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Santiso A, Heinemann A, Kargl J. Prostaglandin E2 in the Tumor Microenvironment, a Convoluted Affair Mediated by EP Receptors 2 and 4. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:388-413. [PMID: 38697857 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) system in cancer progression has long been recognized. PGE2 functions as an autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule with pleiotropic effects in the human body. High levels of intratumoral PGE2 and overexpression of the key metabolic enzymes of PGE2 have been observed and suggested to contribute to tumor progression. This has been claimed for different types of solid tumors, including, but not limited to, lung, breast, and colon cancer. PGE2 has direct effects on tumor cells and angiogenesis that are known to promote tumor development. However, one of the main mechanisms behind PGE2 driving cancerogenesis is currently thought to be anchored in suppressed antitumor immunity, thus providing possible therapeutic targets to be used in cancer immunotherapies. EP2 and EP4, two receptors for PGE2, are emerging as being the most relevant for this purpose. This review aims to summarize the known roles of PGE2 in the immune system and its functions within the tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has long been known to be a signaling molecule in cancer. Its presence in tumors has been repeatedly associated with disease progression. Elucidation of its effects on immunological components of the tumor microenvironment has highlighted the potential of PGE2 receptor antagonists in cancer treatment, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapeutics. Adjuvant treatment could increase the response rates and the efficacy of immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santiso
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kargl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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2
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Choi SH, Huang AY, Letterio JJ, Kim BG. Smad4-deficient T cells promote colitis-associated colon cancer via an IFN-γ-dependent suppression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932412. [PMID: 36045676 PMCID: PMC9420841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells and the cytokines they produce are important mediators of the transition from colitis to colon cancer, but the mechanisms mediating this disease progression are poorly understood. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of colitis through immune modulatory mechanisms, and through direct effects on endothelial and epithelial homeostasis. Here we explore whether IFN-γ influences tumor progression by expanding the effector memory T cells (TEM) population and restricting the expression of tumor suppressors in a preclinical model of spontaneous colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). We show that IFN-γ expression is significantly increased both in the T cells and the colonic mucosal epithelia of mice with a T cell-restricted deletion of the TGF-β intermediate, SMAD4 (Smad4TKO). The increase of IFN-γ expression correlates with the onset of spontaneous CAC in Smad4TKO mice by 6 months of age. This phenotype is greatly ameliorated by the introduction of a germline deletion of IFN-γ in Smad4TKO mice (Smad4TKO/IFN-γKO, DKO). DKO mice had a significantly reduced incidence and progression of CAC, and a decrease in the number of mucosal CD4+ TEM cells, when compared to those of Smad4TKO mice. Similarly, the colon epithelia of DKO mice exhibited a non-oncogenic signature with a decrease in the expression of iNOS and p-STAT1, and a restoration of the tumor suppressor gene, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). In vitro, treatment of human colon cancer cells with IFN-γ decreased the expression of 15-PGDH. Our data suggest that Smad4-deficient T cells promote CAC through mechanisms that include an IFN-γ-dependent suppression of the tumor suppressor 15-PGDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Choi
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- The Angie Fowler Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Institute, University Hospitals (UH) Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - John J. Letterio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- The Angie Fowler Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Institute, University Hospitals (UH) Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Byung-Gyu Kim,
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Kakavandi N, Rezaee S, Hosseini-Fard SR, Ghasempour G, Khosravi M, Shabani M, Najafi M. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis pathway is involved in coronary artery stenosis and restenosis. Gene 2020; 765:145131. [PMID: 32898608 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory events related to prostaglandins may play an important role in the progression of vessel stenosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the monocyte PTGES and 15-PGDH gene expression levels and the serum 13,14-dihyro-15-keto-PGF2α value involved in PGE2 metabolism in patients with coronary artery stenosis and restenosis. Moreover, the effects of miR-520, miR-1297 and miR-34 were studied on the gene expression levels. A total of sixty subjects referred for coronary angiography including healthy controls (stenosis <5%), subjects with stent no restenosis) SNR, stenosis <5%) and subjects in stent restenosis (ISR, restenosis >70%) were participated in the study. The gene expression levels and the serum 13,14-dihyro-15-keto- PGF2α value were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA techniques, respectively. Moreover, the effects of miRNAs on the gene expression levels were investigated by the monocyte transfection of miR/PEI complexes. The PTGES and 15-PGDH gene expression levels and serum 13,14-dihyro-15-keto- PGF2α value increased significantly (P <0.05). Based on the miR-520 and miR-34 expression levels, the miR/PEI transfection studies were confirmed significantly the gene expression changes. The monocyte PGE2 synthesis pathway is actively considered in the SNR and ISR patients and might be related to miR-34 and miR-520 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Kakavandi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Iran
| | - Shima Rezaee
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Iran
| | | | - Ghasem Ghasempour
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Iran
| | - Mohsen Khosravi
- Medicine Biochemistry, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Biochemistry Department, Iran.
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4
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Abdallah HM, Ammar NM, Abdelhameed MF, Gendy AENGE, Ragab TIM, Abd-ElGawad AM, Farag MA, Alwahibi MS, Elshamy AI. Protective Mechanism of Acacia saligna Butanol Extract and Its Nano-Formulations against Ulcerative Colitis in Rats as Revealed via Biochemical and Metabolomic Assays. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E195. [PMID: 32751448 PMCID: PMC7463518 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. The increased risk of cancer in UC patients warrants for the development of novel drug treatments. Herein, this work concerns with the investigation of the protective effects of Acacia saligna butanol extract (ASBE) and its nanoformulations on UC in a rat model and its underlying mechanism. Colitis was induced by slow intrarectal infusion of 2 mL of 4% (v/v in 0.9% saline) acetic acid. Colon samples were evaluated macroscopically, microscopically, and assayed for pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. To monitor associated metabolic changes in acetic acid-induced UC model, serum samples were analyzed for primary metabolites using GC-MS followed by multivariate data analyses. Treatment with ASBE attenuated acetic acid-induced UC as revealed by reduction of colon weight, ulcer area, and ulcer index. ASBE treatment also reduced Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) & Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in the inflamed colon. The nano-formulation of ASBE showed better protection than the crude extract against ulcer indices, increased PGE2 production, and histopathological alterations such as intestinal mucosal lesions and inflammatory infiltration. Distinct metabolite changes were recorded in colitis rats including a decrease in oleamide and arachidonic acid along with increased levels of lactic acid, fructose, and pyroglutamic acid. Treatment with nano extract restored metabolite levels to normal and suggests that cytokine levels were regulated by nano extract in UC. Conclusion: ASBE nano extract mitigated against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats, and the underlying mechanism could be attributed to the modulatory effects of ASBE on the inflammatory cascades. The applicability of metabolomics developed in this rat model seems to be crucial for evaluating the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of new therapeutics for acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M.I. Abdallah
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Naglaa M. Ammar
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed F. Abdelhameed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Abd El-Nasser G. El Gendy
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Tamer I. M. Ragab
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Abd-ElGawad
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B., Cairo 11562, Egypt;
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mona S. Alwahibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelsamed I. Elshamy
- Department of Natural Compounds Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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5
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Nettleford SK, Zhao L, Qian F, Herold M, Arner B, Desai D, Amin S, Xiong N, Singh V, Carlson BA, Prabhu KS. The Essential Role of Selenoproteins in the Resolution of Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Intestinal Inflammation. Front Nutr 2020; 7:96. [PMID: 32775340 PMCID: PMC7381334 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) leads to adverse colonic inflammation associated with poor resolution of inflammation and loss of epithelial integrity. Micronutrient trace element selenium (Se) is incorporated into selenoproteins as the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine (Sec). Previous studies have shown that such an incorporation of Sec into the selenoproteome is key for the anti-inflammatory functions of Se in macrophages and other immune cells. An intriguing mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects of Se stems from the ability of selenoproteins to skew arachidonic acid metabolism from pro-inflammatory mediators, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) toward anti-inflammatory mediators derived from PGD2, such as 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14- prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), via eicosanoid class switching of bioactive lipids. The impact of Se and such an eicosanoid-class switching mechanism was tested in an enteric infection model of gut inflammation by C. rodentium, a murine equivalent of EPEC. C57BL/6 mice deficient in Se (Se-D) experienced higher mortality when compared to those on Se adequate (0.08 ppm Se) and Se supplemented (0.4 ppm Se) diets following infection. Decreased survival was associated with decreased group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells in colonic lamina propria of Se-D mice along with deceased expression of epithelial barrier protein Zo-1. Inhibition of metabolic inactivation of PGE2 by 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase blocked the Se-dependent increase in ILC3 and Th17 cells in addition to reducing epithelial barrier integrity, as seen by increased systemic levels of FITC-dextran following oral administration; while 15d-PGJ2 administration in Se-D mice alleviated the effects by increasing ILC3 and Th17 cells. Mice lacking selenoproteins in monocyte/macrophages via the conditional deletion of the tRNA[Sec] showed increased mortality post infection. Our studies indicate a crucial role for dietary Se in the protection against inflammation following enteric infection via immune mechanisms involving epithelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneice K Nettleford
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Luming Zhao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Fenghua Qian
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Morgan Herold
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Brooke Arner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Organic Synthesis Core Laboratory, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Organic Synthesis Core Laboratory, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Na Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Vishal Singh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Bradley A Carlson
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - K Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
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6
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Li S, Takasu C, Lau H, Robles L, Vo K, Farzaneh T, Vaziri ND, Stamos MJ, Ichii H. Dimethyl Fumarate Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis, through the Activation of Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040354. [PMID: 32344663 PMCID: PMC7222424 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation play critical roles in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). A previous study has demonstrated that dimethyl fumarate (DMF) protects mice from dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis via its potential antioxidant capacity, and by inhibiting the activation of the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. This study aims to clarify the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway pharmacological activation and anti-inflammatory effect by DMF, through focusing on other crucial antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory mediator, including glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model. The oral administration of DMF attenuated the shortening of colons and alleviated colonic inflammation. Furthermore, the expression of key antioxidant enzymes, including GCLC and GPX, in the colonic tissue were significantly increased by DMF administration. In addition, protein expression of the inflammatory mediator, COX-2, was reduced by DMF administration. Our results suggest that DMF alleviates DSS-induced colonic inflammatory damage, likely via up-regulating GCLC and GPX and down-regulating COX-2 protein expression in colonic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Li
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (S.L.); (C.T.); (H.L.); (L.R.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (S.L.); (C.T.); (H.L.); (L.R.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Hien Lau
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (S.L.); (C.T.); (H.L.); (L.R.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Lourdes Robles
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (S.L.); (C.T.); (H.L.); (L.R.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Kelly Vo
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (S.L.); (C.T.); (H.L.); (L.R.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Ted Farzaneh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA;
| | | | - Michael J. Stamos
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (S.L.); (C.T.); (H.L.); (L.R.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (S.L.); (C.T.); (H.L.); (L.R.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-714-456-8590; Fax: +1-714-456-8796
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Slco2a1 deficiency exacerbates experimental colitis via inflammasome activation in macrophages: a possible mechanism of chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4883. [PMID: 32184453 PMCID: PMC7078201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 2a1 gene (SLCO2A1), which encodes a prostaglandin (PG) transporter, have been identified as causes of chronic nonspecific multiple ulcers in the small intestine; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been revealed. We, therefore, evaluated the effects of systemic knockout of Slco2a1 (Slco2a1−/−) and conditional knockout in intestinal epithelial cells (Slco2a1ΔIEC) and macrophages (Slco2a1ΔMP) in mice with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced acute colitis. Slco2a−/− mice were more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis than wild-type (WT) mice, but did not spontaneously develop enteritis or colitis. The nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was more strongly upregulated in colon tissues of Slco2a−/− mice administered DSS and in macrophages isolated from Slco2a1−/− mice than in the WT counterparts. Slco2a1ΔMP, but not Slco2a1ΔIEC mice, were more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis than WT mice, partly phenocopying Slco2a−/− mice. Concentrations of PGE2 in colon tissues and macrophages from Slco2a1−/− mice were significantly higher than those of WT mice. Blockade of inflammasome activation suppressed the exacerbation of colitis. These results indicated that Slco2a1-deficiency increases the PGE2 concentration, resulting in NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages, thus exacerbating intestinal inflammation.
