses of living systems to both endogenous and exogenous factors. Therefore, it would be conducive to apply metabolomics in investigating HCC. In this review, we summarize recent metabolomic studies on HCC cellular, animal, and clinicopathologic models with attention to metabolomics as a biomarker in cancer diagnosis. Recent applications of metabolomics with respect to therapeutic and prognostic evaluation of HCC are also covered, with emphasis on the potential of treatment by drugs from natural products. In the last section, the current challenges and trends of future development of metabolomics on HCC are discussed. Overall, metabolomics provides us with novel insight into the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic evaluation of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hor Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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Wang X, Wei W, Li NJ, Yuan W, Ding Y, Yang WD, Liu JS, Balamurugan S, Li HY. Heterogeneous expression of human PNPLA3 triggers algal lipid accumulation and lipid droplet enlargement. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bruschi FV, Claudel T, Tardelli M, Caligiuri A, Stulnig TM, Marra F, Trauner M. The PNPLA3 I148M variant modulates the fibrogenic phenotype of human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2017; 65:1875-1890. [PMID: 28073161 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genetic polymorphism I148M of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) is robustly associated with hepatic steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cancer. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are key players in the development of liver fibrosis, but the role of PNPLA3 and its variant I148M in this process is poorly understood. Here we analyzed the expression of PNPLA3 during human HSC activation and thereby explored how a PNPLA3 variant impacts hepatic fibrogenesis. We show that expression of PNPLA3 gene and protein increases during the early phases of activation and remains elevated in fully activated HSCs (P < 0.01). Knockdown of PNPLA3 significantly decreases the profibrogenic protein alpha-smooth muscle actin (P < 0.05). Primary human I148M HSCs displayed significantly higher expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (P < 0.01) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (P < 0.001), thus contributing to migration of immune cells (P < 0.05). Primary I148M HSCs showed reduced retinol (P < 0.001) but higher lipid droplet content (P < 0.001). In line with this, LX-2 cells stably overexpressing I148M showed augmented proliferation and migration, lower retinol, and abolished retinoid X receptor/retinoid A receptor transcriptional activities but more lipid droplets. Knockdown of I148M PNPLA3 (P < 0.001) also reduces chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 and collagen1α1 expression (P < 0.05). Notably, I148M cells display reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcriptional activity, and this effect was attributed to increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase, thereby inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma through serine 84 phosphorylation and promoting activator protein 1 transcription. Conversely, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist rosiglitazone decreased activator protein 1 promoter activity. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that PNPLA3 is required for HSC activation and that its genetic variant I148M potentiates the profibrogenic features of HSCs, providing a molecular mechanism for the higher risk of progression and severity of liver diseases conferred to patients carrying the I148M variant. (Hepatology 2017;65:1875-1890).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Virginia Bruschi
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matteo Tardelli
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Caligiuri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Thomas M Stulnig
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Marra
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Cardio-Metabolic Immunotherapy and Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Genetic predisposition in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2017; 23:1-12. [PMID: 28268262 PMCID: PMC5381829 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2016.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease whose prevalence has reached global epidemic proportions. Although the disease is relatively benign in the early stages, when severe clinical forms, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma, occur, they result in worsening the long-term prognosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that NAFLD develops from a complex process in which many factors, including genetic susceptibility and environmental insults, are involved. In this review, we focused on the genetic component of NAFLD, with special emphasis on the role of genetics in the disease pathogenesis and natural history. Insights into the topic of the genetic susceptibility in lean individuals with NAFLD and the potential use of genetic tests in identifying individuals at risk are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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The PNPLA3 Genetic Variant rs738409 Influences the Progression to Cirrhosis in HIV/Hepatitis C Virus Coinfected Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168265. [PMID: 27973562 PMCID: PMC5156377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contradictory data about the impact of the rs738409 steatosis-related polymorphism within PNPLA3 gene on liver fibrosis progression in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV)-coinfected patients have been reported. Our objective was to test whether this, and other polymorphisms previously related to fatty liver disease in HIV infection linked to SAMM50 or LPPR4 genes, influence liver fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals. Three hundred and thirty two HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who consecutively attended four Spanish university hospitals from November 2011 to July 2013 were included. A liver stiffness cut-off of 14.6 kPa, as determined by transient elastography, was used to diagnose cirrhosis. Liver stiffness progression was studied in 171 individuals who had two available LS determinations without anti-HCV treatment between them. Moreover, 28 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who underwent liver transplant, as well as 19 non-cirrhotic coinfected individuals used as controls, were included in an additional study. Only rs738409 was associated with cirrhosis: 45 (29.6%) of 152 G allele carriers versus 36 (20.0%) of 180 CC carriers showed cirrhosis (multivariate p = 0.018; adjusted odds ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval = 1.12–3.50). Also, 21 (30.4%) of 69 G allele carriers versus 16 (15.7%) of 102 CC patients showed significant liver stiffness progression (adjusted p-value = 0.015; adjusted odds ratio = 2.