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White J, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Wounding increases nuclear ploidy in wound-proximal epidermal cells of the Drosophila pupal notum. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001067. [PMID: 38495588 PMCID: PMC10943363 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
After injury, tissues must replace cell mass and genome copy number. The mitotic cycle is one mechanism for replacement, but non-mitotic strategies have been observed in quiescent tissues to restore tissue ploidy after wounding. Here we report that nuclei of the mitotically capable Drosophila pupal notum enlarged following nearby laser ablation. Measuring DNA content, we determined that nuclei within 100 µm of a laser-wound increased their ploidy to ~8C, consistent with one extra S-phase. These data indicate non-mitotic repair strategies are not exclusively utilized by quiescent tissues and may be an underexplored wound repair strategy in mitotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James White
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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2
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Zhang W, Wang X, Lanzoni G, Wauthier E, Simpson S, Ezzell JA, Allen A, Suitt C, Krolik J, Jhirad A, Dominguez-Bendala J, Cardinale V, Alvaro D, Overi D, Gaudio E, Sethupathy P, Carpino G, Adin C, Piedrahita JA, Mathews K, He Z, Reid LM. A postnatal network of co-hepato/pancreatic stem/progenitors in the biliary trees of pigs and humans. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:40. [PMID: 37528116 PMCID: PMC10394089 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A network of co-hepato/pancreatic stem/progenitors exists in pigs and humans in Brunner's Glands in the submucosa of the duodenum, in peribiliary glands (PBGs) of intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary trees, and in pancreatic duct glands (PDGs) of intrapancreatic biliary trees, collectively supporting hepatic and pancreatic regeneration postnatally. The network is found in humans postnatally throughout life and, so far, has been demonstrated in pigs postnatally at least through to young adulthood. These stem/progenitors in vivo in pigs are in highest numbers in Brunner's Glands and in PDGs nearest the duodenum, and in humans are in Brunner's Glands and in PBGs in the hepato/pancreatic common duct, a duct missing postnatally in pigs. Elsewhere in PDGs in pigs and in all PDGs in humans are only committed unipotent or bipotent progenitors. Stem/progenitors have genetic signatures in liver/pancreas-related RNA-seq data based on correlation, hierarchical clustering, differential gene expression and principal component analyses (PCA). Gene expression includes representative traits of pluripotency genes (SOX2, OCT4), endodermal transcription factors (e.g. SOX9, SOX17, PDX1), other stem cell traits (e.g. NCAM, CD44, sodium iodide symporter or NIS), and proliferation biomarkers (Ki67). Hepato/pancreatic multipotentiality was demonstrated by the stem/progenitors' responses under distinct ex vivo conditions or in vivo when patch grafted as organoids onto the liver versus the pancreas. Therefore, pigs are logical hosts for translational/preclinical studies for cell therapies with these stem/progenitors for hepatic and pancreatic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200123, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 200335, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200123, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 200335, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1450 N.W. 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Eliane Wauthier
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sean Simpson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University (NCSU) College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Jennifer Ashley Ezzell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Amanda Allen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Carolyn Suitt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease (CGIBD), UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonah Krolik
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexander Jhirad
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, 1450 N.W. 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Rome, Latina, 04100, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Christopher Adin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Soft Tissue and Oncologic Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Jorge A Piedrahita
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University (NCSU) College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Kyle Mathews
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Soft Tissue and Oncologic Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Zhiying He
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200123, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 200335, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, 200120, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lola McAdams Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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3
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Matsumoto T. Implications of Polyploidy and Ploidy Alterations in Hepatocytes in Liver Injuries and Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169409. [PMID: 36012671 PMCID: PMC9409051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy, a condition in which more than two sets of chromosomes are present in a cell, is a characteristic feature of hepatocytes. A significant number of hepatocytes physiologically undergo polyploidization at a young age. Polyploidization of hepatocytes is enhanced with age and in a diseased liver. It is worth noting that polyploid hepatocytes can proliferate, in marked contrast to other types of polyploid cells, such as megakaryocytes and cardiac myocytes. Polyploid hepatocytes divide to maintain normal liver homeostasis and play a role in the regeneration of the damaged liver. Furthermore, polyploid hepatocytes have been shown to dynamically reduce ploidy during liver regeneration. Although it is still unclear why hepatocytes undergo polyploidization, accumulating evidence has revealed that alterations in the ploidy in hepatocytes are involved in the pathophysiology of liver cirrhosis and carcinogenesis. This review discusses the significance of hepatocyte ploidy in physiological liver function, liver injury, and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Wnt signaling regulates hepatocyte cell division by a transcriptional repressor cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203849119. [PMID: 35867815 PMCID: PMC9335208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203849119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a general model for cell cycle control, repressors keep cells quiescent until growth signals remove the inhibition. For S phase, this is exemplified by the Retinoblastoma (RB) protein and its inactivation. It was unknown whether similar mechanisms operate in the M phase. The Wnt signaling pathway is an important regulator of cell proliferation. Here, we find that Wnt induces expression of the transcription factor Tbx3, which in turn represses mitotic inhibitors E2f7 and E2f8 to permit mitotic progression. Such a cascade of transcriptional repressors may be a general mechanism for cell division control. These findings have implications for tissue homeostasis and disease, as the function for Wnt signaling in mitosis is relevant to its widespread role in stem cells and cancer. Cell proliferation is tightly controlled by inhibitors that block cell cycle progression until growth signals relieve this inhibition, allowing cells to divide. In several tissues, including the liver, cell proliferation is inhibited at mitosis by the transcriptional repressors E2F7 and E2F8, leading to formation of polyploid cells. Whether growth factors promote mitosis and cell cycle progression by relieving the E2F7/E2F8-mediated inhibition is unknown. We report here on a mechanism of cell division control in the postnatal liver, in which Wnt/β-catenin signaling maintains active hepatocyte cell division through Tbx3, a Wnt target gene. The TBX3 protein directly represses transcription of E2f7 and E2f8, thereby promoting mitosis. This cascade of sequential transcriptional repressors, initiated by Wnt signals, provides a paradigm for exploring how commonly active developmental signals impact cell cycle completion.