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Mizuno R, Kawada K, Sakai Y. Prostaglandin E2/EP Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246254. [PMID: 31835815 PMCID: PMC6940958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is increasing worldwide. Accumulating evidence has shown that the tumor microenvironment (TME), including macrophages, neutrophils, and fibroblasts, plays an important role in the development and progression of CRC. Although targeting the TME could be a promising therapeutic approach, the mechanisms by which inflammatory cells promote CRC tumorigenesis are not well understood. When inflammation occurs in tissues, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is generated from arachidonic acid by the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). PGE2 regulates multiple functions in various immune cells by binding to the downstream receptors EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4, and plays an important role in the development of CRC. The current therapies targeting PGE2 using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or COX-2 inhibitors have failed due to the global prostanoid suppression resulting in the severe adverse effects despite the fact they could prevent tumorigenesis. Therefore, therapies targeting the specific downstream molecules of PGE2 signaling could be a promising approach. This review highlights the role of each EP receptor in the TME of CRC tumorigenesis and their therapeutic potential.
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Abstract
An organ-specific chronic inflammation–remodeling–carcinoma sequence has been proposed, mainly for the alimentary tract. As representative diseases, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease of the colitis type) were adopted for this discussion. Tissue remodeling is such an important part of tumorigenesis in this sequence that an organ-specific chronic inflammation–remodeling–carcinoma sequence has been proposed in detail. Chronic inflammation accelerates the cycle of tissue injury and regeneration; in other words, cell necrosis (or apoptosis) and proliferation result in tissue remodeling in long-standing cases of inflammation. Remodeling encompasses epithelial cell metaplasia and stromal fibrosis, and modifies epithelial–stromal cell interactions. Further, the accumulation of genetic, epigenetic and molecular changes—as well as morphologic disorganization—also occurs during tissue remodeling. The expression of mucosal tissue adapted to chronic inflammatory injury is thought to occur at an early stage. Subsequently, dysplasia and carcinoma develop on a background of remodeling due to continuous, active inflammation. Accordingly, organ-specific chronic inflammation should be ameliorated or well controlled with appropriate monitoring if complete healing is unachievable.
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Matsuno Y, Umeno J, Esaki M, Hirakawa Y, Fuyuno Y, Okamoto Y, Hirano A, Yasukawa S, Hirai F, Matsui T, Hosomi S, Watanabe K, Hosoe N, Ogata H, Hisamatsu T, Yanai S, Kochi S, Kurahara K, Yao T, Torisu T, Kitazono T, Matsumoto T. Measurement of prostaglandin metabolites is useful in diagnosis of small bowel ulcerations. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:1753-1763. [PMID: 31011259 PMCID: PMC6465938 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i14.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported on a hereditary enteropathy associated with a gene encoding a prostaglandin transporter and referred to as chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene (CEAS). Crohn’s disease (CD) is a major differential diagnosis of CEAS, because these diseases share some clinical features. Therefore, there is a need to develop a convenient screening test to distinguish CEAS from CD.
AIM To examine whether prostaglandin E major urinary metabolites (PGE-MUM) can serve as a biomarker to distinguish CEAS from CD.
METHODS This was a transactional study of 20 patients with CEAS and 98 patients with CD. CEAS was diagnosed by the confirmation of homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation of SLCO2A1. We measured the concentration of PGE-MUM in spot urine by radioimmunoassay, and the concentration was compared between the two groups of patients. We also determined the optimal cut-off value of PGE-MUM to distinguish CEAS from CD by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.
RESULTS Twenty Japanese patients with CEAS and 98 patients with CD were enrolled. PGE-MUM concentration in patients with CEAS was significantly higher than that in patients with CD (median 102.7 vs 27.9 μg/g × Cre, P < 0.0001). One log unit increase in PGE-MUM contributed to 7.3 increase in the likelihood for the diagnosis of CEAS [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-16.7]. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the association was significant even after adjusting confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio 29.6, 95%CI 4.7-185.7). ROC curve analysis revealed the optimal PGE-MUM cut-off value for the distinction of CEAS from CD to be 48.9 μg/g × Cre with 95.0% sensitivity and 79.6% specificity.
