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Piscura MK, Henderson-Redmond AN, Barnes RC, Mitra S, Guindon J, Morgan DJ. Mechanisms of cannabinoid tolerance. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 214:115665. [PMID: 37348821 PMCID: PMC10528043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used recreationally and medically for centuries, yet research into understanding the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects has only recently garnered more attention. There is evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, improving weight gain in HIV-related cachexia, emesis, sleep disorders, managing symptoms in Tourette syndrome, and patient-reported muscle spasticity from multiple sclerosis. However, tolerance and the risk for cannabis use disorder are two significant disadvantages for cannabinoid-based therapies in humans. Recent work has revealed prominent sex differences in the acute response and tolerance to cannabinoids in both humans and animal models. This review will discuss evidence demonstrating cannabinoid tolerance in rodents, non-human primates, and humans and our current understanding of the neuroadaptations occurring at the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) that are responsible tolerance. CB1R expression is downregulated in tolerant animals and humans while there is strong evidence of CB1R desensitization in cannabinoid tolerant rodent models. Throughout the review, critical knowledge gaps are indicated and discussed, such as the lack of a neuroimaging probe to assess CB1R desensitization in humans. The review discusses the intracellular signaling pathways that are responsible for mediating CB1R desensitization and downregulation including the action of G protein-coupled receptor kinases, β-arrestin2 recruitment, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, protein kinase A, and the intracellular trafficking of CB1R. Finally, the review discusses approaches to reduce cannabinoid tolerance in humans based on our current understanding of the neuroadaptations and mechanisms responsible for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Piscura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | | | - Robert C Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Josée Guindon
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Daniel J Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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2
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The Enteric Glia and Its Modulation by the Endocannabinoid System, a New Target for Cannabinoid-Based Nutraceuticals? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196773. [PMID: 36235308 PMCID: PMC9570628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that intrinsically innervates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Whereas enteric neurons have been deeply studied, the enteric glial cells (EGCs) have received less attention. However, these are immune-competent cells that contribute to the maintenance of the GI tract homeostasis through supporting epithelial integrity, providing neuroprotection, and influencing the GI motor function and sensation. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) includes endogenous classical cannabinoids (anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol), cannabinoid-like ligands (oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)), enzymes involved in their metabolism (FAAH, MAGL, COX-2) and classical (CB1 and CB2) and non-classical (TRPV1, GPR55, PPAR) receptors. The ECS participates in many processes crucial for the proper functioning of the GI tract, in which the EGCs are involved. Thus, the modulation of the EGCs through the ECS might be beneficial to treat some dysfunctions of the GI tract. This review explores the role of EGCs and ECS on the GI tract functions and dysfunctions, and the current knowledge about how EGCs may be modulated by the ECS components, as possible new targets for cannabinoids and cannabinoid-like molecules, particularly those with potential nutraceutical use.
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Hibberd TJ, Yew WP, Dodds KN, Xie Z, Travis L, Brookes SJ, Costa M, Hu H, Spencer NJ. Quantification of CGRP-immunoreactive myenteric neurons in mouse colon. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3209-3225. [PMID: 36043843 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative data of biological systems provide valuable baseline information for understanding pathology, experimental perturbations, and computational modeling. In mouse colon, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is expressed by myenteric neurons with multiaxonal (Dogiel type II) morphology, characteristic of intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs). Analogous neurons in other species and gut regions represent 5-35% of myenteric neurons. We aimed to quantify proportions of CGRP-immunopositive (CGRP+) myenteric neurons. Colchicine-treated wholemount preparations of proximal, mid, and distal colon were labeled for HuC/D, CGRP, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and peripherin (Per). The pan-neuronal markers (Hu+/Per+) co-labeled 94% of neurons. Hu+/Per- neurons comprised ∼6%, but Hu-/Per+ cells were rare. Thus, quantification was based on Hu+ myenteric neurons (8576 total; 1225 ± 239 per animal, n = 7). CGRP+ cell bodies were significantly larger than the average of all Hu+ neurons (329 ± 13 vs. 261 ± 12 μm2 , p < .0001). CGRP+ neurons comprised 19% ± 3% of myenteric neurons without significant regional variation. NOS+ neurons comprised 42% ± 2% of myenteric neurons overall, representing a lower proportion in proximal colon, compared to mid and distal colon (38% ± 2%, 44% ± 2%, and 44% ± 3%, respectively). Peripherin immunolabeling revealed cell body and axonal morphology in some myenteric neurons. Whether all CGRP+ neurons were multiaxonal could not be addressed using peripherin immunolabeling. However, of 118 putatively multiaxonal neurons first identified based on peripherin immunoreactivity, all were CGRP+ (n = 4). In conclusion, CGRP+ myenteric neurons in mouse colon were comprehensively quantified, occurring within a range expected of a putative IPAN marker. All Per+ multiaxonal neurons, characteristic of Dogiel type II/IPAN morphology, were CGRP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wai Ping Yew
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsi N Dodds
