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Takahashi S, Nakagawa K, Nagata W, Koizumi A, Ishizuka T. A preliminary therapeutic study of the effects of molecular hydrogen on intestinal dysbiosis and small intestinal injury in high-fat diet-loaded senescence-accelerated mice. Nutrition 2024; 122:112372. [PMID: 38428218 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aging and excessive fat intake may additively induce dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and intestinal inflammatory damage. Here, we analyzed microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal injury in high-fat diet-loaded senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8). Additionally, we examined whether treatment with molecular hydrogen could improve the intestinal environment. METHODS SAMP8 and SAMR1 (control) mice were first fed a normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 wk (n = 10 each group). Subsequently, HFD was supplemented with a placebo jelly or hydrogen-rich jelly (HRJ) for 4 wk. After treatment, isolated small intestinal tissues were used for hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence staining, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Furthermore, we analyzed alterations in the microbiota composition in cecal feces using 16S rRNA gene analysis for microbiota profiling. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired Student's t tests or one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. RESULT HFD feeding reduced the expression of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the small intestine of SAMP8. HRJ treatment improved the reduction in CDX2 and BrdU and enhanced MDA levels. We performed a sequence analysis of the gut microbiota at the genus level and identified 283 different bacterial genera from the 30 samples analyzed in the study. Among them, Parvibacter positively correlated with both HFD intake and aging, whereas 10 bacteria, including Anaerofustis, Anaerosporobacter, Butyricicoccus, and Ruminococcus were negatively correlated with both HFD and aging. HRJ treatment increased Lactinobactor and decreased Akkermansia, Gracilibacter, and Marvinbryantia abundance. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that treatment with molecular hydrogen may affect microbiota profiling and suppress intestinal injury in HFD-loaded SAMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology of National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology of National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Wataru Nagata
- Department of Pharmacology of National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiho Koizumi
- Department of Pharmacology of National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology of National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Parascandolo A, Benincasa G, Corcione F, Laukkanen MO. ERK2 Is a Promoter of Cancer Cell Growth and Migration in Colon Adenocarcinoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:119. [PMID: 38247543 PMCID: PMC10812609 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
ERK1/2 phosphorylation is frequently downregulated in the early phase of colon tumorigenesis with subsequent activation of ERK5. In the current work, we studied the advantages of ERK1/2 downregulation for tumor growth by dissecting the individual functions of ERK1 and ERK2. The patient sample data demonstrated decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the early phase of tumorigenesis followed by increased phosphorylation in late-stage colon adenocarcinomas with intratumoral invasion or metastasis. In vitro results indicated that SOD3-mediated coordination of small GTPase RAS regulatory genes inhibited RAS-ERK1/2 signaling. In vitro and in vivo studies suggested that ERK2 has a more prominent role in chemotactic invasion, collective migration, and cell proliferation than ERK1. Of note, simultaneous ERK1 and ERK2 expression inhibited collective cell migration and proliferation but tended to promote invasion, suggesting that ERK1 controls ERK2 function. According to the present data, phosphorylated ERK1/2 at the early phase of colon adenocarcinoma limits tumor mass expansion, whereas reactivation of the kinases at the later phase of colon carcinogenesis is associated with the initiation of metastasis. Additionally, our results suggest that ERK1 is a regulatory kinase that coordinates ERK2-promoted chemotactic invasion, collective migration, and cell proliferation. Our findings indicate that ROS, especially H2O2, are associated with the regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in colon cancer by either increasing or decreasing kinase activity. These data suggest that ERK2 has a growth-promoting role and ERK1 has a regulatory role in colon tumorigenesis, which could lead to new avenues in the development of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Parascandolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | | | | | - Mikko O. Laukkanen
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Center for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), CNR-IEOS, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Badia-Ramentol J, Gimeno-Valiente F, Duréndez E, Martínez-Ciarpaglini C, Linares J, Iglesias M, Cervantes A, Calon A, Tarazona N. The prognostic potential of CDX2 in colorectal cancer: Harmonizing biology and clinical practice. Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 121:102643. [PMID: 37871463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy following surgical intervention remains the primary treatment option for patients with localized colorectal cancer (CRC). However, a significant proportion of patients will have an unfavorable outcome after current forms of chemotherapy. While reflecting the increasing complexity of CRC, the clinical application of molecular biomarkers provides information that can be utilized to guide therapeutic strategies. Among these, caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) emerges as a biomarker of both prognosis and relapse after therapy. CDX2 is a key transcription factor that controls intestinal fate. Although rarely mutated in CRC, loss of CDX2 expression has been reported mostly in right-sided, microsatellite-unstable tumors and is associated with aggressive carcinomas. The pathological assessment of CDX2 by immunohistochemistry can thus identify patients with high-risk CRC, but the evaluation of CDX2 expression remains challenging in a substantial proportion of patients. In this review, we discuss the roles of CDX2 in homeostasis and CRC and the alterations that lead to protein expression loss. Furthermore, we review the clinical significance of CDX2 assessment, with a particular focus on its current use as a biomarker for pathological evaluation and clinical decision-making. Finally, we attempt to clarify the molecular implications of CDX2 deficiency, ultimately providing insights for a more precise evaluation of CDX2 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Badia-Ramentol
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Gimeno-Valiente
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Elena Duréndez
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, CIBERONC, Spain
| | | | - Jenniffer Linares
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Iglesias
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Andrés Cervantes
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Alexandre Calon
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Noelia Tarazona
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, CIBERONC, Spain.
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Gao J, Cao B, Zhao R, Li H, Xu Q, Wei B. Critical Signaling Transduction Pathways and Intestinal Barrier: Implications for Pathophysiology and Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1216. [PMID: 37765024 PMCID: PMC10537644 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a sum of the functions and structures consisting of the intestinal mucosal epithelium, mucus, intestinal flora, secretory immunoglobulins, and digestive juices. It is the first-line defense mechanism that resists nonspecific infections with powerful functions that include physical, endocrine, and immune defenses. Health and physiological homeostasis are greatly dependent on the sturdiness of the intestinal barrier shield, whose dysfunction can contribute to the progression of numerous types of intestinal diseases. Disorders of internal homeostasis may also induce barrier impairment and form vicious cycles during the response to diseases. Therefore, the identification of the underlying mechanisms involved in intestinal barrier function and the development of effective drugs targeting its damage have become popular research topics. Evidence has shown that multiple signaling pathways and corresponding critical molecules are extensively involved in the regulation of the barrier pathophysiological state. Ectopic expression or activation of signaling pathways plays an essential role in the process of shield destruction. Although some drugs, such as molecular or signaling inhibitors, are currently used for the treatment of intestinal diseases, their efficacy cannot meet current medical requirements. In this review, we summarize the current achievements in research on the relationships between the intestinal barrier and signaling pathways. The limitations and future perspectives are also discussed to provide new horizons for targeted therapies for restoring intestinal barrier function that have translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Hanghang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Qixuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; (J.G.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Q.X.)
