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Dong T, Li J, Liu Y, Zhou S, Wei X, Hua H, Tang K, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wu Z, Gao C, Zhang H. Roles of immune dysregulation in MASLD. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116069. [PMID: 38147736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Its occurrence and progression involve the process from simple hepatic steatosis to metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which could develop into advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Growing evidences support that the pathogenesis and progression of MASLD are closely related to immune system dysfunction. This review aims to summarize the association of MASLD with immune disorders and the prospect of using immunotherapy for MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Dong
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiajin Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shikai Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hongting Hua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kechao Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chaobing Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Huabing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Maj MA, Burrin DG, Manjarín R. Decreased FXR Agonism in the Bile Acid Pool Is Associated with Impaired FXR Signaling in a Pig Model of Pediatric NAFLD. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3303. [PMID: 38137523 PMCID: PMC10740974 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the impairment of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling in juvenile pigs with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with changes in the composition of the enterohepatic bile acid pool. Eighteen 15-day-old Iberian pigs, pair-housed in pens, were allocated to receive either a control (CON) or high-fructose, high-fat (HFF) diet. Animals were euthanized in week 10, and liver, blood, and distal ileum (DI) samples were collected. HFF-fed pigs developed NAFLD and had decreased FGF19 expression in the DI and lower FGF19 levels in the blood. Compared with the CON, the HFF diet increased the total cholic acid (CA) and the CA to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) ratio in the liver, DI, and blood. CA and CDCA levels in the DI were negatively and positively correlated with ileal FGF19 expression, respectively, and blood levels of FGF19 decreased with an increasing ileal CA to CDCA ratio. Compared with the CON, the HFF diet increased the gene expression of hepatic 12-alpha-hydrolase, which catalyzes the synthesis of CA in the liver. Since CA species are weaker FXR ligands than CDCA, our results suggest that impairment of FXR-FGF19 signaling in NAFLD pigs is associated with a decrease in FXR agonism in the bile acid pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A. Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
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Sheptulina AF, Antyukh KY, Kiselev AR, Mitkovskaya NP, Drapkina OM. Possible Mechanisms Linking Obesity, Steroidogenesis, and Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1415. [PMID: 37374197 DOI: 10.3390/life13061415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that skeletal muscles may play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and associated conditions due to their impact on insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. Skeletal muscles, as well as adipose tissue, are largely recognized as endocrine organs, producing biologically active substances, such as myokines and adipokines. They may have either beneficial or harmful effects on the organism and its functions, acting through the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. Moreover, the collocation of adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, i.e., the amount of intramuscular, intermuscular, and visceral adipose depots, may be of major importance for metabolic health. Traditionally, the generalized and progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength or physical function, named sarcopenia, has been thought to be associated with age. That is why most recently published papers are focused on the investigation of the effect of obesity on skeletal muscle function in older adults. However, accumulated data indicate that sarcopenia may arise in individuals with obesity at any age, so it seems important to clarify the possible mechanisms linking obesity and skeletal muscle dysfunction regardless of age. Since steroids, namely, glucocorticoids (GCs) and sex steroids, have a major impact on the amount and function of both adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, and are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, in this review, we will also discuss the role of steroids in the interaction of these two metabolically active tissues in the course of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Sheptulina
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Obesity, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, 101990 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Therapy and Preventive Medicine, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina Yu Antyukh
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Cardiology, 220036 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anton R Kiselev
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, 101990 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia P Mitkovskaya
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Cardiology, 220036 Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Belarusian State Medical University, 220116 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Oxana M Drapkina
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Obesity, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, 101990 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Therapy and Preventive Medicine, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
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Targeted and non-targeted metabolomics uncovering the effects of Er-Miao-Wan formula on rats with hyperuricemia. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 226:115246. [PMID: 36731256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Er-Miao-Wan formula (EMW), composed of Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and Atractylodis Rhizoma, is widely used in the treatment of hyperuricemia (HUA), gout, and related complications as a classic compound formula. However, its mechanisms for the treatment of HUA still need to be further systematically investigated. The study aimed to perform modern analytical techniques to elucidate the mechanisms of EMW in improving the symptoms of HUA from the perspective of metabolomics. We used a high-fructose diet to establish a rat model of HUA to evaluate the effects of EMW on improving HUA. Next, we established a targeted metabolomics analysis method to quantitatively analyze purine metabolites in plasma by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-UV-QQQ MS), and combined with plasma non-targeted metabolomics analysis by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/TOF MS) to clarify the potential mechanisms of EMW to improve HUA. Oral administration of EMW could significantly increase the urinary uric acid and decrease the serum uric acid, and exhibited a remarkable effect on improving HUA. Plasma targeted metabolomics analysis showed that six purine metabolites related to HUA, including uric acid, hypoxanthine, xanthine, deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxyinosine, were changed in the EMW-treated group. Further, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) showed that the mechanism of EMW interfering with purine metabolic pathway in the rats with HUA could be different from that of allopurinol. On the basis of plasma non-targeted metabolomics, PCA and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLA-DA) screened and identified 23 potential biomarkers in the rats with HUA, and 11 biomarkers showed a trend of reversion after the intervention of EMW. The pathway analysis suggested that EMW might have therapeutic effects on the rats with HUA via the metabolic pathways including phenylalanine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. In this study, a plasma targeted metabolomics method that can simultaneously quantify nine purine metabolites in rats with HUA was established for the first time, which can be used to study diseases closely related to HUA. In addition, we further explored the overall effect of EMW on HUA in combination with the metabonomic method established by non-targeted metabolomics, which was helpful to solve the defect that the pharmacological mechanism caused by multi-components and multi-targets of traditional Chinese medicine was difficult to explain scientifically and comprehensively. In summary, EMW could effectively alleviate the symptoms of high-fructose-induced HUA, and the study provided a reference for the potential therapeutic mechanism of EMW.