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zili Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lee Travis
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Ma N, Li X, Li Q, Yang D, Zhuang S, Nan S, Liu A, Ding M, Ding Y. Electroacupuncture relieves visceral hypersensitivity through modulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system. Acupunct Med 2022:9645284221107699. [PMID: 35957508 DOI: 10.1177/09645284221107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively relieve visceral hypersensitivity (VH). However, its mechanisms are still unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of EA on VH caused by ileitis, and whether EA relieves VH by modulating the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS). METHODS Thirty male native goats were randomly divided into a saline-treated control group (Saline, n = 9) and three 2,4,6-trinitro-benzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-treated VH model groups that underwent injection of TNBS into the ileal wall to induce VH and remained untreated (TNBS, n = 9) or received six sessions of EA (for 30 min every 3 days) (TNBS + EA, n = 6) or sham acupuncture (TNBS + Sham, n = 6). The visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distention (CRD) was measured after each EA treatment. Three goats in the Saline/TNBS groups were euthanized after 7 days for histopathological examination; the remaining 24 (n = 6/group) underwent sampling of the ileal wall, T11 spinal cord and brain nuclei/areas related to visceral regulation and ascending pain modulation system on day 22. Expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS VMR to CRD was greater in TNBS-treated goats than in saline-treated goats (p < 0.01) from day 7 to 22. After day 7, EA-treated goats showed a decreased (p < 0.05) VMR compared with untreated TNBS-exposed goats. TNBS treatment decreased CB1R and increased FAAH and MAGL expression in the ileum and related nuclei/areas; this was reversed by EA. CONCLUSION EA ameliorates VH, probably by regulating the ECS in the intestine and nuclei/areas related to visceral regulation and descending pain modulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiuhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Diqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Nan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Nutraceuticals and Enteric Glial Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123762. [PMID: 34205534 PMCID: PMC8234579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, glia were considered to be a structural support for neurons, however further investigations showed that glial cells are equally as important as neurons. Among many different types of glia, enteric glial cells (EGCs) found in the gastrointestinal tract, have been significantly underestimated, but proved to play an essential role in neuroprotection, immune system modulation and many other functions. They are also said to be remarkably altered in different physiopathological conditions. A nutraceutical is defined as any food substance or part of a food that provides medical or health benefits, including prevention and treatment of the disease. Following the description of these interesting peripheral glial cells and highlighting their role in physiological and pathological changes, this article reviews all the studies on the effects of nutraceuticals as modulators of their functions. Currently there are only a few studies available concerning the effects of nutraceuticals on EGCs. Most of them evaluated molecules with antioxidant properties in systemic conditions, whereas only a few studies have been performed using models of gastrointestinal disorders. Despite the scarcity of studies on the topic, all agree that nutraceuticals have the potential to be an interesting alternative in the prevention and/or treatment of enteric gliopathies (of systemic or local etiology) and their associated gastrointestinal conditions.
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6
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Osafo N, Yeboah OK, Antwi AO. Endocannabinoid system and its modulation of brain, gut, joint and skin inflammation. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3665-3680. [PMID: 33909195 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of endogenous cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and their endogenous ligands has generated interest in the endocannabinoid system and has contributed to the understanding of the role of the endocannabinoid system. Its role in the normal physiology of the body and its implication in pathological states such as cardiovascular diseases, neoplasm, depression and pain have been subjects of scientific interest. In this review the authors focus on the endogenous cannabinoids, and the critical role of cannabinoid receptor signaling in neurodegeneration and other inflammatory responses such as gut, joint and skin inflammation. This review also discusses the potential of endocannabinoid pathways as drug targets in the amelioration of some inflammatory conditions. Though the exact role of the endocannabinoid system is not fully understood, the evidence found much clearly points to a great potential in exploiting both its central and peripheral pathways in disease management. Cannabinoid therapy has proven promising in several preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newman Osafo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Oduro K Yeboah
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Aaron O Antwi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Lackey AI, Chen T, Zhou YX, Bottasso Arias NM, Doran JM, Zacharisen SM, Gajda AM, Jonsson WO, Córsico B, Anthony TG, Joseph LB, Storch J. Mechanisms underlying reduced weight gain in intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP) null mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G518-G530. [PMID: 31905021 PMCID: PMC7099495 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00120.