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Song Y, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhu J, Chen Y, Gao F, Zhang H, Han Y, Weng Q, Yuan Z. Seasonal expression of extracellular signal regulated kinases in the colon of wild ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2209-2215. [PMID: 35040005 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the experiment was to explore the localization and seasonal expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) in the colonic tissue of wild ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). METHODS AND RESULTS Hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used in this experiment. The histological results showed that the diameter of the colon lumen enlarged and the number of glandular cells increased in the non-breeding season. It was found in the immunochemical results that both ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 were expressed in the cytoplasm of goblet cells and intestinal epithelial cells, while pERK1/2 was also expressed in the nucleus of them. The immune localization of both was more obvious in the non-breeding season, especially in intestinal epithelial cells. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting showed that ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 were seasonally highly expressed in the non-breeding season. CONCLUSIONS The expression of ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 was seasonal changes and had significant increases in the non-breeding season. This study revealed that ERK1/2 had potential roles in the colon to the adaptation of seasonal changes in wild ground squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jueyu Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Chen
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuli Gao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Han
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Weng
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Yuan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Stover AD, Labuhn M, Osman MR, Basson MD. Vil-Cre specific Schlafen 3 knockout mice exhibit sex-specific differences in intestinal differentiation markers and Schlafen family members expression levels. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259195. [PMID: 34710177 PMCID: PMC8553116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium requires self-renewal and differentiation in order to function and adapt to pathological diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, short gut syndrome, and ulcers. The rodent Slfn3 protein and the human Slfn12 analog are known to regulate intestinal epithelial differentiation. Previous work utilizing a pan-Slfn3 knockout (KO) mouse model revealed sex-dependent gene expression disturbances in intestinal differentiation markers, metabolic pathways, Slfn family member mRNA expression, adaptive immune cell proliferation/functioning genes, and phenotypically less weight gain and sex-dependent changes in villus length and crypt depth. We have now created a Vil-Cre specific Slfn3KO (VC-Slfn3KO) mouse to further evaluate its role in intestinal differentiation. There were increases in Slfn1, Slfn2, Slfn4, and Slfn8 and decreases in Slfn5 and Slfn9 mRNA expression that were intestinal region and sex-specific. Differentiation markers, sucrase isomaltase (SI), villin 1, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and glucose transporters, glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), Glut2, and sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), were increased in expression in VC-Slfn3KO mice based on intestinal region and were also highly female sex-biased, except for SI in the ileum was also increased for male VC-Slfn3KO mice and SGLT1 was decreased for both sexes. Overall, the variations that we observed in these VC-Slfn3KO mice indicate a complex regulation of intestinal gene expression that is sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E. Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Allie D. Stover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Mary Labuhn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Marcus R. Osman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
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Wang Z, Kang B, Gao Q, Huang L, Di J, Fan Y, Yu J, Jiang B, Gao F, Wang D, Sun H, Gu Y, Li J, Su X. Quadruple-editing of the MAPK and PI3K pathways effectively blocks the progression of KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3895-3910. [PMID: 34185934 PMCID: PMC8409416 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutated KRAS promotes the activation of the MAPK pathway and the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Aberrant activation of the PI3K pathway strongly attenuates the efficacy of MAPK suppression in KRAS‐mutated CRC. The development of a novel strategy targeting a dual pathway is therefore highly essential for the therapy of KRAS‐mutated CRC. In this study, a quadruple‐depleting system for the KRAS, MEK1, PIK3CA, and MTOR genes based on CRISPR/SaCas9 was developed. Adenovirus serotype 5 (ADV5) was integrated with two engineered proteins, an adaptor and a protector, to form ADV‐protein complex (APC) for systemic delivery of the CRISPR system. Quadruple‐editing could significantly inhibit the MAPK and PI3K pathways in CRC cells with oncogenic mutations of KRAS and PIK3CA or with KRAS mutation and compensated PI3K activation. Compared with MEK and PI3K/MTOR inhibitors, quadruple‐editing induced more significant survival inhibition on primary CRC cells with oncogenic mutations of KRAS and PIK3CA. The adaptor specifically targeting EpCAM and the hexon‐shielding protector could dramatically enhance ADV5 infection efficiency to CRC cells and significantly reduce off‐targeting tropisms to many organs except the colon. Moreover, quadruple‐editing intravenously delivered by APC significantly blocked the dual pathway and tumor growth of KRAS‐mutated CRC cells, without influencing normal tissues in cell‐ and patient‐derived xenograft models. Therefore, APC‐delivered quadruple‐editing of the MAPK and PI3K pathways shows a promising therapeutic potential for KRAS‐mutated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaozao Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Jiabo Di
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yingcong Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Beihai Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Ying Gu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangqian Su
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
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Lee H, Lee JS, Cho HJ, Lee YJ, Kim ES, Kim SK, Nam TG, Jeong BS, Kim JA. Antioxidant Analogue 6-Amino-2,4,5-Trimethylpyridin-3-ol Ameliorates Experimental Colitis in Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1022-1033. [PMID: 32361923 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been suggested to be a factor contributing to the disease severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). BJ-1108, a derivative of 6-amino-2,4,5-trimethylpyridin-3-ol, is reported to significantly inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. However, whether this molecule affects intestinal inflammation is largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the effect of BJ-1108 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice. METHODS Colitis was induced in mice with DSS, and disease severity was estimated by evaluating body weight, colon length, histology, immune cell infiltration, and intestinal permeability. We examined the protective effects of BJ-1108 on barrier function using Caco-2 cells. Last, we estimated the impact of BJ-1108 on the phosphorylation of NF-kB, PI3K/AKT, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. RESULTS Mice treated with BJ-1108 exhibited improved disease severity, as indicated by evaluations of body weight, histological scores, spleen weight, and infiltrates of T cells and macrophages. The administration of BJ-1108 inhibited the colonic mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1β in vivo. Additionally, BJ-1108 limited intestinal permeability and enhanced the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins such as claudin-1 and claudin-3 in the DSS-induced colitis model. In an in vitro model using Caco-2 cells, BJ-1108 ameliorated cytokine-induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner and remarkably recovered barrier dysfunction as estimated by evaluating transepithelial electrical resistance and TJ protein expression. BJ-1108 suppressed the NF-kB/ERK/PI3K pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that BJ-1108 ameliorated intestinal inflammation in an experimental colitis mouse model, suggesting possible therapeutic implications for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyul Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.,Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Joon Seop Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eun Soo Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Sung Kook Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | | | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Shneider BL, Cortes-Santiago N, Schady DA, Krishnamoorthy S, Thevananther S, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Huang S, Coarfa C. Constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1) in ileal enterocytes leads to dysplasia and a predisposition to cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G366-G379. [PMID: 33470189 PMCID: PMC8202241 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00065.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is a key factor in the pathogenesis of cancer, although the specific role of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1) is not well understood. Villin promoter-driven Cre expression was used to excise a floxed stop cassette from a phosphomimetically constitutively activated MEK1 (caMEK1) expression construct in the intestine of C57BL/6 mice. Zygosity status of caMEK1 afforded assessment of the dose dependence of the effect. The expected mendelian distribution of genotypes and sex was observed in 443 progenies. Between 21 and 63 days of life, caMEK1 had no effect on body weight in male mice, but reduced body weight in female mice homozygous for caMEK1. At 10 wk of age, the ileum of caMEK1-expressing mice was characterized by the finding of dysplasia and profound changes in overall architecture. Paneth cells were nearly absent in caMEK1 homozygotes. Targeted proteomic profiling via reverse phase protein array analyses with confirmatory Western blotting revealed significant changes in protein and phosphoprotein expression, including upregulation of proteins downstream of MEK1, associated with enhanced markers of proliferation, diminished apoptosis, alterations in cell-fate determination, cell-cell interactions, and tight junctions. Long-term viability of caMEK1 homozygous mice was reduced with no survival beyond 1 yr. Invasive adenocarcinoma developed in three of ten older mice [15 wk (homozygous), 26 wk (homozygous), and 35 wk (heterozygous) of age]. Expression of caMEK1 in enterocytes leads to marked derangements in the intestinal epithelium, which is associated with a predisposition to the development of invasive cancer.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ileum of mice with constitutive expression of activated MEK1 (via phosphomimetic changes) in enterocytes is markedly abnormal with architectural distortion and cytologic atypia, which evolves into an adenoma invasive carcinoma sequence. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals upregulation of proteins downstream of MEK1, associated with enhanced markers of proliferation, diminished apoptosis, alterations in cell-fate determination, cell-cell interactions, and tight junctions. This novel model provides new insights into intestinal homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Shneider