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Du Y, Zhang W, Qiu H, Xiao C, Shi J, Reid LM, He Z. Mouse Models of Liver Parenchyma Injuries and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:903740. [PMID: 35721478 PMCID: PMC9198899 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice have genetic and physiological similarities with humans and a well-characterized genetic background that is easy to manipulate. Murine models have become the most favored, robust mammalian systems for experimental analyses of biological processes and disease conditions due to their low cost, rapid reproduction, a wealth of mouse strains with defined genetic conditions (both native ones as well as ones established experimentally), and high reproducibility with respect to that which can be done in experimental studies. In this review, we focus on murine models for liver, an organ with renown regenerative capacity and the organ most central to systemic, complex metabolic and physiological functions for mammalian hosts. Establishment of murine models has been achieved for all aspects of studies of normal liver, liver diseases, liver injuries, and regenerative repair mechanisms. We summarize key information on current mouse systems that partially model facets of clinical scenarios, particularly those associated with drug-induced acute or chronic liver injuries, dietary related, non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis virus infectious chronic liver diseases, and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). In addition, we also include mouse models that are suitable for studying liver cancers (e.g., hepatocellular carcinomas), the aging process (senescence, apoptosis), and various types of liver injuries and regenerative processes associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Du
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Canjun Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiying He, ; Lola M. Reid, , ; Jun Shi,
| | - Lola M. Reid
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhiying He, ; Lola M. Reid, , ; Jun Shi,
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiying He, ; Lola M. Reid, , ; Jun Shi,
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Orekhova NA, Modorov MV. Effects of environmental low-dose irradiation on functional-metabolic organ responses in a natural mouse population (Apodemus agrarius Pallas, 1771) within the East Urals Radioactive Trace (EURT) area, Russia. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1414-1423. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2033340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natal´ya A. Orekhova
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Vos’mogo Marta 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144 Russia
| | - Makar V. Modorov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Vos’mogo Marta 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144 Russia
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7
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Abstract
Polyploidy is a common and dynamic feature of mature rodent and human hepatocytes. While polyploidization occurs naturally during growth, alterations in the distribution of diploid and polyploid cells in the liver can be indicative of tissue stress or a pathologic state. Here, we describe a method for flow cytometric quantification of ploidy distribution by staining with propidium iodide. We first outline a hepatocyte isolation procedure from mouse liver through a two-step perfusion system for analysis of cellular ploidy. In an alternative approach, we employ a nuclei isolation protocol to assess nuclear ploidy. Finally, we describe how the use of fluorescent cell markers is compatible with these methods and helps retain information on cellular position within the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Jin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Teni Anbarchian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roel Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Liu Q, Chen F, Yang T, Su J, Song S, Fu ZR, Li Y, Hu YP, Wang MJ. Aged-related Function Disorder of Liver is Reversed after Exposing to Young Milieu via Conversion of Hepatocyte Ploidy. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1238-1251. [PMID: 34341705 PMCID: PMC8279529 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous study showed that senescent hepatocytes from aged liver could be rejuvenated after repopulated in the young recipient liver. The proliferative capacity of hepatocytes was restored with the senescence reversal. However, it is unknown whether metabolic and homeostatic function of aged liver, as well as age-dependent liver steatosis could be rejuvenated or alleviated. Here, we found that senescent hepatocytes from aged liver were rejuvenated after exposing to young blood. An autonomous proliferation of senescent hepatocytes which resulting in ploidy reversal might be the underlying mechanism of senescent reversal. After performing 2/3 partial hepatectomy (2/3PHx) in young blood exposed old liver, delayed DNA synthesis of senescent hepatocytes was rescued and the number of BrdU positive hepatocytes was restored from 4.39±2.30% to 17.85±3.21%, similarly to that in the young mice at 36 hours post 2/3PHx. Moreover, Cyclin A2 and Cyclin E1 overexpression of hepatocytes in aged liver facilitating the G1/S phase transition was contributed to enhance liver regeneration. Furthermore, lipid droplet spread widely in the elderly human liver and old mouse liver, but this aged-associated liver steatosis was alleviated as senescence reversal. Collectively, our study provides new thoughts for effectively preventing age-related liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggui Liu
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for stem cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Chen
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for stem cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for stem cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Su
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for stem cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Song
- 2Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Fu
- 2Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Li
- 3State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Hu
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for stem cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Jun Wang
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for stem cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
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9
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Lu Y, Li L, Chen H, Jing X, Wang M, Ge L, Yang J, Zhang M, Tang X. Peroxiredoxin1 Knockdown Inhibits Oral Carcinogenesis via Inducing Cell Senescence Dependent on Mitophagy. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:239-251. [PMID: 33469304 PMCID: PMC7812030 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s284182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cellular senescence is a physiological phenomenon by which cells irreversibly lose their proliferative potential. It is not clear whether senescent cells are related to malignant transformation in oral precancerous lesions. The role of peroxiredoxin1 (Prx1)-induced cell senescence in OLK malignant transformation has not been reported. The aim of this study is to investigate the role and mechanism of cell senescence in oral carcinogenesis. Methods In this study, 4-nitro-quinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) induced tongue carcinogenesis model in Prx1+/+ and Prx1+/- mice and dysplastic oral keratinocyte (DOK) were used. Prx1 knockdown DOK cells were harvested with shRNA injection, and cell senescence was detected via the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA β-gal) assay. The senescence and mitophagy-related proteins were observed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot and qRT-PCR. The binding of Prx1 with prohibitin 2 (PHB2) and light chain 3 (LC3) was predicted via ZDOCK and measured in mice by Duolink analysis. Results Histologically, 4NQO treatment induced epithelial hyperplasia, dysplasia (mild, moderate and severe), carcinomas in situ and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in mouse tongue mucosa. The malignant transformation rate in Prx1+/- mice (37.5%) was significantly lower compared with Prx1+/+ mice (57.1%). In Prx1+/+ mice, a higher number of senescent cells and greater expression of p53 and p21 were observed in hyperplastic and dysplastic tongue tissues when compared with those in OSCC tissues. Prx1 knockdown induced a greater number of senescent cells in hyperplastic tissues, and DOK cells accompanied cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and PHB2/LC3II downregulation. Prx1 was predicted to dock with PHB2 and LC3 via ZDOCK, and the interactions were confirmed by in situ Duolink analysis. Conclusion Prx1 silencing inhibits the oral carcinogenesis by inducing cell senescence dependent on mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Lu
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinying Jing
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Ge
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Tang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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10
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Jung DJ, Byeon JH, Jeong GS. Flow enhances phenotypic and maturation of adult rat liver organoids. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045035. [PMID: 33000764 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abb538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A biologically relevant in vitro model of hepatic microtissue would be a valuable tool for the preclinical study of pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Although considerable advances have been made in recent years in the establishment of alternative in vitro culture systems that mimic liver tissue, generating an effective liver model remains challenging. Specifically, existing model systems still exhibit limited functions for hepatocellular differentiation potential and cellular complexity. It is essential to improve the in vitro differentiation of liver progenitor cells (LPCs) for disease modeling and preclinical pharmatoxicological research. Here, we describe a rat liver organoid culture system under in vivo-like steady-state flow conditions; this system is capable of controlling the expansion and differentiation of rat liver organoids over 10-15 d. LPCs cultured in medium flow conditions become self-assembled liver organoids that exhibit phenotypic and functional hepato-biliary modeling. In addition, hepatocytes that are differentiated using liver organoids produced albumin and maintained polygonal morphology, which is characteristic of mature hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jung Jung
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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11
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Gemble S, Basto R. CHRONOCRISIS: When Cell Cycle Asynchrony Generates DNA Damage in Polyploid Cells. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000105. [PMID: 32885500 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyploid cells contain multiple copies of all chromosomes. Polyploidization can be developmentally programmed to sustain tissue barrier function or to increase metabolic potential and cell size. Programmed polyploidy is normally associated with terminal differentiation and poor proliferation capacity. Conversely, non-programmed polyploidy can give rise to cells that retain the ability to proliferate. This can fuel rapid genome rearrangements and lead to diseases like cancer. Here, the mechanisms that generate polyploidy are reviewed and the possible challenges upon polyploid cell division are discussed. The discussion is framed around a recent study showing that asynchronous cell cycle progression (an event that is named "chronocrisis") of different nuclei from a polyploid cell can generate DNA damage at mitotic entry. The potential mechanisms explaining how mitosis in non-programmed polyploid cells can generate abnormal karyotypes and genetic instability are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gemble
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Lab, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Lab, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, Paris, 75005, France
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12
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Ríos-López DG, Aranda-López Y, Sosa-Garrocho M, Macías-Silva M. La plasticidad del hepatocito y su relevancia en la fisiología y la patología hepática. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2020. [DOI: 10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2020.0.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
El hígado es uno de los principales órganos encargados de mantener la homeostasis en vertebrados, además de poseer una gran capacidad regenerativa. El hígado está constituido por diversos tipos celulares que de forma coordinada contribuyen para que el órgano funcione eficientemente. Los hepatocitos representan el tipo celular principal de este órgano y llevan a cabo la mayoría de sus actividades; además, constituyen una población heterogénea de células epiteliales con funciones especializadas en el metabolismo. El fenotipo de los hepatocitos está controlado por diferentes vías de señalización, como la vía del TGFβ/Smads, la ruta Hippo/YAP-TAZ y la vía Wnt/β-catenina, entre otras. Los hepatocitos son células que se encuentran normalmente en un estado quiescente, aunque cuentan con una plasticidad intrínseca que se manifiesta en respuesta a diversos daños en el hígado; así, estas células reactivan su capacidad proliferativa o cambian su fenotipo a través de procesos celulares como la transdiferenciación o la transformación, para contribuir a mantener la homeostasis del órgano en condiciones saludables o desarrollar diversas patologías.