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal-fatty acid binding protein (IFABP; FABP2) is a 15-kDa intracellular protein abundantly present in the cytosol of the small intestinal (SI) enterocyte. High-fat (HF) feeding of IFABP-/- mice resulted in reduced weight gain and fat mass relative to wild-type (WT) mice. Here, we examined intestinal properties that may underlie the observed lean phenotype of high fat-fed IFABP-/- mice. No alterations in fecal lipid content were found, suggesting that the IFABP-/- mice are not malabsorbing dietary fat. However, the total excreted fecal mass, normalized to food intake, was increased for the IFABP-/- mice relative to WT mice. Moreover, intestinal transit time was more rapid in the IFABP-/- mice. IFABP-/- mice displayed a shortened average villus length, a thinner muscularis layer, reduced goblet cell density, and reduced Paneth cell abundance. The number of proliferating cells in the crypts of IFABP-/- mice did not differ from that of WT mice, suggesting that the blunt villi phenotype is not due to alterations in proliferation. IFABP-/- mice were observed to have altered expression of genes and proteins related to intestinal structure, while immunohistochemical analyses revealed increased staining for markers of inflammation. Taken together, these studies indicate that the ablation of IFABP, coupled with high-fat feeding, leads to changes in gut motility and morphology, which likely contribute to the relatively leaner phenotype occurring at the whole-body level. Thus, IFABP is likely involved in dietary lipid sensing and signaling, influencing intestinal motility, intestinal structure, and nutrient absorption, thereby impacting systemic energy metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) is thought to be essential for the efficient uptake and trafficking of dietary fatty acids. In this study, we demonstrate that high-fat-fed IFABP-/- mice have an increased fecal output and are likely malabsorbing other nutrients in addition to lipid. Furthermore, we observe that the ablation of IFABP leads to marked alterations in intestinal morphology and secretory cell abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atreju I Lackey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Tina Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Yin X Zhou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Natalia M Bottasso Arias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Justine M Doran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Sophia M Zacharisen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Angela M Gajda
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - William O Jonsson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Betina Córsico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Munjal A, Dedania B, Cash BD. Current and emerging pharmacological approaches for treating diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 21:63-71. [PMID: 31738621 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1691524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is among the most common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and is associated with impaired quality of life, increased health-care utilization, and significant costs to patients and society. The treatment of IBS is typically hierarchal with initial therapies consisting of dietary and lifestyle modifications. Pharmacotherapy with over-the-counter and prescription medications is also commonly used for symptomatic control in the course of therapy.Areas covered: Three medications are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for IBS-D, with all of them demonstrating efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical trial data applicable to the current FDA approved IBS-D therapies as well as review data related to new and emerging therapies for this condition.Expert opinion: Clinicians should be familiar with emerging therapies for IBS-D as they may provide benefit to some IBS-D patients. The exact mechanisms of action of many of the emerging agents for IBS-D remain unknown. Despite substantial differences and limitations in the design and quality of supporting studies, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that emerging agents may promote meaningful symptom improvement in patients with IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Munjal
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhavtosh Dedania
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brooks D Cash
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Ranjbar S, Seyednejad SA, Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. How can we develop better antispasmodics for irritable bowel syndrome? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:549-562. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1593369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Ranjbar
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Afshin Seyednejad
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Nikfar
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Uranga JA, Vera G, Abalo R. Cannabinoid pharmacology and therapy in gut disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:134-147. [PMID: 30076849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sp. and their products (marijuana, hashish…), in addition to their recreational, industrial and other uses, have a long history for their use as a remedy for symptoms related with gastrointestinal diseases. After many reports suggesting these beneficial effects, it was not surprising to discover that the gastrointestinal tract expresses endogenous cannabinoids, their receptors, and enzymes for their synthesis and degradation, comprising the so-called endocannabinoid system. This system participates in the control of tissue homeostasis and important intestinal functions like motor and sensory activity, nausea, emesis, the maintenance of the epithelial barrier integrity, and the correct cellular microenvironment. Thus, different cannabinoid-related pharmacological agents may be useful to treat the main digestive pathologies. To name a few examples, in irritable bowel syndrome they may normalize dysmotility and reduce pain, in inflammatory bowel disease they may decrease inflammation, and in colorectal cancer, apart from alleviating some symptoms, they may play a role in the regulation of the cell niche. This review summarizes the main recent findings on the role of cannabinoid receptors, their synthetic or natural ligands and their metabolizing enzymes in normal gastrointestinal function and in disorders including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer and gastrointestinal chemotherapy-induced adverse effects (nausea/vomiting, constipation, diarrhea).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Uranga
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain
| | - G Vera
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain
| | - R Abalo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain.