CONCLUSION PGE-MUM measurement is a convenient, non-invasive and useful test for the distinction of CEAS from CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Matsuno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junji Umeno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Motohiro Esaki
- Department of Endoscopic Diagnostics and Therapeutic, Saga University Hospital, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hirakawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuta Fuyuno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Okamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Yasukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushino 818-8502, Japan
| | - Shuhei Hosomi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8586, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Intestinal Inflammation Research, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoe
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ogata
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Tadakazu Hisamatsu
- the Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shunichi Yanai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Shuji Kochi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama 790-8524, Japan
| | - Koichi Kurahara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama 790-8524, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sada Hospital, Fukuoka 810-0004, Japan
| | - Takehiro Torisu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
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11
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Chen IJ, Hee SW, Liao CH, Lin SY, Su L, Shun CT, Chuang LM. Targeting the 15-keto-PGE2-PTGR2 axis modulates systemic inflammation and survival in experimental sepsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:113-126. [PMID: 29175486 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammation accompanied by multi-organ dysfunction due to microbial infection. Prostaglandins and their metabolites have long been studied for their importance in regulating the innate immune response. 15-keto-PGE2 (15k-PGE2) is a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) metabolite, whose further processing is catalyzed by prostaglandin reductase 2 (PTGR2). We showed disruption of the Ptgr2 gene in mice improves the survival rate under both LPS- and cecum ligation/puncture (CLP)-induced experimental sepsis. Knockdown of PTGR2 showed significant accumulation of intracellular 15k-PGE2 in activated macrophages. Both PTGR2 knockdown and exogenous treatment with 15k-PGE2 resulted in reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells or bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). The same treatment in RAW264.7 and BMDM also led to increased levels of the anti-oxidative transcription factor, Nuclear factor (erythroid-2) related factor-2 (NRF2), augmented anti-oxidant response element (ARE)-mediated reporter activity and upregulated expression of the corresponding anti-oxidant genes. 15k-PGE2 further demonstrated modification to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), a negative regulator of Nrf2, at cysteine 288 (Cys288) site post-translationally. Finally, 15k-PGE2-treated mice were found to be more resistant to experimental sepsis. Taken together, our study affirms the significance of PTGR2 and 15k-PGE2 in mitigating inflammatory responses and suggests a novel anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory therapy for sepsis through targeting PTGR2 and administering15k-PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Jung Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siow-Wey Hee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsing Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Lin
- AbGenomics BV, Taiwan Branch, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lynn Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Ming Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Arima K, Komohara Y, Bu L, Tsukamoto M, Itoyama R, Miyake K, Uchihara T, Ogata Y, Nakagawa S, Okabe H, Imai K, Hashimoto D, Chikamoto A, Yamashita YI, Baba H, Ishimoto T. Downregulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase by interleukin-1β from activated macrophages leads to poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:462-470. [PMID: 29224225 PMCID: PMC5797824 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has a crucial role in cancer development and the progression of various tumors, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The arachidonate cascade is a major inflammatory pathway that produces several metabolites, such as prostaglandin E2. The enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) degrades prostaglandin and is frequently decreased in several types of cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms of 15-PGDH suppression are unclear. The current study was carried out to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and clinical significance of 15-PGDH suppression in PDAC. Here, we showed that interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, downregulates 15-PGDH expression in PDAC cells, and that IL-1β expression was inversely correlated with 15-PGDH levels in frozen PDAC tissues. We also found that activated macrophages produced IL-1β and reduced 15-PGDH expression in PDAC cells. Furthermore, the number of CD163-positive tumor-associated macrophages was shown to be inversely correlated with 15-PGDH levels in PDAC cells by immunohistochemical staining of 107 PDAC samples. Finally, we found that low 15-PGDH expression was significantly associated with advanced tumors, presence of lymph node metastasis and nerve invasion, and poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Our results indicate that IL-1β derived from TAMs suppresses 15-PGDH expression in PDAC cells, resulting in poor prognosis of PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Arima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Luke Bu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayo Tsukamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rumi Itoyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Uchihara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Okabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsunori Imai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Chikamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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13
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Shui S, Cai X, Huang R, Xiao B, Yang J. The investigation of anti-inflammatory activity of Yi Guanjian decoction by serum metabonomics approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 133:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Lin CC, Lin WN, Cho RL, Wang CY, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. TNF-α-Induced cPLA 2 Expression via NADPH Oxidase/Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent NF-κB Cascade on Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:447. [PMID: 27932980 PMCID: PMC5122718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) triggers activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and then enhancing the synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) in inflammatory diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms of TNF-α induced cPLA2 expression were not fully defined in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs). We found that TNF-α-stimulated increases in cPLA2 mRNA (5.2 folds) and protein (3.9 folds) expression, promoter activity (4.3 folds), and PGE2 secretion (4.7 folds) in HPAEpiCs, determined by Western blot, real-time PCR, promoter activity assay and PGE2 ELISA kit. These TNF-α-mediated responses were abrogated by the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase [apocynin (APO) and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI)], ROS [N-acetyl cysteine, (NAC)], NF-κB (Bay11-7082) and transfection with siRNA of ASK1, p47 phox , TRAF2, NIK, IKKα, IKKβ, or p65. TNF-α markedly stimulated NADPH oxidase activation and ROS including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production which were inhibited by pretreatment with a TNFR1 neutralizing antibody, APO, DPI or transfection with siRNA of TRAF2, ASK1, or p47 phox . In addition, TNF-α also stimulated p47 phox phosphorylation and translocation in a time-dependent manner. On the other hand, TNF-α induced TNFR1, TRAF2, ASK1, and p47 phox complex formation in HPAEpiCs, which were attenuated by a TNF-α neutralizing antibody. We found that pretreatment with NAC, DPI, or APO also attenuated the TNF-α-stimulated IKKα/β and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, NF-κB (p65) translocation, and NF-κB promoter activity in HPAEpiCs. Finally, we observed that TNF-α-stimulated NADPH oxidase activation and ROS generation activates NF-κB through the NIK/IKKα/β pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrated that in HPAEpiCs, up-regulation of cPLA2 by TNF-α is, at least in part, mediated through the cooperation of TNFR1, TRAF2, ASK1, and NADPH oxidase leading to ROS generation and ultimately activates NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Ling Cho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTao-Yuan, Taiwan
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15
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Fatani AJ, Al-Hosaini KA, Ahmed MM, Abuohashish HM, Parmar MY, Al-Rejaie SS. Carvedilol attenuates inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress in a rat model of ulcerative colitis. Drug Dev Res 2016; 76:204-14. [PMID: 26109469 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research This study evaluated the effects of the carvedilol, a nonselective β-adrenoceptor anatgonist with α1-adrenoceptor antagonist activity, in a rat model of experimentally induced ulcerative colitis (UC). UC was produced using acetic acid (AA) in animals previously treated with carvedilol (30 mg/kg po, qd) for seven days. Mucus content, lipid peroxidation (LPO) products, sulfhydryl groups, antioxidant enzyme activities, proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide levels were measured in colonic tissues and histopathological changes were assessed. LPO and proinflammatory biomarkers were markedly increased, while mucus content, sulfhydryl groups and enzymatic activities were inhibited in animals administered AA. Pretreatment with carvedilol attenuated LPO elevation, mucus content and sulfhydryl group inhibitions. Antioxidant enzymatic activity and proinflammatory biomarker levels were also restored in carvedilol-pretreated animals. Colonic protection associated with carvedilol pretreatment was further confirmed by histopathological assessment and found to be similar to the standard therapy of mesalazine (100 mg/kg po qd), suggesting that the effects of carvedilol action may be attributable to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal J Fatani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11544, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A Al-Hosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11544, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11544, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem M Abuohashish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11544, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mihir Y Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11544, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11544, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Choi KC, Cho SW, Kook SH, Chun SR, Bhattarai G, Poudel SB, Kim MK, Lee KY, Lee JC. Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of the seeds of Raphanus sativus L. in experimental ulcerative colitis models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:55-65. [PMID: 26721217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Water extract of Raphanus sativus L. (RSL) seeds was traditionally used to treat digestive inflammatory complaints in Korean culture. RSL seeds exerted antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-septic functions, suggesting their pharmacological potential for the treatment of inflammatory pathologies associated with oxidative stress such as inflammatory bowel disease. AIM OF THIS STUDY We evaluated the intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of RSL seed water extract (RWE) in experimental rat models of trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)- or dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS RWE was characterized by determining the content of sinapic acid as a reference material and then assayed in the DSS and TNBS models of rat colitis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 10 groups (n=7/group): non-colitic control, DSS or TNBS control, DSS colitis groups treated with RWE (100mg/kg) or mesalazine (25mg/kg), and TNBS colitis groups treated with various doses (10, 40, 70, and 100mg/kg) of RWE or mesalazine (25mg/kg). RWE or mesalazine treatment started the same day of colitis induction and rats were sacrificed 24h after the last treatment followed by histological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Oral administration with RWE suppressed intestinal inflammatory damages in both DSS- and TNBS-induced colitic rats. The treatment with 100mg/kg RWE recovered intestinal damages caused by TNBS or DSS to levels similar to that of mesalazine, decreasing the activity of myeloperoxidase activity and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. RWE treatment inhibited malondialdehyde production and glutathione reduction in colon of colitis rats. The administration of RWE at dose of 100mg/kg also suppressed the TNBS- or DSS-stimulated expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, inducible nitric oxide, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Furthermore, RWE inhibited p38 kinase and DNA-nuclear factor-κB binding activities, both of which were stimulated in the colitic rats. CONCLUSIONS The current findings show that RWE ameliorates intestinal oxidative and inflammatory damages in DSS and TNBS models of rat colitis, suggesting its beneficial use for the treatment of intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-801, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Wan Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Konyang University, Nonsan 320-711, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Ho Kook
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea; Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
| | - Sa-Ra Chun
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
| | - Govinda Bhattarai
- Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
| | - Sher Bahadur Poudel
- Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
| | - Min-Kook Kim
- Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Yeol Lee
- Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea; Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea.