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13
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Jannone G, Rozzi M, Najimi M, Decottignies A, Sokal EM. An Optimized Protocol for Histochemical Detection of Senescence-associated Beta-galactosidase Activity in Cryopreserved Liver Tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:269-278. [PMID: 32154749 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420913534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity assay is commonly used to evaluate the increased beta-galactosidase (β-gal) activity in senescent cells related to enhanced lysosomal activity. Although the optimal pH for β-gal is 4.0, this enzymatic activity has been most commonly investigated at a suboptimal pH by using histochemical reaction on fresh tissue material. In the current study, we optimized a SA-β-gal activity histochemistry protocol that can also be applied on cryopreserved hepatic tissue. This protocol was developed on livers obtained from control rats and after bile duct resection (BDR). A significant increase in β-gal liver activity was observed in BDR rats vs controls after 2 hr of staining at physiological pH 4.0 (6.98 ± 1.19% of stained/total area vs 0.38 ± 0.22; p<0.01) and after overnight staining at pH 5.8 (24.09 ± 6.88 vs 0.12 ± 0.08; p<0.01). Although we noticed that β-gal activity staining decreased with cryopreservation time (from 4 to 12 months of storage at -80C; p<0.05), the enhanced staining observed in BDR compared with controls remained detectable up to 12 months after cryopreservation (p<0.01). In conclusion, we provide an optimized protocol for SA-β-gal activity histochemical detection at physiological pH 4.0 on long-term cryopreserved liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Jannone
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Milena Rozzi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anabelle Decottignies
- Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Genomes Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Viswanathan P, Sharma Y, Maisuradze L, Tchaikovskaya T, Gupta S. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated pathway disruption affects hepatic DNA and tissue damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 113:104369. [PMID: 31917286 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the rising burdens of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, mechanistic linkages in mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and hepatic injury are critical. As ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene oversees DNA integrity and mitochondrial homeostasis, we analyzed mRNAs and total proteins or phosphoproteins related to ATM gene by arrays in subjects with healthy liver, fatty liver or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Functional genomics approaches were used to query DNA damage or cell growth events. The effects of fatty acid-induced toxicity in mitochondrial health, DNA integrity and cell proliferation were validated in HuH-7 cells, including by inhibiting ATM kinase activity or knckdown of its mRNA. In fatty livers, DNA damage and ATM pathway activation was observed. During induced steatosis in HuH-7 cells, lowering of ATM activity produced mitochondrial dysregulation, DNA damage and cell growth inhibition. In livers undergoing steatohepatitis, ATM was depleted with increased hepatic DNA damage and growth-arrest due to cell cycle checkpoint activations. Moreover, molecular signatures of oncogenesis were associated with upstream mechanistic networks directing cell metabolism, inflammation or growth that were either activated (in fatty liver) or inactivated (in steatohepatitis). To compensate for hepatic growth arrest, preoncogenic oval cell populations expressing connexin-43 and/or albumin emerged. These oval cells avoided DNA damage and proliferated actively. We concluded that ATM is a major contributor to the onset and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, specific markers for ATM pathway dysregulation will allow prospective segregation of cohorts for disease susceptibility and progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis. This will offer superior design and evaluation parameters for clinical trials. Restoration of ATM activity with targeted therapies should be appropriate for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Viswanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Yogeshwar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Luka Maisuradze
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Tatyana Tchaikovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Diabetes Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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15
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Matsumoto T, Wakefield L, Tarlow BD, Grompe M. In Vivo Lineage Tracing of Polyploid Hepatocytes Reveals Extensive Proliferation during Liver Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 26:34-47.e3. [PMID: 31866222 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The identity of cellular populations that drive liver regeneration after injury is the subject of intense study, and the contributions of polyploid hepatocytes to organ regeneration and homeostasis have not been systematically assessed. Here, we developed a multicolor reporter allele system to genetically label and trace polyploid cells in situ. Multicolored polyploid hepatocytes undergo ploidy reduction and subsequent re-polyploidization after transplantation, providing direct evidence of the hepatocyte ploidy conveyor model. Marker segregation revealed that ploidy reduction rarely involves chromosome missegregation in vivo. We also traced polyploid hepatocytes in several different liver injury models and found robust proliferation in all settings. Importantly, ploidy reduction was seen in all injury models studied. We therefore conclude that polyploid hepatocytes have extensive regenerative capacity in situ and routinely undergo reductive mitoses during regenerative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Markus Grompe
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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16
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Brunner SF, Roberts ND, Wylie LA, Moore L, Aitken SJ, Davies SE, Sanders MA, Ellis P, Alder C, Hooks Y, Abascal F, Stratton MR, Martincorena I, Hoare M, Campbell PJ. Somatic mutations and clonal dynamics in healthy and cirrhotic human liver. Nature 2019; 574:538-542. [PMID: 31645727 PMCID: PMC6837891 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The most common causes of chronic liver disease are excess alcohol intake, viral hepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, with the clinical spectrum ranging in severity from hepatic inflammation to cirrhosis, liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The genome of HCC exhibits diverse mutational signatures, resulting in recurrent mutations across more than 30 cancer genes1-7. Stem cells from normal livers have a low mutational burden and limited diversity of signatures8, which suggests that the complexity of HCC arises during the progression to chronic liver disease and subsequent malignant transformation. Here, by sequencing whole genomes of 482 microdissections of 100-500 hepatocytes from 5 normal and 9 cirrhotic livers, we show that cirrhotic liver has a higher mutational burden than normal liver. Although rare in normal hepatocytes, structural variants, including chromothripsis, were prominent in cirrhosis. Driver mutations, such as point mutations and structural variants, affected 1-5% of clones. Clonal expansions of millimetres in diameter occurred in cirrhosis, with clones sequestered by the bands of fibrosis that surround regenerative nodules. Some mutational signatures were universal and equally active in both non-malignant hepatocytes and HCCs; some were substantially more active in HCCs than chronic liver disease; and others-arising from exogenous exposures-were present in a subset of patients. The activity of exogenous signatures between adjacent cirrhotic nodules varied by up to tenfold within each patient, as a result of clone-specific and microenvironmental forces. Synchronous HCCs exhibited the same mutational signatures as background cirrhotic liver, but with higher burden. Somatic mutations chronicle the exposures, toxicity, regeneration and clonal structure of liver tissue as it progresses from health to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F Brunner
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nicola D Roberts
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Luke A Wylie
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Luiza Moore
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sarah J Aitken
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E Davies
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathijs A Sanders
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pete Ellis
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Chris Alder
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yvette Hooks
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Federico Abascal
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew Hoare
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Wilkinson PD, Alencastro F, Delgado ER, Leek MP, Weirich MP, Otero PA, Roy N, Brown WK, Oertel M, Duncan AW. Polyploid Hepatocytes Facilitate Adaptation and Regeneration to Chronic Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1241-1255. [PMID: 30928253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The liver contains diploid and polyploid hepatocytes (tetraploid, octaploid, etc.), with polyploids comprising ≥90% of the hepatocyte population in adult mice. Polyploid hepatocytes form multipolar spindles in mitosis, which lead to chromosome gains/losses and random aneuploidy. The effect of aneuploidy on liver function is unclear, and the degree of liver aneuploidy is debated, with reports showing aneuploidy affects 5% to 60% of hepatocytes. To study relationships among liver polyploidy, aneuploidy, and adaptation, mice lacking E2f7 and E2f8 in the liver (LKO), which have a polyploidization defect, were used. Polyploids were reduced fourfold in LKO livers, and LKO hepatocytes remained predominantly diploid after extensive proliferation. Moreover, nearly all LKO hepatocytes were euploid compared with control hepatocytes, suggesting polyploid hepatocytes are required for production of aneuploid progeny. To determine whether reduced polyploidy impairs adaptation, LKO mice were bred onto a tyrosinemia background, a disease model whereby the liver can develop disease-resistant, regenerative nodules. Although tyrosinemic LKO mice were more susceptible to morbidities and death associated with tyrosinemia-induced liver failure, they developed regenerating nodules similar to control mice. Analyses revealed that nodules in the tyrosinemic livers were generated by aneuploidy and inactivating mutations. In summary, we identified new roles for polyploid hepatocytes and demonstrated that they are required for the formation of aneuploid progeny and can facilitate adaptation to chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frances Alencastro
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Evan R Delgado
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madeleine P Leek
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew P Weirich
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - P Anthony Otero
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nairita Roy
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Whitney K Brown
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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18
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Rius-Pérez S, Tormos AM, Pérez S, Finamor I, Rada P, Valverde ÁM, Nebreda AR, Sastre J, Taléns-Visconti R. p38α deficiency restrains liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy triggering oxidative stress and liver injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3775. [PMID: 30846722 PMCID: PMC6405944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p38α MAPK negatively regulates the G1/S and G2/M cell cycle transitions. However, liver-specific p38α deficiency impairs cytokinesis and reduces hepatocyte proliferation during cirrhosis and aging in mice. In this work, we have studied how p38α down-regulation affects hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy, focusing on mitotic progression, cytokinesis and oxidative stress. We found that p38α deficiency triggered up-regulation of cyclins A1, B1, B2, and D1 under basal conditions and after hepatectomy. Moreover, p38α-deficient hepatocytes showed enhanced binucleation and increased levels of phospho-histone H3 but impaired phosphorylation of MNK1 after hepatectomy. The recovery of liver mass was transiently delayed in mice with p38α-deficient hepatocytes vs wild type mice. We also found that p38α deficiency caused glutathione oxidation in the liver, increased plasma aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase activities, and decreased plasma protein levels after hepatectomy. Interestingly, p38α silencing in isolated hepatocytes markedly decreased phospho-MNK1 levels, and silencing of either p38α or Mnk1 enhanced binucleation of hepatocytes in culture. In conclusion, p38α deficiency impairs mitotic progression in hepatocytes and restrains the recovery of liver mass after partial hepatectomy. Our results also indicate that p38α regulates cytokinesis by activating MNK1 and redox modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Ana M Tormos
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Isabela Finamor
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Raquel Taléns-Visconti
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain.