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.23–6.83). Finally, the proportion of rs738409 G allele carriers was significantly higher in transplanted individuals than in controls (p = 0.044, odds ratio = 3.43; 95% confidence interval = 1.01–11.70). Our results strongly suggest that the rs738409 polymorphism is associated with liver fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in the field of liver diseases have revealed previously unknown pathogenic loci and generated new biological hypotheses. In 2008, a GWAS performed in a population-based sample study, where hepatic liver fat content was measured by magnetic spectroscopy, showed a strong association between a variant (rs738409 C>G p.I148M) in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Further replication studies have shown robust associations between PNPLA3 and steatosis, fibrosis/cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma on a background of metabolic, alcoholic, and viral insults. The PNPLA3 protein has lipase activity towards triglycerides in hepatocytes and retinyl esters in hepatic stellate cells. The I148M substitution leads to a loss of function promoting triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes. Although PNPLA3 function has been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms leading to hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis remain unclear. This unsuspected association has highlighted the fact that liver fat metabolism may have a major impact on the pathophysiology of liver diseases. Conversely, alone, this locus may have limited predictive value with regard to liver disease outcomes in clinical practice. Additional studies at the genome-wide level will be required to identify new variants associated with liver damage and cancer to explain a greater proportion of the heritability of these phenotypes. Thus, incorporating PNPLA3 and other genetic variants in combination with clinical data will allow for the development of tailored predictive models. This attractive approach should be evaluated in prospective cohorts.
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Aragonès G, Auguet T, Armengol S, Berlanga A, Guiu-Jurado E, Aguilar C, Martínez S, Sabench F, Porras JA, Ruiz MD, Hernández M, Sirvent JJ, Del Castillo D, Richart C. PNPLA3 Expression Is Related to Liver Steatosis in Morbidly Obese Women with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050630. [PMID: 27128907 PMCID: PMC4881456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest a role for the Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) in the pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Lipid deposition in the liver seems to be a critical process in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the association between the liver PNPLA3 expression, key genes of lipid metabolism, and the presence of NAFLD in morbidly obese women. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to analyze the hepatic expression of PNPLA3 and lipid metabolism-related genes in 55 morbidly obese subjects with normal liver histology (NL, n = 18), simple steatosis (SS, n = 20), and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, n = 17). Liver biopsies were collected during bariatric surgery. We observed that liver PNPLA3 expression was increased in NAFLD than in NL. It was also upregulated in SS than in NL. Interestingly, we found that the expression of PNPLA3 was significantly higher in severe than mild SS group. In addition, the expression of the transcription factors LXRα, PPARα, and SREBP2 was positively correlated with PNPLA3 liver expression. Regarding rs738409 polymorphism, GG genotype was positive correlated with the presence of NASH. In conclusion, our results show that PNPLA3 could be related to lipid accumulation in liver, mainly in the development and progression of simple steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Aragonès
- Group de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Auguet
- Group de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Sandra Armengol
- Group de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Alba Berlanga
- Group de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Group de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Group de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Salomé Martínez
- Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Fátima Sabench
- Servei de Cirurgia, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Avinguda Doctor Josep Laporte, 2, 43204 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Porras
- Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Maikel Daniel Ruiz
- Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Mercé Hernández
- Servei de Cirurgia, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Avinguda Doctor Josep Laporte, 2, 43204 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Joan Josep Sirvent
- Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Daniel Del Castillo
- Servei de Cirurgia, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Avinguda Doctor Josep Laporte, 2, 43204 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Cristóbal Richart
- Group de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)-Medicina Aplicada, Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Servei Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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Shariff MI, Tognarelli JM, Lewis MR, Want EJ, Mohamed FEZ, Ladep NG, Crossey MM, Khan SA, Jalan R, Holmes E, Taylor-Robinson SD. Plasma Lipid Profiling in a Rat Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Potential Modulation Through Quinolone Administration. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:286-94. [PMID: 26900269 PMCID: PMC4723654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2015.07.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The primary aim of this study was to characterise the blood metabolic profile of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a rat model, and the secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of the quinolone, norfloxacin on metabolic profiles and exploring the role that gut sterilisation may have on HCC development. METHODS HCC was induced in 10 Fischer rats by administration of intra-peritoneal diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and oral N-nitrosomorpholine. Plasma was collected upon sacrifice. Five of these rats were concomitantly administered oral norfloxacin. Six Fischer non-treated rats acted as healthy controls. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were acquired using a 600 MHz NMR system. RESULTS Control animals were 120 g heavier than diseased counterparts. Proton NMR spectra from diseased rats displayed significant decreases in lipoproteins, unsaturated fatty acids, acetyl-glycoprotein, acetoacetate, and glucose (P ≤ 0.001). Plasma citrate and formate levels were increased (P = 0.02). Norfloxacin appeared to abrogate this effect slightly. CONCLUSION The spectral profiles of plasma in rats with HCC display marked changes with relation to lipid metabolism and cellular turnover. Norfloxacin appears to moderate these metabolic alterations to a small degree.