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17
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Kang GJ, Lee HJ, Kang YP, Kim EJ, Kim HJ, Byun HJ, Park MK, Cho H, Kwon SW, Lee CH. High-mobility group box 1 suppresses resolvin D1-induced phagocytosis via induction of resolvin D1-inactivating enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1981-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Kim HJ, Lee S, Lee HY, Won H, Chang SH, Nah SS. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is upregulated by hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4141-4148. [PMID: 26082314 PMCID: PMC4526038 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) is the key enzyme responsible for the metabolic inactivation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) catabolism. PGE2 is one of the predominant catabolic factors involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the expression and regulation of HPGD in RA fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) remain to be elucidated. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the most important anti-arthritic drugs, which reduce the effect of joint injury. The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of HPGD in RA tissues and cells, and normal synovial tissues and cells. The effect of the most popular DMARDs, hydroxychloroquine, on the expression of HPGD in RA-FLS was also investigated. Western blotting and immuno-histochemical analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of HPGD in human synovium were lower in RA synovium compared with the normal and OA synovium. In RA-FLS, the expression of HPGD was increased following treatment with several DMARDs, including sulfasalazine, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine. Hydroxychloroquine (10 µM) treatment induced the phosphorylation of ERK, SAPK/JNK and p38. Hydroxychloroquine induced a decrease in the release of PGE2, which was restored by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway inhibitors. Hydroxychloroquine may therefore, affect the pathogenesis of RA through the MAP kinase pathway by regulating the expression of HPGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Haw-Yong Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Won
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hae Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Nah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
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19
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Remsberg CM, Martinez SE, Akinwumi BC, Anderson HD, Takemoto JK, Sayre CL, Davies NM. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Content Analysis of Gnetol in Foodstuffs. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1168-79. [PMID: 25939395 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to evaluate the bioavailability in rats and content analysis of gnetol in Gnetum gnemon products reported to contain gnetol and to examine the pharmacological properties of gnetol in in vitro models including anti-inflammatory/analgesic, antidiabetic, anti-adipogenesis, and anticancer activity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated and dosed either intravenously with gnetol (10 mg/kg) or orally (100 mg/kg). Various methanolic extractions of G. gnemon products were quantified. Gnetol's effect on cell viability in selected cell lines with or without inflammatory stimulus was assessed. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition was evaluated. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, and histone deacetylase inhibition and adipogenesis inhibition were examined. After oral and intravenous administration, gnetol was detected in both serum and urine as the parent compound and as a glucuronidated metabolite. The bioavailability of gnetol was determined to be 6%. Gnetol is rapidly glucuronidated and is excreted in urine and via nonrenal routes. Gnetol was found to exist as an aglycone and as a glycoside in G. gnemon products. Gnetol showed concentration-dependent reductions in cell viability in cancer cell lines with greatest activity in colorectal cancer and potent COX-1, histone deacetylase, and weak COX-2 activities along with limited reduction in inflammation. Gnetol also possessed concentration-dependent alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and adipogenesis activities. Pretreatment of mice with gnetol was able to increase the latency period to response in analgesia models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Remsberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6534, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie E Martinez
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bolanle C Akinwumi
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hope D Anderson
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jody K Takemoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6534, WA, USA
| | - Casey L Sayre
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Neal M Davies
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada
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20
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Dai L, King DW, Perera DS, Lubowski DZ, Burcher E, Liu L. Inverse expression of prostaglandin E2-related enzymes highlights differences between diverticulitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1236-46. [PMID: 25666316 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the dominant prostaglandin in the colon and is associated with colonic inflammation. PGE2 levels are regulated not only by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) but also by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), the major PGE2-degrading enzyme. Information about the involvement of 15-PGDH in colonic inflammation is sparse. AIM We thus aimed to determine the gene expression and immunoreactivity (IR) of COX-1, COX-2, and 15-PGDH in colonic mucosa from patients with diverse inflammatory disorders: ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and acute diverticular disease (DD). METHODS RNA from human colonic mucosa was extracted and assessed for gene expression by real-time PCR. Intact colon sections were processed for immunohistochemistry with immunostaining of the mucosal areas quantified using ImageJ. RESULTS In colonic mucosa of both UC and CD, COX-2 mRNA and COX-2-IR were significantly increased, whereas 15-PGDH mRNA and 15-PGDH-IR were significantly reduced. In macroscopically undamaged acute DD mucosa, the opposite findings were seen: for both gene expression and immunoreactivity, there was a significant downregulation of COX-2 and upregulation of 15-PGDH. COX-1 mRNA and COX-1-IR remained unchanged in all diseases. CONCLUSIONS Our study for the first time demonstrated differential expression of the PGE2-related enzymes COX-2 and 15-PGDH in colonic mucosa from UC, CD, and acute DD. The reduction of 15-PGDH in IBD provides an additional mechanism for PGE2 increase in IBD. With respect to DD, alterations of PGE2-related enzymes suggest that a low PGE2 level may precede the onset of inflammation, thus providing new insight into the pathogenesis of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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21
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El Morsy EM, Kamel R, Ahmed MAE. Attenuating effects of coenzyme Q10 and amlodipine in ulcerative colitis model in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:244-51. [PMID: 25753843 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1021357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Recent studies reported a pivotal role of elevated intracellular calcium in this disorder. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and amlodipine are known to maintain cellular energy, decrease intracellular calcium concentration in addition to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of CoQ10, amlodipine and their combination on ulcerative colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colitis was induced in rats by intracolonic injection of 3% acetic acid. CoQ10 (10 mg/kg), amlodipine (3 mg/kg) and their combination were administered for 8 consecutive days before induction of colitis. RESULTS Our results showed that administration of CoQ10, amlodipine and their combination decreased colon tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and heat shock protein (HSP70) levels induced by intracolonic injection of acetic acid and restored many of the colon structure in histological examination. On the other hand, they increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) colonic contents. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Administration of either CoQ10 or amlodipine was found to protect against acetic acid-induced colitis. Moreover, their combination was more effective than individual administration of either of them. The protective effect of CoQ10 and amlodipine may be in part via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and energy restoration properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy M El Morsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University , Ein Helwan, Cairo , Egypt and
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Abdel-Daim MM, Farouk SM, Madkour FF, Azab SS. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects ofSpirulina platensisin comparison toDunaliella salinain acetic acid-induced rat experimental colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:126-39. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.998368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kaushal N, Kudva AK, Patterson AD, Chiaro C, Kennett MJ, Desai D, Amin S, Carlson BA, Cantorna MT, Prabhu KS. Crucial role of macrophage selenoproteins in experimental colitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3683-92. [PMID: 25187657 PMCID: PMC4170023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that involves macrophages. Given the inverse link between selenium (Se) status and IBD-induced inflammation, our objective was to demonstrate that selenoproteins in macrophages were essential to suppress proinflammatory mediators, in part, by the modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism. Acute colitis was induced using 4% dextran sodium sulfate in wild-type mice maintained on Se-deficient (<0.01 ppm Se), Se-adequate (0.08 ppm; sodium selenite), and two supraphysiological levels in the form of Se-supplemented (0.4 ppm; sodium selenite) and high Se (1.0 ppm; sodium selenite) diets. Selenocysteinyl transfer RNA knockout mice (Trsp(fl/fl)LysM(Cre)) were used to examine the role of selenoproteins in macrophages on disease progression and severity using histopathological evaluation, expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes, and modulation of PG metabolites in urine and plasma. Whereas Se-deficient and Se-adequate mice showed increased colitis and exhibited poor survival, Se supplementation at 0.4 and 1.0 ppm increased survival of mice and decreased colitis-associated inflammation with an upregulation of expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes. Metabolomic profiling of urine suggested increased oxidation of PGE2 at supraphysiological levels of Se that also correlated well with Se-dependent upregulation of 15-hydroxy-PG dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of 15-PGDH, lack of selenoprotein expression in macrophages, and depletion of infiltrating macrophages indicated that macrophage-specific selenoproteins and upregulation of 15-PGDH expression were key for Se-dependent anti-inflammatory and proresolving effects. Selenoproteins in macrophages protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate-colitis by enhancing 15-PGDH-dependent oxidation of PGE2 to alleviate inflammation, suggesting a therapeutic role for Se in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kaushal
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Avinash K Kudva
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Christopher Chiaro
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Mary J Kennett
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Bradley A Carlson
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Margherita T Cantorna
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - K Sandeep Prabhu
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
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Choi SH, Kim BG, Robinson J, Fink S, Yan M, Sporn MB, Markowitz SD, Letterio JJ. Synthetic triterpenoid induces 15-PGDH expression and suppresses inflammation-driven colon carcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2472-82. [PMID: 24837432 DOI: 10.1172/jci69672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) develops as a result of inflammation-induced epithelial transformation, which occurs in response to inflammatory cytokine-dependent downregulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and subsequent suppression of prostaglandin metabolism. Agents that both enhance 15-PGDH expression and suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production may more effectively prevent CAC. Synthetic triterpenoids are a class of small molecules that suppress COX-2 as well as inflammatory cytokine signaling. Here, we found that administration of the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-C28-methyl ester (CDDO-Me) suppresses CAC in mice. In a spontaneous, inflammation-driven intestinal neoplasia model, deletion of Smad4 specifically in T cells led to progressive production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, iNOS, IL-6, IL-1β; as well as activation of STAT1 and STAT3; along with suppression of 15-PGDH expression. Oral administration of CDDO-Me to mice with SMAD4-deficient T cells increased survival and suppressed intestinal epithelial neoplasia by decreasing production of inflammatory mediators and increasing expression of 15-PGDH. Induction of 15-PGDH by CDDO-Me was dose dependent in epithelial cells and was abrogated following treatment with TGF-β signaling inhibitors in vitro. Furthermore, CDDO-Me-dependent 15-PGDH induction was not observed in Smad3-/- mice. Similarly, CDDO-Me suppressed azoxymethane plus dextran sodium sulfate-induced carcinogenesis in wild-type animals, highlighting the potential of small molecules of the triterpenoid family as effective agents for the chemoprevention of CAC in humans.
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van den Berk LCJ, Jansen BJH, Snowden S, Siebers-Vermeulen KGC, Gilissen C, Kögler G, Figdor CG, Wheelock CE, Torensma R. Cord blood mesenchymal stem cells suppress DC-T Cell proliferation via prostaglandin B2. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1582-93. [PMID: 24649980 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression is a very stable property of multipotent stromal cells also known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). All cell lines tested showed robust immune suppression not affected by a long culture history. Several mechanisms were described to account for this capability. Since several of the described mechanisms were not causing the immune suppression, the expression pattern of cord-blood-derived MSCs by microarray experiments was determined. Dendritic cells cocultured with cord blood MSCs were compared with cord blood MSCs. Putative immune suppressive candidates were tested to explain this inhibition. We find that cord blood MSCs themselves are hardly immunogenic as tested with allogeneic T-cells. Dendritic cells cocultured with second-party T-cells evoked abundant proliferation that was inhibited by third-party cord blood MSCs. Optimal inhibition was seen with one cord blood MSC for every dendritic cell. Blocking human leukocyte antigen G only saw partial recovery of proliferation. Several cytokines, gangliosides, enzymes like arginase, NO synthase, and indole amine 2,3-dioxygenase as well as the induction of Treg were not involved in the inhibition. The inhibiting moiety was identified as prostaglandin B2 by lipid metabolite analysis of the culture supernatant and confirmed with purified prostaglandin B2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke C J van den Berk
- 1 Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Aleisa AM, Al-Rejaie SS, Abuohashish HM, Ola MS, Parmar MY, Ahmed MM. Pretreatment of Gymnema sylvestre revealed the protection against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:49. [PMID: 24507431 PMCID: PMC3922996 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Overproduction of free radicals and decreased antioxidant capacity are well-known risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases. Gymnema sylvestre (GS) leaves extract is distinguished for its anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Present study is designed to evaluate the preventative activities of GS against acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis in Wistar rats. Methods Experimentally ulcerative colitis (UC) was induced by AA in animals pretreated with three different doses of GS leaves extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day) and a single dose of mesalazine (MES, 300 mg/kg/day) for seven days. Twenty four hours later, animals were sacrificed and the colonic tissues were collected. Colonic mucus content was determined using Alcian blue dye binding technique. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione sulfhydryl group (T-GSH) and non-protein sulfhydryl group (NPSH) as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were estimated in colon tissues. Colonic nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and total protein (TP) concentrations were also determined. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) were estimated in colonic tissues. The histopathological changes of the colonic tissues were also observed. Results In AA administered group TBARS levels were increased, while colonic mucus content, T-GSH and NP-SH, SOD and CAT were reduced in colon. Pretreatment with GS inhibited TBARS elevation as well as mucus content, T-GSH and NP-SH reduction. Enzymatic activities of SOD and CAT were brought back to their normal levels in GS pretreated group. A significant reduction in DNA, RNA and TP levels was seen following AA administration and this inhibition was significantly eliminated by GS treatment. GS pretreatment also inhibited AA-induced elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, PGE2 and NO levels in colon. The apparent UC protection was further confirmed by the histopathological screening. Conclusion The GS leaves extract showed significant amelioration of experimentally induced colitis, which may be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property.