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19
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Kakabadze Z, Karalashvili L, Chakhunashvili D, Havlioglu N, Janelidze M, Kakabadze A, Sharma Y, Gupta S. Decellularized bovine placentome for portacavally-interposed heterotopic liver transplantation in rats. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 97:293-301. [PMID: 30678914 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds from healthy placentae offer advantages for tissue engineering with undamaged matrix, associated cytoprotective molecules, and embedded vessels for revascularization. As size disparities in human placenta and small recipients hamper preclinical studies, we studied alternative of bovine placentomes in smaller size ranges. Multiple cow placentomes were decellularized and anatomical integrity was analyzed. Tissue engineering used inbred donor rat livers. Placentomes were hepatized and immediately transplanted in rats with perfusion from portal vein and drainage into inferior vena cava. Cows yielded 99 ± 16 placentomes each. Of these, approximately 25% had 3 to 9 cm diameter and 7 to 63 ml volume, which was suitable for transplantation. After decellularization, angiography and casts documented 100% of vessels and vascular networks were well-perfused without disruptions or leaks. The residual matrix also remained intact for transplantation of placentomes. Perfusion in transplanted placentomes was maintained over up to 30 days. Liver tissue reassembled with restoration of hepatic acinar and sinusoidal structure. Transplanted tissue was intact without apoptosis, or necrosis. Hepatic functions were maintained. Preservation of hepatic homeostasis was verified by cytofluorimetric analysis of hepatocyte ploidy. The prevalence in healthy and transplanted liver of diploid, tetraploid and higher ploidy classes was similar with 57%, 41% and 2% versus 51%, 46.5% and 2.6%, respectively, p = 0.77, ANOVA. CONCLUSIONS: Cow placentomes will allow therapeutic development with disease models in small animals. This will also advance drug or toxicology studies. Portasystemic interposition of engineered liver will be particularly suitable for treating hepatic insufficiencies (metabolic, secretory or detoxification needs), including for children or smaller adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurab Kakabadze
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Lia Karalashvili
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Chakhunashvili
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Necat Havlioglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Pathology and Laboratory Services, VA Medical Center, Saint Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Merab Janelidze
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ann Kakabadze
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Yogeshwar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA.
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, The Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx 10461, NY, USA.
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20
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Moreno-Marín N, Merino JM, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Patel DP, Takahashi S, González-Sancho JM, Gandolfo P, Rios RM, Muñoz A, Gonzalez FJ, Fernández-Salguero PM. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Promotes Liver Polyploidization and Inhibits PI3K, ERK, and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. iScience 2018; 4:44-63. [PMID: 30240752 PMCID: PMC6147018 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) deficiency alters tissue homeostasis. However, how AhR regulates organ maturation and differentiation remains mostly unknown. Liver differentiation entails a polyploidization process fundamental for cell growth, metabolism, and stress responses. Here, we report that AhR regulates polyploidization during the preweaning-to-adult mouse liver maturation. Preweaning AhR-null (AhR−/−) livers had smaller hepatocytes, hypercellularity, altered cell cycle regulation, and enhanced proliferation. Those phenotypes persisted in adult AhR−/− mice and correlated with compromised polyploidy, predominance of diploid hepatocytes, and enlarged centrosomes. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and Wnt/β-catenin signaling remained upregulated from preweaning to adult AhR-null liver, likely increasing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Metabolomics revealed the deregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation intermediates succinate and fumarate in AhR−/− liver. Consistently, PI3K, ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin inhibition partially rescued polyploidy in AhR−/− mice. Thus, AhR may integrate survival, proliferation, and metabolism for liver polyploidization. Since tumor cells tend to be polyploid, AhR modulation could have therapeutic value in the liver. AhR is required for liver polyploidization during preweaning-to-adult transition INS-R/PI3K/AKT, ERK, Wnt/β-Cat and mTOR are downregulated during liver polyploidization Reduced polyploidy relates with enhanced mitochondrial metabolism in AhR-null liver Understanding how AhR modulates polyploidy may provide strategies against cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Moreno-Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Jaime M Merino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Barrientos
- Servicio de Técnicas Aplicadas a las Biociencias (STAB), Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Daxeshkumar P Patel
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - José M González-Sancho
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pablo Gandolfo
- Cell Signaling Department, CABIMER-CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Rosa M Rios
- Cell Signaling Department, CABIMER-CSIC, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pedro M Fernández-Salguero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz 06071, Spain.
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21
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Cadoni E, Marongiu F, Fanti M, Serra M, Laconi E. Caloric restriction delays early phases of carcinogenesis via effects on the tissue microenvironment. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36020-36032. [PMID: 28415598 PMCID: PMC5482635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is an effective and consistent means to delay aging and the incidence of chronic diseases related to old age, including cancer. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect of CR on carcinogenic process are yet to be identified. In the present studies the hypothesis was tested that the CR might delay carcinogenesis via modulatory effects exerted on the age-associated, neoplastic-prone tissue microenvironment. Using a well characterized, orthotopic cell transplantation (Tx) system in the rat, preneoplastic hepatocytes isolated from liver nodules were injected into either old syngeneic rats fed ad libitum (AL) or animals of the same age given a CR diet (70% of AL feeding). Analysis of donor-derived cell clusters performed at 10 weeks post-Tx revealed a significant shift towards smaller class sizes in the group receiving CR diet. Clusters comprising more than 50 cells, including large hepatic nodules, were thrice more frequent in AL vs. CR animals. Incidence of spontaneous endogenous nodules was also decreased by CR. Markers of cell senescence were equally expressed in the liver of AL and CR groups. However, higher levels of SIRT1 and FOXO1 proteins were detected in CR-exposed livers, while expression of HDAC1 and C/EBPβ were decreased. These results are interpreted to indicate that CR delays the emergence of age-associated neoplastic disease through effects exerted, at least in part, on the tissue microenvironment. Nutrient-sensing pathways might mediate such modulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cadoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maura Fanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
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22
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Viswanathan P, Sharma Y, Gupta P, Gupta S. Replicative stress and alterations in cell cycle checkpoint controls following acetaminophen hepatotoxicity restrict liver regeneration. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12445. [PMID: 29504225 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is a leading cause of hepatic failure with impairments in liver regeneration producing significant mortality. Multiple intracellular events, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, etc., signify acetaminophen toxicity, although how these may alter cell cycle controls has been unknown and was studied for its significance in liver regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Assays were performed in HuH-7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, primary human hepatocytes and tissue samples from people with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Cellular oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell proliferation events were investigated by mitochondrial membrane potential assays, flow cytometry, fluorescence staining, comet assays and spotted arrays for protein expression after acetaminophen exposures. RESULTS In experimental groups with acetaminophen toxicity, impaired mitochondrial viability and substantial DNA damage were observed with rapid loss of cells in S and G2/M and cell cycle restrictions or even exit in the remainder. This resulted from altered expression of the DNA damage regulator, ATM and downstream transducers, which imposed G1/S checkpoint arrest, delayed entry into S and restricted G2 transit. Tissues from people with acute liver failure confirmed hepatic DNA damage and cell cycle-related lesions, including restrictions of hepatocytes in aneuploid states. Remarkably, treatment of cells with a cytoprotective cytokine reversed acetaminophen-induced restrictions to restore cycling. CONCLUSIONS Cell cycle lesions following mitochondrial and DNA damage led to failure of hepatic regeneration in acetaminophen toxicity but their reversibility offers molecular targets for treating acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Viswanathan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yogeshwar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Priya Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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23
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Pedone E, Olteanu VA, Marucci L, Muñoz-Martin MI, Youssef SA, de Bruin A, Cosma MP. Modeling Dynamics and Function of Bone Marrow Cells in Mouse Liver Regeneration. Cell Rep 2017; 18:107-121. [PMID: 28052241 PMCID: PMC5236012 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents and humans, the liver can efficiently restore its mass after hepatectomy. This is largely attributed to the proliferation and cell cycle re-entry of hepatocytes. On the other hand, bone marrow cells (BMCs) migrate into the liver after resection. Here, we find that a block of BMC recruitment into the liver severely impairs its regeneration after the surgery. Mobilized hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the resected liver can fuse with hepatocytes, and the hybrids proliferate earlier than the hepatocytes. Genetic ablation of the hybrids severely impairs hepatocyte proliferation and liver mass regeneration. Mathematical modeling reveals a key role of bone marrow (BM)-derived hybrids to drive proliferation in the regeneration process, and predicts regeneration efficiency in experimentally non-testable conditions. In conclusion, BM-derived hybrids are essential to trigger efficient liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Bone marrow cell migration after liver hepatectomy is key for liver regeneration Migrated bone marrow cells fuse with hepatocytes Hybrids are essential for liver regeneration Mathematical modeling unveils the hybrid function for liver regeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pedone
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vlad-Aris Olteanu
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Lucia Marucci
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK.