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Grill M, Hasenoehrl C, Storr M, Schicho R. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids: An Option for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cancer of the Colon? Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2018; 1:28-35. [PMID: 34676319 DOI: 10.1159/000489036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, we have witnessed a surge of new reports dealing with the role of cannabinoids, synthetic as well as herbal, in the mechanisms of inflammation and carcinogenesis. However, despite the wealth of in vitro data and anecdotal reports, evidence that cannabinoids could act as beneficial drugs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or in neoplastic development of the human gastrointestinal tract is lacking. Some insight into the effects of medical Cannabis (usually meaning dried flowers) and cannabinoids in IBD has been gained through questionnaires and small pilot studies. As to colorectal cancer, only preclinical data are available. Currently, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its synthetic forms, dronabinol and nabilone, are used as an add-on treatment to alleviate chronic pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients as well as chemotherapy-induced nausea. The use of medical Cannabis is authorized only in a limited number of countries. None of the mentioned substances are currently indicated for IBD. This review is an update of our knowledge on the role of cannabinoids in intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis and a discussion on their potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grill
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Hasenoehrl
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine 2, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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Mosińska P, Jacenik D, Sałaga M, Wasilewski A, Cygankiewicz A, Sibaev A, Mokrowiecka A, Małecka-Panas E, Pintelon I, Storr M, Timmermans JP, Krajewska WM, Fichna J. FABP4 blocker attenuates colonic hypomotility and modulates white adipose tissue-derived hormone levels in mouse models mimicking constipation-predominant IBS. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13272. [PMID: 29266569 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) in lower gastrointestinal (GI) motility is unknown. We aimed to verify the effect of inhibition of FABP4 on GI transit in vivo, and to determine the expression of FABP4 in mouse and human tissues. METHODS Fatty acid binding protein 4 inhibitor, BMS309403, was administered acutely or chronically for 6 and 13 consecutive days and its effect on GI transit was assessed in physiological conditions and in loperamide-induced constipation. Intracellular recordings were made to examine the effects of BMS309403 on colonic excitatory and inhibitory junction potentials. Abdominal pain was evaluated using behavioral pain response. Localization and expression of selected adipokines were determined in the mouse colon and serum using immunohistochemistry and Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay respectively. mRNA expression of FABP4 and selected adipokines in colonic and serum samples from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and control group were assessed. KEY RESULTS Acute injection of BMS309403 significantly increased GI motility and reversed inhibitory effect of loperamide. BMS309403 did not change colonic membrane potentials. Chronic treatment with BMS309403 increased the number of pain-induced behaviors. In the mouse serum, level of resistin was significantly decreased after acute administration; no changes in adiponectin level were detected. In the human serum, level of adiponectin and resistin, but not of FABP4, were significantly elevated in patients with constipation-IBS (IBS-C). FABP4 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in the human colon in IBS-C. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Fatty acid binding protein 4 may be involved in IBS pathogenesis and become a novel target in the treatment of constipation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mosińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - D Jacenik
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Wasilewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Cygankiewicz
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Sibaev
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Mokrowiecka
- Department of Digestive Tract Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - E Małecka-Panas
- Department of Digestive Tract Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - I Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Storr
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center of Endoscopy, Stanberg, Germany
| | - J P Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - W M Krajewska
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - J Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Novel derivatives of 1,2,3-triazole, cannabinoid-1 receptor ligands modulate gastrointestinal motility in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:435-444. [PMID: 29404698 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors are broadly distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems; among others, they are located in the enteric nervous system. In the gastrointestinal (GI) system, they participate in regulation of intestinal motility or ion transport. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives (compound 1: 2-[4,5-bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl]-N-(2-fluorobenzyl)acetamide, compound 2: 2-[4,5-bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl]-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)acetamide, compound 3: N-benzyl-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl]acetamide]), characterized in vitro as CB1 antagonists with high CB1 over CB2 selectivity, in the mouse GI tract. The action of compounds 1-3 was assessed in vitro (electrical field stimulated smooth muscle contractility of the mouse ileum and colon) and in vivo (whole GI transit time). Compound 1 decreased ileal (10-6 M) and colonic (10-7-10-6 M) smooth muscles contractility. Moreover, it prolonged whole GI transit. Compound 2 (10-10-10-8 M) slightly increased the amplitude of muscle contractions in the ileum, but at a higher concentration (10-6 M), the amplitude was decreased. Compound 2 reduced colonic contractility but accelerated GI transit. Compound 3 decreased the amplitude of intestinal muscle contractions in the ileum (10-6 M) and colon (10-10-10-6 M). Moreover, it increased the GI transit time in vivo. Triazole derivatives possess easily modifiable structure and interesting pharmacological action in the GI tract; further, alterations may enhance their efficacy at CB receptors and provide low side effect profile in clinical conditions.