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Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cyclooxigenase-2 by Isatin: a molecular mechanism of protection against TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 209:48-55. [PMID: 24316276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Isatin, an indole alkaloid has been shown to have anti-microbial, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Due to its findings, we evaluated whether this alkaloid would have any effect on TNBS-induced colitis. Animals (male Unib:WH rats, aged 8 weeks old) were induced colitis through a rectal administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid using a catheter inserted 8 cm into the rectum of the animals. The rats were divided into two major groups: non-colitic and colitic. The colitic group was sub-divided into 6 groups (10 animals per group): colitic non-treated, Isatin 3; 6; 12.5; 18.75 and 25 mg/kg. Our main results showed that the oral treatment with Isatin 6 and 25 mg/kg were capable of avoiding the increase in TNF-α, COX-2 and PGE₂ levels when compared to the colitic non-treated group. Interestingly, the same doses (6 and 25 mg/kg) were also capable of preventing the decrease in IL-10 levels comparing with the colitic non-treated group. The levels of MPO, (an indirect indicator of neutrophil presence), were also maintained lower than those of the colitic non-treated group. Isatin also prevented the decrease of SOD activity and increase of GSH-Px and GSH-Rd activity as well as the depletion of GSH levels. In conclusion, both pre-treatments (6 and 25 mg/kg) were capable of protecting the gut mucosa against the injury caused by TNBS, through the combination of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which, together, showed a protective activity of the indole alkaloid Isatin.
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Zhang XH, Liang X, Wang TS, Liang XH, Zuo RJ, Deng WB, Zhang ZR, Qin FN, Zhao ZA, Yang ZM. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) induction on Snail expression during mouse decidualization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:272-9. [PMID: 23994020 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Embryo implantation requires a precise synchronism between the receptive uterus and activated blastocyst and is regulated by complicated molecular networks. Although many implantation-related genes have been identified, the crosstalk among them is still unknown. Snail, a transcription repressor, plays a central role during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Our previous study showed that Snail is highly expressed at implantation site in mouse uterus. This study was to examine how Snail is related with other implantation-related genes in mice. Uterine stromal cells were isolated from mouse uteri on day 4 of pregnancy and treated with HB-EGF. Snail was induced significantly by HB-EGF. By using specific inhibitors and siRNA, we demonstrated that HB-EGF induction on Snail expression is dependent on the EGFR-ERK-Stat3 pathway. Cox-2 was regulated by Snail. The current findings demonstrate that Snail can relate with HB-EGF, Stat3 and Cox-2 and may play a role during mouse embryo implantation and decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; College of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Kothari P, Pestana R, Mesraoua R, Elchaki R, Khan KMF, Dannenberg AJ, Falcone DJ. IL-6-mediated induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 is modulated by JAK-dependent IL-10 expression in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:349-57. [PMID: 24285838 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which IL-6 contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer are not fully understood. We previously reported that cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2)-dependent PGE2 synthesis regulates macrophage matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression, an endopeptidase that participates in diverse pathologic processes. In these studies, we determined whether IL-6 regulates the Cox-2→PGE2→MMP-9 pathway in murine macrophages. IL-6 coinduced Cox-2 and microsomal PGE synthase-1, and inhibited the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, leading to increased levels of PGE2. In addition, IL-6 induced MMP-9 expression, suggesting that the observed proteinase expression was regulated by the synthesis of PGE2. However, inhibition of PGE2 synthesis partially suppressed IL-6-mediated induction of MMP-9. In the canonical model of IL-6-induced signaling, JAK activation triggers STAT and MAPK(erk1/2)-signaling pathways. Therefore, the ability of structurally diverse JAK inhibitors to block IL-6-induced MMP-9 expression was examined. Inhibition of JAK blocked IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3, but failed to block the phosphorylation of MAPK(erk1/2), and unexpectedly enhanced MMP-9 expression. In contrast, MEK-1 inhibition blocked IL-6-induced phosphorylation of MAPK(erk1/2) and MMP-9 expression without affecting the phosphorylation of STAT3. Thus, IL-6-induced MMP-9 expression is dependent on the activation of MAPK(erk1/2) and is restrained by a JAK-dependent gene product. Using pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we identified JAK-dependent induction of IL-10 as a potent feedback mechanism controlling IL-6-induced MMP-9 expression. Together, these data reveal that IL-6 induces MMP-9 expression in macrophages via Cox-2-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and identifies a potential mechanism linking IL-6 to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kothari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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Nagib MM, Tadros MG, ELSayed MI, Khalifa AE. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of olmesartan medoxomil ameliorate experimental colitis in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ryu YM, Myung SJ, Park YS, Yang DH, Song HJ, Jeong JY, Lee SM, Song M, Kim DH, Lee HJ, Park SK, Fink SP, Markowitz SD, Jung KW, Kim KJ, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Jung HY, Yang SK, Kim JH. Inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase by Helicobacter pylori in human gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:349-59. [PMID: 23430757 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection induces a chronic inflammatory response, which promotes gastric carcinogenesis. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) plays a key role as a tumor suppressor in gastrointestinal cancers. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of 15-PGDH in gastric carcinogenesis associated with H. pylori. 15-PGDH expression in gastric biopsies from H. pylori-infected (n = 25) and noninfected (n = 15) subjects was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. 15-PGDH DNA methylation was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR and pyrosequencing. The expression of 15-PGDH, Snail, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, TLR4, and MyD88 in response to H. pylori infection was assessed by immunoblot analysis. Compared with negative specimens, H. pylori-positive specimens had 2-fold lower 15-PGDH mRNA levels and significantly less 15-PGDH protein. In four H. pylori-infected subjects with longitudinal follow-up, the suppression of 15-PGDH expression was reversed by H. pylori eradication therapy. In parallel with suppressing 15-PGDH expression, H. pylori infection activated expression of TLR4 and MyD88 expression, increased levels of phospho-ERK1/2, and increased expression of EGF receptor (EGFR)-Snail. Inhibition of Snail and MyD88 reversed suppression of 15-PGDH expression, and siMyD88 reduced phosphorylated ERK1/2. Similarly, treatment with an ERK1/2 and EGFR inhibitor also restored 15-PGDH expression. H. pylori appeared to promote gastric carcinogenesis by suppressing 15-PGDH. This process is mediated by the TLR4/MyD88 pathway via ERK1/2 or EGFR-Snail transcriptional regulation. 15-PGDH may be a useful marker and a potential therapeutic target in H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Mi Ryu
- Asan Digestive Disease Research Institute and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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Montrose DC, Scherl EJ, Bosworth BP, Zhou XK, Jung B, Dannenberg AJ, Hla T. S1P₁ localizes to the colonic vasculature in ulcerative colitis and maintains blood vessel integrity. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:843-851. [PMID: 23296878 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m034108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor₁ (S1P₁) promotes blood vessel barrier function. Degradation of S1P₁ results in increased vascular permeability in the lung and may explain side effects associated with administration of FTY720, a functional antagonist of the S1P₁ receptor that is currently used to treat multiple sclerosis. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by an increased density of abnormal vessels. The expression or role of S1P₁ in blood vessels in the colon has not been investigated. In the present study, we show that S1P₁ is overexpressed in the colonic mucosa of UC patients. This increase in S1P₁ levels reflects increased vascular density in the inflamed mucosa. Genetic deletion of S1pr1 in mice increases colonic vascular permeability under basal conditions and increases bleeding in experimental colitis. In contrast, neither FTY720 nor AUY954, two S1P receptor-targeting agents, increases bleeding in experimental colitis. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that S1P₁ is critical to maintaining colonic vascular integrity and may play a role in UC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Department of Public Health, and Center for Vascular Biology
| | - Bongnam Jung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Timothy Hla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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Lou LH, Jing DD, Lai YX, Lu YY, Li JK, Wu K. 15-PGDH is reduced and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1028-37. [PMID: 22416177 PMCID: PMC3296976 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i10.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in human gastric cancer and it’s mechanism in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
METHODS: Expression of 15-PGDH mRNA and protein was examined by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting in tissue from human gastric cancer, gastric precancerous state (gastric polyps and atrophic gastritis), normal stomach, and gastric cancer cell lines. The relationship between gastric cancer, gastric precancerous state and 15-PGDH expression was determined. The association between expression of 15-PGDH and various clinicopathological parameters in gastric cancer was evaluated. Human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 was transfected with 15-PGDH expression plasmids. The effect of 15-PGDH on the cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. The effect of 15-PGDH on apoptosis was examined by transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry and transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Expression of cell cycle (p21, p27, p16 and p53) and apoptosis (Survivin, BCL-2, BCL-XL, BAK and BAX) genes was analyzed by RT-PCR.