| | - Maria Isabel Muñoz-Martin
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sameh A Youssef
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Alexandria Veterinary College, University of Alexandria-Egypt, 21612 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Pia Cosma
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Squires JE, Soltys KA, McKiernan P, Squires RH, Strom SC, Fox IJ, Soto-Gutierrez A. Clinical Hepatocyte Transplantation: What Is Next? CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017; 4:280-289. [PMID: 29732274 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Significant recent scientific developments have occurred in the field of liver repopulation and regeneration. While techniques to facilitate liver repopulation with donor hepatocytes and different cell sources have been studied extensively in the laboratory, in recent years clinical hepatocyte transplantation (HT) and liver repopulation trials have demonstrated new disease indications and also immunological challenges that will require the incorporation of a fresh look and new experimental approaches. Recent findings Growth advantage and regenerative stimulus are necessary to allow donor hepatocytes to proliferate. Current research efforts focus on mechanisms of donor hepatocyte expansion in response to liver injury/preconditioning. Moreover, latest clinical evidence shows that important obstacles to HT include optimizing engraftment and limited duration of effectiveness, with hepatocytes being lost to immunological rejection. We will discuss alternatives for cellular rejection monitoring, as well as new modalities to follow cellular graft function and near-to-clinical cell sources. Summary HT partially corrects genetic disorders for a limited period of time and has been associated with reversal of ALF. The main identified obstacles that remain to make HT a curative approach include improving engraftment rates, and methods for monitoring cellular graft function and rejection. This review aims to discuss current state-of-the-art in clinical HT and provide insights into innovative approaches taken to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Squires
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kyle A Soltys
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patrick McKiernan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert H Squires
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Wang MJ, Chen F, Lau JTY, Hu YP. Hepatocyte polyploidization and its association with pathophysiological processes. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2805. [PMID: 28518148 PMCID: PMC5520697 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic cellular feature of the mammalian liver is the progressive polyploidization of the hepatocytes, where individual cells acquire more than two sets of chromosomes. Polyploidization results from cytokinesis failure that takes place progressively during the course of postnatal development. The proportion of polyploidy also increases with the aging process or with cellular stress such as surgical resection, toxic stimulation, metabolic overload, or oxidative damage, to involve as much as 90% of the hepatocytes in mice and 40% in humans. Hepatocyte polyploidization is generally considered an indicator of terminal differentiation and cellular senescence, and related to the dysfunction of insulin and p53/p21 signaling pathways. Interestingly, the high prevalence of hepatocyte polyploidization in the aged mouse liver can be reversed when the senescent hepatocytes are serially transplanted into young mouse livers. Here we review the current knowledge on the mechanism of hepatocytes polyploidization during postnatal growth, aging, and liver diseases. The biologic significance of polyploidization in senescent reversal, within the context of new ways to think of liver aging and liver diseases is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Joseph T Y Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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26
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De Santis Puzzonia M, Cozzolino AM, Grassi G, Bisceglia F, Strippoli R, Guarguaglini G, Citarella F, Sacchetti B, Tripodi M, Marchetti A, Amicone L. TGFbeta Induces Binucleation/Polyploidization in Hepatocytes through a Src-Dependent Cytokinesis Failure. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167158. [PMID: 27893804 PMCID: PMC5125678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In all mammals, the adult liver shows binucleated as well as mononucleated polyploid hepatocytes. The hepatic polyploidization starts after birth with an extensive hepatocyte binucleation and generates hepatocytes of several ploidy classes. While the functional significance of hepatocyte polyploidy is becoming clearer, how it is triggered and maintained needs to be clarified. Aim of this study was to identify a major inducer of hepatocyte binucleation/polyploidization and the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. We found that, among several cytokines analyzed, known to be involved in early liver development and/or mass control, TGFbeta1 was capable to induce, together with the expected morphological changes, binucleation in hepatocytes in culture. Most importantly, the pharmacological inhibition of TGFbeta signaling in healthy mice during weaning, when the physiological binucleation occurs, induced a significant decrease of hepatocyte binucleation rate, without affecting cell proliferation and hepatic index. The TGFbeta-induced hepatocyte binucleation resulted from a cytokinesis failure, as assessed by video microscopy, and is associated with a delocalization of the cytokinesis regulator RhoA-GTPase from the mid-body of dividing cells. The use of specific chemical inhibitors demonstrated that the observed events are Src-dependent. Finally, the restoration of a fully epithelial phenotype by TGFbeta withdrawal gave rise to a cell progeny capable to maintain the polyploid state. In conclusion, we identified TGFbeta as a major inducer of hepatocyte binucleation both in vitro and in vivo, thus ascribing a novel role to this pleiotropic cytokine. The production of binucleated/tetraploid hepatocytes is due to a cytokinesis failure controlled by the molecular axis TGFbeta/Src/RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Santis Puzzonia
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Cozzolino
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Germana Grassi
- L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisceglia
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarguaglini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR National Research Council, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Citarella
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tripodi
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marchetti
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Amicone
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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27
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li S, Chen P. Oxidative stress and premature senescence in corneal endothelium following penetrating keratoplasty in an animal model. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16:16. [PMID: 26839109 PMCID: PMC4736695 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to address the question of how the premature senescence process may affect corneal endothelium after penetrating keratoplasty, because the quality of donor corneal endothelial cells is important for corneal transplant success. METHODS The cell senescence and induced oxidative stress in corneal endothelium were assessed using a normal-risk orthotopic mice corneal transplantation model. Senescence associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) staining was used to evaluate premature senescence in the endothelium of corneal allografts. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense RT(2)-PCR Arrays and in vitro experimental model using H2O2 treatment were used to investigate the possible mechanism. RESULTS SA-beta-Gal positivity was observed obviously in mice corneal endothelium of allogenic group and the levels of p16(INK4a) message and protein increased in endothelium of allogenic group compared to syngenic group. By PCR array, an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance was found in the endothelium of corneal allograft after PKP. The results from mice model were validated using human endothelium samples of corneal allograft after PKP. We also developed an in vitro experimental model using H2O2 treatment to simulate a state of oxidative stress in cultured human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) and found that elevated ROS levels, the up-regulation of CDK inhibitors and ROS-mediated p16(INK4A) up-regulation in HCECs occur via the ASK1-p38 MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the presence of oxidative stress and premature senescence in the endothelium of corneal allografts following PKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Current affiliation: Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Suxia Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of medical Sciences, No. 5 Yanerdao Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
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28
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Wang B, Zhao L, Fish M, Logan CY, Nusse R. Self-renewing diploid Axin2(+) cells fuel homeostatic renewal of the liver. Nature 2015; 524:180-5. [PMID: 26245375 PMCID: PMC4589224 DOI: 10.1038/nature14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The source of new hepatocytes in the uninjured liver has remained an open question. By lineage tracing using the Wnt-responsive gene Axin2, we identify a population of proliferating and self-renewing cells adjacent to the central vein in the liver lobule. These pericentral cells express the early liver progenitor marker Tbx3, are diploid, and thus differ from mature hepatocytes, which are mostly polyploid. The descendants of pericentral cells differentiate into Tbx3-negative, polyploid hepatocytes and can replace all hepatocytes along the liver lobule during homeostatic renewal. Adjacent central vein endothelial cells provide Wnt signals that maintain the pericentral cells, thereby constituting the niche. Thus, we identify a cell population in the liver that subserves homeostatic hepatocyte renewal, characterize its anatomical niche, and identify molecular signals that regulate its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Wang
- 1] Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ludan Zhao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Matt Fish
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Catriona Y Logan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Roel Nusse
- Department of Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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29
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Meserve JH, Duronio RJ. Scalloped and Yorkie are required for cell cycle re-entry of quiescent cells after tissue damage. Development 2015; 142:2740-51. [PMID: 26160905 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of damaged tissues typically requires a population of active stem cells. How damaged tissue is regenerated in quiescent tissues lacking a stem cell population is less well understood. We used a genetic screen in the developing Drosophila melanogaster eye to investigate the mechanisms that trigger quiescent cells to re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate in response to tissue damage. We discovered that Hippo signaling regulates compensatory proliferation after extensive cell death in the developing eye. Scalloped and Yorkie, transcriptional effectors of the Hippo pathway, drive Cyclin E expression to induce cell cycle re-entry in cells that normally remain quiescent in the absence of damage. Ajuba, an upstream regulator of Hippo signaling that functions as a sensor of epithelial integrity, is also required for cell cycle re-entry. Thus, in addition to its well-established role in modulating proliferation during periods of tissue growth, Hippo signaling maintains homeostasis by regulating quiescent cell populations affected by tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy H Meserve