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14
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Bashashati M, Fichna J, Piscitelli F, Capasso R, Izzo AA, Sibaev A, Timmermans JP, Cenac N, Vergnolle N, Di Marzo V, Storr M. Targeting fatty acid amide hydrolase and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 simultaneously to modulate colonic motility and visceral sensation in the mouse: A pharmacological intervention with N-arachidonoyl-serotonin (AA-5-HT). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28695708 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) inhibits intestinal motility and visceral pain, but it may also be proalgesic through transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). AEA is degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). This study explored whether dual inhibition of FAAH and TRPV1 reduces diarrhea and abdominal pain. METHODS Immunostaining was performed on myenteric plexus of the mouse colon. The effects of the dual FAAH/TRPV1 inhibitor AA-5-HT on electrically induced contractility, excitatory junction potential (EJP) and fast (f) and slow (s) inhibitory junction potentials (IJP) in the mouse colon, colonic propulsion and visceromotor response (VMR) to rectal distension were studied. The colonic levels of endocannabinoids and fatty acid amides were measured. KEY RESULTS CB1-positive neurons exhibited TRPV1; only some TRPV1 positive neurons did not express CB1. CB1 and FAAH did not colocalize. AA-5-HT (100 nM-10 μM) decreased colonic contractility by ~60%; this effect was abolished by TRPV1 antagonist 5'-IRTX, but not by CB1 antagonist, SR141716. AA-5-HT (1 μM-10 μM) inhibited EJP by ~30% and IJPs by ~50%. The effects of AA-5-HT on junction potentials were reversed by SR141716 and 5`-IRTX. AA-5-HT (20 mg/kg; i.p.) inhibited colonic propulsion by ~30%; SR141716 but not 5`-IRTX reversed this effect. AA-5-HT decreased VMR by ~50%-60%; these effects were not blocked by SR141716 or 5`-IRTX. AA-5-HT increased AEA in the colon. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The effects of AA-5-HT on visceral sensation and colonic motility are differentially mediated by CB1, TRPV1 and non-CB1/TRPV1 mechanisms, possibly reflecting the distinct neuromodulatory roles of endocannabinoid and endovanilloid FAAH substrates in the mouse intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bashashati
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center/Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - J Fichna
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - F Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - R Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici Italy and Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy
| | - A A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II and Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy
| | - A Sibaev
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - J-P Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - N Cenac
- Inserm, U1220, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Recherche en Sante Digestive (IRSD), Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - N Vergnolle
- Inserm, U1220, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Recherche en Sante Digestive (IRSD), Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - M Storr
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.,Center of Endoscopy, Starnberg, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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15
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Pesce M, D'Alessandro A, Borrelli O, Gigli S, Seguella L, Cuomo R, Esposito G, Sarnelli G. Endocannabinoid-related compounds in gastrointestinal diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:706-715. [PMID: 28990365 PMCID: PMC5783846 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signalling pathway involved in the control of several gastrointestinal (GI) functions at both peripheral and central levels. In recent years, it has become apparent that the ECS is pivotal in the regulation of GI motility, secretion and sensitivity, but endocannabinoids (ECs) are also involved in the regulation of intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier permeability, suggesting their role in the pathophysiology of both functional and organic GI disorders. Genetic studies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease have indeed shown significant associations with polymorphisms or mutation in genes encoding for cannabinoid receptor or enzyme responsible for their catabolism, respectively. Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials are testing EC agonists/antagonists in the achievement of symptomatic relief from a number of GI symptoms. Despite this evidence, there is a lack of supportive RCTs and relevant data in human beings, and hence, the possible therapeutic application of these compounds is raising ethical, political and economic concerns. More recently, the identification of several EC-like compounds able to modulate ECS function without the typical central side effects of cannabino-mimetics has paved the way for emerging peripherally acting drugs. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms linking the ECS to GI disorders and describes the most recent advances in the manipulation of the ECS in the treatment of GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Division of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital and University of College (UCL), London, UK
| | - Alessandra D'Alessandro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Division of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital and University of College (UCL), London, UK
| | - Stefano Gigli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Cuomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspamer', La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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16
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Gioacchini G, Rossi G, Carnevali O. Host-probiotic interaction: new insight into the role of the endocannabinoid system by in vivo and ex vivo approaches. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1261. [PMID: 28455493 PMCID: PMC5430882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating inflammation in several chronic or anomalous gut inflammatory diseases. In vivo and ex vivo studies showed that 30 days treatment with a probiotic mix activated the endocannabinoid system in zebrafish. These results highlight the potential of this probiotic mixture to regulate immune cell function, by inducing gene expression of toll-like receptors and other immune related molecules. Furthermore, TUNEL assay showed a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells, and this finding was supported by a reduction in pro-apoptotic factors and an increase in anti-apoptotic molecules. The results presented here strengthen the molecular mechanisms activated by probiotic mix controlling immune response and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via Fidanza 15, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy. .,INBB Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biosistemi e Biostrutture, 00136, Roma, Italy.