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Liu S, Li J, Kang W, Li Y, Ge L, Liu D, Liu Y, Huang K. Aflatoxin B1 Induces Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Regulating the FXR-Mediated MLCK Signaling Pathway in Mice and in IPEC-J2 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:867-876. [PMID: 36579420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a widespread mycotoxin in food and feed. Although the liver is the main target organ of AFB1, the intestine is the first exposure organ to AFB1. However, the mechanism by which AFB1 induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via regulating the farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-mediated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) signaling pathway has rarely been studied. In vivo, AFB1 exposure significantly decreased the small intestine length and increased the intestinal permeability. Meanwhile, AFB1 exposure markedly suppressed the protein expressions of FXR, ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 and enhanced the protein expression of MLCK. In vitro, AFB1 exposure induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by the elevation in the FITC-Dextran 4 kDa flux and inhibition in the transepithelial electrical resistance in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, AFB1 exposure downregulated the mRNA and protein expressions of FXR, ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1, redistributed the ZO-1 protein, and enhanced the protein expressions of MLCK and p-MLC. However, fexaramine (Fex, FXR agonist) pretreatment markedly reversed the AFB1-induced FXR activity reduction, MLCK protein activation, and intestinal barrier impairment in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, pretreatment with the inhibition of MLCK with ML-7 significantly alleviated the AFB1-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption in vitro. In conclusion, AFB1 induced intestinal barrier impairment via regulating the FXR-mediated MLCK signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo and provided novel insights to prevent mycotoxin poisoning in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinyan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weili Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
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Olive- and Coconut-Oil-Enriched Diets Decreased Secondary Bile Acids and Regulated Metabolic and Transcriptomic Markers of Brain Injury in the Frontal Cortexes of NAFLD Pigs. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091193. [PMID: 36138929 PMCID: PMC9497137 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acid (FA) saturation and carbon chain length on brain bile acid (BA) metabolism and neuronal number in a pig model of pediatric NAFLD. Thirty 20-day-old Iberian pigs, pair-housed in pens, were randomly assigned to receive one of three hypercaloric diets for 10 weeks: (1) lard-enriched (LAR; n = 5 pens), (2) olive-oil-enriched (OLI, n = 5), and (3) coconut-oil-enriched (COC; n = 5). Pig behavior and activity were analyzed throughout the study. All animals were euthanized on week 10 and frontal cortex (FC) samples were collected for immunohistochemistry, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses. Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate statistics. No differences were observed in relative brain weight, neuronal number, or cognitive functioning between diets. Pig activity and FC levels of neuroprotective secondary BAs and betaine decreased in the COC and OLI groups compared with LAR, and paralleled the severity of NAFLD. In addition, OLI-fed pigs showed downregulation of genes involved in neurotransmission, synaptic transmission, and nervous tissue development. Similarly, COC-fed pigs showed upregulation of neurogenesis and myelin repair genes, which caused the accumulation of medium-chain acylcarnitines in brain tissue. In conclusion, our results indicate that secondary BA levels in the FCs of NAFLD pigs are affected by dietary FA composition and are associated with metabolic and transcriptomic markers of brain injury. Dietary interventions that aim to replace saturated FAs by medium-chain or monounsaturated FAs in high-fat hypercaloric diets may have a negative effect on brain health in NAFLD patients.