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert J Duronio
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Departments of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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30
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Gentric G, Maillet V, Paradis V, Couton D, L'Hermitte A, Panasyuk G, Fromenty B, Celton-Morizur S, Desdouets C. Oxidative stress promotes pathologic polyploidization in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:981-92. [PMID: 25621497 DOI: 10.1172/jci73957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization is one of the most dramatic changes that can occur in the genome. In the liver, physiological polyploidization events occur during both liver development and throughout adult life. Here, we determined that a pathological polyploidization takes place in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a widespread hepatic metabolic disorder that is believed to be a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In murine models of NAFLD, the parenchyma of fatty livers displayed alterations of the polyploidization process, including the presence of a large proportion of highly polyploid mononuclear cells, which are rarely observed in normal hepatic parenchyma. Biopsies from patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) revealed the presence of alterations in hepatocyte ploidy compared with tissue from control individuals. Hepatocytes from NAFLD mice revealed that progression through the S/G2 phases of the cell cycle was inefficient. This alteration was associated with activation of a G2/M DNA damage checkpoint, which prevented activation of the cyclin B1/CDK1 complex. Furthermore, we determined that oxidative stress promotes the appearance of highly polyploid cells, and antioxidant-treated NAFLD hepatocytes resumed normal cell division and returned to a physiological state of polyploidy. Collectively, these findings indicate that oxidative stress promotes pathological polyploidization and suggest that this is an early event in NAFLD that may contribute to HCC development.
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31
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Endocycles: a recurrent evolutionary innovation for post-mitotic cell growth. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:197-210. [PMID: 24556841 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In endoreplication cell cycles, known as endocycles, cells successively replicate their genomes without segregating chromosomes during mitosis and thereby become polyploid. Such cycles, for which there are many variants, are widespread in protozoa, plants and animals. Endocycling cells can achieve ploidies of >200,000 C (chromatin-value); this increase in genomic DNA content allows a higher genomic output, which can facilitate the construction of very large cells or enhance macromolecular secretion. These cells execute normal S phases, using a G1-S regulatory apparatus similar to the one used by mitotic cells, but their capability to segregate chromosomes has been suppressed, typically by downregulation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase activity. Endocycles probably evolved many times, and the various endocycle mechanisms found in nature highlight the versatility of the cell cycle control machinery.
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32
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López-Domínguez JA, Khraiwesh H, González-Reyes JA, López-Lluch G, Navas P, Ramsey JJ, de Cabo R, Burón MI, Villalba JM. Dietary fat and aging modulate apoptotic signaling in liver of calorie-restricted mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:399-409. [PMID: 24691092 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance between proliferation and cell death accounts for several age-linked diseases. Aging, calorie restriction (CR), and fat source are all factors that may influence apoptotic signaling in liver, an organ that plays a central metabolic role in the organism. Here, we have studied the combined effect of these factors on a number of apoptosis regulators and effectors. For this purpose, animals were fed diets containing different fat sources (lard, soybean oil, or fish oil) under CR for 6 or 18 months. An age-linked increase in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was detected with CR, including a decrease in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, an enhanced release of cytochrome c to the cytosol and higher caspase-9 activity. However, these changes were not fully transmitted to the effectors apoptosis-inducing factor and caspase-3. CR (which abated aging-related inflammatory responses) and dietary fat altered the activities of caspases-8, -9, and -3. Apoptotic index (DNA fragmentation) and mean nuclear area were increased in aged animals with the exception of calorie-restricted mice fed a lard-based fat source. These results suggest possible protective changes in hepatic homeostasis with aging in the calorie-restricted lard group.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto López-Domínguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Husam Khraiwesh
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Antonio González-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jon Jay Ramsey
- VM Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - María Isabel Burón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Manuel Villalba
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Córdoba, Spain.
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Austin LS, Kaushansky A, Kappe SHI. Susceptibility to Plasmodium liver stage infection is altered by hepatocyte polyploidy. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:784-95. [PMID: 24612025 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites infect hepatocytes of their mammalian hosts and undergo obligate liver stage development. The specific host cell attributes that are important for liver infection remain largely unknown. Several host signalling pathways are perturbed in infected hepatocytes, some of which are important in the generation of hepatocyte polyploidy. To test the functional consequence of polyploidy on liver infection, we infected hepatocytes with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii both in vitro and in vivo and examined the ploidy of infected and uninfected hepatocytes by flow cytometry. In both hepatoma cell lines and in the mouse liver, the fraction of polyploid cells was higher in the infected cell population than in the uninfected cell population. When the data were reanalysed by comparing the extent of Plasmodium infection within each ploidy subset, we found that infection rates were elevated in more highly polyploid cells and lower in diploid cells. Furthermore, we found that the parasite's preference for host cells with high ploidy is conserved among rodent malaria species and the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This parasite preference for host cells of high ploidy cannot be explained by differences in hepatocyte size or DNA replication. We conclude that Plasmodium preferentially infects and develops in polyploid hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Austin
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Huang T, Rivera-Pérez JA. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity marks the visceral endoderm of mouse embryos but is not indicative of senescence. Genesis 2014; 52:300-8. [PMID: 24616249 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity is widely used as a marker of cellular senescence and as an indicator of organismal aging. Here, we report that SA-β-gal activity is present in the visceral endoderm layer of early postimplantation mouse embryos in predictable patterns that vary as the embryo progresses in development. However, determination of the mitotic index and analysis of the expression of Cdkn1a (p21), a marker of senescent cells, do not indicate cellular senescence. Instead, analysis of embryos in culture revealed the presence of SA-β-gal activity in apical vacuoles of visceral endoderm cells likely a reflection of acidic β-galactosidase function in these organelles. SA-β-gal serves as a practical marker of the dynamics of the visceral endoderm that can be applied to developmental as well as functional studies of early mammalian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01655
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Miyaoka Y, Miyajima A. To divide or not to divide: revisiting liver regeneration. Cell Div 2013; 8:8. [PMID: 23786799 PMCID: PMC3695844 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver has a remarkable capacity to regenerate. Even with surgical removal (partial hepatectomy) of 70% of liver mass, the remnant tissue grows to recover the original mass and functions. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy has been studied extensively since the 19th century, establishing the long-standing model that hepatocytes, which account for most of the liver weight, proliferate to recover the original mass of the liver. The basis of this model is the fact that almost all hepatocytes undergo S phase, as shown by the incorporation of radioactive nucleotides during liver regeneration. However, DNA replication does not necessarily indicate the execution of cell division, and a possible change in hepatocyte size is not considered in the model. In addition, as 15-30% of hepatocytes in adult liver are binuclear, the difference in nuclear number may affect the mode of cell division during regeneration. Thus, the traditional model seems to be oversimplified. Recently, we developed new techniques to investigate the process of liver regeneration, and revealed interesting features of hepatocytes. In this review, we first provide a historical overview of how the widely accepted model of liver regeneration was established and then discuss some overlooked observations together with our recent findings. Finally, we describe the revised model and perspectives on liver regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Miyaoka
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Significant recent developments have occurred in the field of liver regeneration. Although the regenerative response to partial hepatectomy has been studied extensively, in recent years the use of new experimental approaches has incorporated a fresh look that may lead to a better understanding of hepatocyte dysfunction and regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Liver injury promotes the regenerative responses that are relatively rare in healthy livers. Current research efforts focus on the mechanisms of hepatocyte adaptation in response to liver injury. We will discuss how hepatic aneuploidy and polyploidy contributes to liver regeneration, as well as new modalities to study cellular interactions using the organ-specific microenvironment. SUMMARY High mortality is generally limited to patients who develop terminal liver failure, which occurs when regenerative responses are unable to compensate for liver injury. Cellular adaptations and organ microenvironment changes are present during disease processes. This review aims to provide insights into the innovative approaches taken to investigate regeneration in liver diseases.