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17
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Despite the political and social controversy affiliated with it, the medical community must come to the realization that cannabinoids exist as a ubiquitous signaling system in many organ systems. Our understanding of cannabinoids and how they relate not only to homeostasis but also in disease states must be furthered through research, both clinically and in the laboratory. The identification of the cannabinoid receptors in the early 1990s have provided us with the perfect target of translational research. Already, much has been done with cannabinoids and the nervous system. Here, we explore the implications it has for the gastrointestinal tract. Most therapeutics currently on the market presently target only one aspect of the cannabinoid system. Our main purpose here is to highlight areas of research and potential avenues of discovery that the cannabinoid system has yet to reveal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Wilmer Reichenbach
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (CSAR), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ron Schey
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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18
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Li Y, Xu J, Jiang F, Jiang Z, Liu C, Li L, Luo Y, Lu R, Mu Y, Liu Y, Xue B. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor is involved in modulating colonic motor function via nitric oxide release in C57BL/6 female mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:432-42. [PMID: 26661936 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen may regulate gastrointestinal motor functions, but the mechanism(s) is not totally understood. Here, we investigated whether G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) was involved in regulating colonic motor functions and explored the underlying physiological mechanisms. METHODS Adult female C57BL/6 mice were used. The expression and localization of GPER were examined by RT-PCR, western blot, and immuno-labeling. The role of GPER in modulating colonic motor functions was assessed by the bead propulsion test in vivo and organ bath experiments in vitro. KEY RESULTS GPER was expressed in colonic myenteric neurons. The colonic transit time (CTT) in proestrus and estrus was significantly longer than that in diestrus. In vivo treatment with the selective GPER blocker G15 significantly shortened CTT in proestrus and estrus. In ovariectomized mice, acute estrogen supplementation increased CTT, which could be abolished by G15 co-administration. The GPER agonist G-1 caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of carbachol -induced circular muscle strips contraction, which was abolished by tetrodotoxin and the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor N-propyl-l-arginine. G-1 stimulated NO production in isolated longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus and cultured myenteric neurons, which was dependent on nNOS. Immunofluorescence labeling showed co-localization of GPER with nNOS in the myenteric plexus. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES We suggest that activation of GPER exerts an inhibitory effect on colonic motility by promoting NO release from myenteric nitrergic nerves. These results raise a possibility that GPER may be involved in mediating the inhibitory effect of estrogen on colonic motor functions, via a non-genomic, neurogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - J Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - F Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Z Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - C Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Y Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - R Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Y Mu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - B Xue
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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19
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Abalo R, Chen C, Vera G, Fichna J, Thakur GA, López-Pérez AE, Makriyannis A, Martín-Fontelles MI, Storr M. In vitro and non-invasive in vivo effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor agonist AM841 on gastrointestinal motor function in the rat. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1721-35. [PMID: 26387676 PMCID: PMC4918633 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids have been traditionally used for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, but the associated central effects, through cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1R), constitute an important drawback. Our aims were to characterize the effects of the recently developed highly potent long-acting megagonist AM841 on GI motor function and to determine its central effects in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were used for in vitro and in vivo studies. The effect of AM841 was tested on electrically induced twitch contractions of GI preparations (in vitro) and on GI motility measured radiographically after contrast administration (in vivo). Central effects of AM841 were evaluated using the cannabinoid tetrad. The non-selective cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) was used for comparison. The CB1R (AM251) and CB2R (AM630) antagonists were used to characterize cannabinoid receptor-mediated effects of AM841. KEY RESULTS AM841 dose-dependently reduced in vitro contractile activity of rat GI preparations via CB1R, but not CB2R or opioid receptors. In vivo, AM841 acutely and potently reduced gastric emptying and intestinal transit in a dose-dependent and AM251-sensitive manner. The in vivo GI effects of AM841 at 0.1 mg/kg were comparable to those induced by WIN at 5 mg/kg. However, at this dose, AM841 did not induce any sign of the cannabinoid tetrad, whereas WIN induced significant central effects. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The CB1R megagonist AM841 may potently depress GI motor function in the absence of central effects. This effect may be mediated peripherally and may be useful in the treatment of GI motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo multidisciplinar de investigación y tratamiento del dolor (i+DOL),Corresponding author: Abalo R, Área de Farmacología y Nutrición. Dpto. Ciencias Básicas de la Salud. Fac. Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n. 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain, Telf: +34 91 488 88 54, Fax: +34 91 488 89 55,
| | - C Chen
- MedizinischeKlinik 2 der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany,Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - G Vera
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo multidisciplinar de investigación y tratamiento del dolor (i+DOL)
| | - J Fichna
- MedizinischeKlinik 2 der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany,Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - GA Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston MA
| | - AE López-Pérez
- Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo multidisciplinar de investigación y tratamiento del dolor (i+DOL),Unidad del Dolor, Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeaster Universtiy, Boston, MA
| | - MI Martín-Fontelles
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) y al Centro de Investigación de Alimentos (CIAL) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo multidisciplinar de investigación y tratamiento del dolor (i+DOL)
| | - M Storr
- MedizinischeKlinik 2 der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
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20
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Calea zacatechichi dichloromethane extract exhibits antidiarrheal and antinociceptive effects in mouse models mimicking irritable bowel syndrome. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:1069-77. [PMID: 26068703 PMCID: PMC4561081 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Calea zacatechichi Schltdl. (Asteraceae alt. Compositae) is a Mexican plant commonly used in folk medicine to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of C. zacatechichi extracts in mouse models mimicking the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Powdered C. zacatechichi herb (leaves, stems, and flowers) was extracted with methanol. Methanolic extract was filtered and evaporated giving methanolic fraction. The residue was extracted with dichloromethane (DCM). Methanolic and DCM (200 mg/kg, per os) extracts were screened for their effect on GI motility in several in vitro tests, and the antidiarrheal and antinociceptive effects were assessed using mouse models. The influence of the DCM extract on motoric parameters and exploratory behaviors was also assessed. Finally, the composition of C. zacatechichi DCM extract was qualitatively analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. C. zacatechichi DCM extract significantly inhibited the contractility of mouse colon in vitro (IC50 = 17 ± 2 μg/ml). Administration of the DCM extract in vivo (200 mg/kg, per os) significantly prolonged the time of whole GI transit (46 ± 1 vs. 117 ± 27 min for control and DCM-treated animals, respectively; P = 0.0023), inhibited hypermotility, and reduced pain in mouse models mimicking functional GI disorders. Our findings suggest that constituents of the C. zacatechichi DCM extract exhibit antidiarrheal and analgesic activity. The extract may thus become an attractive material for isolation of compounds that may be used as a supplementary treatment for pain and diarrhea associated with IBS in the future.
