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Chu C, Ru H, Chen Y, Xu J, Wang C, Jin Y. Gallic acid attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in Caco-2 cells by suppressing the activation of the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:905-915. [PMID: 38516705 PMCID: PMC11214974 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by intestinal barrier dysfunction, inflammatory synergistic effects and excessive tissue injury. Gallic acid (GA) is renowned for its remarkable biological activity, encompassing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the underlying mechanisms by which GA protects against intestinal inflammation have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of GA on the inflammation of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) and on the intestinal barrier dysfunction, and explore the underlying molecular mechanism involved. Our findings demonstrate that 5 μg/mL GA restores the downregulation of the mRNA and protein levels of Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1 and decreases the expressions of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α induced by LPS. In addition, GA exhibits a protective effect by reducing the LPS-enhanced early and late apoptotic ratios, downregulating the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic factors ( Bax, Bad, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9), and upregulating the mRNA levels of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 in Caco-2 cells. GA also reduces the levels of reactive oxygen species increased by LPS and restores the activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as the level of glutathione. More importantly, GA exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the LPS-induced phosphorylation of key signaling molecules in the NF-κB/MAPK pathway, including p65, IκB-α, p38, JNK, and ERK, in Caco-2 cells. Overall, our findings show that GA increases the expressions of tight junction proteins, reduces cell apoptosis, relieves oxidative stress and suppresses the activation of the NF-κB/MAPK pathway to reduce LPS-induced intestinal inflammation in Caco-2 cells, indicating that GA has potential as a therapeutic agent for intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Chu
- />College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310032China
| | - Huan Ru
- />College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310032China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- />College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310032China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- />College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310032China
| | - Caihong Wang
- />College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310032China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- />College of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou310032China
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Zhong G, He C, Wang S, Lin C, Li M. Research progress on the mechanism of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase in intestinal immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241262. [PMID: 37720208 PMCID: PMC10500599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a general term encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and other conditions, is a chronic and relapsing autoimmune disease that can occur in any part of the digestive tract. While the cause of IBD remains unclear, it is acknowledged that the disease has much to do with the dysregulation of intestinal immunity. In the intestinal immune regulatory system, Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) plays an important role in regulating the function of immune cells and lipid metabolism through catalyzing the oxidation of cholesterol into 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC). Specifically, CH25H focuses its mechanism of regulating the inflammatory response, signal transduction and cell migration on various types of immune cells by binding to relevant receptors, and the mechanism of regulating lipid metabolism and immune cell function via the transcription factor Sterol Regulator-Binding Protein. Based on this foundation, this article will review the function of CH25H in intestinal immunity, aiming to provide evidence for supporting the discovery of early diagnostic and treatment targets for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mingsong Li
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Research Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Cifarelli V, Peche VS, Abumrad NA. Vascular and lymphatic regulation of gastrointestinal function and disease risk. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159207. [PMID: 35882297 PMCID: PMC9642046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vascular and lymphatic systems in the gut regulate lipid transport while restricting transfer of commensal gut microbiota and directing immune cell trafficking. Increased permeability of the endothelial systems in the intestine associates with passage of antigens and microbiota from the gut into the bloodstream leading to tissue inflammation, the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and ultimately to abnormalities of systemic metabolism. Recent studies show that lipid metabolism maintains homeostasis and function of intestinal blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, BECs and LECs, respectively. This review highlights recent progress in this area, and information related to the contribution of the lipid transporter CD36, abundant in BECs and LECs, to gastrointestinal barrier integrity, inflammation, and to gut regulation of whole body metabolism. The potential role of endothelial lipid delivery in epithelial tissue renewal after injury and consequently in the risk of gastric and intestinal diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Cifarelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Vivek S Peche
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Martin-Rodriguez O, Gauthier T, Bonnefoy F, Couturier M, Daoui A, Chagué C, Valmary-Degano S, Gay C, Saas P, Perruche S. Pro-Resolving Factors Released by Macrophages After Efferocytosis Promote Mucosal Wound Healing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754475. [PMID: 35003066 PMCID: PMC8727348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonresolving inflammation is a critical driver of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This unresolved inflammation may result from the persistence of an initiating stimulus or from the alteration of the resolution phase of inflammation. Elimination of apoptotic cells by macrophages (a process called efferocytosis) is a critical step in the resolution phase of inflammation. Efferocytosis participates in macrophage reprogramming and favors the release of numerous pro-resolving factors. These pro-resolving factors exert therapeutic effects in experimental autoimmune arthritis. Here, we propose to evaluate the efficacy of pro-resolving factors produced by macrophages after efferocytosis, a secretome called SuperMApo, in two IBD models, namely dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced and T cell transfer-induced colitis. Reintroducing these pro-resolving factors was sufficient to decrease clinical, endoscopic and histological colitis scores in ongoing naive T cell-transfer-induced colitis and in DSS-induced colitis. Mouse primary fibroblasts isolated from the colon demonstrated enhanced healing properties in the presence of SuperMApo, as attested by their increased migratory, proliferative and contractive properties. This was confirmed by the use of human fibroblasts isolated from patients with IBD. Exposure of an intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line to these pro-resolving factors increased their proliferative properties and IEC acquired the capacity to capture apoptotic cells. The improvement of wound healing properties induced by SuperMApo was confirmed in vivo in a biopsy forceps-wound colonic mucosa model. Further in vivo analysis in naive T cell transfer-induced colitis model demonstrated an improvement of intestinal barrier permeability after administration of SuperMApo, an intestinal cell proliferation and an increase of α-SMA expression by fibroblasts, as well as a reduction of the transcript coding for fibronectin (Fn1). Finally, we identified TGF-β, IGF-I and VEGF among SuperMApo as necessary to favor mucosal healing and confirmed their role both in vitro (using neutralizing antibodies) and in vivo by depleting these factors from efferocytic macrophage secretome using antibody-coated microbeads. These growth factors only explained some of the beneficial effects induced by factors released by efferocytic macrophages. Overall, the administration of pro-resolving factors released by efferocytic macrophages limits intestinal inflammation and enhance tissue repair, which represents an innovative treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra Martin-Rodriguez
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098 RIGHT, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Thierry Gauthier
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098 RIGHT, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098 RIGHT, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