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Manjarín R, Dillard K, Coffin M, Hernandez GV, Smith VA, Noland-Lidell T, Gehani TR, Smart HJ, Wheeler K, Sprayberry KA, Edwards MS, Fanter RK, Glanz H, Immoos C, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Blank JM, Burrin DG, Piccolo BD, Abo-Ismail M, La Frano MR, Maj M. Dietary fat composition shapes bile acid metabolism and severity of liver injury in a pig model of pediatric NAFLD. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E187-E206. [PMID: 35858244 PMCID: PMC9423774 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00052.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acid (FA) composition on bile acid (BA) metabolism in a pig model of NAFLD, by using a multiomics approach combined with histology and serum biochemistry. Thirty 20-day-old Iberian pigs pair-housed in pens were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 hypercaloric diets for 10 wk: 1) lard-enriched (LAR; n = 5 pens), 2) olive oil-enriched (OLI; n = 5), and 3) coconut oil-enriched (COC; n = 5). Animals were euthanized on week 10 after blood sampling, and liver, colon, and distal ileum (DI) were collected for histology, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate statistics. Compared with OLI and LAR, COC increased primary and secondary BAs in liver, plasma, and colon. In addition, both COC and OLI reduced circulating fibroblast growth factor 19, increased hepatic necrosis, composite lesion score, and liver enzymes in serum, and upregulated genes involved in hepatocyte proliferation and DNA repair. The severity of liver disease in COC and OLI pigs was associated with increased levels of phosphatidylcholines, medium-chain triacylglycerides, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and long-chain acylcarnitines in the liver, and the expression of profibrotic markers in DI, but not with changes in the composition or size of BA pool. In conclusion, our results indicate a role of dietary FAs in the regulation of BA metabolism and progression of NAFLD. Interventions that aim to modify the composition of dietary FAs, rather than to regulate BA metabolism or signaling, may be more effective in the treatment of NAFLD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bile acid homeostasis and signaling is disrupted in NAFLD and may play a central role in the development of the disease. However, there are no studies addressing the impact of diet on bile acid metabolism in patients with NAFLD. In juvenile Iberian pigs, we show that fatty acid composition in high-fat high-fructose diets affects BA levels in liver, plasma, and colon but these changes were not associated with the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Manjarín
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Kayla Dillard
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Morgan Coffin
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Gabriella V Hernandez
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Victoria A Smith
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Trista Noland-Lidell
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Tanvi R Gehani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Hayden J Smart
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Kevin Wheeler
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Kimberly A Sprayberry
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Mark S Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Rob K Fanter
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Hunter Glanz
- Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Chad Immoos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | | | - Jason M Blank
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- USDA-ARS Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Mohammed Abo-Ismail
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Cal Poly Metabolomics Service Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
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Wallace SJ, Tacke F, Schwabe RF, Henderson NC. Understanding the cellular interactome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100524. [PMID: 35845296 PMCID: PMC9284456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is reaching epidemic proportions, with a global prevalence of 25% in the adult population. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to cirrhosis, has become the leading indication for liver transplantation in both Europe and the USA. Liver fibrosis is the consequence of sustained, iterative liver injury, and the main determinant of outcomes in NASH. The liver possesses remarkable inherent plasticity, and liver fibrosis can regress when the injurious agent is removed, thus providing opportunities to alter long-term outcomes through therapeutic interventions. Although hepatocyte injury is a key driver of NASH, multiple other cell lineages within the hepatic fibrotic niche play major roles in the perpetuation of inflammation, mesenchymal cell activation, extracellular matrix accumulation as well as fibrosis resolution. The constituents of this cellular interactome, and how the various subpopulations within the fibrotic niche interact to drive fibrogenesis is an area of active research. Important cellular components of the fibrotic niche include endothelial cells, macrophages, passaging immune cell populations and myofibroblasts. In this review, we will describe how rapidly evolving technologies such as single-cell genomics, spatial transcriptomics and single-cell ligand-receptor analyses are transforming our understanding of the cellular interactome in NAFLD/NASH, and how this new, high-resolution information is being leveraged to develop rational new therapies for patients with NASH.