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Tripathi T, Khan AA, Shahid M, Khan HM, Siddiqui M, Khan RA, Mahdi AA, Malik A. Biochemical and histopathological evaluation of histamine receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R and H4R)-agonist in rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:271-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Pichard V, Couton D, Desdouets C, Ferry N. Polyploidization without mitosis improves in vivo liver transduction with lentiviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2013; 24:143-51. [PMID: 23249390 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are efficient gene delivery vehicles for therapeutic and research applications. In contrast to oncoretroviral vectors, they are able to infect most nonproliferating cells. In the liver, induction of cell proliferation dramatically improved hepatocyte transduction using all types of retroviral vectors. However, the precise relationship between hepatocyte division and transduction efficiency has not been determined yet. Here we compared gene transfer efficiency in the liver after in vivo injection of recombinant lentiviral or Moloney murine leukemia viral (MoMuLV) vectors in hepatectomized rats treated or not with retrorsine, an alkaloid that blocks hepatocyte division and induces megalocytosis. Partial hepatectomy alone resulted in a similar increase in hepatocyte transduction using either vector. In retrorsine-treated and partially hepatectomized rats, transduction with MoMuLV vectors dropped dramatically. In contrast, we observed that retrorsine treatment combined with partial hepatectomy increased lentiviral transduction to higher levels than hepatectomy alone. Analysis of nuclear ploidy in single cells showed that a high level of transduction was associated with polyploidization. In conclusion, endoreplication could be exploited to improve the efficiency of liver-directed lentiviral gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Pichard
- INSERM UMR-S 948, Université de Nantes, CHU Hôtel Dieu, 44093 Nantes, France
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Pandit SK, Westendorp B, Nantasanti S, van Liere E, Tooten PCJ, Cornelissen PWA, Toussaint MJM, Lamers WH, de Bruin A. E2F8 is essential for polyploidization in mammalian cells. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:1181-91. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Immunological, biochemical and histopathological evaluation of histamine receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R and H4R)-antagonist in rabbit experimental model: A short term study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Aranda-Anzaldo A. The post-mitotic state in neurons correlates with a stable nuclear higher-order structure. Commun Integr Biol 2012; 5:134-9. [PMID: 22808316 PMCID: PMC3376047 DOI: 10.4161/cib.18761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons become terminally differentiated (TD) post-mitotic cells very early during development yet they may remain alive and functional for decades. TD neurons preserve the molecular machinery necessary for DNA synthesis that may be reactivated by different stimuli but they never complete a successful mitosis. The non-reversible nature of the post-mitotic state in neurons suggests a non-genetic basis for it since no set of mutations has been able to revert it. Comparative studies of the nuclear higher-order structure in neurons and cells with proliferating potential suggest that the non-reversible nature of the post-mitotic state in neurons has a structural basis in the stability of the nuclear higher-order structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Aranda-Anzaldo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Toluca, México
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Hepatocytes polyploidization and cell cycle control in liver physiopathology. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:282430. [PMID: 23150829 PMCID: PMC3485502 DOI: 10.1155/2012/282430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cells in mammalian tissues usually contain a diploid complement of chromosomes. However, numerous studies have demonstrated a major role of "diploid-polyploid conversion" during physiopathological processes in several tissues. In the liver parenchyma, progressive polyploidization of hepatocytes takes place during postnatal growth. Indeed, at the suckling-weaning transition, cytokinesis failure events induce the genesis of binucleated tetraploid liver cells. Insulin signalling, through regulation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, is essential in the establishment of liver tetraploidization by controlling cytoskeletal organisation and consequently mitosis progression. Liver cell polyploidy is generally considered to indicate terminal differentiation and senescence, and both lead to a progressive loss of cell pluripotency associated to a markedly decreased replication capacity. Although adult liver is a quiescent organ, it retains a capacity to proliferate and to modulate its ploidy in response to various stimuli or aggression (partial hepatectomy, metabolic overload (i.e., high copper and iron hepatic levels), oxidative stress, toxic insult, and chronic hepatitis etc.). Here we review the mechanisms and functional consequences of hepatocytes polyploidization during normal and pathological liver growth.
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Novel approach to bile duct damage in primary biliary cirrhosis: participation of cellular senescence and autophagy. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:452143. [PMID: 21994884 PMCID: PMC3169336 DOI: 10.1155/2012/452143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) in patients' sera and histologically by chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis in small bile ducts, eventually followed by extensive bile duct loss and biliary cirrhosis. The autoimmune-mediated pathogenesis of bile duct lesions, including the significance of AMAs, triggers of the autoimmune process, and so on remain unclear. We have reported that cellular senescence in biliary epithelial cells (BECs) may be involved in bile duct lesions and that autophagy may precede the process of biliary epithelial senescence in PBC. Interestingly, BECs in damaged bile ducts show characteristicsof cellular senescence and autophagy in PBC. A suspected causative factor of biliary epithelial senescence is oxidative stress. Furthermore, senescent BECs may modulate the microenvironment around bile ducts by expressing various chemokines and cytokines called senescence-associated secretory phenotypes and contribute to the pathogenesis in PBC.