- MED’INN’Pharma, Besançon, France
| | - Mélanie Couturier
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098 RIGHT, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
- MED’INN’Pharma, Besançon, France
| | - Anna Daoui
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098 RIGHT, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Cécile Chagué
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098 RIGHT, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | | | - Claire Gay
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098 RIGHT, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098 RIGHT, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
- MED’INN’Pharma, Besançon, France
- *Correspondence: Sylvain Perruche,
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Enteropathogenic infections modulate intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) function by activating Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) in Crohn's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22624. [PMID: 34799637 PMCID: PMC8604993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is an intestinal neuromodulator that regulates several essential enteric physiological functions such as absorption or secretion of fluids, and peristaltic reflexes. Availability of the intestinal 5-HT is dependent on serotonin transporter (SERT), which uptakes 5-HT and facilitates its degradation. Interestingly, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) is co-localized with 5-HT, which suggests a possible impact of neuroendocrine cells in the inflammatory response through TLR-2 activation. Serum 5-HT levels were measured in 80 Crohn's disease (CD) patients and 40 healthy control subjects. Additionally, fully differentiated Caco-2 monolayers were infected with Mycobacteria paratuberculosis (MAP), L. monocytogenes, or M. smegmatis in the presence of exogenous 5-HT at different concentrations. Cells were subsequently harvested and used for measuring SERT activity, RNA isolation followed by RT-PCR, protein quantification, and tissue damage markers (DHE, LDH, GSH and MDA). TLR-2 intracellular signaling pathways were assessed by pre-incubating Caco-2 monolayers with selective blockers of ERK, cAMP/PKA, p38 MAPK, and 5-HT3 receptors. MAP-infected CD patients (N = 40) had higher serum 5-HT levels (462.95 ± 8.55 ng/mL, N = 40) than those without MAP infection (385.33 ± 10.3 ng/mL, N = 40). TLR-2 activation by enteropathogenic bacteria inhibited SERT activity in the presence of exogenous 5-HT by up to 50%. These effects were increasing gradually over 72 h, and MAP infection had the greatest effect on SERT inhibition when cells were exposed to 5-HT in a concentration dependent manner. Additionally, inhibition of SERT activity was accompanied with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) and oxidative stress markers (DHE, LDH and MDA), whereas SERT expression and protein level were downregulated. Consequently, inhibition of TLR-2 and p38 MAPK signaling or blocking 5-HT3 receptors restored SERT activity and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as reflected by the downregulation of oxidative stress and tissue damage markers. The involvement of TLR-2 in the intestinal pathology might be concluded not only from its innate immune role, but also from its effect on modulating the intestinal serotonergic response. Ultimately, regulating the intestinal serotonergic system can be therapeutically exploited to mitigate other enteropathogenic infections, which will help in understanding the gut-microbiome-brain connection.
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Potential Roles of Exosomal lncRNAs in the Intestinal Mucosal Immune Barrier. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:7183136. [PMID: 34485536 PMCID: PMC8413039 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7183136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal immune barrier protects the host from the invasion of foreign pathogenic microorganisms. Immune cells and cytokines in the intestinal mucosa maintain local and systemic homeostasis by participating in natural and adaptive immunity. Deficiency of the intestinal mucosal immune barrier is associated with a variety of intestinal illnesses. Exosomes are phospholipid bilayer nanovesicles that allow cell-cell communication by secreting physiologically active substances including proteins, lipids, transcription factors, mRNAs, micro-RNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Exosomal lncRNAs are involved in immune cell differentiation and the modulation of the immune response. This review briefly introduces the potential role of exosomal lncRNAs in the intestinal mucosal immune barrier and discusses their relevance to intestinal illnesses.
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7
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Wang Z, Chen J, Chen Z, Xie L, Wang W. Clinical effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on patients with ulcerative colitis may improve via the regulation of IL-23-IL-17 axis and the changes of the proportion of intestinal microflora. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:149-157. [PMID: 33835051 PMCID: PMC8265401 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_462_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of additional ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with mesalazine, compared to mesalazine alone in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). The mechanism was evaluated by monitoring the changes of IL-23-IL-17 axis and the intestinal microflora. METHODS In this prospective, single center study, patients with UC were randomly assigned to the Mesalazine group (n=20) or the UDCA + Mesalazine group (n=20). Mayo score and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), and fecal samples for 16S rRNA sequencing and blood samples for IL-23 and IL-17 ELISA were collected for analysis. RESULTS Mayo scores and IBDQ score of the UDCA + Mesalazine group were significantly better than those of the Mesalazine group (P = 0.015 and P < 0.001, respectively). At post-treatment week 4, IL-23 and IL-17 levels were significantly lower in the UDCA + Mesalazine group compared to those in the Mesalazine group (both P < 0.038). In patients with UC after treatment, Firmicutes in the UDCA + Mesalazine group was higher than those in the Mesalazine group (P < 0.001). The UDCA + Mesalazine group showed lower percentage of Proteobacteria compared to those in the Mesalazine group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Additional UDCA could provide better therapeutic effects than mesalazine alone, possibly due to the change of IL-23 and IL-17 and the proportional distribution of intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fujian Medical University Fuzong Clinical College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Department of Medical Care, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fujian Medical University Fuzong Clinical College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longke Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fujian Medical University Fuzong Clinical College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fujian Medical University Fuzong Clinical College, Fuzhou, China,Address for correspondence: Dr. Wen Wang, 156 West 2nd Ring Road North, Fuzhou 350 025, China. E-mail:
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8
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Toll-like receptor 4 regulates intestinal fibrosis via cytokine expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19867. [PMID: 33199767 PMCID: PMC7670421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis induced by chronic and recurrent colitis, which is exacerbated by bowel stenosis, stricture, and obstruction, is challenging to treat. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulates innate and acquired immunity in response to specific microbial components, but the role of TLR4 in intestinal fibrosis is largely unknown. We investigated its role in intestinal fibrosis using not only a murine fibrosis model but also human myofibroblasts and intestinal epithelial cells. Colon fibrosis was induced in TLR4-deficient (TLR4−/−) mice and its wild-type counterparts with 3% dextran sulfate sodium. Absence of TLR4 gene attenuated chronic inflammation and colonic macrophages infiltration; intestinal fibrosis and collagen deposition were suppressed. Also, the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-12p40, and transforming growth factor-β was reduced in TLR4-deficient peritoneal macrophages. TLR4 was silenced in CCD-18Co cells by small interfering RNA (siRNA), and matrix metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, and collagen α1 expression was evaluated. Role of TLR4 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was evaluated in HCT116 cells. Suppression of TLR4 transcription by siRNAs affected myofibroblasts activity, collagen synthesis, and EMT in the human cancer cell line. Thus, we suggest that TLR4 can be an essential mediator in intestinal chronic inflammation and fibrosis, indicating that TLR4 signaling is a potential therapeutic target for intestinal fibrosis.