- 1Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Deborah A. Schady
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Swapna Krishnamoorthy
- 1Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sundararajah Thevananther
- 1Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shixia Huang
- 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas,4Center for Prevention and Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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10
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McCarty MF, Lerner A. Perspective: Prospects for Nutraceutical Support of Intestinal Barrier Function. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:316-324. [PMID: 33126251 PMCID: PMC8243597 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of intestinal barrier function is linked to certain pathologies and to aging, and can be a cause of bacterial infections, systemic and hepatic inflammation, food allergies, and autoimmune disorders. The formation and maintenance of intestinal tight junctions is supported by glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which via insulin-like growth factor I activity boosts phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/Akt/mTORC1) signaling in enterocytes. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity as well as estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) activity are also protective in this regard. Conversely, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cellular Src (c-Src) under inflammatory conditions can induce dissociation of tight junctions. Hence, nutraceuticals that promote GLP-2 secretion from L cells-effective pre/probiotics, glycine, and glutamine-as well as diets rich in soluble fiber or resistant starch, can support intestinal barrier function. AMPK activators-notably berberine and the butyric acid produced by health-promoting microflora-are also beneficial in this regard, as are soy isoflavones, which function as selective agonists for ERβ. The adverse impact of MAPK and c-Src overactivation on the intestinal barrier can be combatted with various antioxidant measures, including phycocyanobilin, phase 2-inducer nutraceuticals, and N-acetylcysteine. These considerations suggest that rationally designed functional foods or complex supplementation programs could have clinical potential for supporting and restoring healthful intestinal barrier function.
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Wang Y, Chen CZ, Fu XH, Liu JB, Peng YX, Wang YJ, Han DX, Zhang Z, Yuan B, Gao Y, Jiang H, Zhang JB. CPEB3 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of bovine cumulus cells. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13416. [PMID: 32648330 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3) is a member of the Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding family, which has been found to regulate the translation of dormant and masked mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and plays potential roles in regulating biological functions in cells and tissues. However, its role in cumulus cells is not clear. In this study, the mRNA expression of CPEB3 in bovine cumulus cells was inhibited with small interfering RNA. Cell cycle progression, proliferation, and apoptosis were measured after inhibition of CPEB3. Subsequently, changes in intracellular Reactive oxygen species content, mitochondrial membrane potential and expansion-related gene expression were examined. The results showed that after CPEB3 inhibition, cumulus cells had an abnormal cell cycle, the numbers of cells in the S and G2/M phases were significantly increased, cell proliferation was increased and apoptosis rates were decreased. These effects were likely due CPEB3 inhibition-induced decreases in intracellular Reactive oxygen species levels; increases in mitochondrial membrane potential; decreases in apoptosis; downregulation of CCNA, CCND, CCNE, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, p21, and p27 mRNA expression; and upregulation of CCNB, CDK1, HAS2, PTGS2, PTX3, and CEBPB mRNA expression. Therefore, CPEB3 plays potential roles in regulating the biological and physiological functions of bovine cumulus cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Zhen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xu-Huang Fu
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian-Bo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan-Xia Peng
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yi-Jie Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dong-Xu Han
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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12
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Soler L, Stella A, Seva J, Pallarés FJ, Lahjouji T, Burlet-Schiltz O, Oswald IP. Proteome changes induced by a short, non-cytotoxic exposure to the mycoestrogen zearalenone in the pig intestine. J Proteomics 2020; 224:103842. [PMID: 32454255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways. Among them is estrogen signaling, important for the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, immune signaling and metabolism. The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogen disruptor naturally found in food and feed. The exposure of the intestine to ZEN has toxic effects including alteration of the immune status and is possibly implicated in carcinogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms linked with these effects are not clear. Our objective was to explore the proteome changes induced by a short, non-cytotoxic exposure to ZEN in the intestine using pig jejunal explants. Our results indicated that ZEN promotes little proteome changes, but significantly related with an induction of ERα signaling and a consequent disruption of highly interrelated signaling cascades, such as NF-κB, ERK1/2, CDX2 and HIF1α. The toxicity of ZEN leads also to an altered immune status characterized by the activation of the chemokine CXCR4/SDF-1 axis and an accumulation of MHC-I proteins. Our results connect the estrogen disrupting activity of ZEN with its intestinal toxic effect, associating the exposure to ZEN with cell-signaling disorders similar to those involved in the onset and progression of diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders. SIGNIFICANCE: The proteomics results presented in our study indicate that the endocrine disruptor activity of ZEN is able to regulate a cascade of highly inter-connected signaling events essential for the small intestinal crypt-villus cycle and immune status. These molecular mechanisms are also implicated in the onset and progress of intestinal immune disorders and cancer indicating that exposure to ZEN could play an important role in intestinal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soler
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Alexandre Stella
- Toulouse Proteomics Infrastructure, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan Seva
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Jose Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tarek Lahjouji
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Toulouse Proteomics Infrastructure, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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13
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Lu Y, Qu H, Qi D, Xu W, Liu S, Jin X, Song P, Guo Y, Jia Y, Wang X, Li H, Li Y, Quan C. OCT4 maintains self-renewal and reverses senescence in human hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells through the downregulation of p21 by DNA methyltransferases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30646941 PMCID: PMC6334457 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-renewal is dependent on an intrinsic gene regulatory network centered on OCT4 and on an atypical cell cycle G1/S transition, which is also regulated by OCT4. p21, a gene negatively associated with self-renewal and a senescence marker, is a member of the universal cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) and plays critical roles in the regulation of the G1/S transition. The expression of p21 can be regulated by OCT4-targeted DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), which play distinct roles in gene regulation and maintaining pluripotency properties. The aim of this study was to determine the role of OCT4 in the regulation of self-renewal and senescence in human hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (hHFMSCs) and to characterize the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS A lentiviral vector was used to ectopically express OCT4. The influences of OCT4 on the self-renewal and senescence of hHFMSCs were investigated. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to identify the downstream genes of OCT4 in this process. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis was performed to measure the methylation level of the p21 promoter region. p21 was overexpressed in hHFMSCsOCT4 to test its downstream effect on OCT4. The regulatory effect of OCT4 on DNMTs was examined by ChIP assay. 5-aza-dC/zebularine was used to inhibit the expression of DNMTs, and then self-renewal properties and senescence in hHFMSCs were detected. RESULTS The overexpression of OCT4 promoted proliferation, cell cycle progression, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of hHFMSCs. The cell senescence of hHFMSCs was markedly suppressed due to the ectopic expression of OCT4. Through NGS, we identified 2466 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between hHFMSCsOCT4 and hHFMSCsEGFP, including p21, which was downregulated. The overexpression of p21 abrogated the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity of hHFMSCsOCT4 and promoted cell senescence. OCT4 enhanced the transcription of DNMT genes, leading to an elevation in the methylation of the p21 promoter. The inhibition of DNMTs reversed the OCT4-induced p21 reduction, depleted the self-renewal of hHFMSCsOCT4, and triggered cell senescence. CONCLUSIONS OCT4 maintains the self-renewal ability of hHFMSCs and reverses senescence by suppressing the expression of p21 through the upregulation of DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Huinan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Da Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shutong Liu
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiangshu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Peiye Song
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yantong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yiyang Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hairi Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0651, USA
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021, China.