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Key Words
- BAs, bile acids
- CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand
- CCR, C-C motif chemokine receptor
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
- CXCR, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- KCs, Kupffer cells
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- MAIT, mucosal-associated invariant T
- MAMPS, microbiota-associated molecular patterns
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NK(T), natural killer (T)
- NLR, Nod like receptors
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PFs, portal fibroblasts
- SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- antifibrotic therapies
- cellular interactome
- cirrhosis
- fibrosis
- single-cell genomics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Wallace
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, UK
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Wang L, Cao ZM, Zhang LL, Li JM, Lv WL. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Some Liver Diseases: From an Immunological Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923599. [PMID: 35911738 PMCID: PMC9326173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is a microecosystem composed of various microorganisms. It plays an important role in human metabolism, and its metabolites affect different tissues and organs. Intestinal flora maintains the intestinal mucosal barrier and interacts with the immune system. The liver is closely linked to the intestine by the gut-liver axis. As the first organ that comes into contact with blood from the intestine, the liver will be deeply influenced by the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and the intestinal leakage and the imbalance of the flora are the trigger of the pathological reaction of the liver. In this paper, we discuss the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the pathogenesis and development of autoimmune liver diseases((including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis), metabolic liver disease such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosisits and its complications, and liver cancer from the perspective of immune mechanism. And the recent progress in the treatment of these diseases was reviewed from the perspective of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Zheng-Min Cao, ; Juan-mei Li, ; Wen-liang Lv,
| | - Zheng-Min Cao
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Zheng-Min Cao, ; Juan-mei Li, ; Wen-liang Lv,
| | | | - Juan-mei Li
- Department of Infection, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-liang Lv
- Department of Infection, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Riccio S, Melone R, Vitulano C, Guida P, Maddaluno I, Guarino S, Marzuillo P, Miraglia del Giudice E, Di Sessa A. Advances in pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: From genetics to lipidomics. World J Clin Pediatr 2022; 11:221-238. [PMID: 35663007 PMCID: PMC9134151 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v11.i3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of the obesity epidemic, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a global medical concern in childhood with a closely related increased cardiometabolic risk. Knowledge on NAFLD pathophysiology has been largely expanded over the last decades. Besides the well-known key NAFLD genes (including the I148M variant of the PNPLA3 gene, the E167K allele of the TM6SF2, the GCKR gene, the MBOAT7-TMC4 rs641738 variant, and the rs72613567:TA variant in the HSD17B13 gene), an intriguing pathogenic role has also been demonstrated for the gut microbiota. More interestingly, evidence has added new factors involved in the “multiple hits” theory. In particular, omics determinants have been highlighted as potential innovative markers for NAFLD diagnosis and treatment. In fact, different branches of omics including metabolomics, lipidomics (in particular sphingolipids and ceramides), transcriptomics (including micro RNAs), epigenomics (such as DNA methylation), proteomics, and glycomics represent the most attractive pathogenic elements in NAFLD development, by providing insightful perspectives in this field. In this perspective, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of NAFLD pathophysiology in children, from the oldest pathogenic elements (including genetics) to the newest intriguing perspectives (such as omics branches).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Riccio
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Rosa Melone
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Caterina Vitulano
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Guida
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Ivan Maddaluno
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Stefano Guarino
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Marzuillo
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Emanuele Miraglia del Giudice
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Anna Di Sessa
- Department of Woman, Child, General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples 80138, Italy
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11
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Cluzel GL, Ryan PM, Herisson FM, Caplice NM. High-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome: a contemporary synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E366-E381. [PMID: 35224983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to describe and compare porcine models of metabolic syndrome. This syndrome and its associated secondary comorbidities are set to become the greatest challenge to healthcare providers and policy makers in the coming century. However, an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis has left significant knowledge gaps in terms of efficacious therapeutics. To further our comprehension and, in turn, management of metabolic syndrome, appropriate high-fidelity models of the disease complex are of great importance. In this context, our review aims to assess the most promising porcine models of metabolic syndrome currently available for their similarity to the human phenotype. In addition, we aim to highlight the strengths and shortcomings of each model in an attempt to identify the most appropriate application of each. Although no porcine model perfectly recapitulates the human metabolic syndrome, several pose satisfactory approximations. The Ossabaw miniature swine in particular represents a highly translatable model that develops each of the core parameters of the syndrome with many of the associated secondary comorbidities. Future high-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome need to focus on secondary sequelae replication, which may require extended induction period to reveal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston L Cluzel
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul M Ryan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florence M Herisson
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel M Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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12
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Xiang H, Sun D, Liu X, She ZG, Chen Y. The Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:812610. [PMID: 35211093 PMCID: PMC8861316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.812610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a serious disease threatening public health, and its pathogenesis remains largely unclear. Recent scientific research has shown that intestinal microbiota and its metabolites have an important impact on the development of NASH. A balanced intestinal microbiota contributes to the maintenance of liver homeostasis, but when the intestinal microbiota is disequilibrated, it serves as a source of pathogens and molecules that lead to NASH. In this review, we mainly emphasize the key mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites affect NASH. In addition, recent clinical trials and animal studies on the treatment of NASH by regulating the intestinal microbiota through prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and FMT have also been briefly elaborated. With the increasing understanding of interactions between the intestinal microbiota and liver, accurate and personalized detection and treatment methods for NASH are expected to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiang
- Infectious Disease Department, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Xiang, ; Zhi-Gang She, ; Yonghong Chen,
| | - Dating Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan NO.1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Infectious Disease Department, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Xiang, ; Zhi-Gang She, ; Yonghong Chen,
| | - Yonghong Chen
- Infectious Disease Department, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Xiang, ; Zhi-Gang She, ; Yonghong Chen,
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13
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Giannini C, Mastromauro C, Scapaticci S, Gentile C, Chiarelli F. Role of bile acids in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1011994. [PMID: 36531484 PMCID: PMC9747777 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1011994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic molecules synthetized in the liver. They are primarily involved in the digestion of nutrients. Apart from their role in dietary lipid absorption, BAs have progressively emerged as key regulators of systemic metabolism and inflammation. In the last decade, it became evident that BAs are particularly important for the regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. Indeed, the interest in role of BA in metabolism homeostasis is further increased due to the global public health increase in obesity and related complications and a large number of research postulating that there is a close mutual relationship between BA and metabolic disorders. This strong relationship seems to derive from the role of BAs as signaling molecules involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of metabolic pathways. These actions are mediated by different receptors, particularly nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), which are probably the major effectors of BA actions. These receptors activate transcriptional networks and signaling cascades controlling the expression and activity of genes involved in BA, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, energy expenditure, and inflammation. The large correlation between BAs and metabolic disorders offers the possibility that modulation of BAs could be used as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases, including obesity itself. The aim of this review is to describe the main physiological and metabolic actions of BA, focusing on its signaling pathways, which are important in the regulation of metabolism and might provide new BA -based treatments for metabolic diseases.