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21
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Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system have been studied extensively using transgenic and targeted knockout mouse models. The first gene deletions of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor were described in the late 1990s, soon followed by CB(2) and FAAH mutations in early 2000. These mouse models helped to elucidate the fundamental role of endocannabinoids as retrograde transmitters in the CNS and in the discovery of many unexpected endocannabinoid functions, for example, in the skin, bone and liver. We now have knockout mouse models for almost every receptor and enzyme of the endocannabinoid system. Conditional mutant mice were mostly developed for the CB(1) receptor, which is widely expressed on many different neurons, astrocytes and microglia, as well as on many cells outside the CNS. These mouse strains include "floxed" CB(1) alleles and mice with a conditional re-expression of CB(1). The availability of these mice made it possible to decipher the function of CB(1) in specific neuronal circuits and cell populations or to discriminate between central and peripheral effects. Many of the genetic mouse models were also used in combination with viral expression systems. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing genetic models and to summarize some of the most important discoveries that were made with these animals.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Endocannabinoids/genetics
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/genetics
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Grassin-Delyle S, Naline E, Buenestado A, Faisy C, Alvarez JC, Salvator H, Abrial C, Advenier C, Zemoura L, Devillier P. Cannabinoids inhibit cholinergic contraction in human airways through prejunctional CB1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2767-77. [PMID: 24467410 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Marijuana smoking is widespread in many countries, and the use of smoked synthetic cannabinoids is increasing. Smoking a marijuana joint leads to bronchodilation in both healthy subjects and asthmatics. The effects of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol and synthetic cannabinoids on human bronchus reactivity have not previously been investigated. Here, we sought to assess the effects of natural and synthetic cannabinoids on cholinergic bronchial contraction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human bronchi isolated from 88 patients were suspended in an organ bath and contracted by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the presence of the phytocannabinoid Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol, the endogenous 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the synthetic dual CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists WIN55,212-2 and CP55,940, the synthetic, CB2 -receptor-selective agonist JWH-133 or the selective GPR55 agonist O-1602. The receptors involved in the response were characterized by using selective CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists (SR141716 and SR144528 respectively). KEY RESULTS Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol, WIN55,212-2 and CP55,940 induced concentration-dependent inhibition of cholinergic contractions, with maximum inhibitions of 39, 76 and 77% respectively. JWH-133 only had an effect at high concentrations. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and O-1602 were devoid of any effect. Only CB1 receptors were involved in the response because the effects of cannabinoids were antagonized by SR141716, but not by SR144528. The cannabinoids did not alter basal tone or contractions induced by exogenous Ach. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of prejunctional CB1 receptors mediates the inhibition of EFS-evoked cholinergic contraction in human bronchus. This mechanism may explain the acute bronchodilation produced by marijuana smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grassin-Delyle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Respiratoire, UPRES EA220, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
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23
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Sałaga M, Polepally PR, Sobczak M, Grzywacz D, Kamysz W, Sibaev A, Storr M, Do Rego JC, Zjawiony JK, Fichna J. Novel orally available salvinorin A analog PR-38 inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces abdominal pain in mouse models mimicking irritable bowel syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:69-78. [PMID: 24891526 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid and cannabinoid systems play a crucial role in multiple physiological processes in the central nervous system and in the periphery. Selective opioid as well as cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonists exert a potent inhibitory action on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and pain. In this study, we examined (in vitro and in vivo) whether PR-38 (2-O-cinnamoylsalvinorin B), a novel analog of salvinorin A, can interact with both systems and demonstrate therapeutic effects. We used mouse models of hypermotility, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. We also assessed the influence of PR-38 on the central nervous system by measurement of motoric parameters and exploratory behaviors in mice. Subsequently, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of PR-38 in mouse blood samples after intraperitoneal and oral administration. PR-38 significantly inhibited mouse colonic motility in vitro and in vivo. Administration of PR-38 significantly prolonged the whole GI transit time, and this effect was mediated by µ- and κ-opioid receptors and the CB1 receptor. PR-38 reversed hypermotility and reduced pain in mouse models mimicking functional GI disorders. These data expand our understanding of the interactions between opioid and cannabinoid systems and their functions in the GI tract. We also provide a novel framework for the development of future potential treatments of functional GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sałaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - P R Polepally
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - M Sobczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - D Grzywacz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - W Kamysz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - A Sibaev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - M Storr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - J C Do Rego
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - J K Zjawiony
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
| | - J Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.Sa., M.So., J.F.); Department of Pharmacognosy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi (P.R.P., J.K.Z.); Research and Development Laboratory, Lipopharm.pl, Zblewo, Poland (D.G.); Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland (W.K.); Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany (A.S., M.St.); and Platform of Behavioural Analysis, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rouen, Rouen Cedex, France (J.C.D.R.)
