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Avila LP, Sweeney KM, Evans CR, White DL, Kim WK, Regmi P, Williams SM, Nicholds J, Wilson JL. Body composition, gastrointestinal, and reproductive differences between broiler breeders fed using everyday or skip-a-day rearing programs. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102853. [PMID: 37423014 PMCID: PMC10344816 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler breeder feed restriction practices have intensified as broiler feed efficiency has been improved. Skip-a-day (SAD) rearing regimen has controlled breeder growth, although this practice has become questionable for the modern breeder. We compared everyday (ED) and SAD programs and evaluated their impact on pullet growth performance, body composition, gastrointestinal tract development, and reproduction. At d 0, Ross 708 (Aviagen) pullet chicks (n = 1,778) were randomly assigned to 7 floor pens. Three pens were fed using the ED and 4 pens with SAD program through wk 21 using a chain-feeder system. ED and SAD grower diets were formulated to be isonutritious, with the only difference that ED diets had more crude fiber. Pullets (n = 44 per pen) were moved to 16 hen pens by treatment at wk 21 with 3 YP males (Aviagen) in each pen. All birds were fed common laying diets. In addition to BW data, sampled pullets and hens were scanned using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to obtain body bone density and composition. Hen performance and hatchery metrics were recorded through wk 60. ED birds were heavier with similar nutrient intake from wk 10 to 45 (P ≤ 0.013). Pullet uniformity was unaffected by feeding method (P ≥ 0.443). SAD pullets had less body fat at wk 19 (P = 0.034) compared to ED pullets, likely as a metabolic consequence of intermittent feeding. SAD birds had lower bone density at wk 7, 15, and 19 (P ≤ 0.026). At 4 wk of age, SAD pullets had less intestinal villi goblet cells compared to ED pullets (P ≤ 0.050), possibly explained by the effect that feed removal has on cell migration rates. Overall egg-specific gravity (P = 0.057) and hatch of fertile % (P = 0.088) tended to be higher in eggs from ED hens. Altogether, ED feeding increased young pullet intestinal goblet cells and increased both bone density and body fat at wk 19. ED program improved pullet feed conversion (2.6% less feed) and increased eggshell quality and hatch of fertile.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Avila
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - K M Sweeney
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C R Evans
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D L White
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - P Regmi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J Nicholds
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J L Wilson
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Paksuz EP. The effect of hibernation on the morphology and histochemistry of the intestine of the greater mouse-eared bat, Myotis myotis. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1480-9. [PMID: 25456312 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in morphometry and histochemistry of the intestine have been examined in the active and hibernating greater mouse-eared bat, Myotis myotis, using histological and histochemical techniques. The results of morphometric analyses indicated that hibernation affected the villus height, villus width, crypt depth and crypt width of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Histochemical analysis showed that goblet cells of the small and large intestine contain acidic and neutral mucosubstances. According to the results obtained with Alcian Blue (pH 5.8)/PAS staining, hyaluronic acid is dominant in the goblet cells of the small and large intestine during both the hibernation and active periods. Chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate, which are sulfated GAGs, were dominant, and very little heparan sulfate, heparin and keratan sulfate were present. Moreover, sulfated glycoproteins were also detected in the goblet cells of the small intestine in the active animals. The present study demonstrates that hibernation altered the examined morphometric and histochemical parameters of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Pinar Paksuz
- Department of Elementary Teaching, Faculty of Education, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey.