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Sukocheva OA, Furuya H, Ng ML, Friedemann M, Menschikowski M, Tarasov VV, Chubarev VN, Klochkov SG, Neganova ME, Mangoni AA, Aliev G, Bishayee A. Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway in inflammatory gastrointestinal disease and cancers: A novel therapeutic target. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 207:107464. [PMID: 31863815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and malignancies are associated with growing morbidity and cancer-related mortality worldwide. GI tumor and inflammatory cells contain activated sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes, including sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) and SphK2, that generate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a highly bioactive compound. Many inflammatory responses, including lymphocyte trafficking, are directed by circulatory S1P, present in high concentrations in both the plasma and the lymph of cancer patients. High fat and sugar diet, disbalanced intestinal flora, and obesity have recently been linked to activation of inflammation and SphK/S1P/S1P receptor (S1PR) signaling in various GI pathologies, including cancer. SphK1 overexpression and activation facilitate and enhance the development and progression of esophageal, gastric, and colon cancers. SphK/S1P axis, a mediator of inflammation in the tumor microenvironment, has recently been defined as a target for the treatment of GI disease states, including inflammatory bowel disease and colitis. Several SphK1 inhibitors and S1PR antagonists have been developed as novel anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. In this review, we analyze the mechanisms of SphK/S1P signaling in GI tissues and critically appraise recent studies on the role of SphK/S1P/S1PR in inflammatory GI disorders and cancers. The potential role of SphK/S1PR inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of inflammation-mediated GI diseases, including GI cancer, is also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Sukocheva
- Discipline of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Hideki Furuya
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mei Li Ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Markus Friedemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital `Carl Gustav Carus`, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Mario Menschikowski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital `Carl Gustav Carus`, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; GALLY International Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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Argollo MC, Allocca M, Furfaro F, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S. Interleukin-23 Blockers: Born to be First-line Biologic Agents in Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:25-31. [PMID: 31092171 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190313140811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the advent of anti-TNF agents has dramatically changed the treatment algorithms for IBD. However, primarily and more importantly, secondary loss of response to anti-TNF agents, is often observed. Thus, new treatment options have been actively explored and some have already been incorporated in the current clinical practice. Among the class of anti-cytokine agents, the anti-IL12/IL23 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been first presented, in clinical practice, by the anti-p40 mAb ustekinumab in Crohn's disease (CD). More selective anti-IL23 agents (anti-p19) have shown efficacy and are being further developed, in contrast to agents inhibiting IL-17 downstream, which have failed in IBD clinical trials despite their clear efficacy in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie C Argollo
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Allocca
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Furfaro
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Inserm U954, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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11
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Sukocheva OA, Lukina E, McGowan E, Bishayee A. Sphingolipids as mediators of inflammation and novel therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:123-158. [PMID: 32085881 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity of inflammatory gastrointestinal (GI) diseases continues to grow resulting in worsen quality of life and increased burden on public medical systems. Complex and heterogenous illnesses, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) encompass several inflammation -associated pathologies including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. IBD is often initiated by a complex interplay between host genetic and environmental factors, lifestyle and diet, and intestinal bacterial components. IBD inflammatory signature was linked to the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling pathway that is currently targeted by IBD therapies. Sphingolipid signaling was identified as one of the key mediators and regulators of pro-inflammatory conditions, and, specifically, TNF-α related signaling. All GI tissues and circulating immune/blood cells contain activated sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes, including sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2) that generate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid and ligand for five G-protein coupled membrane S1P receptors (S1PRs). Numerous normal and pathogenic inflammatory responses are mediated by SphK/S1P/S1PRs signaling axis including lymphocyte trafficking and activation of cytokine signaling machinery. SphK1/S1P/S1PRs axis has recently been defined as a target for the treatment of GI diseases including IBD/colitis. Several SphK1 inhibitors and S1PRs antagonists have been developed as novel anti-inflammatory agents. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of SphK/S1P signaling in inflammation-linked GI disorders. The potential role of SphK/S1PRs inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of IBD/colitis is critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Sukocheva
- Discipline of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Elena Lukina
- Discipline of Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Eileen McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, United States
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12
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A Comprehensive Review and Update on the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7247238. [PMID: 31886308 PMCID: PMC6914932 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7247238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and life-threating inflammatory disease of gastroenteric tissue characterized by episodes of intestinal inflammation. The pathogenesis of IBD is complex. Recent studies have greatly improved our knowledge of the pathophysiology of IBD, leading to great advances in the treatment as well as diagnosis of IBD. In this review, we have systemically reviewed the pathogenesis of IBD and highlighted recent advances in host genetic factors, gut microbiota, and environmental factors and, especially, in abnormal innate and adaptive immune responses and their interactions, which may hold the keys to identify novel predictive or prognostic biomarkers and develop new therapies.