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14
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Role of Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010426. [PMID: 35008852 PMCID: PMC8745242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease encompasses diseases that have various causes, such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Gut microbiota dysregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of ALD and NAFLD through the gut-liver axis. The gut microbiota consists of various microorganisms that play a role in maintaining the homeostasis of the host and release a wide number of metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), peptides, and hormones, continually shaping the host's immunity and metabolism. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal and vascular barriers is crucial to protect liver cells from exposure to harmful metabolites and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules. Dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability may allow the liver to be exposed to abundant harmful metabolites that promote liver inflammation and fibrosis. In this review, we introduce the metabolites and components derived from the gut microbiota and discuss their pathologic effect in the liver alongside recent advances in molecular-based therapeutics and novel mechanistic findings associated with the gut-liver axis in ALD and NAFLD.
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15
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Spooner HC, Derrick SA, Maj M, Manjarín R, Hernandez GV, Tailor DS, Bastani PS, Fanter RK, Fiorotto ML, Burrin DG, La Frano MR, Sikalidis AK, Blank JM. High-Fructose, High-Fat Diet Alters Muscle Composition and Fuel Utilization in a Juvenile Iberian Pig Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124195. [PMID: 34959747 PMCID: PMC8705774 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious metabolic condition affecting millions of people worldwide. A “Western-style diet” has been shown to induce pediatric NAFLD with the potential disruption of skeletal muscle composition and metabolism. To determine the in vivo effect of a “Western-style diet” on pediatric skeletal muscle fiber type and fuel utilization, 28 juvenile Iberian pigs were fed either a control diet (CON) or a high-fructose, high-fat diet (HFF), with or without probiotic supplementation, for 10 weeks. The HFF diets increased the total triacylglycerol content of muscle tissue but decreased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content and the number of type I (slow oxidative) muscle fibers. HFF diets induced autophagy as assessed by LC3I and LC3II, and inflammation, as assessed by IL-1α. No differences in body composition were observed, and there was no change in insulin sensitivity, but HFF diets increased several plasma acylcarnitines and decreased expression of lipid oxidation regulators PGC1α and CPT1, suggesting disruption of skeletal muscle metabolism. Our results show that an HFF diet fed to juvenile Iberian pigs produces a less oxidative skeletal muscle phenotype, similar to a detraining effect, and reduces the capacity to use lipid as fuel, even in the absence of insulin resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. Spooner
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Stefani A. Derrick
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.A.D.); (M.R.L.F.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Department of Animal Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (R.M.); (G.V.H.)
| | - Gabriella V. Hernandez
- Department of Animal Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (R.M.); (G.V.H.)
| | - Deepali S. Tailor
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Parisa S. Bastani
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Rob K. Fanter
- College of Agriculture Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
- Cal Poly Metabolomics Service Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Marta L. Fiorotto
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.L.F.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.L.F.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Michael R. La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.A.D.); (M.R.L.F.); (A.K.S.)