RESULTS: Expression of 15-PGDH mRNA and protein in human gastric cancer tissues was significantly lower than in normal gastric tissues (P < 0.01). Expression in human gastric cancer cell lines MKN-28 and MKN-45 was reduced, and absent in SGC-7901 cells (P < 0.05). Reduction of 15-PGDH expression was also found in precancerous tissues, such as gastric polyps and atrophic gastritis (P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in expression of 15-PGDH among various gastric cancer pathological types (P < 0.05), with or without distant metastasis (P < 0.05) and different TNM stage (P < 0.01). Flow cytometry demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic cells in SGC-7901 cells transfected with pcDNA3/15-PGDH plasmid for 24 h and 48 h (P < 0.01), and an increased fraction of sub-G1 phase after transfection (P < 0.05). TUNEL assay showed an increased apoptotic index in cells overexpressing 15-PGDH (P < 0.01). After transfection, expression of proapoptotic genes, such as BAK (P < 0.05), BAX and p53 (P < 0.01), was increased. Expression of antiapoptotic genes was decreased, such as Survivin, BCL-2 and BCL-XL (P < 0.01). Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 (P < 0.01) was significantly upregulated in cells overexpressing 15-PGDH.
CONCLUSION: Reduction of 15-PGDH is associated with carcinogenesis and development of gastric carcinoma. 15-PGDH induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in SGC-7901 cells.
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Cross HS, Nittke T, Kallay E. Colonic vitamin D metabolism: implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 347:70-9. [PMID: 21801808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In epidemiological studies serum levels below 30 nM of 25-OHD(3), the precursor of the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), were consistently associated with incidence of colorectal cancer. The active vitamin D metabolite possesses antimitotic, prodifferentiating and proapoptotic capacity in vivo and in vitro. The intestinal autocrine/paracrine vitamin D system, which is the main source of local 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) plays a critical role in maintaining both mucosal immunity and normal growth of epithelial cells. It has been hypothesized that the VDR-mediated signaling antagonizing TNF-α and IL-6 receptor-activated pro-inflammatory and proliferative intracellular pathways, may prevent development of IBD and colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Conversely, any situation that impairs the efficiency of the 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)/VDR signaling system at the level of the gut mucosa, e.g. vitamin D insufficiency, may increase risk for the development of IBD and colorectal cancer. Therefore, not only adequate serum levels of the precursor 25-OHD(3) are essential, but also optimal expression of the 1α-hydroxylating enzyme CYP27B1. The 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) catabolizing hydroxylase CYP24A1 is increasingly expressed during colon cancer progression, indicating that colonocytes are released from normal growth control by the steroid hormone. Securing adequate levels of calcitriol by inhibition of catabolism and support of 1α-hydroxylation by calcium, phytoestrogens and folate could be a valid approach to control, at least in part, IBD and CRC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide S Cross
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Dai L, Perera DS, King DW, Southwell BR, Burcher E, Liu L. Hemokinin-1 stimulates prostaglandin E₂ production in human colon through activation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:27-36. [PMID: 21957267 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.186155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemokinin-1 (HK-1) is a newly identified tachykinin, originating from the immune system rather than neurons, and may participate in the immune and inflammatory response. In colonic mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), up-regulation of the TAC4 gene encoding HK-1 and increased production of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) occur. Our aim was to examine the mechanistic link between human HK-1 and PGE₂ production in normal human colon. Exogenous HK-1 (0.1 μM) for 4 h evoked an increased PGE₂ release from colonic mucosal and muscle explants by 10- and 3.5-fold, respectively, compared with unstimulated time controls. The HK-1-stimulated PGE₂ release was inhibited by the tachykinin receptor antagonists (S)1-2-[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(3-isopropoxyphenylacetyl)piperidin-3-yl]ethyl-4-phenyl-l azonia-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (SR140333) [neurokinin-1 (NK₁)] and N-[(2S)-4-(4-acetamido-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)butyl]-N-methylbenzamide (SR48968) [neurokinin-2 (NK₂)] and was also inhibited by the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide) (NS-398) but not by the COX-1 inhibitor 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethylpyrazole (SC-560). A parallel study with substance P showed similar results. Molecular studies with HK-1-treated explants demonstrated a stimulatory effect on COX-2 expression at both transcription and protein levels. It is noteworthy that this was coupled with HK-1-induced down-regulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) mRNA and protein expression. Immunoreactivity for 15-PGDH occurred on inflammatory cells, epithelial cells, platelets, and ganglia. This finding provides an additional mechanism for HK-1-evoked PGE₂ increase, in which HK-1 may interfere with the downstream metabolism of PGE₂ by suppressing 15-PGDH expression. In conclusion, our results uncover a novel inflammatory role for HK-1, which signals via NK₁ and NK₂ receptors to regulate PGE₂ release from human colonic tissue, and may further explain a pathological role for HK-1 in IBD when abnormal levels of PGE₂ occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Zaware BB, Nirmal SA, Baheti DG, Patil AN, Mandal SC. Potential of Vitex negundo roots in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:874-878. [PMID: 21591873 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.551778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vitex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae) is an indigenous tree species in India. This tree species has been of interest to researchers because traditionally its roots are reported in the treatment of ulcer and colic pain. OBJECTIVE The present work was undertaken to validate its folk use in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) by using the method of acetic acid-induced colitis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethanol and aqueous extracts of roots of V. negundo (100 mg/kg) were screened for use in the treatment of UC by the method of acetic acid-induced UC in mice. Macroscopical study of the colon, level of myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) in colon tissue and blood and histopathology of the colon tissue were studied for the assessment. RESULTS Ethanol extract (100 mg/kg) reduced the level of MPO in blood from 355 ± 0.39 to 240 ± 0.36 U/mL and from 385 ± 0.35 to 257 ± 0.36 U/mg in tissue. Similarly, it reduced the level of MDA in blood from 9.40 ± 0.42 to 6.10 ± 0.36 nmol/mL and from 9.38 ± 0.56 to 5.89 ± 0.56 U/mg in tissue. Both the results are comparable with the standard drug, prednisolone (5 mg/kg). This preventive effect was observed by morphological and histopathological study. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Results showed that ethanol extract of V. negundo root is effective in the treatment of UC and results are comparable with the standard drug, prednisolone, and thus possessing a great potential in the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati B Zaware
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Loni, Maharashtra, India
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Ganjare AB, Nirmal SA, Rub RA, Patil AN, Pattan SR. Use of Cordia dichotoma bark in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:850-855. [PMID: 21696332 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.551539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The plant Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. (Boraginaceae) is commonly known as "Bhokar" in Marathi. This tree species has been of interest to researchers because traditionally its bark is reported in the treatment of ulcer and colic pain. OBJECTIVE The present work was undertaken to validate its folk use in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) by using scientific methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried bark powder was extracted with methanol and this crude methanol extract was fractionated using various solvents. These fractions were tested for effectiveness against UC. Macroscopical study and histopathology of the colon, level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in colon and blood were studied for the assessment of the activity. Antioxidant activity of these fractions was screened by using various methods. RESULTS Animals treated with the methanol fraction of the crude methanol extract showed lower pathological scores and good healing. This fraction reduced MPO and MDA levels significantly in blood and tissue. It showed antioxidant potential [in DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay IC₅₀ value is 26.25; trolox equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity µg/ml TE/g of plant material on dry basis in ABTS (2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant potential) assay is 2.03 and 2.45, respectively]. The fraction contains a high level of phenolics. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The methanol fraction of crude methanol extract of C. dichotoma bark is effective in the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali B Ganjare
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Loni, Maharashtra, India
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Ganjare AB, Nirmal SA, Patil AN. Use of apigenin from Cordia dichotoma in the treatment of colitis. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:1052-6. [PMID: 21745550 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cordia dichotoma f. (Boraginaceae) is a small deciduous tree from India. The bark of was used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and colic pain traditionally hence present work was undertaken to identify the phytoconstituent responsible for this activity. Apigenin is isolated by column chromatography from methanol fraction of crude methanol extract of C. dichotoma bark. Structure of apigenin is established by various spectroscopic studies. Apigenin (5mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant healing and reduction in inflammatory enzymes when screened for UC. It can be concluded that apigenin from C. dichotoma bark may be responsible for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali B Ganjare
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Loni, Maharashtra, India
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Subbaramaiah K, Howe LR, Bhardwaj P, Du B, Gravaghi C, Yantiss RK, Zhou XK, Blaho VA, Hla T, Yang P, Kopelovich L, Hudis CA, Dannenberg AJ. Obesity is associated with inflammation and elevated aromatase expression in the mouse mammary gland. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:329-46. [PMID: 21372033 PMCID: PMC3071249 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated circulating estrogen levels are associated with increased risk of breast cancer in obese postmenopausal women. Following menopause, the biosynthesis of estrogens through CYP19 (aromatase)-mediated metabolism of androgen precursors occurs primarily in adipose tissue, and the resulting estrogens are then secreted into the systemic circulation. The potential links between obesity, inflammation, and aromatase expression are unknown. In both dietary and genetic models of obesity, we observed necrotic adipocytes surrounded by macrophages forming crown-like structures (CLS) in the mammary glands and visceral fat. The presence of CLS was associated with activation of NF-κB and increased levels of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, Cox-2), which were paralleled by elevated levels of aromatase expression and activity in the mammary gland and visceral fat of obese mice. Analyses of the stromal-vascular and adipocyte fractions of the mammary gland suggested that macrophage-derived proinflammatory mediators induced aromatase and estrogen-dependent gene expression (PR, pS2) in adipocytes. Saturated fatty acids, which have been linked to obesity-related inflammation, stimulated NF-κB activity in macrophages leading to increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and Cox-2, each of which contributed to the induction of aromatase in preadipocytes. The discovery of the obesity → inflammation → aromatase axis in the mammary gland and visceral fat and its association with CLS may provide insight into mechanisms underlying the increased risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in obese postmenopausal women, the reduced efficacy of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer in these women, and their generally worse outcomes. The presence of CLS may be a biomarker of increased breast cancer risk or poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Louise R. Howe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Priya Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Baoheng Du