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14
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Beaudry K, Langlois MJ, Montagne A, Cagnol S, Carrier JC, Rivard N. Dual-specificity phosphatase 6 deletion protects the colonic epithelium against inflammation and promotes both proliferation and tumorigenesis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6731-6745. [PMID: 30273442 PMCID: PMC6519001 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ras/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway controls fundamental cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The dual‐specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) regulates cytoplasmic MAPK signaling by dephosphorylating and inactivating extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2) MAPK. To determine the role of DUSP6 in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, we characterized the intestinal epithelial phenotype of
Dusp6 knockout (KO) mice under normal, oncogenic, and proinflammatory conditions. Our results show that loss of Dusp6 increased crypt depth and epithelial cell proliferation without altering colonic architecture. Crypt regeneration capacity was also enhanced, as revealed by ex vivo
Dusp6 KO organoid cultures. Additionally, loss of Dusp6 induced goblet cell expansion without affecting enteroendocrine and absorptive cell differentiation. Our data also demonstrate that
Dusp6 KO mice were protected from acute dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis, as opposed to wild‐type mice. In addition,
Dusp6 gene deletion markedly enhanced tumor load in
ApcMin/+ mice. Decreased DUSP6 expression by RNA interference in HT29 colorectal cancer cells enhanced ERK1/2 activation levels and promoted both anchorage‐independent growth in soft agar as well as invasion through Matrigel. Finally,
DUSP6 mRNA expression in human colorectal tumors was decreased in advanced stage tumors compared with paired normal tissues. These results demonstrate that DUSP6 phosphatase, by controlling ERK1/2 activation, regulates colonic inflammatory responses, and protects the intestinal epithelium against oncogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Beaudry
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Langlois
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amélie Montagne
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Cagnol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie C Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Rivard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Zhai Z, Ni X, Jin C, Ren W, Li J, Deng J, Deng B, Yin Y. Cecropin A Modulates Tight Junction-Related Protein Expression and Enhances the Barrier Function of Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Suppressing the MEK/ERK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071941. [PMID: 30004434 PMCID: PMC6073479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans and animals is associated with bacterial infection and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Cecropin A, an antimicrobial peptide, has antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. However, the effect of cecropin A on intestinal barrier function and its related mechanisms is still unclear. Here, we used porcine jejunum epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) as a model to investigate the effect and mechanism of cecropin A on intestinal barrier function. We found that cecropin A reduced Escherichia coli (E. coli) adherence to IPEC-J2 cells and downregulated mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Furthermore, cecropin A elevated the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) value while reducing the paracellular permeability of the IPEC-J2 cell monolayer barrier. Finally, by using Western blotting, immunofluorescence and pathway-specific antagonists, we demonstrated that cecropin A increased ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin protein expression and regulated membrane distribution and F-actin polymerization by increasing CDX2 expression. We conclude that cecropin A enhances porcine intestinal epithelial cell barrier function by downregulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. We suggest that cecropin A has the potential to replace antibiotics in the treatment of IBD due to its antibacterial activity on gram-negative bacteria and its enhancement effect on intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaojun Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chenglong Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Subtropical Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China.
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16
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iPSC-Derived Enterocyte-like Cells for Drug Absorption and Metabolism Studies. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:696-708. [PMID: 29945758 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal cell models have been widely studied and used to evaluate absorption and metabolism of drugs in the small intestine, constituting valuable tools as a first approach to evaluate the behavior of new drugs. However, such cell models might not be able to fully predict the absorption mechanisms and metabolic pathways of the tested compounds. In recent years, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiated into enterocyte-like cells have been proposed as more biorelevant intestinal models. In this review, we describe mechanisms underlying the differentiation of iPSCs into enterocyte-like cells, appraise the usefulness of these cells in tridimensional intestinal models, and discuss their suitability to be used in the future for drug screening.