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13
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Rosette C, Agan FJ, Rosette N, Moro L, Mazzetti A, Hassan C, Gerloni M. Rifamycin SV exhibits strong anti-inflammatory in vitro activity through pregnane X receptor stimulation and NFκB inhibition. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:172-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Gajula P, Quigley EM. Overlapping irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. MINERVA GASTROENTERO 2019; 65:107-115. [PMID: 30746927 DOI: 10.23736/s1121-421x.19.02559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of irritable bowel-type symptoms occurring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who are in apparent remission continues to generate scientific controversy and the interpretation and management of these symptoms, so distressing to the sufferer, represent major challenges for the clinician. On the one hand, these symptoms often satisfy Rome IV criteria for IBS and their occurrence correlates highly with anxiety, a known trigger for IBS. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that many of these patients exhibit subtle inflammatory changes. These observations beg the question: are these symptoms "true" IBS superimposed on IBD, or an active but subclinical form of IBD? While it is certain that earlier studies failed to detect subclinical inflammation, it is also evident that even with the use of sensitive biomarkers for inflammation, such as calprotectin and lactoferrin backed up by pan-endoscopy and biopsy to exclude ongoing inflammatory activity in its most subtle form, the prevalence of IBS-type symptoms remains higher than expected in the IBD patient. Pending further definition of its etiology and pathology, we coined the term irritable inflammatory bowel syndrome (IIBS) to refer to this phenomenon. Here we explore the risk factors for this entity, sift through clues to its pathogenesis and attempt to provide, albeit bereft of a robust evidence base, an approach to its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prianka Gajula
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eamonn M Quigley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA -
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15
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Minacapelli CD, Bajpai M, Geng X, Van Gurp J, Poplin E, Amenta PS, Brant SR, Das KM. miR-206 as a Biomarker for Response to Mesalamine Treatment in Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:78-84. [PMID: 30204869 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-translational regulators. Elevated levels of miR-206 in ulcerative colitis (UC) were associated with suppression of anti-inflammatory A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) expression. However, the relationship of miR-206 to histologic remission in UC patients remains unknown. This study correlates expression levels of miR-206 with histologic remission in patients treated via long-term mesalamine treatment to identify a possible mode of action for this mainstay drug for UC. METHODS Expression of miR-206 and its target A3AR were analyzed in HT29 cell line before and after mesalamine treatment (2 mM) at different time points (0, 4, 12, and 24 hours) by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Expression of miR-206 and pathological scores of colonoscopic biopsy specimens were studied in 10 UC patients treated with mesalamine treatment for 2 to 6 years. RESULTS miR-206 transcripts decreased 2.23-fold (P = 0.0001) 4 hours after 2 mM mesalamine treatment in HT29 colon cells compared with untreated controls. However, the mRNA/protein levels of A3AR increased by 4-fold (P = 0.04) and 2-fold, respectively, in same cells. miR-206 relative expression decreased significantly in patients treated with 4.8 g of mesalamine (P = 0.002) but not with 2.4 g (P = 0.35). Tissue assessment of sequential mesalamine-treated colonoscopic biopsies indicate a strong correlation between downregulation of miR-206 and histologic improvement (R = 0.9111). CONCLUSION Mesalamine treatment has an effect on epithelial miRNAs. Downregulation of miR-206 by long-term mesalamine treatment may confer a protective effect in inducing and maintaining histologic remission. Thus, miR-206 expression levels can be utilized as a possible biomarker for therapeutic response to mesalamine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Minacapelli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Manisha Bajpai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xin Geng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - James Van Gurp
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Peter S Amenta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Steven R Brant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kiron M Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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16
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Zhu L, Gu P, Shen H. Gallic acid improved inflammation via NF-κB pathway in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 67:129-137. [PMID: 30544066 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA), as an active component, has been found in many fruits and plants, and it exhibits potential protective effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral and anticancer. However, the effects of GA on ulcerative colitis (UC) remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of GA on IL-1β-induced HIEC-6 cells and TNBS-induced UC in mice. Various biochemical analyses including proliferation and apoptosis were assessed in HIEC-6 cells. In addition, body weight of mice, the level of cytokines and histological changes were utilized to analyze the GA protecting mice with UC. Our results showed that administration of GA significantly increased the expressions of IL-4, and IL-10, while down-regulated IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, TGF-β and TNF-α expressions compared with a model control group in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, flow cytometry and TUNEL analysis revealed that administration of GA significantly inhibited the apoptosis of HIEC-6 cells and mics in UC. Furthermore, pretreatment with GA obviously reversed the decrease in body weight, increase in colon weight, and attenuated the histological changes derived from UC. In addition, western blot analysis demonstrated that GA efficiently suppressed NF-κB signaling pathway in TNBS-induced UC. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrated that GA plays an anti-inflammatory role in UC via inhibiting NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Jiang Su Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Nanjing 210029, China
| | - PeiQing Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Jiang Su Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Jiang Su Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Nanjing 210029, China.
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17
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Wu W, He Y, Feng X, Ye S, Wang H, Tan W, Yu C, Hu J, Zheng R, Zhou Y. MicroRNA-206 is involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis via regulation of adenosine A3 receptor. Oncotarget 2018; 8:705-721. [PMID: 27893428 PMCID: PMC5352191 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs are widely dysregulated in ulcerative colitis (UC), potentially affecting UC pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. microRNA (miR) -206 has been reported to be upregulated in UC; however, its function and role in UC remain unknown. Here, we elucidate the function of miR-206 in the pathogenesis of UC. In patients with active-UC, miR-206 and adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) levels were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, and were inversely correlated. A3AR was expressed in the colon mucosa (particularly in colon epithelial-cell membranes). In HT-29 cells, miR-206 downregulated A3AR mRNA/protein expression by directly targeting the A3AR 3'-UTR; miR-206 overexpression and knockdown respectively increased and decreased TNF-α-induced nuclear NF-κB/p65, p-IκB-α, IKKα, p-IKKα and IL-8/IL-1β secretion. However, A3AR-siRNA reversed the miR-206 inhibitory effect. Furthermore, miR-206 increased dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis severity (i.e., increased bodyweight loss, DAI score, colon shrinkage, and MPO activity), which was partially ameliorated by miR-206-antagomir treatment. miR-206-agomir treatment potently suppressed A3AR expression and increased NF-κB signalling and downstream cytokine (TNF-α/IL-8/IL-1β) expression in the mouse colon, in contrast to miR-206-antagomir administration. Taken together, our results demonstrated that miR-206 has a proinflammatory role in UC by downregulating A3AR expression and activating NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Yanting He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Shicai Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Wenkai Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Caiyuan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Juxiang Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
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18