- Cal Poly Metabolomics Service Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Angelos K. Sikalidis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.A.D.); (M.R.L.F.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Jason M. Blank
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (H.C.S.); (M.M.); (D.S.T.); (P.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-805-756-5629
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16
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Piñán J, Alegre B, Kirkwood RN, Soriano-Úbeda C, Maj M, Domínguez JC, Manjarín R, Martínez-Pastor F. Effect of Season and Parity on Reproduction Performance of Iberian Sows Bred with Duroc Semen. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3275. [PMID: 34828007 PMCID: PMC8614353 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iberian pig is an autochthonous breed from the Iberian Peninsula highly valued for its meat. The sows are often bred as Iberian × Duroc crossings for increased efficiency. Since sow parity and season affect the reproductive performance, we evaluated two-year records from a commercial farrow-to-finish farm (live, stillborn, and mummified piglets after artificial insemination, AI). A total of 1293 Iberian sows were inseminated with semen from 57 boars (3024 AI). The effects of parity (gilts, 1, 2-4, 5-10, and >10 farrowings) and season were analyzed by linear mixed-effects models (LME). The data were fitted to cosinor models to investigate seasonal effects within parity groups. The effects of maximum daily temperature (MDT) and day length change (DLC) during spermatogenesis, pre-AI, and post-AI periods were analyzed with LME. The 2-4 group was the optimal one for parity. A seasonal effect was evident between spring-summer (lower fertility/prolificacy) and autumn-winter (higher). Cosinor showed that the seasonal drop in reproductive performance occurs earlier in Iberian sows than in other breeds, more evident in gilts. MDT negatively affected performance in all periods and DLC in spermatogenesis and pre-AI. These results are relevant for the improvement of Iberian sows' intensive farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Piñán
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alegre
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Roy N. Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5317, Australia;
| | - Cristina Soriano-Úbeda
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
| | - Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, One Grand Ave., Bldg. 10, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Juan Carlos Domínguez
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, One Grand Ave., Bldg. 10, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Felipe Martínez-Pastor
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
- Department of Molecular Biology (Cell Biology), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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17
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Tokuhara D. Role of the Gut Microbiota in Regulating Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents. Front Nutr 2021; 8:700058. [PMID: 34250000 PMCID: PMC8267179 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.700058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents. Although obesity is the leading cause of NAFLD, the etiologies of NAFLD are multifactorial (e.g., high-fat diet, a lack of exercise, gender, maternal obesity, the antibiotic use), and each of these factors leads to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota community. The gut microbiota is a key player in the development and regulation of the gut mucosal immune system as well as the regulation of both NAFLD and obesity. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota promotes the development of NAFLD via alteration of gut-liver homeostasis, including disruption of the gut barrier, portal transport of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) to the liver, altered bile acid profiles, and decreased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids. In terms of prevention and treatment, conventional approaches (e.g., dietary and exercise interventions) against obesity and NAFLD have been confirmed to recover the dysbiosis and dysbiosis-mediated altered metabolism. In addition, increased understanding of the importance of gut microbiota-mediated homeostasis in the prevention of NAFLD suggests the potential effectiveness of gut microbiota-targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies (e.g., probiotics and fecal transplantation) against NAFLD in children and adolescents. This review comprehensively summarizes our current knowledge of the gut microbiota, focusing on its interaction with NAFLD and its potential therapeutic role in obese children and adolescents with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tokuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Maj M, Harbottle B, Thomas PA, Hernandez GV, Smith VA, Edwards MS, Fanter RK, Glanz HS, Immoos C, Burrin DG, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, La Frano MR, Manjarín R. Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup Compared with Sucrose Promotes Adiposity and Increased Triglyceridemia but Comparable NAFLD Severity in Juvenile Iberian Pigs. J Nutr 2021; 151:1139-1149. [PMID: 33693900 PMCID: PMC8112773 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose consumption has been linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. However, the effect of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) compared with sucrose in pediatric NAFLD has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES We tested whether the isocaloric substitution of dietary sucrose by HFCS would increase the severity of NAFLD in juvenile pigs, and whether this effect would be associated with changes in gut histology, SCFA production, and microbial diversity. METHODS Iberian pigs, 53-d-old and pair-housed in pens balanced for weight and sex, were randomly assigned to receive a mash diet top-dressed with increasing amounts of sucrose (SUC; n = 3 pens; 281.6-486.8 g/kg diet) or HFCS (n = 4; 444.3-724.8 g/kg diet) during 16 wk. Diets exceeded the animal's energy requirements by providing sugars in excess, but met the requirements for all other nutrients. Animals were killed at 165 d of age after blood sampling, and liver, muscle, and gut were collected for histology, metabolome, and microbiome analyses. Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate statistics. RESULTS Compared with SUC, HFCS increased subcutaneous fat, triacylglycerides in plasma, and butyrate in colon (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, HFCS decreased UMP and short-chain acyl carnitines in liver, and urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum (P ≤ 0.05). Microbiome analysis showed a 24.8% average dissimilarity between HFCS and SUC associated with changes in SCFA-producing bacteria. Body weight gain, intramuscular fat, histological and serum markers of liver injury, and circulating hormones, glucose, and proinflammatory cytokines did not differ between diets. CONCLUSIONS Fructose consumption derived from HFCS promoted butyrate synthesis, triglyceridemia, and subcutaneous lipid deposition in juvenile Iberian pigs, but did not increase serum and histological markers of NAFLD compared with a sucrose-enriched diet. Longer studies could be needed to observe differences in liver injury among sugar types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maj