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Key Words
- 1-D, one-dimensional
- 1H, human proton
- CPMG, Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill 3B
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- FID, free induction decay
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- NMOR, N-nitrosomorpholine
- NMR spectroscopy
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- NOESY, nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy
- PCA, principal components analysis
- PLS-DA, partial least squares discriminant analysis
- Q2, goodness of prediction
- R2, goodness of fit
- RD, relaxation delay
- RF, radiofrequency
- SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
- TLR-4, Toll-like receptor 4
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- metabonomics
- norfloxacin
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I.F. Shariff
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua M. Tognarelli
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Address for correspondence: Joshua Tognarelli, Liver Unit, Department Of Medicine, 10th Floor QEQM Wing, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, South Wharf Street, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 207 886 6454; fax: +44 207 724 9369.
| | - Matthew R. Lewis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J. Want
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nimzing G. Ladep
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mary M.E. Crossey
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid A. Khan
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Department of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Taylor-Robinson
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Stättermayer AF, Traussnigg S, Dienes HP, Aigner E, Stauber R, Lackner K, Hofer H, Stift J, Wrba F, Stadlmayr A, Datz C, Strasser M, Maieron A, Trauner M, Ferenci P. Hepatic steatosis in Wilson disease--Role of copper and PNPLA3 mutations. J Hepatol 2015; 63:156-63. [PMID: 25678388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The earliest characteristic alterations of the liver pathology in Wilson disease (WD) include steatosis, which is sometimes indistinguishable from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Steatosis in WD may reflect copper-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. A genetic polymorphism in rs738409, in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 gene (PNPLA3), is strongly associated with appearance of in NAFLD. This study evaluated the role of PNPLA3 and hepatic copper content for development of steatosis in patients with WD. METHODS Liver biopsies obtained at diagnosis and the PNPLA3 genotype were analyzed in 98 Caucasian patients with WD (male: 52 [53.1%]; mean age: 27.6 years [CI 95%: 24.8-30.4, range: 5.8-61.5]). Steatosis was graded as percentage of lipid containing hepatocytes by an expert hepatopathologist unaware of the results of genetic testing. RESULTS Moderate/severe steatosis (>33% of hepatocytes) was observed in 28 patients (pediatric: n=13/26 [50.0%], adult: n=15/72 [20.8%]; p=0.01). Forty-six patients (46.9%; pediatric: n=7, adult: n=39; p=0.022) had cirrhosis. Multivariate logistic regression identified PNPLA3 G allele (OR: 2.469, CI 95%: 1.203-5.068; p=0.014) and pediatric age (OR: 4.348; 1.577-11.905; p=0.004) as independent variables associated with moderate/severe steatosis. In contrast, hepatic copper content did not impact on moderate/severe steatosis (OR: 1.000, CI 95%: 1.000-1.001; p=0.297). CONCLUSIONS Steatosis is common in WD and the PNPLA3 G allele contributes to its pathogenesis. The role of hepatic copper concentration and ATP7B mutations in steatosis development deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Friedrich Stättermayer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Traussnigg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Dienes
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elmar Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rudolf Stauber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karoline Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Hofer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Stift
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Wrba
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christian Datz
- Department of Internal Medicine, KH Oberndorf, Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Michael Strasser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Maieron
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, KH der Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ferenci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Morse CG, McLaughlin M, Matthews L, Proschan M, Thomas F, Gharib AM, Abu-Asab M, Orenstein A, Engle RE, Hu X, Lempicki R, Hadigan C, Kleiner DE, Heller T, Kovacs JA. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Hepatic Fibrosis in HIV-1-Monoinfected Adults With Elevated Aminotransferase Levels on Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:1569-78. [PMID: 25681381 PMCID: PMC4425826 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent aminotransferase elevations are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), including those without hepatitis B or C coinfection, but their clinical significance is unknown. METHODS HIV-infected adults with aminotransferase levels elevated above the upper limit of normal for ≥6 months while receiving ART, and without chronic viral hepatitis or other known causes of chronic liver disease, underwent a detailed metabolic assessment and liver biopsy. RESULTS Sixty-two HIV-infected subjects completed the study. Forty (65%) had clinically significant liver pathology, including 34 (55%) with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and 11 (18%) with bridging fibrosis, 10 of whom also had NASH. Nonspecific abnormalities alone were seen in 22 (35%) subjects, including mild steatosis, mild to moderate inflammation, and evidence of drug adaptation. Insulin resistance, obesity, and the presence of either of 2 minor alleles in the PNPLA3 gene were significantly associated with increased risk of NASH and fibrosis. NASH and/or fibrosis were not associated with duration of HIV infection or ART, specific antiretroviral drugs, history of opportunistic infection, immune status, or duration of aminotransferase elevation. CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected adults with chronic aminotransferase elevations while receiving ART have a high rate of liver disease. Noninvasive testing can help identify liver disease in such patients, but liver biopsy is necessary to definitively identify those at risk for liver disease progression and complications. Longitudinal follow-up of this cohort will better characterize the natural history of aminotransferase elevations in this population and identify noninvasive biomarkers of liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn G. Morse