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Argollo M, Fiorino G, Hindryckx P, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S. Novel therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel disease. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:103-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Ungaro F, Rubbino F, Danese S, D'Alessio S. Actors and Factors in the Resolution of Intestinal Inflammation: Lipid Mediators As a New Approach to Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1331. [PMID: 29109724 PMCID: PMC5660440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in genetically predisposed subjects susceptible to specific environmental factors has been attributed to disturbance of both the immune and non-immune system and/or to the imbalanced interactions with microbes. However, increasing evidences support the idea that defects in pro-resolving pathways might strongly contribute to IBD onset. The resolution of inflammation is now recognized as a dynamic event coordinated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (LMs), which dampen inflammation-sustaining events, such as angiogenesis, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, clearance of apoptotic cells, and microorganisms. Among these pro-resolving molecules, those derived from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to induce favorable effects on a plethora of human inflammatory disorders, including IBD. Here, we offer a summary of mechanisms involving both cellular and molecular components of the immune response and underlying the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties of PUFAs and their derivatives in the gut, focusing on both ω-3 and ω-6 LMs. These fatty acids may influence IBD progression by: reducing neutrophil transmigration across the intestinal vasculature and the epithelium, preventing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the up-regulation of adhesion molecules, and finally by promoting the production of other pro-resolving molecules. We also discuss the numerous attempts in using pro-resolving PUFAs to ameliorate intestinal inflammation, both in patients with IBD and mouse models. Although their effects in reducing inflammation is incontestable, results from previous works describing the effects of PUFA administration to prevent or treat IBD are controversial. Therefore, more efforts are needed not only to identify and explain the physiological functions of PUFAs in the gut, but also to unveil novel biosynthetic pathways of these pro-resolving LMs that may be dysregulated in these gut-related disorders. We suppose that either PUFAs or new medications specifically promoting resolution-regulating mediators and pathways will be much better tolerated by patients with IBD, with the advantage of avoiding immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ungaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Federica Rubbino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.,Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IBD Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Alessio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
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20
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Latorre E, Layunta E, Grasa L, Castro M, Pardo J, Gomollón F, Alcalde AI, Mesonero JE. Intestinal Serotonin Transporter Inhibition by Toll-Like Receptor 2 Activation. A Feedback Modulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169303. [PMID: 28033388 PMCID: PMC5199115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR2 is a microbiota recognition receptor that has been described to contribute to intestinal homeostasis and to ameliorate inflammatory intestinal injury. In this context, serotonin (5-HT) has shown to be an essential intestinal physiological neuromodulator that is also involved in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Since the interaction between TLR2 activation and the intestinal serotoninergic system remains non-investigated, our main aim was to analyze the effect of TLR2 on intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) activity and expression and the intracellular pathways involved. Caco-2/TC7 cells were used to analyze SERT and TLR2 molecular expression and SERT activity by measuring 5-HT uptake. The results showed that apical TLR2 activation inhibits SERT activity in Caco-2/TC7 cells mainly by reducing SERT protein level either in the plasma membrane, after short-term TLR2 activation or in both the plasma membrane and cell lysate, after long-term activation. cAMP/PKA pathway appears to mediate short-term inhibitory effect of TLR2 on SERT; however, p38 MAPK pathway has been shown to be involved in both short- and long-term TLR2 effect. Reciprocally, 5-HT long-term treatment yielded TLR2 down regulation in Caco-2/TC7 cells. Finally, results from in vivo showed an augmented intestinal SERT expression in mice Tlr2-/-, thus confirming our inhibitory effect of TLR2 on intestinal SERT in vitro. The present work infers that TLR2 may act in intestinal pathophysiology, not only by its inherent innate immune role, but also by regulating the intestinal serotoninergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Latorre
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- RNA—Mediated Mechanisms of Disease, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School. Exeter. United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena Layunta
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Castro
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Gomollón
- Servicio de Sistema Digestivo. Hospital Clínico Universitario "Lozano Blesa", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana I. Alcalde
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José E. Mesonero
- Departamento Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón–IA2- (Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Quigley EMM. Overlapping irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: less to this than meets the eye? Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:199-212. [PMID: 26929782 PMCID: PMC4749858 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x15621230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though distinct in terms of pathology, natural history and therapeutic approach, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have some features in common. These include shared symptomatology and largely similar demographics. However, in most instances, clinical presentation, together with laboratory, imaging and endoscopic findings will readily permit the differentiation of active IBD from IBS. More problematic is the situation where a subject with IBD, in apparent remission, continues to complain of symptoms which, in aggregate, satisfy commonly employed criteria for the diagnosis of IBS. Access to methodologies, such the assay for levels of calprotectin in feces, now allows identification of ongoing inflammation in some such individuals and prompts appropriate therapy. More challenging is the IBD patient with persisting symptoms and no detectable evidence of inflammation; is this coincident IBS, IBS triggered by IBD or an even more subtle level of IBD activity unrecognized by available laboratory or imaging methods? Arguments can be advanced for each of these proposals; lacking definitive data, this issue remains unresolved. The occurrence of IBS-type symptoms in the IBD patient, together with some data suggesting a very subtle level of 'inflammation' or 'immune activation' in IBS, raises other questions: is IBS a prodromal form of IBD; and are IBS and IBD part of the spectrum of the same disease? All of the available evidence indicates that the answer to both these questions should be a resounding 'no'. Indeed, the whole issue of overlap between IBS and IBD should be declared moot given their differing pathophysiologies, contrasting natural histories and divergent treatment paths. The limited symptom repertoire of the gastrointestinal tract may well be fundamental to the apparent confusion that has, of late, bedeviled this area.
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22
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Scientific evidence for health effects attributed to the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics: an update for current perspectives and future challenges. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1993-2015. [PMID: 26443321 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics and prebiotics, mainly commercialised as food ingredients and also as supplements, are considered highly profitable niche markets. However, in recent years, the food industry has suffered from a series of health claim restrictions on probiotics and prebiotics in many parts of the world, including those made by the European Food Safety Authority. Therefore, we reviewed the core benefits of probiotic and prebiotic consumption on health. A number of studies have examined the prevention and/or management of intestinal infections, respiratory tract infections, CVD, osteoporosis, urogenital infections, cavities, periodontal disease and halitosis, allergic reactions, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome and Helicobacter pylori gastric infections. In fact, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in human microbiota and immune system modulation by probiotics and prebiotics relies on continuous efforts to establish suitable biomarkers of health and diseases risk factors for the design of clinical trials required for health claim approval. In spite of the promising results, the performance of large, long-term, well-planned, well-aligned clinical studies is crucial to provide more reliability and a more solid basis for the outcomes achieved and to support the potential use of probiotics and prebiotics in clinical practice.