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA,Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Harbottle
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Payton A Thomas
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Gabriella V Hernandez
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Victoria A Smith
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Edwards
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Rob K Fanter
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA,Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Hunter S Glanz
- Statistics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Chad Immoos
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael R La Frano
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA,Food Science and Nutrition Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
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Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Stroe M, Valenzuela A, Allegaert K, Smits A, Annaert P, Mulder A, Carpentier S, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. The Neonatal and Juvenile Pig in Pediatric Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:44. [PMID: 33396805 PMCID: PMC7823749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for the youngest age groups and for pediatric-only indications, neonatal and juvenile animal models can be useful to assess drug safety and to better understand the mechanisms of diseases or conditions. In this respect, the use of neonatal and juvenile pigs in the field of pediatric drug discovery and development is promising, although still limited at this point. This review summarizes the comparative postnatal development of pigs and humans and discusses the advantages of the juvenile pig in view of developmental pharmacology, pediatric diseases, drug discovery and drug safety testing. Furthermore, limitations and unexplored aspects of this large animal model are covered. At this point in time, the potential of the neonatal and juvenile pig as nonclinical safety models for pediatric drug development is underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Marina Stroe
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Antonius Mulder
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
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20
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Manjarin R, Maj MA, La Frano MR, Glanz H. %polynova_2way: A SAS macro for implementation of mixed models for metabolomics data. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244013. [PMID: 33320899 PMCID: PMC7737964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of large metabolomic data sets has created a high demand for software that can fit statistical models to one-metabolite-at-a-time on hundreds of metabolites. We provide the %polynova_2way macro in SAS to identify metabolites differentially expressed in study designs with a two-way factorial treatment and hierarchical design structure. For each metabolite, the macro calculates the least squares means using a linear mixed model with fixed and random effects, runs a 2-way ANOVA, corrects the P-values for the number of metabolites using the false discovery rate or Bonferroni procedure, and calculate the P-value for the least squares mean differences for each metabolite. Finally, the %polynova_2way macro outputs a table in excel format that combines all the results to facilitate the identification of significant metabolites for each factor. The macro code is freely available in the Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Manjarin
- Department of Animal Science; California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America
| | - Magdalena A Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America.,Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America.,Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America
| | - Hunter Glanz
- Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America
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21
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PL-S2, a homogeneous polysaccharide from Radix Puerariae lobatae, attenuates hyperlipidemia via farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway-modulated bile acid metabolism. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1694-1705. [PMID: 33058986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are important active constituents of Radix Puerariae lobatae (RPL). In this study, a novel homogeneous polysaccharide from RPL was successfully obtained by HP-20 macroporous resin and purified by Sepharose G-100 column chromatography. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed that the main glycosidic bonds were composed of α-1,3-linked and α-1,4-linked glucose. The molecular weight of PL-S2 was 18.73 kDa. The hypolipidemic effect of PL-S2 on hyperlipidemic rats was evaluated in histopathology and metabolomics analyses. PL-S2 significantly reduced plasma lipid levels and inhibited bile acid metabolism. We also demonstrated that treatment with PL-S2 activated FXR, CYP7A1, BESP, and MRP2 in rat liver. Our findings first indicate that PL-S2 decreases plasma lipid levels in hyperlipidemic rats by activating the FXR signaling pathway and promoting bile acid excretion. Therefore, PL-S2 derived from RPL is implicated as a functional food factor with lipid-regulating activity, and highlighted as a potential food supplement for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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22
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Zeltser N, Meyer I, Hernandez GV, Trahan MJ, Fanter RK, Abo-Ismail M, Glanz H, Strand CR, Burrin DG, La Frano MR, Manjarín R, Maj M. Neurodegeneration in juvenile Iberian pigs with diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E592-E606. [PMID: 32744096 PMCID: PMC7864229 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00120.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether juvenile Iberian pigs with diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cholestasis, and gut dysbiosis would develop histological and metabolic markers of neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex (FC) and whether supplementing probiotics would influence the response to the diet. Twenty-eight juvenile Iberian pigs were fed for 10 wk either a control (CON) or high-fructose high-fat (HFF) diet with or without a commercial probiotic mixture. Compared with CON, HFF-fed pigs had a decreased number of neurons and an increase in reactive astrocytes in FC tissue. There was also a decrease in one-carbon metabolites choline and betaine and a marked accumulation of bile acids, cholesteryl esters, and polyol pathway intermediates in FC of HFF-fed pigs, which were associated with markers of neurodegeneration and accentuated with the severity of NAFLD. Betaine depletion in FC tissue was negatively correlated with choline-derived phospholipids in colon content, whereas primary conjugated bile acids in FC were associated with cholestasis. Plasma kynurenine-to-tryptophan quotient, as a marker of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity, and intestinal dysbiosis were also correlated with neuronal loss and astrogliosis. Recognition memory test and FC levels of amyloid-β and phosphorylated Tau did not differ between diets, whereas probiotics increased amyloid-β and memory loss in HFF-fed pigs. In conclusion, our results show evidence of neurodegeneration in FC of juvenile Iberian pigs and establish a novel pediatric model to investigate the role of gut-liver-brain axis in diet-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Zeltser