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Zanuzzi C, Nishida F, Portiansky E, Fontana P, Gimeno E, Barbeito C. Effects of Solanum glaucophyllum toxicity on cell proliferation and apoptosis in the small and large intestine of rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:336-42. [PMID: 21862088 PMCID: PMC7125838 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D regulates mineral homeostases and enterocyte proliferation and differentiation. Hypervitaminosis D generates changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in several organs. We analysed morphometric parameters and proliferative and apoptotic indices in the intestinal epithelium of rabbits with hypervitaminosis D induced by the chronic treatment with the calcinogenic plant Solanum glaucophyllum. Rabbits were treated for 15 or 30 days. A group was treated for 15 days and led to possible recovery for 30 days. Another group was nutritionally restricted for 30 days. Morphological, morphometric, proliferative and apoptotic changes were found in the treated animals. Mild atrophy and reduced proliferation was found in the jejunum and ileum. Apoptosis increased in the crypts of the ileum and in the superficial epithelium and crypts of the rectum. Most of the alterations were partially recovered. The possible involvement in these changes of the hypervitaminosis D-like state induced by S. glaucophyllum is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.N. Zanuzzi
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Corresponding author at: Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tel.: +54 221 423 6663x426; fax: +54 221 423 7980
| | - F. Nishida
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E.L. Portiansky
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P.A. Fontana
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E.J. Gimeno
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C.G. Barbeito
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wijtten PJA, Langhout DJ, Verstegen MWA. Small intestine development in chicks after hatch and in pigs around the time of weaning and its relation with nutrition: A review. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2012.676061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ito J, Uchida H, Yokote T, Ohtake K, Kobayashi J. Fasting-induced intestinal apoptosis is mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase and interferon-{gamma} in rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G916-26. [PMID: 20378828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00429.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with intestinal apoptosis in health and disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of intestinal NO in the regulation of apoptosis during fasting in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups and subcutaneously injected with saline (SA) or aminoguanidine (AG), followed by fasting for 24, 48, 60, and 72 h. At each time point, the jejunum was subjected to histological evaluation for enterocyte apoptosis by histomorphometric assessment and TUNEL analysis. We performed immunohistochemistry for inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in the jejunum and measured tissue nitrite levels using HPLC and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine adduct using ELISA, indicative of endogenous NO production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, respectively. Jejunal transcriptional levels of iNOS, neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were also determined by RT-PCR. Fasting caused significant jejunal mucosal atrophy due to attenuated cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis with increase in iNOS transcription, its protein expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), and jejunal nitrite levels. However, AG treatment histologically reduced apoptosis with inhibition of fasting-induced iNOS transcription, protein expression, and nitrite production. We also observed fasting-induced ROS production and subsequent IFN-gamma transcription, which were all inhibited by AG treatment. Furthermore, we observed reduced transcriptional levels of nNOS, known to suppress iNOS activation physiologically. These results suggest that fasting-induced iNOS activation in IEC may induce apoptosis mediators such as IFN-gamma via a ROS-mediated mechanism and also a possible role of nNOS in the regulation of iNOS activity in fasting-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junta Ito
- Josai Univ., 1-1 Keyaki-Dai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan 350-0295.
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Sokolović M, Wehkamp D, Sokolović A, Vermeulen J, Gilhuijs-Pederson LA, van Haaften RIM, Nikolsky Y, Evelo CTA, van Kampen AHC, Hakvoort TBM, Lamers WH. Fasting induces a biphasic adaptive metabolic response in murine small intestine. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:361. [PMID: 17925015 PMCID: PMC2148066 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut is a major energy consumer, but a comprehensive overview of the adaptive response to fasting is lacking. Gene-expression profiling, pathway analysis, and immunohistochemistry were therefore carried out on mouse small intestine after 0, 12, 24, and 72 hours of fasting. RESULTS Intestinal weight declined to 50% of control, but this loss of tissue mass was distributed proportionally among the gut's structural components, so that the microarrays' tissue base remained unaffected. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the microarrays revealed that the successive time points separated into distinct branches. Pathway analysis depicted a pronounced, but transient early response that peaked at 12 hours, and a late response that became progressively more pronounced with continued fasting. Early changes in gene expression were compatible with a cellular deficiency in glutamine, and metabolic adaptations directed at glutamine conservation, inhibition of pyruvate oxidation, stimulation of glutamate catabolism via aspartate and phosphoenolpyruvate to lactate, and enhanced fatty-acid oxidation and ketone-body synthesis. In addition, the expression of key genes involved in cell cycling and apoptosis was suppressed. At 24 hours of fasting, many of the early adaptive changes abated. Major changes upon continued fasting implied the production of glucose rather than lactate from carbohydrate backbones, a downregulation of fatty-acid oxidation and a very strong downregulation of the electron-transport chain. Cell cycling and apoptosis remained suppressed. CONCLUSION The changes in gene expression indicate that the small intestine rapidly looses mass during fasting to generate lactate or glucose and ketone bodies. Meanwhile, intestinal architecture is maintained by downregulation of cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Sokolović