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23
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Swanson HI. Drug Metabolism by the Host and Gut Microbiota: A Partnership or Rivalry? Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1499-504. [PMID: 26261284 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiome in determining not only overall health, but also in the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics, is rapidly emerging. It is becoming increasingly clear that the gut microbiota can act in concert with the host cells to maintain intestinal homeostasis, cometabolize drugs and xenobiotics, and alter the expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters and the expression and activity levels of nuclear receptors. In this myriad of activities, the impact of the microbiota may be beneficial or detrimental to the host. Given that the interplay between the gut microbiota and host cells is likely subject to high interindividual variability, this work has tremendous implications for our ability to predict accurately a particular drug's pharmacokinetics and a given patient population's response to drugs. In this issue of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, a series of articles is presented that illustrate the progress and challenges that lie ahead as we unravel the intricacies associated with drug and xenobiotic metabolism by the gut microbiota. These articles highlight the underlying mechanisms that are involved and the use of in vivo and in vitro approaches that are currently available for elucidating the role of the gut microbiota in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. These articles also shed light on exciting new avenues of research that may be pursued as we consider the role of the gut microbiota as an endocrine organ, a component of the brain-gut axis, and whether the gut microbiota is an appropriate and amenable target for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie I Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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24
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Pathak S, Grillo AR, Scarpa M, Brun P, D'Incà R, Nai L, Banerjee A, Cavallo D, Barzon L, Palù G, Sturniolo GC, Buda A, Castagliuolo I. MiR-155 modulates the inflammatory phenotype of intestinal myofibroblasts by targeting SOCS1 in ulcerative colitis. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e164. [PMID: 25998827 PMCID: PMC4454995 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal levels of microRNA (miR)-155, which regulate inflammation and immune responses, have been demonstrated in the colonic mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), although its role in disease pathophysiology is unknown. We investigated the role of miR-155 in the acquisition and maintenance of an activated phenotype by intestinal myofibroblasts (IMF), a key cell population contributing to mucosal damage in IBD. IMF were isolated from colonic biopsies of healthy controls, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) patients. MiR-155 in IMF was quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in basal condition and following exposure to TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or TGF-β1. The effects of miR-155 mimic or inhibitor transfection on cytokine release and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) expression were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot, respectively. Regulation of the target gene SOCS1 expression by miR-155 was assessed using luciferase reporter construct. We found that miR-155 was significantly upregulated in UC as compared with control- and CD-derived IMF. Moreover, TNF-α and LPS, but not TGF-β1 and IL-1β, significantly increased miR-155 expression in IMF. Ectopic expression of miR-155 in control IMF augmented cytokines release, whereas it downregulated SOCS1 expression. MiR-155 knockdown in UC-IMF reduced cytokine production and enhanced SOCS1 expression. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-155 directly targets SOCS1. Moreover, silencing of SOCS1 in control IMF significantly increased IL-6 and IL-8 release. In all, our data suggest that inflammatory mediators induce miR-155 expression in IMF of patients with UC. By downregulating the expression of SOCS1, miR-155 wires IMF inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Pathak
- 1] Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy [2] Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessia Rosaria Grillo
- 1] Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy [2] Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Melania Scarpa
- Oncological Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Renata D'Incà
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Nai
- 1] Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy [2] Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Donatella Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Carlo Sturniolo
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Buda
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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25
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Kerami Z, Duijvis NW, Vogels EW, van Dooren FH, Moerland PD, Te Velde AA. Effect of interleukin-17 on gene expression profile of fibroblasts from Crohn's disease patients. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:1208-16. [PMID: 24637010 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The expression of interleukin (IL)-17 is upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Since fibroblasts are known to be responsive to IL-17, they may play a role in the modulation of inflammatory responses in IBD. Here, the effects of IL-17 on ileum and colon fibroblasts from Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients are investigated, as compared to controls. METHODS Fibroblasts were isolated from surgical specimens taken from the tissue of 21 CD patients, 5 UC patients, and 14 patients undergoing surgery for colorectal carcinoma (control). The fibroblasts were cultured with and without IL-17. We performed mRNA microarray analysis on cultured fibroblasts, isolated from three CD samples and three control samples. Based on these results, the expression of IL-17 induced genes was validated in a larger selection of samples using qRT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS The mRNA microarray showed that IL-17 induced the expression levels of various genes in fibroblasts of CD patients and controls, among which NFKBIZ, CXCL1, and CXCL6 demonstrated the most prominent response. qRT-PCR validated that IL-17 induced the expression of NFKBIZ significantly (p=0.028) in intestinal fibroblasts of CD patients. By performing an ELISA, we also discovered that, following IL-17 stimulation, CXCL1 levels were significantly increased in fibroblasts from CD patients (p=0.048). IL-17 also stimulated secretion of CXCL6 in fibroblasts from UC patients (p=0.053). CONCLUSION The enhanced expression of IL-17 that is observed in patients with Crohn's disease could act on intestinal fibroblasts to induce expression of transcription factor NFKBIZ and proinflammatory chemokine CXCL1. This can have consequences for fibroblast activity and neutrophil chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Kerami
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolette W Duijvis
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Esther W Vogels
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Faas H van Dooren
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Perry D Moerland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Gilardi D, Fiorino G, Genua M, Allocca M, Danese S. Complementary and alternative medicine in inflammatory bowel diseases: what is the future in the field of herbal medicine? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 8:835-46. [PMID: 24813226 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.917954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of complementary and alternative medicine is wide-spread not only in Eastern countries, but also in the Western world. Despite the increasing evidence on the harmful effects induced by several naturopathic/homeopathic products, patients seem to appreciate these remedies, in particular because they consider them to be absolutely safe. This same phenomenon is common among inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. As a result there is a significant request for scientific data to evaluate both the efficacy and safety of these remedies, and to support the use of such medications as adjuvant treatments to biological and synthetic drugs. We aimed to review the current evidence on efficacy and safety of some natural products that are believed to be effective in inflammatory bowel disease. Further perspectives for the clinical use of herbal products and strategies for improving knowledge about herbal products in IBD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gilardi
- IBD Center, Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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27
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D'Alessio S, Correale C, Tacconi C, Gandelli A, Pietrogrande G, Vetrano S, Genua M, Arena V, Spinelli A, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Fiocchi C, Danese S. VEGF-C-dependent stimulation of lymphatic function ameliorates experimental inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3863-78. [PMID: 25105363 DOI: 10.1172/jci72189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) of unknown etiology that are associated with an aberrant mucosal immune response. Neoangiogenesis and vascular injury are observed in IBD along with increased lymphangiogenesis. While the pathogenic role of angiogenesis in IBD is well characterized, it is not clear how or if increased lymphangiogenesis promotes disease. Here, we determined that enhancing lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function reduces experimental IBD. Specifically, we demonstrated that adenoviral induction of prolymphangiogenic factor VEGF-C provides marked protection against the development of acute and chronic colitis in 2 different animal models. VEGF-C-dependent protection was observed in combination with increased inflammatory cell mobilization and bacterial antigen clearance from the inflamed colon to the draining lymph nodes. Moreover, we found that the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 pathway regulates macrophage (MΦ) plasticity and activation both in cultured MΦs and in vivo, imparting a hybrid M1-M2 phenotype. The protective function of VEGF-C was meditated by the so-called resolving MΦs during chronic experimental colitis in a STAT6-dependent manner. Together, these findings shed light on the contribution of lymphatics to the pathogenesis of gut inflammation and suggest that correction of defective lymphatic function with VEGF-C has potential as a therapeutic strategy for IBD.