- Critical Care Medicine Department, AIDS Section, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center
| | | | - Lindsay Matthews
- Critical Care Medicine Department, AIDS Section, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center
| | - Michael Proschan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | | | - Ahmed M. Gharib
- Biomedical and Metabolic Imaging Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Histology Core, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Xiaojun Hu
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick
| | | | | | | | - Theo Heller
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph A. Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, AIDS Section, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center
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Sookoian S, Castaño GO, Pirola CJ. PNPLA3 I148M variant is associated with metabolic stress-response phenotype in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2015; 61:1769. [PMID: 25146957 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires, National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sookoian S, Castaño GO, Scian R, Mallardi P, Fernández Gianotti T, Burgueño AL, San Martino J, Pirola CJ. Genetic variation in transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and histological disease severity. Hepatology 2015; 61:515-25. [PMID: 25302781 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We explored the role of transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) rs58542926 C/T nonsynonymous (p.Glu167Lys) variant in genetic susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and disease severity. A total of 361 individuals (135 control subjects and 226 patients with histologically proven NAFLD) were included in a sample with 97% power for the additive genetic model. A discrete trait analysis of NAFLD showed that rs58542926 was associated with a modest risk of fatty liver (P = 0.038; odds ratio [OR]: 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.84); nevertheless, conditioning on patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3)-rs738409 abolished this effect. We did not observe an interaction between rs738409 and rs58542926 variants on the risk of NAFLD. We observed a significant association of rs58542926 and disease severity (P = 0.027), but not lobular inflammation or fibrosis; rs58542926 was not associated with levels of liver enzymes. An allelic test showed that the T (Lys167) allele was significantly associated with disease progression (P = 0.021; OR, 1.66; 95% CI: 1.08-2.55). A significant association was found with the histological degree of liver steatosis (β, 0.15; standard error: 0.06; P = 0.0299) that was independent of rs738409. Homozygous carriers of the C (Glu167) allele showed increased risk for cardiovascular disease. TM6SF2 protein expression was decreased markedly in liver of NAFLD patients, compared to controls. In addition, TM6SF2 immunoreactivity was reduced in subjects carrying at least one copy of the T allele, consistent with a difference in liver allele-specific transcript abundance. CONCLUSION rs58542926 is a low-frequency variant with a modest effect on NAFLD, suggesting that carriers of the T allele are slightly more likely to accumulate fat in the liver and develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis than those without. TM6SF2 appears to play a significant role in disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Liver enzymes, metabolomics and genome-wide association studies: From systems biology to the personalized medicine. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:711-725. [PMID: 25624707 PMCID: PMC4299326 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i3.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For several decades, serum levels of alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases have been regarded as markers of liver injury, including a wide range of etiologies from viral hepatitis to fatty liver. The increasing worldwide prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease revealed that transaminases are strong predictors of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, atherothrombotic risk profile, and overall risk of metabolic disease. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that aminotransferases are surrogate biomarkers of “liver metabolic functioning” beyond the classical concept of liver cellular damage, as their enzymatic activity might actually reflect key aspects of the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver function. In this study, we summarize the background information and recent findings on the biological role of ALT and AST, and review the knowledge gained from the application of genome-wide approaches and “omics” technologies that uncovered new concepts on the role of aminotransferases in human diseases and systemic regulation of metabolic functions. Prediction of biomolecular interactions between the candidate genes recently discovered to be associated with plasma concentrations of liver enzymes showed interesting interconnectivity nodes, which suggest that regulation of aminotransferase activity is a complex and highly regulated trait. Finally, links between aminotransferase genes and metabolites are explored to understand the genetic contributions to the metabolic diversity.
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Boursier J, Diehl AM. Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 and liver disease: opportunities to unravel mechanisms underlying statistical associations. Hepatology 2015; 61:18-20. [PMID: 25234690 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Boursier
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France; HIFIH, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, Université LUNAM, Angers, France
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