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Lozoya OA, Wauthier E, Turner R, Barbier C, Prestwich GD, Guilak F, Superfine R, Lubkin SR, Reid LM. Regulation of hepatic stem/progenitor phenotype by microenvironment stiffness in hydrogel models of the human liver stem cell niche. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7389-402. [PMID: 21788068 PMCID: PMC3157321 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Human livers have maturational lineages of cells within liver acini, beginning periportally in stem cell niches, the canals of Hering, and ending in polyploid hepatocytes pericentrally and cholangiocytes in bile ducts. Hepatic stem cells (hHpSCs) in vivo are partnered with mesenchymal precursors to endothelia (angioblasts) and stellate cells, and reside in regulated microenvironments, stem cell niches, containing hyaluronans (HA). The in vivo hHpSC niche is modeled in vitro by growing hHpSC in two-dimensional (2D) cultures on plastic. We investigated effects of 3D microenvironments, mimicking the liver's stem cell niche, on these hHpSCs by embedding them in HA-based hydrogels prepared with Kubota's Medium (KM), a serum-free medium tailored for endodermal stem/progenitors. The KM-HA hydrogels mimicked the niches, matched diffusivity of culture medium, exhibited shear thinning and perfect elasticity under mechanical loading, and had predictable stiffness depending on their chemistry. KM-HA hydrogels, which supported cell attachment, survival and expansion of hHpSC colonies, induced transition of hHpSC colonies towards stable heterogeneous populations of hepatic progenitors depending on KM-HA hydrogel stiffness, as shown by both their gene and protein expression profile. These acquired phenotypes did not show morphological evidence of fibrotic responses. In conclusion, this study shows that the mechanical properties of the microenvironment can regulate differentiation in endodermal stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo A. Lozoya
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC and UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Gastrointestinal and Biliary Disease Biology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eliane Wauthier
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC and UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Gastrointestinal and Biliary Disease Biology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rachael Turner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC and UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Gastrointestinal and Biliary Disease Biology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Claire Barbier
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC and UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Gastrointestinal and Biliary Disease Biology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Medical Center and Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, NC
| | - Richard Superfine
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UNC College of Arts and Sciences, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sharon R. Lubkin
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC and UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Lola M. Reid
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC and UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Gastrointestinal and Biliary Disease Biology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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Turner R, Lozoya O, Wang Y, Cardinale V, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Mendel G, Wauthier E, Barbier C, Alvaro D, Reid LM. Human hepatic stem cell and maturational liver lineage biology. Hepatology 2011; 53:1035-45. [PMID: 21374667 PMCID: PMC3066046 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Livers are comprised of maturational lineages of cells beginning extrahepatically in the hepato-pancreatic common duct near the duodenum and intrahepatically in zone 1 by the portal triads. The extrahepatic stem cell niches are the peribiliary glands deep within the walls of the bile ducts; those intrahepatically are the canals of Hering in postnatal livers and that derive from ductal plates in fetal livers. Intrahepatically, there are at least eight maturational lineage stages from the stem cells in zone 1 (periportal), through the midacinar region (zone 2), to the most mature cells and apoptotic cells found pericentrally in zone 3. Those found in the biliary tree are still being defined. Parenchymal cells are closely associated with lineages of mesenchymal cells, and their maturation is coordinated. Each lineage stage consists of parenchymal and mesenchymal cell partners distinguishable by their morphology, ploidy, antigens, biochemical traits, gene expression, and ability to divide. They are governed by changes in chromatin (e.g., methylation), gradients of paracrine signals (soluble factors and insoluble extracellular matrix components), mechanical forces, and feedback loop signals derived from late lineage cells. Feedback loop signals, secreted by late lineage stage cells into bile, flow back to the periportal area and regulate the stem cells and other early lineage stage cells in mechanisms dictating the size of the liver mass. Recognition of maturational lineage biology and its regulation by these multiple mechanisms offers new understandings of liver biology, pathologies, and strategies for regenerative medicine and treatment of liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Turner
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Oswaldo Lozoya
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yunfang Wang
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504
| | - Gemma Mendel
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Eliane Wauthier
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Claire Barbier
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lola M. Reid
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Elchaninov AV, Bolshakova GB. Reparative regeneration of rat fetal liver after partial hepatectomy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2011; 150:383-6. [PMID: 21240360 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible model of fetal liver regeneration was created. Resection of 20% liver was carried out in rat fetuses on day 17 of prenatal development. The organ weight was restored after 2 days at the expense of an increase in hepatocyte mitotic activity; cell hypertrophy was minor. After recovery, the cell composition of the operated liver did not differ from the control, i.e. the regeneration was organotypical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Elchaninov
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Hashimoto N, Yamamoto M, Miyakoshi M, Tanaka H, Ogawa K. Unique Properties of Hepatocarcinogenesis-Resistant DRH Rat Hepatocytes Linked or Not Linked to the Drh1 Locus on Rat Chromosome 1. Int J Hepatol 2011; 2011:424356. [PMID: 21994856 PMCID: PMC3170802 DOI: 10.4061/2011/424356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis-resistant DRH rats exhibit few and small preneoplastic hepatocytic lesions during hepatocarcinogenesis, of which traits have been assigned to two major chromosomal regions, Drh1 and Drh2. In this study, hepatocytes from DRH.F344-Drh1, a congenic strain in which the Drh1 chromosomal region was replaced with that of F344 rats, were compared to hepatocytes from Donryu (original strain), DRH, and F344 rats. Although DRH hepatocytes exhibited low proliferation and p38 dephosphorylation after lead nitrate (LN) treatment despite cytokine and Cox2 activation, DRH.F344-Drh1 hepatocytes exhibited high responses, as did Donryu and F344 hepatocytes. Moreover, although DRH hepatocytes were resistant to hepatotoxins, DRH.F344-Drh1 hepatocytes were as sensitive to hepatotoxins as Donryu and F344 hepatocytes. However, DRH.F344-Drh1 hepatocytes like DRH hepatocytes proliferated at lower rates in vitro and contained smaller nuclei than Donryu and F344 hepatocytes. Thus, low responses to LN and resistance to hepatotoxins in DRH hepatocytes were linked to the Drh1 locus, while low proliferation in vitro and small nuclear size were not linked to the Drh1 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology, Section of Oncology, Asahikawa Medical College, 2-1-1-1 East, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Section of Oncology, Asahikawa Medical College, 2-1-1-1 East, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyakoshi
- Department of Pathology, Section of Oncology, Asahikawa Medical College, 2-1-1-1 East, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Section of Oncology, Asahikawa Medical College, 2-1-1-1 East, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Pathology, Section of Oncology, Asahikawa Medical College, 2-1-1-1 East, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan,*Katsuhiro Ogawa:
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Biliary epithelial apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence in primary biliary cirrhosis. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2010:205128. [PMID: 21152179 PMCID: PMC2989862 DOI: 10.1155/2010/205128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized serologically by the high prevalence of anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) and histologically by the cholangitis of small bile ducts, eventually followed by extensive loss of the small bile duct. An autoimmune pathogenesis is suggested by clinical and experimental studies, but there remain issues regarding the etiology, the significance of AMAs in the pathogenesis of bile duct lesions, and so on. The unique properties of apoptosis in biliary epithelial cells (BECs), in which there is exposure of autoantigen to the effectors of the immune system, are proposed to be a cause of bile duct lesions in PBC. Recent progress disclosed that cellular senescence and autophagy are involved in bile duct lesions in PBC. Senescent BECs may modulate the periductal microenvironment by expressing senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, including various chemokines, and contribute to the pathogenesis of bile duct lesions in PBC.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal metabolic demands change dramatically during the course of gestation and must be co-ordinated with the needs of the developing placenta and fetus. The liver is critically involved in metabolism and other important functions. However, maternal hepatic adjustments to pregnancy are poorly understood. AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the influences of pregnancy on the maternal liver growth and gene expression profile. METHODS Holtzman Sprague-Dawley rats were mated and sacrificed at various stages of gestation and post-partum. The maternal livers were analysed in gravimetric response, DNA content by PicoGreen dsDNA quantitation reagent, hepatocyte ploidy by flow cytometry and hepatocyte proliferation by ki-67 immunostaining. Gene expression profiling of non-pregnant and gestation d18.5 maternal hepatic tissue was analysed using a DNA microarray approach and partially verified by northern blot or quantitative real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS During pregnancy, the liver exhibited approximately an 80% increase in size, proportional to the increase in body weight of the pregnant animals. The pregnancy-induced hepatomegaly was a physiological event of liver growth manifested by increases in maternal hepatic DNA content and hepatocyte proliferation. Pregnancy did not affect hepatocyte polyploidization. Pregnancy-dependent changes in hepatic expression were noted for a number of genes, including those associated with cell proliferation, cytokine signalling, liver regeneration and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic demands of pregnancy cause marked adjustments in maternal liver physiology. Central to these adjustments are an expansion in hepatic capacity and changes in hepatic gene expression. Our findings provide insights into pregnancy-dependent hepatic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Bustamante
- Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology, Division of Cancer & Developmental Biology, Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Bryan L. Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Michael J. Soares
- Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology, Division of Cancer & Developmental Biology, Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Guoli Dai
- Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology, Division of Cancer & Developmental Biology, Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Yamaguchi J, Miyakoshi M, Sato Y, Nakanuma Y. Bile ductular cells undergoing cellular senescence increase in chronic liver diseases along with fibrous progression. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 133:212-23. [PMID: 20093230 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpwmx47treywzg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the pathologic significance of ductular reactions in chronic liver diseases with respect to cellular senescence. The expression of senescence-associated markers (p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1)), cell proliferation, cell cycle markers (cyclin D and cyclin A), and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) was examined immunohistochemically in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC, n = 37), chronic viral hepatitis (n = 39), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (n = 25), and control normal livers (n = 12). The expression of p16(INK4a) and p21(WAF1/Cip1) was frequently found in ductular cells in the advanced stage of chronic liver diseases, especially in PBC (P < .05). Double immunostaining disclosed that most senescent cells expressed cyclin D (G(1)-phase marker). NCAM was frequently coexpressed in ductular cells showing senescence-associated markers. Some ductular cells in ductular reactions in chronic liver diseases were at G(1) arrest and undergoing cellular senescence. Such senescent cells may be involved in the progression of fibrosis of these diseases, particularly in PBC.
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