- AMC Liver Centre, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik Wehkamp
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris TA Evelo
- BiGCaT Bioinformatics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wouter H Lamers
- AMC Liver Centre, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chappell VL, Thompson MD, Jeschke MG, Chung DH, Thompson JC, Wolf SE. Effects of incremental starvation on gut mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48:765-9. [PMID: 12741469 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022849112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Starvation induces gut mucosal atrophy, but the effects of progressive dietary restriction are not defined. The study's purpose was to determine the effects of incremental starvation on gut epithelial cell turnover. After food intake of mice was determined, they were divided into five groups: control (ad libitum fed), 75% normal intake, 50% intake, 25% intake, and fasted. Mice were killed after 48 hours, and the proximal small bowel were assessed for weight and protein content. Histologic specimens were examined for villus morphology, apoptosis, and proliferation. After 48 hr of diet restriction, bowel weight decreased in the 50% intake, 25% intake, and fasted groups. Villus density also decreased in the fasted group. Proliferation progressively decreased in the diet-restricted groups. Apoptosis increased in the fasted group, primarily in the villus tip. In conclusion, incremental starvation produces progressive small bowel atrophy. The mechanism involves both decreased gut epithelial cell proliferation and increased apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky L Chappell
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Stoll B, Chang X, Fan MZ, Reeds PJ, Burrin DG. Enteral nutrient intake level determines intestinal protein synthesis and accretion rates in neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 279:G288-94. [PMID: 10915636 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.2.g288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the minimum enteral intake level necessary to increase the protein accretion rate (PAR) in the neonatal small intestine. Seven-day-old piglets received an equal total daily intake of an elemental diet, with different proportions given enterally (0, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). After 7 days, piglets were infused intravenously with [(2)H(3)]leucine for 6 h, and the fractional protein synthesis rate (FSR) was measured in the proximal (PJ) and distal jejunum (DJ) and the proximal (PI) and distal ileum (DI). The jejunal FSR increased from 45%/day to 130%/day between 0 and 60% enteral intake, whereas the FSR in the ileum was less sensitive to enteral intake level. At 0% enteral intake, PAR was significantly negative in the PJ, DJ, and PI (range -70 to -43 mg/day) and positive in the DI (49 mg/day), whereas intestinal protein balance occurred at 20% enteral intake. At 100% enteral intake, the PAR was greatest in the DI, even though the rates of protein turnover were 50% lower than in the PJ. We conclude that there is net intestinal protein loss at 0% enteral intake, protein balance at 20% enteral intake, and maximal intestinal protein accretion at 60% enteral intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stoll
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Buts JP, Vijverman V, Barudi C, De Keyser N, Maldague P, Dive C. Refeeding after starvation in the rat: comparative effects of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates on jejunal and ileal mucosal adaptation. Eur J Clin Invest 1990; 20:441-52. [PMID: 2121504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1990.tb01882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To compare the tropic effect of different dietary nutrients on mucosal adaptation in the jejunum and ileum, adult rats were submitted to a 96-h period of starvation and refed isocaloric liquid diets (1.5 kcal ml-1) containing either protein (casein), carbohydrate (starch) or lipids. In the jejunum, 4 days of starvation caused mucosal hypoplasia, villus and crypt shortening and a decrease in the total activity of disaccharidases with the exception of lactase which was markedly enhanced. In contrast, mucosal hypoplasia was incomplete in the ileum which exhibited an increase in crypt depth and in the specific and total activities of disaccharidases and of aminopeptidase. Compared with protein and carbohydrates, lipids exerted the strongest stimulatory effect for mucosal regeneration. In the jejunum as well as in the ileum, mucosal mass parameters, villus length, crypt depth and lactase activity did reverse towards their initial value within 1-3 days of refeeding lipids, even though the animals received only one-third of their normal daily caloric intake. Our results indicate that the pattern of response to fasting differs between the proximal and distal small intestine, and that the intestinal changes induced by starvation are rapidly reversed by refeeding small amounts of a diet rich in fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Buts
- Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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