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17
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Gamo K, Okuzono Y, Yabuki M, Ochi T, Sugimura K, Sato Y, Sagara M, Hayashi H, Ishimura Y, Nishimoto Y, Murakawa Y, Shiokawa Z, Gotoh M, Miyazaki T, Ebisuno Y. Gene Signature-Based Approach Identified MEK1/2 as a Potential Target Associated With Relapse After Anti-TNFα Treatment for Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1251-1265. [PMID: 29669006 PMCID: PMC6176896 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) therapy has become the mainstay of therapy for Crohn's disease (CD). However, post-therapy, the recurrence rate is still high. The aim of this study was to dissect the molecular mechanism for recurrence of CD treated with anti-TNFα therapy and investigate novel therapeutic options that could induce complete remission. METHODS We re-analyzed publicly available mucosal gene expression data from CD patients pre- and post-infliximab therapy to extract the transcriptional differences between responders and healthy controls. We used a systematic computational approach based on identified differences to discover novel therapies and validated this prediction through in vitro and in vivo experimentation. RESULTS We identified a set of 3545 anti-TNFα therapy-untreatable genes (TUGs) that are significantly regulated in intestinal epithelial cells, which remain altered during remission. Pathway enrichment analysis of these genes clearly showed excessive growth state and suppressed terminal differentiation, whereas immune components were clearly resolved. Through in silico screening strategy, we observed that MEK inhibitors were predicted to revert expression of genes dysregulated in infliximab responders. In vitro transcriptome analysis demonstrated that selective MEK1/2 inhibitor significantly normalized reference genes from TUGs. In addition, in vitro functional study proved that MEK1/2 inhibitor facilitated intestinal epithelial differentiation. Finally, using murine colitis model, administration of MEK1/2 inhibitor significantly improved diarrhea and histological score. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed the abnormalities in anti-TNFα responders' CD colons that would be cause of recurrence of CD. Also, we provided evidence regarding MEK1/2 inhibitor as a potential treatment against CD to achieve sustainable remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Gamo
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yuumi Okuzono
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masato Yabuki
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ochi
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sugimura
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sato
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Sagara
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Ishimura
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nishimoto
- Pharmaceutical Technology Research and Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakawa
- Pharmaceutical Technology Research and Development Laboratories, CMC Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zenyu Shiokawa
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Gotoh
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Ebisuno
- Immunology Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan,Address correspondence to: Yukihiko Ebisuno, PhD, Immunology Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa 251–8555, Japan ()
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18
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Clark RJ, Craig MP, Agrawal S, Kadakia M. microRNA involvement in the onset and progression of Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8179-8196. [PMID: 29487725 PMCID: PMC5814292 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that develops from Barrett's esophagus (BE), an intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus. microRNAs (miRNAs), short non-coding regulatory RNAs, are frequently dysregulated in BE and are thought to play key roles in the onset of BE and its progression to EAC. miRNAs thus have potential diagnostic and prognostic value and are increasingly being used as cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes the current literature related to miRNAs that are dysregulated in BE within the context of Hedgehog, Notch, MAPK, NF kappa-B, Wnt and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling which are thought to drive BE onset and progression. This comprehensive analysis of miRNAs and their associated signaling in the regulation of BE provides an overview of vital discoveries in this field and highlights gaps in our understanding of BE pathophysiology that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael P Craig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | - Madhavi Kadakia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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19
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Oleic Acid Uptake Reveals the Rescued Enterocyte Phenotype of Colon Cancer Caco-2 by HT29-MTX Cells in Co-Culture Mode. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071573. [PMID: 28726765 PMCID: PMC5536061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal epithelium is the unique route for nutrients and for many pharmaceuticals to enter the body. The present study aimed to analyze precisely whether co-culture of two colon cancer cell lines, mucus-producing cells HT29-MTX and enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells, ameliorate differentiation into an in vitro intestinal barrier model and the signaling pathways involved. Differentiated Caco-2 cells gene datasets were compared first to intestinal or cancer phenotypes and second to signaling pathway gene datasets. Experimental validations were performed in real-time experiments, immunochemistry, and gene expression analyses on Caco-2 versus co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX (10%) cells. Partial maintenance of cancer-cell phenotype in differentiated Caco-2 cells was confirmed and fatty acids merged as potential regulators of cancer signaling pathways. HT29-MTX cells induced morphological changes in Caco-2 cells, slightly increased their proliferation rate and profoundly modified gene transcription of phenotype markers, fatty acid receptors, intracellular transporters, and lipid droplet components as well as functional responses to oleic acid. In vitro, enterocyte phenotype was rescued partially by co-culture of cancer cells with goblet cells and completed through oleic acid interaction with signaling pathways dysregulated in cancer cells.
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The ErbB3 receptor tyrosine kinase negatively regulates Paneth cells by PI3K-dependent suppression of Atoh1. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:855-865. [PMID: 28304405 PMCID: PMC5423110 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs), a secretory population located at the base of the intestinal crypt, support the intestinal stem cells (ISC) with growth factors and participate in innate immunity by releasing antimicrobial peptides, including lysozyme and defensins. PC dysfunction is associated with disorders such as Crohn's disease and necrotizing enterocolitis, but the specific pathways regulating PC development and function are not fully understood. Here we tested the role of the neuregulin receptor ErbB3 in control of PC differentiation and the ISC niche. Intestinal epithelial ErbB3 knockout caused precocious appearance of PCs as early as postnatal day 7, and substantially increased the number of mature PCs in adult mouse ileum. ErbB3 loss had no effect on other secretory lineages, but increased expression of the ISC marker Lgr5. ErbB3-null intestines had elevated levels of the Atoh1 transcription factor, which is required for secretory fate determination, while Atoh1+ cells had reduced ErbB3, suggesting reciprocal negative regulation. ErbB3-null intestinal progenitor cells showed reduced activation of the PI3K-Akt and ERK MAPK pathways. Inhibiting these pathways in HT29 cells increased levels of ATOH1 and the PC marker LYZ. Conversely, ErbB3 activation suppressed LYZ and ATOH1 in a PI3K-dependent manner. Expansion of the PC compartment in ErbB3-null intestines was accompanied with elevated ER stress and inflammation markers, raising the possibility that negative regulation of PCs by ErbB3 is necessary to maintain homeostasis. Taken together, our data suggest that ErbB3 restricts PC numbers through PI3K-mediated suppression of Atoh1 levels leading to inhibition of PC differentiation, with important implications for regulation of the ISC niche.