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Isabell Meyer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella V Hernandez
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Matthew J Trahan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Rob K Fanter
- College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Mohammed Abo-Ismail
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Hunter Glanz
- Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Christine R Strand
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California
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23
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Chen J, Vitetta L. Gut Microbiota Metabolites in NAFLD Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155214. [PMID: 32717871 PMCID: PMC7432372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through its metabolites. Therefore, the restoration of the gut microbiota and supplementation with commensal bacterial metabolites can be of therapeutic benefit against the disease. In this review, we summarize the roles of various bacterial metabolites in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and their therapeutic implications. The gut microbiota dysregulation is a feature of NAFLD, and the signatures of gut microbiota are associated with the severity of the disease through altered bacterial metabolites. Disturbance of bile acid metabolism leads to underactivation of bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5, causal for decreased energy expenditure, increased lipogenesis, increased bile acid synthesis and increased macrophage activity. Decreased production of butyrate results in increased intestinal inflammation, increased gut permeability, endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. Dysregulation of amino acids and choline also contributes to lipid accumulation and to a chronic inflammatory status. In some NAFLD patients, overproduction of ethanol produced by bacteria is responsible for hepatic inflammation. Many approaches including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, faecal microbiome transplantation and a fasting-mimicking diet have been applied to restore the gut microbiota for the improvement of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney 2015, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.V.)
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical, Sydney 2015, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.V.)
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24
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Ipsen DH, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Animal Models of Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Do They Reflect Human Disease? Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1696-1711. [PMID: 33191435 PMCID: PMC7666900 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world, yet no pharmacotherapies are available. The lack of translational animal models is a major barrier impeding elucidation of disease mechanisms and drug development. Multiple preclinical models of NASH have been proposed and can broadly be characterized as diet-induced, deficiency-induced, toxin-induced, genetically induced, or a combination of these. However, very few models develop advanced fibrosis while still reflecting human disease etiology or pathology, which is problematic since fibrosis stage is considered the best prognostic marker in patients and an important endpoint in clinical trials of NASH. While mice and rats predominate the NASH research, several other species have emerged as promising models. This review critically evaluates animal models of NASH, focusing on their ability to develop advanced fibrosis while maintaining their relevance to the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Ipsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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25
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La Frano MR, Brito A, Johnson CM, Wilhelmson B, Gannon B, Fanter RK, Pedersen TL, Tanumihardjo SA, Newman JW. Metabolomics Reveals Altered Hepatic Bile Acids, Gut Microbiome Metabolites, and Cell Membrane Lipids Associated with Marginal Vitamin A Deficiency in a Mongolian Gerbil Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1901319. [PMID: 32453876 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study is designed to provide a broad evaluation of the impacts of vitamin A (VA) deficiency on hepatic metabolism in a gerbil model. METHODS AND RESULTS After 28 days of VA depletion, male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are randomly assigned to experimental diets for 28 days. Groups are fed a white-maize-based diet with ≈50 µL cottonseed oil vehicle either alone (VA-, n = 10) or containing 40 µg retinyl acetate (VA+, n = 10) for 28 days. Liver retinol is measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Primary metabolomics, aminomics, lipidomics, bile acids, oxylipins, ceramides, and endocannabinoids are analyzed in post-mortem liver samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Liver retinol is lower (p < 0.001) in the VA- versus VA+ group, with concentrations indicating marginal VA deficiency. A total of 300 metabolites are identified. Marginal VA deficiency is associated with lower bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and a variety of acylcarnitines, phospholipids and sphingomyelins (p < 0.05). Components of DNA, including deoxyguanosine, cytidine, and N-carbomoyl-beta-alanine (p < 0.05), are differentially altered. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic metabolomics in a marginally VA-deficient gerbil model revealed alterations in markers of the gut microbiome, fatty acid and nucleotide metabolism, and cellular structure and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA.,Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA.,West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alex Brito
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Population Health, Nutrition and Health Research Group, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, Strassen, 1445, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine M Johnson
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Baylee Wilhelmson
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Bryan Gannon
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rob K Fanter
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Theresa L Pedersen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John W Newman
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
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