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28
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Salter M, Beggs S. Sublime Microglia: Expanding Roles for the Guardians of the CNS. Cell 2014; 158:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kulkarni RM, Stuart WD, Gurusamy D, Waltz SE. Ron receptor signaling is protective against DSS-induced colitis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G1065-74. [PMID: 24742989 PMCID: PMC4059975 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00421.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine that result in painful and debilitating complications. Currently no cure exists for IBD, and treatments are primarily aimed at reducing inflammation to alleviate symptoms. Genome-wide linkage studies have identified the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFL), as genes highly associated with IBD. However, only scant information exists on the role of Ron or HGFL in IBD. Based on the linkage of Ron to IBD, we directly examined the biological role of Ron in colitis. Wild-type mice and mice lacking the TK signaling domain of Ron (TK-/- mice) were utilized in a well-characterized model of chronic colitis induced by cyclic exposure to dextran sulfate sodium. In this model, TK-/- mice were more susceptible to injury as judged by increased mortality compared with control mice and developed more severe colitis. Loss of Ron led to significantly reduced body weights and more aggressive clinical and histopathologies. Ron loss also resulted in a dramatic reduction in colonic epithelial cell proliferation and increased proinflammatory cytokine production, which was associated with alterations in important signaling pathways known to regulate IBD. Examination of human gene expression data further supports the contention that loss of Ron signaling is associated with IBD. In total, our studies point to important functional roles for Ron in IBD by regulating healing of the colonic epithelium and by controlling cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William D. Stuart
- 1Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Devikala Gurusamy
- 1Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Susan E. Waltz
- 1Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and ,2Department of Research, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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30
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Kuo SM, Chan WC, Hu Z. Wild-type and IL10-null mice have differential colonic epithelial gene expression responses to dietary supplementation with synbiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis and inulin. J Nutr 2014; 144:245-51. [PMID: 24381223 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.185249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic plus probiotic (synbiotic) supplementations promote fermentation and have shown anti-inflammatory activity in colonic epithelium. However, in many instances, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have demonstrated adverse effects after prebiotic supplementation at a dose well tolerated by normal individuals. To test the hypothesis that the host inflammation affects the colonic epithelial response to increased fermentation, the gene expression of colonic epithelium was analyzed. In a 1-way experimental design to test the effect of supplements in wild-type mice using the standard diet formulated by the American Institute of Nutrition (AIN-93G) as the control diet, fermentable fiber inulin (5%) in the absence or presence of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis (Bb12) (10(8) CFU/kg diet) showed limited effects on gene expression as determined by whole-genome microarray. Bb12 supplementation alone was known not to increase fermentation and here instead significantly upregulated genes in nucleic acid metabolic processes. The effects of the synbiotic diet were then determined in mice exposed to LPS-induced inflammation in a 2-way experimental design testing the effect of diet and LPS. The microarray and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses on the wild-type mice revealed that LPS-induced changes in the colonic epithelium were 4- to 10-fold less in the synbiotic diet group compared with the control diet group. Unlike the wild-type mice, anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL10)-null mice (susceptible to IBD) given the synbiotic diet, compared with those given the control diet, had 3- to 40-fold increased expression of inflammation-related genes such as Cxcl1 (chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1) and S100a9 (S100 calcium binding protein A9) in the absence and presence of LPS exposure. These contrasting intestinal epithelial responses to increased fermentation in wild-type and IL10-null mice are similar to the difference between healthy human individuals and those with IBD, suggesting that the host disease/genetic background should be considered before prebiotic/probiotic supplementation.
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Däbritz J. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the intestinal innate immune cell homeostasis in Crohn's disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G455-65. [PMID: 24503766 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00409.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Current literature consolidates the view of Crohn's disease (CD) as a form of immunodeficiency highlighting dysregulation of intestinal innate immunity in the pathogenesis of CD. Intestinal macrophages derived from blood monocytes play a key role in sustaining the innate immune homeostasis in the intestine, suggesting that the monocyte/macrophage compartment might be an attractive therapeutic target for the management of CD. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that also promotes myeloid cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. GM-CSF has a protective effect in human CD and mouse models of colitis. However, the role of GM-CSF in immune and inflammatory reactions in the intestine is not well defined. Beneficial effects exerted by GM-CSF during intestinal inflammation could relate to modulation of the mucosal barrier function in the intestine, including epithelial cell proliferation, survival, restitution, and immunomodulatory actions. The aim of this review is to summarize potential mechanistic roles of GM-CSF in intestinal innate immune cell homeostasis and to highlight its central role in maintenance of the intestinal immune barrier in the context of immunodeficiency in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Däbritz
- The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation & Pathology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne Medical School, Department of Paediatrics, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University Children's Hospital Münster, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Münster, Germany; and University of Münster, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Münster, Germany
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Stanisic V, Quigley EMM. The overlap between IBS and IBD: what is it and what does it mean? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 8:139-45. [PMID: 24417262 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.876361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nature and clinical implications of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-type symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who are in apparent remission have generated considerable debate. While, on the one hand, these symptoms satisfy Rome III criteria for IBS and their occurrence correlates highly with anxiety, a known trigger for IBS, on the other hand, recent studies have shown that many of these patients exhibit subtle inflammatory changes. Are these symptoms 'true' IBS superimposed on IBD, or an active but sub-clinical form of IBD? We propose a unifying model to explain and reconcile current knowledge on this topic, a model that could provide a conceptual framework for understanding the nature of these symptoms and point towards effective management strategies. We propose that IBS symptoms in IBD patients who are in remission be termed irritable inflammatory bowel syndrome in order to emphasize their unique presentation and etiology and to distinguish them from both IBS and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Stanisic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
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33