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Du Q, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang H, Fan H, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Lu J, Ji H, Hu R. Chemopreventive activity of GEN-27, a genistein derivative, in colitis-associated cancer is mediated by p65-CDX2-β-catenin axis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17870-84. [PMID: 26910375 PMCID: PMC4951256 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonresolving inflammation in the intestine predisposes individuals to colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), which leads to high morbidity and mortality. Here we show that genistein-27 (GEN-27), a derivative of genistein, inhibited proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells through inhibiting β-catenin activity. Our results showed that GEN-27 increased expressions of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2), and reduced β-catenin nuclear localization, which resulted from the inhibition of NF-κB/p65 nuclear localization and up-regulation of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2). Furthermore, GEN-27 decreased binding of p65 to the silencer region of CDX2 and increased binding of CDX2 to the promoter regions of APC and AXIN2, thus inhibiting the activation of β-catenin induced by TNF-α. Importantly, GEN-27 protected mice from azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colon carcinogenesis, with reduced mortality, tumor number and tumor volume. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry revealed that dietary GEN-27 significantly decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration. Moreover, GEN-27 inhibited AOM/DSS-induced p65 and β-catenin nuclear translocation, while promoted the expression of CDX2, APC, and AXIN2. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the anti-proliferation effect of GEN-27 in vitro and the prevention of CAC in vivo is mediated by p65-CDX2-β-catenin axis via inhibiting β-catenin target genes. Our results imply that GEN-27 could be a promising candidate for the chemoprevention of CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jinrong Lu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Luo M, Yeruva S, Liu Y, Chodisetti G, Riederer B, Menon MB, Tachibana K, Doi T, Seidler UE. IL-1β-Induced Downregulation of the Multifunctional PDZ Adaptor PDZK1 Is Attenuated by ERK Inhibition, RXRα, or PPARα Stimulation in Enterocytes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:61. [PMID: 28223944 PMCID: PMC5293818 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The PDZ adaptor protein PDZK1 modulates the membrane expression and function of a variety of intestinal receptors and ion/nutrient transporters. Its expression is strongly decreased in inflamed intestinal mucosa of mice and IBD patients. Aim and Methods: We investigated whether the inflammation-associated PDZK1 downregulation is a direct consequence of proinflammatory cytokine release by treating intestinal Caco-2BBE cells with TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β, and analysing PDZK1 promotor activity, mRNA and protein expression. Results: IL-1β was found to significantly decrease PDZK1 promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression in Caco-2BBE cells. A distal region of the hPDZK1 promoter was identified to be important for basal expression and IL-1β-responsiveness. This region harbors the retinoid acid response element RARE as well as binding sites for transcription factors involved in IL-β downstream signaling. ERK1/2 inhibition by the specific MEK1/2 inhibitors PD98059/U0126 significantly attenuated the IL-1β mediated downregulation of PDZK1, while NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and JNK inhibition did not. Expression of the nuclear receptors RXRα and PPARα was decreased in inflamed colonic-mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients and in IL-1β-treated Caco2-BBE cells. Moreover, the RAR/RXR ligand 9-cis retinoic acid and the PPARα-agonist GW7647 stimulated PDZK1 mRNA and protein expression and attenuated IL-1β-mediated inhibition. Conclusions: The strong decrease in PDZK1 expression during intestinal inflammation may be in part a consequence of IL-1β-mediated RXRα and PPARα repression and can be attenuated by agonists for either nuclear receptor, or by ERK1/2 inhibition. The negative consequences of inflammation-induced PDZK1 downregulation on epithelial transport-function may thus be amenable to pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Giriprakash Chodisetti
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Riederer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Manoj B Menon
- Department of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Keisuke Tachibana
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Takefumi Doi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Ursula E Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
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Yu W, Zhu C, Xu W, Jiang L, Jiang S. Neuropeptide Y1 Receptor Regulates Glucocorticoid-Induced Inhibition of Osteoblast Differentiation in Murine MC3T3-E1 Cells via ERK Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122150. [PMID: 28009825 PMCID: PMC5187950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High dose glucocorticoid (GC) administration impairs the viability and function of osteoblasts, thus causing osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. Neuropeptide Y1 receptor (Y1 receptor) is expressed in bone tissues and cells, and regulates bone remodeling. However, the role of Y1 receptor in glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of osteoblast differentiation remains unknown. In the present study, osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium was treated with or without of 10−7 M dexamethasone (Dex), Y1 receptor shRNA interference, Y1 receptor agonist [Leu31, Pro34]-NPY, and antagonist BIBP3226. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and cleaved caspase expression, respectively. Osteoblast differentiation was evaluated by Alizarin Red S staining and osteogenic marker gene expressions. Protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis. Dex upregulated the expression of Y1 receptor in MC3T3-E1 cells associated with reduced osteogenic gene expressions and mineralization. Blockade of Y1 receptor by shRNA transfection and BIBP3226 significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Dex on osteoblastic activity. Y1 receptor signaling modulated the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) as well as the expressions of osteogenic genes. Y1 receptor agonist inhibited ERK phosphorylation and osteoblast differentiation, while Y1 receptor blockade exhibited the opposite effects. Activation of ERK signaling by constitutive active mutant of MEK1 (caMEK) abolished Y1 receptor-mediated Dex inhibition of osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, Y1 receptor regulates Dex-induced inhibition of osteoblast differentiation in murine MC3T3-E1 cells via ERK signaling. This study provides a novel role of Y1 receptor in the process of GC-induced suppression in osteoblast survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Wenning Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Leisheng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shengdan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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24
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Kodama N, Iwao T, Kabeya T, Horikawa T, Niwa T, Kondo Y, Nakamura K, Matsunaga T. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, DNA methyltransferase, and transforming growth factor-β promotes differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into enterocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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ERK5 signalling rescues intestinal epithelial turnover and tumour cell proliferation upon ERK1/2 abrogation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11551. [PMID: 27187615 PMCID: PMC4873670 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ERK1/2 MAPK signalling module integrates extracellular cues that induce proliferation and differentiation of epithelial lineages, and is an established oncogenic driver, particularly in the intestine. However, the interrelation of the ERK1/2 module relative to other signalling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells and colorectal cancer (CRC) is unclear. Here we show that loss of Erk1/2 in intestinal epithelial cells results in defects in nutrient absorption, epithelial cell migration and secretory cell differentiation. However, intestinal epithelial cell proliferation is not impeded, implying compensatory mechanisms. Genetic deletion of Erk1/2 or pharmacological targeting of MEK1/2 results in supraphysiological activity of the ERK5 pathway. Furthermore, targeting both pathways causes a more effective suppression of cell proliferation in murine intestinal organoids and human CRC lines. These results suggest that ERK5 provides a common bypass route in intestinal epithelial cells, which rescues cell proliferation upon abrogation of ERK1/2 signalling, with therapeutic implications in CRC. It is unclear how the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathways interact with other signals in intestinal epithelial cells. Here, the authors show that upon loss of Erk1/2, or pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2, the ERK5 pathway is upregulated to maintain epithelial cell proliferation.