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Claudia Gravaghi
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Rhonda K. Yantiss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Department of Public Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Victoria A. Blaho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Timothy Hla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Clifford A. Hudis
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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40
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Mohamed AA, Tan SH, Sun C, Shaheduzzaman S, Hu Y, Petrovics G, Chen Y, Sesterhenn IA, Li H, Sreenath T, McLeod DG, Dobi A, Srivastava S. ERG oncogene modulates prostaglandin signaling in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11:410-7. [PMID: 21178489 PMCID: PMC3047110 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.11.4.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen dependent induction of the ETS related gene (ERG) expression in more than half of all prostate cancers results from gene fusions involving regulatory sequence of androgen regulated genes (i.e. TMPRSS2, SLC45A3 and NDRG1) and protein coding sequence of the ERG. Emerging studies in experimental models underscore the functions of ERG in prostate tumorigenesis. However, biological and biochemical functions of ERG in prostate cancer (CaP) remain to be elucidated. This study suggests that ERG activation plays a role in prostaglandin signaling because knockdown of ERG expression in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion containing CaP cells leads to altered levels of the 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD), a tumor suppressor and prostaglandin catabolizing enzyme, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) . We demonstrate that HPGD expression is regulated by the binding of the ERG protein to the core promoter of this gene. Moreover, prostaglandin E2 dependent cell growth and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression are also affected by ERG knockdown. Together, these data imply that the ERG oncoprotein in CaP cells positively influence prostaglandin mediated signaling, which may contribute to tumor progression.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/pharmacology
- Transcriptional Regulator ERG
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Mohamed
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Shyh-Han Tan
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Chen Sun
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Syed Shaheduzzaman
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Gyorgy Petrovics
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Isabell A Sesterhenn
- Department of Genitourinary Pathology; Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; Washington, DC USA
- US Military Cancer Institute; Washington, DC USA
| | - Hua Li
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
| | - Taduru Sreenath
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
| | - David G McLeod
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
- US Military Cancer Institute; Washington, DC USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research; Urology Service; Walter Reed Army Medical Center; Washington, DC USA
| | - Albert Dobi
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
- US Military Cancer Institute; Washington, DC USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for prostate Disease Research; Department of Surgery; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Rockville, MD USA
- US Military Cancer Institute; Washington, DC USA
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Kim IW, Myung SJ, Do MY, Ryu YM, Kim MJ, Do EJ, Park S, Yoon SM, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Yang SK, Kim JH. Western-style diets induce macrophage infiltration and contribute to colitis-associated carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:1785-94. [PMID: 21039842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM A Western-style diet (WD) is known to play an important role in inflammatory bowel disease and colon carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to understand the role of macrophages in WD-induced colitis associated with carcinogenesis. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were fed a WD or a control diet (CD) for 4 weeks and exposed to azoxymethane (AOM) followed by 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. RESULTS The WD increased susceptibility to DSS-induced inflammation and accelerated the infiltration of macrophages. The incidence and multiplicity of colon tumors were higher in mice fed the WD than in those fed the CD (P < 0.05). Levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS) 2 and prostaglandin (PG) E(2) in the colon were higher after treatment with AOM and DSS in mice fed the WD than in those fed the CD. In addition, WD consumption increased the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB and the serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Mice fed the WD had higher numbers of F4/80-positive cells surrounding cancer cells compared with mice fed the CD. These cells expressed PTGS2, TNF-α and β-catenin, which are up-regulated by the WD. We also found that the WD increased unphosphorylated β-catenin accumulation in the cytoplasm and nucleus of colon cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS A WD increases the susceptibility to DSS-induced inflammation and accelerates the infiltration of macrophages. In turn, this resulted in the development and progression of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Wha Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Chi X, Tai HH. Interleukin-4 up-regulates 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in human lung cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2251-9. [PMID: 20632471 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IL-4, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was found to stimulate 15-PGDH activity in A549 and other lung cancer cells. Increase in 15-PGDH activity was due to increased transcription and decreased protein turnover of 15-PGDH. MMP-9 was shown to result in decreased levels of 15-PGDH in A549 cells. IL-4 induced down-regulation of MMP-9 mRNA and up-regulation of TIMP-1, an inhibitor of MMP-9. These data suggest that IL-4-induced down-regulation of MMP-9 activity may contribute to up-regulation of 15-PGDH in A549 cells. The role of JAK-STAT6 in IL-4-induced 15-PGDH expression was examined by using inhibitors. Inhibitors of JAKs, kaempferol and JAK inhibitor I, attenuated IL-4-stimulated STAT6 phosphorylation and 15-PGDH activity in a comparable concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, JAK inhibitor I blocked IL-4-induced down-regulation of MMP-9 mRNA and up-regulation of TIMP-1 but not IL-4-stimulated up-regulation of 15-PGDH mRNA. These results indicate that JAK-STAT6 participated in IL-4-induced up-regulation of 15-PGDH through inhibition of MMP-9-mediated degradation. The roles of other signaling kinases in IL-4-induced 15-PGDH expression were also examined by using various inhibitors. Inhibitors of various MAPKs, PI-3K and PKC attenuated significantly IL-4-stimulated 15-PGDH activity indicating that MAPKs, PI-3K/Akt and PKC pathways participated in IL-4-induced up-regulation of 15-PGDH. Our results indicate that IL-4 up-regulates 15-PGDH by increased gene transcription and decreased protein turnover and the up-regulation can be mediated by JAK-STAT6 as well as MAPKs, PI-3K/Akt and PKC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Chi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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43
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Judson BL, Miyaki A, Kekatpure VD, Du B, Gilleaudeau P, Sullivan-Whalen M, Mohebati A, Nair S, Boyle JO, Granstein RD, Subbaramaiah K, Krueger JG, Dannenberg AJ. UV radiation inhibits 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase levels in human skin: evidence of transcriptional suppression. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:1104-11. [PMID: 20643784 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of prostaglandins (PG) have been detected in the skin following UV radiation (UVR). PGs play an important role in mediating both the acute and the chronic consequences of UVR exposure. UVR-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) contributes to increased PG synthesis. In theory, reduced catabolism might also contribute to increased PG levels. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin deyhdrogenase (15-PGDH), a tumor suppressor gene, plays a major role in PG catabolism. In this study, we investigated whether UVR exposure suppressed 15-PGDH while inducing COX-2 in keratinocytes and in human skin. UVR exposure caused dose-dependent induction of COX-2, suppression of 15-PGDH, and increased prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in HaCaT cells. Exposure to UVR suppressed the transcription of 15-PGDH, resulting in reduced 15-PGDH mRNA, protein, and enzyme activities. UVR exposure induced Slug, a repressive transcription factor that bound to the 15-PGDH promoter. Silencing Slug blocked UVR-mediated downregulation of 15-PGDH. The effects of UVR were also evaluated in the EpiDerm skin model, a three-dimensional model of human epidermis. Here too, COX-2 levels were induced and 15-PGDH levels suppressed following UVR exposure. Next, the effects of UVR were evaluated in human subjects. UVR treatment induced COX-2 while suppressing 15-PGDH mRNA in the skin of 9 of 10 subjects. Collectively, these data suggest that reduced expression of 15-PGDH contributes to the elevated levels of PGs found in the skin following UVR exposure. Possibly, agents that prevent UVR-mediated downregulation of 15-PGDH will affect the acute or the long-term consequences of UVR exposure, including nonmelanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Judson
- Department of Medicine and Weill Cornell Cancer Center, 525 East 68th Street, Room F-206, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Poole EM, Hsu L, Xiao L, Kulmacz RJ, Carlson CS, Rabinovitch PS, Makar KW, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. Genetic variation in prostaglandin E2 synthesis and signaling, prostaglandin dehydrogenase, and the risk of colorectal adenoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:547-57. [PMID: 20086108 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins are important inflammatory mediators; prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the predominant prostaglandin in colorectal neoplasia and affects colorectal carcinogenesis. Prostaglandins are metabolites of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; their biosynthesis is the primary target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), which reduce colorectal neoplasia risk. METHODS We investigated candidate and tagSNPs in PGE2 synthase (PGES), PGE2 receptors (EP2 and EP4), and prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) in a case-control study of adenomas (n = 483) versus polyp-free controls (n = 582) and examined interactions with NSAID use or fish intake, a source of omega-3 fatty acids. RESULTS A 30% adenoma risk reduction was observed for EP2 4950G>A (intron 1; OR(GA/AA vs. GG), 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.99). For the candidate polymorphism EP4 Val294Ile, increasing fish intake was associated with increased adenoma risk among those with variant genotypes, but not among those with the Val/Val genotype (P(interaction) = 0.02). An interaction with fish intake was also observed for PGES -664A>T (5' untranslated region; P(interaction) = 0.01). Decreased risk with increasing fish intake was only seen among those with the AT or TT genotypes (OR(>2 t/wk vs. <1 t/wk), 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-1.13). We also detected interactions between NSAIDs and EP2 9814C>A (intron 1) and PGDH 343C>A (intron 1). However, none of the observed associations was statistically significant after adjustment for multiple testing. We investigated potential gene-gene interactions using the Chatterjee 1 degree of freedom Tukey test and logic regression; neither method detected significant interactions. CONCLUSIONS These data provide little support for associations between adenoma risk and genetic variability related to PGE(2), yet suggest gene-environment interactions with anti-inflammatory exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Poole