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Pérez-Berezo T, Ramírez-Santana C, Franch A, Ramos-Romero S, Castellote C, Pérez-Cano FJ, Castell M. Effects of a cocoa diet on an intestinal inflammation model in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:1181-8. [PMID: 23104506 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is a rich source of fiber and flavonoids with recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a cocoa-enriched diet on rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Wistar rats were fed with either a 5% cocoa diet or standard diet. Colon inflammation was induced by DSS in the drinking water: 5% for six days and 2% over the following nine days. Colitis was assessed by body weight loss, stool consistency and blood presence in stools. A group of animals fed standard diet was treated with quercitrin (1 mg/kg) after colitis establishment. After two weeks of DSS treatment, the colon oxidative and inflammatory status and lymphocyte composition from blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were assessed. The cocoa-fed group did not exhibit amelioration of clinical colitis but displayed higher antioxidant activity than the colitic reference group by the restoration of colon glutathione content and prevention of lipid peroxidation. The cocoa diet showed anti-inflammatory potential because it down-regulated serum tumor necrosis factor-α, colon inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and decreased colon cell infiltration. The lymphocyte composition in MLNs was not modified by drinking DSS, but there was an increase in the proportion of natural killer and regulatory T-cells in the blood. These changes were not modified by cocoa. In conclusion, cocoa intake may help to inhibit the negative oxidative effects consequent to colitis, although this action is not enough to abrogate the intestinal inflammation significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pérez-Berezo
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona, Spain
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Jonkers D, Penders J, Masclee A, Pierik M. Probiotics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of intervention studies in adult patients. Drugs 2012; 72:803-23. [PMID: 22512365 DOI: 10.2165/11632710-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mounting evidence suggests an important role for the intestinal microbiota in the chronic mucosal inflammation that occurs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and novel molecular approaches have further identified a dysbiosis in these patients. Several mechanisms of action of probiotic products that may interfere with possible aetiological factors in IBD have been postulated. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to discuss the rationale for probiotics in IBD and to systematically review clinical intervention studies with probiotics in the management of IBD in adults. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed up to 1 October 2011, using defined keywords. Only full-text papers in the English language addressing clinical outcomes in adult patients were included. The 41 eligible studies were categorized on disease type (ulcerative colitis [UC] with/without an ileo-anal pouch and Crohn's disease [CD]) and disease activity. Pooled odds ratios were only calculated per probiotic for a specific patient group when more than one randomized controlled trial was available. RESULTS Well designed randomized controlled trials supporting the application of probiotics in the management of IBD are still limited. Meta-analyses could only be performed for a limited number of studies revealing overall risk ratios of 2.70 (95% CI 0.47, 15.33) for inducing remission in active UC with Bifido-fermented milk versus placebo or no additive treatment (n = 2); 1.88 (95% CI 0.96, 3.67) for inducing remission in active UC with VSL#3 versus placebo (n = 2); 1.08 (95% CI 0.86, 1.37) for preventing relapses in inactive UC with Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 versus standard treatment (n = 3); 0.17 (95% CI 0.09, 0.33) for preventing relapses in inactive UC/ileo-anal pouch anastomosis (IPAA) patients with VSL#3 versus placebo; 1.21 (95% CI 0.57, 2.57) for preventing endoscopic recurrences in inactive CD with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG versus placebo (n = 2); and 0.93 (95% CI 0.63, 1.38) for preventing endoscopic recurrences in inactive CD with Lactobacillus johnsonii versus placebo (n = 2). CONCLUSION Further well designed studies based on intention-to-treat analyses by several independent research groups are still warranted to support the promising results for E. coli Nissle in inactive UC and the multispecies product VSL#3 in active UC and inactive pouch patients. So far, no evidence is available to support the use of probiotics in CD. Future studies should focus on specific disease subtypes and disease location. Further insight into the aetiology of IBD and the mechanisms of probiotic strains will aid in selecting probiotic strains for specific disease entities and disease locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Research School Nutrim, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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35
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Dignaß A, Hartmann F, Schulze H, Stein J. [Not Available]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2012; 41:154-157. [PMID: 24523086 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Dignaß
- Medizinische Klinik I - Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Onkologie, Infektiologie und Stoffwechsel, Agaplesion Markus-Krankenhaus, Wilhelm-Epstein-Str. 4, 60431 Frankfurt am Main; Medizinische Klinik I, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt/Main; Crohn Colitis Centrum Rhein-Main, Frankfurt / Main.
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36
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Duttagupta R, DiRienzo S, Jiang R, Bowers J, Gollub J, Kao J, Kearney K, Rudolph D, Dawany NB, Showe MK, Stamato T, Getts RC, Jones KW. Genome-wide maps of circulating miRNA biomarkers for ulcerative colitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31241. [PMID: 22359580 PMCID: PMC3281076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease--comprised of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (UC)--is a complex, multi-factorial inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study we have explored the utility of naturally occurring circulating miRNAs as potential blood-based biomarkers for non-invasive prediction of UC incidences. Whole genome maps of circulating miRNAs in micro-vesicles, Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and platelets have been constructed from a cohort of 20 UC patients and 20 normal individuals. Through Significance Analysis of Microarrays, a signature of 31 differentially expressed platelet-derived miRNAs has been identified and biomarker performance estimated through a non-probabilistic binary linear classification using Support Vector Machines. Through this approach, classifier measurements reveal a predictive score of 92.8% accuracy, 96.2% specificity and 89.5% sensitivity in distinguishing UC patients from normal individuals. Additionally, the platelet-derived biomarker signature can be validated at 88% accuracy through qPCR assays, and a majority of the miRNAs in this panel can be demonstrated to sub-stratify into 4 highly correlated intensity based clusters. Analysis of predicted targets of these biomarkers reveal an enrichment of pathways associated with cytoskeleton assembly, transport, membrane permeability and regulation of transcription factors engaged in a variety of regulatory cascades that are consistent with a cell-mediated immune response model of intestinal inflammation. Interestingly, comparison of the miRNA biomarker panel and genetic loci implicated in IBD through genome-wide association studies identifies a physical linkage between hsa-miR-941 and a UC susceptibility loci located on Chr 20. Taken together, analysis of these expression maps outlines a promising catalog of novel platelet-derived miRNA biomarkers of clinical utility and provides insight into the potential biological function of these candidates in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Duttagupta
- Applied Reasearch Group, Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon DiRienzo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rong Jiang
- Applied Reasearch Group, Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Bowers
- Research and Development, Genisphere LLC, Hatfield, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Gollub
- Applied Reasearch Group, Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kao
- Applied Reasearch Group, Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Keith Kearney
- Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Rudolph
- Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Noor B. Dawany
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Showe
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tom Stamato
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Getts
- Research and Development, Genisphere LLC, Hatfield, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Keith W. Jones
- Applied Reasearch Group, Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
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