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26
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Iwao T, Kodama N, Kondo Y, Kabeya T, Nakamura K, Horikawa T, Niwa T, Kurose K, Matsunaga T. Generation of enterocyte-like cells with pharmacokinetic functions from human induced pluripotent stem cells using small-molecule compounds. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:603-10. [PMID: 25650381 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine plays an important role in all aspects of pharmacokinetics, but there is no system for the comprehensive evaluation of small-intestinal pharmacokinetics, including drug metabolism and absorption. In this study, we aimed to construct an intestinal pharmacokinetics evaluation system and to generate pharmacokinetically functional enterocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Using activin A and fibroblast growth factor 2, we differentiated these stem cells into intestinal stem cell-like cells, and the resulting cells were differentiated into enterocytes in a medium containing epidermal growth factor and small-molecule compounds. The differentiated cells expressed intestinal marker genes and drug transporters. The expression of sucrase-isomaltase, an intestine-specific marker, was markedly increased by small-molecule compounds. The cells exhibited activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes expressed in enterocytes, including CYP1A1/2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, UGT, and sulfotransferase. Fluorescence-labeled dipeptide uptake into the cells was observed and was inhibited by ibuprofen, an inhibitor of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter solute carrier 15A1/PEPT1. CYP3A4 mRNA expression level was increased by these compounds and induced by the addition of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. CYP3A4/5 activity was also induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cells differentiated in the presence of the compounds. All these results show that we have generated enterocyte-like cells that have pharmacokinetic functions, and we have identified small-molecule compounds that are effective for promoting intestinal differentiation and the gain of pharmacokinetic functions. Our enterocyte-like cells would be useful material for developing a novel evaluation system to predict human intestinal pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Nao Kodama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Tomoki Kabeya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Katsunori Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Takashi Horikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Takuro Niwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Kouichi Kurose
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
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27
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Li H, Chen Z, Zhou S. Apoptosis in glioma-bearing rats after neural stem cell transplantation. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1793-802. [PMID: 25206476 PMCID: PMC4145955 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.19.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk signaling cascade plays an important role in glioma. Inhibition of this aberrant activity could effectively hinder glioma cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis. To investigate the mechanism of glioblastoma treatment by neural stem cell transplantation with respect to the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway, C6 glioma cells were prepared in suspension and then infused into the rat brain to establish a glioblastoma model. Neural stem cells isolated from fetal rats were then injected into the brain of this glioblastoma model. Results showed that Raf-1, Erk and Bcl-2 protein expression significantly increased, while Caspase-3 protein expression decreased. After transplantation of neural stem cells, Raf-1, Erk and Bcl-2 protein expression significantly decreased, while Caspase-3 protein expression significantly increased. Our findings indicate that transplantation of neural stem cells may promote apoptosis of glioma cells by inhibiting Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk signaling, and thus may represent a novel treatment approach for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Neurology, the 476 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, the 476 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shaopeng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong Province, China
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28
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Piegholdt S, Pallauf K, Esatbeyoglu T, Speck N, Reiss K, Ruddigkeit L, Stocker A, Huebbe P, Rimbach G. Biochanin A and prunetin improve epithelial barrier function in intestinal CaCo-2 cells via downregulation of ERK, NF-κB, and tyrosine phosphorylation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:255-64. [PMID: 24631489 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The single-layered gut epithelium represents the primary line of defense against environmental stressors; thereby monolayer integrity and tightness are essentially required to maintain gut health and function. To date only a few plant-derived phytochemicals have been described as affecting intestinal barrier function. We investigated the impact of 28 secondary plant compounds on the barrier function of intestinal epithelial CaCo-2/TC-7 cells via transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements. Apart from genistein, the compounds that had the biggest effect in the TEER measurements were biochanin A and prunetin. These isoflavones improved barrier tightness by 36 and 60%, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, both isoflavones significantly attenuated TNFα-dependent barrier disruption, thereby maintaining a high barrier resistance comparable to nonstressed cells. In docking analyses exploring the putative interaction with the tyrosine kinase EGFR, these novel modulators of barrier tightness showed very similar values compared to the known tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Both biochanin A and prunetin were also identified as potent reducers of NF-κB and ERK activation, zonula occludens 1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and metalloproteinase-mediated shedding activity, which may account for the barrier-improving ability of these isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Piegholdt
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kathrin Pallauf
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nancy Speck
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Reiss
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Ruddigkeit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim Stocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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29
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Coskun M, Olsen AK, Bzorek M, Holck S, Engel UH, Nielsen OH, Troelsen JT. Involvement of CDX2 in the cross talk between TNF-α and Wnt signaling pathway in the colon cancer cell line Caco-2. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1185-92. [PMID: 24501326 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is highly upregulated in inflammation and reduces the expression of the intestinal transcription factor, Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2). Wnt/β-catenin signaling is critical for intestinal cell proliferation, but a decreased CDX2 expression has influence on the Wnt signaling-related genes and progression of colorectal cancer. Although several inflammatory signaling pathways, including TNF-α, have been reported to promote Wnt/β-catenin activity and development of cancer, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The aim was to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the TNF-α-mediated downregulation of CDX2, and its influence on Wnt/β-catenin signaling components in colon cancer cells. The expression of TNF-α and CDX2 at the invasive front were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and showed reduced CDX2-positive cells in tumor buddings in areas with TNF-α expression in the surrounding inflammatory cells. In vitro studies revealed that TNF-α treatment showed a dose-dependent decrease of CDX2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression in Caco-2 cells. Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB or p38 pathways showed that these are involved in the TNF-α-dependent downregulation of CDX2. Furthermore, TNF-α-mediated downregulation of CDX2 was found to significantly decrease the mRNA levels of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β), whereas the mRNA levels of Wnt targets were significantly elevated in TNF-α-treated Caco-2 cells. These findings were associated with reduced binding of CDX2 to promoter or enhancer regions of APC, AXIN2 and GSK3β. In conclusion, it was found that TNF-α induces the expression of Wnt signaling components through a downregulation of the CDX2 expression that might have a tumor-promoting effect on colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Coskun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Kovalenko PL, Yuan L, Sun K, Kunovska L, Seregin S, Amalfitano A, Basson MD. Regulation of epithelial differentiation in rat intestine by intraluminal delivery of an adenoviral vector or silencing RNA coding for Schlafen 3. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79745. [PMID: 24244554 PMCID: PMC3823574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although we stimulate enterocytic proliferation to ameliorate short gut syndrome or mucosal atrophy, less effort has been directed at enterocytic differentiation. Schlafen 3 (Slfn3) is a poorly understood protein induced during IEC-6 enterocytic differentiation. We hypothesized that exogenous manipulation of Slfn3 would regulate enterocytic differentiation in vivo. Adenoviral vector coding for Slfn3 cDNA (Ad-GFP-Slfn3) or silencing RNA for Slfn3 (siSlfn3) was introduced intraluminally into rat intestine. We assessed Slfn3, villin, sucrase-isomaltase (SI), Dpp4, and Glut2 by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. We also studied Slfn3 and these differentiation markers in atrophic defunctionalized jejunal mucosa and the crypt-villus axis of normal jejunum. Ad-GFP-Slfn3 but not Ad-GFP increased Slfn3, villin and Dpp4 expression in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Injecting Ad-GFP-Slfn3 into rat jejunum in vivo increased mucosal Slfn3 mRNA three days later vs. intraluminal Ad-GFP. This Slfn3 overexpression was associated with increases in all four differentiation markers. Injecting siSlfn3 into rat jejunum in vivo substantially reduced Slfn3 and all four intestinal mucosal differentiation markers three days later, as well as Dpp4 specific activity. Endogenous Slfn3 was reduced in atrophic mucosa from a blind-end Roux-en-Y anastomosis in parallel with differentiation marker expression together with AKT and p38 signaling. Slfn3 was more highly expressed in the villi than the crypts, paralleling Glut2, SI and Dpp4. Slfn3 is a key intracellular regulator of rat enterocytic differentiation. Understanding how Slfn3 works may identify targets to promote enterocytic differentiation and maintain mucosal function in vivo, facilitating enteral nutrition and improving survival in patients with mucosal atrophy or short gut syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo L. Kovalenko