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Miyaki A, Yang P, Tai HH, Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ. Bile acids inhibit NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase transcription in colonocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G559-66. [PMID: 19608733 PMCID: PMC2739822 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00133.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence have suggested a role for both bile acids and prostaglandins (PG) in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Levels of PGE(2) are determined by both synthesis and catabolism. Previously, bile acid-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was found to stimulate PGE(2) synthesis. NAD(+)-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), the key enzyme responsible for the catabolism of PGE(2), has been linked to colorectal carcinogenesis. In this study, we determined whether bile acids altered the expression of 15-PGDH in human colon cancer cell lines. Treatment with unconjugated bile acids (chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate) suppressed the transcription of 15-PGDH, resulting in reduced amounts of 15-PGDH mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity. Conjugated bile acids were less potent suppressors of 15-PGDH expression than unconjugated bile acids. Treatment with chenodeoxycholate activated protein kinase C (PKC), leading in turn to increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activity. Small molecules that inhibited bile acid-mediated activation of PKC and ERK1/2 also blocked the downregulation of 15-PGDH. Bile acids induced early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) and Snail, a repressive transcription factor that bound to the 15-PGDH promoter. Silencing Egr-1 or Snail blocked chenodeoxycholate-mediated downregulation of 15-PGDH. Together, these data indicate that bile acids activate the signal transduction pathway PKC --> ERK1/2 --> Egr-1 --> Snail and thereby suppress 15-PGDH transcription. Bile acids appear to increase the release of PGs from cells by downregulating catabolism in addition to stimulating synthesis. These results provide new mechanistic insights into the link between bile acids and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Miyaki
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Hsin-Hsiung Tai
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Andrew J. Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Department of General Oncology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Brudzewsky D, Pedersen AE, Claesson MH, Gad M, Kristensen NN, Lage K, Jensen T, Tommerup N, Larsen LA, Knudsen S, Tümer Z. Genome-wide gene expression profiling of SCID mice with T-cell-mediated Colitis. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:437-46. [PMID: 19508375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disorder with an unknown aetiology. The aim of this study is to employ a murine model of IBD to identify pathways and genes, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD and could be important for discovery of new disease markers in human disease. Here, we have investigated severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, which upon adoptive transfer with concanavalin A-activated CD4(+) T cells develop inflammation of the colon with predominance in rectum. Mice with increasing level of inflammation was studied. RNA from rectum of transplanted and non-transplanted SCID mice was investigated by a genome-wide gene expression analysis using the Affymetrix mouse expression array 430A (MOE430A) including 22,626 probe sets. A significant change in gene expression (P = 0.00001) is observed in 152 of the genes between the non-transplanted control mice and colitis mice, and among these genes there is an overrepresentation of genes involved in inflammatory processes. Some of the most significant genes showing higher expression encode S100A proteins and chemokines involved in trafficking of leucocytes in inflammatory areas. Classification by gene clustering based on the genes with the significantly altered gene expression corresponds to two different levels of inflammation as established by the histological scoring of the inflamed rectum. These data demonstrate that this SCID T-cell transfer model is a useful animal model for human IBD and can be used for suggesting candidate genes involved in the pathogenesis and for identifying new molecular markers of chronic inflammation in human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brudzewsky
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Imbalances in essential fatty acid levels have been reported in cystic fibrosis (CF), which may relate to elevated proinflammatory eicosanoid generation. The aim of this work was to better define eicosanoid metabolism in the CF intestine. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the small intestine of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator knockout mouse (CF mouse) to measure eicosanoid metabolic gene expression by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, and eicosanoid levels by enzyme immunoassay, as compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. RESULTS In the CF small intestine, expression of the secretory phospholipase A2 Pla2g5 mRNA was upregulated to 980% of WT levels. The following were downregulated: leukotriene C4 synthase Ltc4s (mRNA 55% of WT); omega-hydroxylase cytochrome P450s Cyp2c40 (mRNA 54% of WT), and Cyp4a10 (mRNA 4% of WT); and the major prostaglandin degradative enzymes prostaglandin dehydrogenase Hpgd (mRNA 27% of WT) and leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase/15-oxo-prostaglandin 13-reductase Ltb4dh (mRNA 64% and protein 30% of WT). The prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2alpha were increased to 400% to 600% of WT levels in the CF mouse intestine, and the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) 12-, 15-, and 20-HETE were decreased to 3% to 20% of WT levels. CONCLUSIONS There are changes in eicosanoid metabolic gene expression that are accompanied by significant changes in specific eicosanoid levels. These changes are expected to play important roles in the pathophysiology of CF in the intestine.
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El-Abhar HS, Hammad LNA, Gawad HSA. Modulating effect of ginger extract on rats with ulcerative colitis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:367-72. [PMID: 18571884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginger rhizomes are used traditionally for management of different gastrointestinal disturbances. Several studies proved that the rhizome possesses diverse biological activities such as cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, interest in ginger for treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions has been renewed. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the potential role of ginger extract [GE] in modulating the extent and severity of ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronically recurrent inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats received 3 different doses of GE, sulfasalazine, or vehicle for 3 consecutive days before induction of UC by intra-rectal acetic acid administration, and continued further for 7 days after the induction. The colonic mucosal injury was assessed by macroscopic scoring, and histological examination. Furthermore, the mucosal content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) with the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, were appraised as parameters of the redox state. Acute inflammatory response was determined by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). RESULTS All parameters were altered in ulcerated rats, and improved in animals receiving GE, an effect that was comparable to that of the standard sulfasalazine, especially at the highest dose level. Colonic mucosal injury parallels with the histological and biochemical evaluations. CONCLUSIONS Results showed a valuable effect of ginger extract against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis possibly by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Salvat C, Sautet A, Pigenet A, Tahiri K, Jacques C. Crucial role of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in matrix degradation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in chondrocytes: possible influence on osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1399-409. [PMID: 18438860 DOI: 10.1002/art.23431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one of the main catabolic factors involved in osteoarthritis (OA), and metalloproteinases (MMPs) are crucial for cartilage degradation. PGE2 synthesis under inflammatory conditions is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase 2 and microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES-1), whereas NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxy-PG dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is the key enzyme implicated in PGE2 catabolism. The present study was undertaken to investigate the contribution of visfatin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, to the pathophysiology of OA, by examining its role in PGE2 synthesis and matrix degradation. METHODS The synthesis of visfatin by human chondrocytes from OA patients, with and without stimulation with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and the role of visfatin in PGE2 synthesis were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblotting. The effects of visfatin (1-10 microg/ml) on mPGES-1 and 15-PGDH synthesis, on the subsequent release of PGE2, and on MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, and PG synthesis by primary immature mouse articular chondrocytes were examined by quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to assess the influence of visfatin on IL-1beta-induced release of PGE2 in immature mouse articular chondrocytes. RESULTS Human OA chondrocytes produced visfatin, and visfatin synthesis was increased by IL-1beta treatment. Visfatin, like IL-1beta, triggered excessive release of PGE2, due to increased mPGES-1 synthesis and decreased 15-PGDH synthesis. Visfatin knockout with siRNA reduced IL-1beta-induced PGE2 overrelease. Visfatin triggered ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 expression and MMP-3 and MMP-13 synthesis and release, and reduced synthesis of high molecular weight PG by immature mouse articular chondrocytes. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that visfatin has a catabolic function in cartilage and may have an important role in the pathophysiology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Gosset
- UMR 7079, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris VI, CNRS, Paris, France
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HIV-1 activates proinflammatory and interferon-inducible genes in human brain microvascular endothelial cells: putative mechanisms of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:697-711. [PMID: 17940540 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction seen in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection are poorly understood; however, they are believed to be caused by interactions of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) with virus-infected macrophages. Using a transwell system and Affymetrix arrays, we investigated HIV-1-induced genomic changes in HBMEC after coculture with HIV-1-infected or -uninfected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Differentially expressed genes were determined by linear modeling and then were grouped by hierarchical clustering. Compared to HBMEC cocultured with noninfected MDM, 184 probe sets corresponding to 84 genes were differentially expressed in HBMEC cocultured with HIV-infected MDM. Genes activated in HIV-1 MDM-exposed HBMEC included proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced proteins, interferon (IFN)-inducible genes, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, transcription factors of the nuclear factor-kappaB family, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Analysis of molecular networks and canonical pathways associated with differentially expressed genes suggest that HIV-1 causes BBB impairment by mechanisms involving inflammation, cytokine, and IFN signaling in HBMEC.
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