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lisi Yuan
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Research Service, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kelian Sun
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lyudmyla Kunovska
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sergey Seregin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Research Service, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Frank SB, Miranti CK. Disruption of prostate epithelial differentiation pathways and prostate cancer development. Front Oncol 2013; 3:273. [PMID: 24199173 PMCID: PMC3813973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the foremost problems in the prostate cancer (PCa) field is the inability to distinguish aggressive from indolent disease, which leads to difficult prognoses and thousands of unnecessary surgeries. This limitation stems from the fact that the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in the prostate are poorly understood. Some genetic alterations are commonly reported in prostate tumors, including upregulation of Myc, fusion of Ets genes to androgen-regulated promoters, and loss of Pten. However, the specific roles of these aberrations in tumor initiation and progression are poorly understood. Likewise, the cell of origin for PCa remains controversial and may be linked to the aggressive potential of the tumor. One important clue is that prostate tumors co-express basal and luminal protein markers that are restricted to their distinct cell types in normal tissue. Prostate epithelium contains layer-specific stem cells as well as rare bipotent cells, which can differentiate into basal or luminal cells. We hypothesize that the primary oncogenic cell of origin is a transient-differentiating bipotent cell. Such a cell must maintain tight temporal and spatial control of differentiation pathways, thus increasing its susceptibility for oncogenic disruption. In support of this hypothesis, many of the pathways known to be involved in prostate differentiation can be linked to genes commonly altered in PCa. In this article, we review what is known about important differentiation pathways (Myc, p38MAPK, Notch, PI3K/Pten) in the prostate and how their misregulation could lead to oncogenesis. Better understanding of normal differentiation will offer new insights into tumor initiation and may help explain the functional significance of common genetic alterations seen in PCa. Additionally, this understanding could lead to new methods for classifying prostate tumors based on their differentiation status and may aid in identifying more aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander B Frank
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
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Osaki LH, Gama P. MAPKs and signal transduction in the control of gastrointestinal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10143-61. [PMID: 23670595 PMCID: PMC3676833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are activated by several stimuli and transduce the signal inside cells, generating diverse responses including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. Each MAPK cascade comprises a series of molecules, and regulation takes place at different levels. They communicate with each other and with additional pathways, creating a signaling network that is important for cell fate determination. In this review, we focus on ERK, JNK, p38 and ERK5, the major MAPKs, and their interactions with PI3K-Akt, TGFβ/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. More importantly, we describe how MAPKs regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in the rapidly renewing epithelia that lines the gastrointestinal tract and, finally, we highlight the recent findings on nutritional aspects that affect MAPK transduction cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana H Osaki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Epithelial tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 protects against intestinal inflammation in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2275-84. [PMID: 23530062 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00043-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms of PTPN11 encoding SHP-2 are biomarkers for ulcerative colitis (UC) susceptibility. However, their functional relevance is unknown. We thus investigated the role of epithelial SHP-2 in the control of intestinal homeostasis. Mice with an intestinal epithelial cell-specific SHP-2 deletion (SHP-2(IEC-KO) mice) were generated. Control and SHP-2(IEC-KO) mice were monitored for clinical symptoms and sacrificed for histological staining and Western blot analyses. Cytokines and chemokines, as well as intestinal permeability, were quantified. SHP-2 mRNA expression was evaluated in control and UC patients. SHP-2(IEC-KO) mice showed growth retardation compared to control littermates and rapidly developed severe colitis. Colon architecture was markedly altered with infiltration of immune cells, crypt abscesses, neutrophil accumulation, and reduced goblet cell numbers. Decreased expression of claudins was associated with enhanced intestinal permeability in mutant SHP-2(IEC-KO) mice. Inflammatory transcription factors Stat3 and NF-κB were hyperactivated early in the mutant colonic epithelium. Levels of several epithelial chemokines and cytokines were markedly enhanced in SHP-2(IEC-KO) mice. Of note, antibiotic treatment remarkably impaired the development of colitis in SHP-2(IEC-KO) mice. Finally, SHP-2 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in intestinal biopsy specimens from UC patients. Our results establish intestinal epithelial SHP-2 as a critical determinant for prevention of gut inflammation.
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Henderson L, Bortone DS, Lim C, Zambon AC. Classic "broken cell" techniques and newer live cell methods for cell cycle assessment. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C927-38. [PMID: 23392113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00006.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many common, important diseases are either caused or exacerbated by hyperactivation (e.g., cancer) or inactivation (e.g., heart failure) of the cell division cycle. A better understanding of the cell cycle is critical for interpreting numerous types of physiological changes in cells. Moreover, new insights into how to control it will facilitate new therapeutics for a variety of diseases and new avenues in regenerative medicine. The progression of cells through the four main phases of their division cycle [G(0)/G(1), S (DNA synthesis), G(2), and M (mitosis)] is a highly conserved process orchestrated by several pathways (e.g., transcription, phosphorylation, nuclear import/export, and protein ubiquitination) that coordinate a core cell cycle pathway. This core pathway can also receive inputs that are cell type and cell niche dependent. "Broken cell" methods (e.g., use of labeled nucleotide analogs) to assess for cell cycle activity have revealed important insights regarding the cell cycle but lack the ability to assess living cells in real time (longitudinal studies) and with single-cell resolution. Moreover, such methods often require cell synchronization, which can perturb the pathway under study. Live cell cycle sensors can be used at single-cell resolution in living cells, intact tissue, and whole animals. Use of these more recently available sensors has the potential to reveal physiologically relevant insights regarding the normal and perturbed cell division cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Henderson
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kusano Y, Horie S, Morishita N, Shibata T, Uchida K. Constitutive expression of an antioxidant enzyme, glutathione S-transferase P1, during differentiation of human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:347-56. [PMID: 22580340 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the constitutive expression of an antioxidant enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST), during differentiation of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. We observed that the class π GST isozyme (GST P1) expression correlated with the increased expression of caudal-related homeodomain protein 2 (CDX2), a member of the mammalian homeobox family of transcription factors. In addition, transfection of Caco-2 cells with the human CDX2 cDNA resulted in enhanced expression of the GST P1 gene and protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that CDX2 binds to the GST P1 promoter containing the putative consensus CDX-binding element, TTTAC, located at -247 upstream from the established site for transcription initiation. Using the dsDNA pull-down assay, it was revealed that CDX2 recognized and bound to the putative consensus CDX-binding element within the human GST P1 promoter region and that the amount of the CDX2 bound to the putative consensus CDX-binding element increased during Caco-2 cell differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CDX2 formed the transcriptional complex with Sp1 and bound to the putative consensus CDX-binding element within the human GST P1 promoter region. These data suggest that CDX2 binds to the human GST P1 promoter via complex formation with Sp1 and controls the constitutive expression of GST P1 during Caco-2 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kusano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Liu L, Yu YL, Liu C, Wang XT, Liu XD, Xie L. Insulin deficiency induces abnormal increase in intestinal disaccharidase activities and expression under diabetic states, evidences from in vivo and in vitro study. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1963-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ren K, Ma Y, Huang Y, Liang W, Liu F, Wang Q, Cui W, Liu Z, Yin G, Fan W. Periodic mechanical stress activates MEK1/2-ERK1/2 mitogenic signals in rat chondrocytes through Src and PLCγ1. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:1231-42. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yimin Ma
- Nanjing Medical University, China
| | | | | | - Feng Liu
- Nanjing Medical University, China
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