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Fichna J, Sałaga M, Stuart J, Saur D, Sobczak M, Zatorski H, Timmermans JP, Bradshaw HB, Ahn K, Storr MA. Selective inhibition of FAAH produces antidiarrheal and antinociceptive effect mediated by endocannabinoids and cannabinoid-like fatty acid amides. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:470-81. [PMID: 24460851 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) plays a crucial role in multiple physiological processes in the central nervous system and in the periphery. The discovery that selective cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonists exert a potent inhibitory action on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and pain has placed the ECS in the center of attention as a possible target for the treatment of functional GI diseases. However, side effects of CB agonists prompted the search for novel therapeutic targets. Here, the effect of PF-3845, a potent and selective fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor in the GI tract was investigated. METHODS The effect of PF-3845 on GI motility was characterized in vitro and in vivo, using mouse models that mimic physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The antinociceptive action of PF-3845 was evaluated on the basis of behavioral pain models. Endocannabinoid degradation product levels after inhibition of FAAH were quantified using HPLC-MS/MS. KEY RESULTS PF-3845 significantly inhibited mouse colonic motility in vitro and in vivo. Selective inhibition of FAAH reversed hypermotility and reduced pain in mouse models mimicking functional GI disorders. The effects of PF-3845 were mediated by endogenous CBs and non-CB lipophilic compounds via classical (CB1) and atypical CB receptors. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These data expand our understanding of the ECS function and provide a novel framework for the development of future potential treatments of functional GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fichna
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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25
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Zhang Y, Bitner D, Pontes Filho AA, Li F, Liu S, Wang H, Yang F, Adhikari S, Gordon J, Srinivasan S, Hu W. Expression and function of NIK- and IKK2-binding protein (NIBP) in mouse enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:77-97. [PMID: 24011459 PMCID: PMC3962790 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NIK- and IKK2-binding protein (NIBP)/TRAPPC9 is expressed in brain neurons, and human NIBP mutations are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. The cellular distribution and function of NIBP in the enteric nervous system (ENS) remain unknown. METHODS Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis were used respectively to identify the protein and mRNA expression of NIBP and other neuronal markers. Multi-labeled immunofluorescent microscopy and confocal image analysis were used to examine the cellular distribution of NIBP-like immunoreactivity (IR) in whole mount intestine. Enteric neuronal cell line (ENC) was infected with lentivirus carrying NIBP or its shRNA expression vectors and treated with vehicle or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α. KEY RESULTS NIBP is expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in different regions and layers of the mouse intestine. NIBP-like-IR was co-localized with various neuronal markers, but not with glial, smooth muscular, or interstitial cells of Cajal markers. A small population of NIBP-expressing cells and fibers in extra-ganglionic and intra-ganglionic area were negative for pan-neuronal markers HuD or Peripherin. Relatively high NIBP-like-IR was found in 35-44% of myenteric neurons and 9-10% of submucosal neurons. Approximately 98%, 87%, and 43% of these relatively high NIBP-expressing neurons were positive for choline acetyltransferase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and Calretinin, respectively. NIBP shRNA knockdown in ENC inhibited TNFα-induced NFκB activation and neuronal differentiation, whereas NIBP overexpression promoted it. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES NIBP is extensively expressed in the ENS with relatively high level in a subpopulation of enteric neurons. Various NIBP expression levels in different neurons may represent dynamic trafficking or posttranslational modification of NIBP in some functionally active neurons and ultimately regulate ENS plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Daniel Bitner
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Adalto Alfredo Pontes Filho
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sam Adhikari
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30322 and Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, 30331
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Füllhase C, Campeau L, Sibaev A, Storr M, Hennenberg M, Gratzke C, Stief C, Hedlund P, Andersson KE. Bladder function in a cannabinoid receptor type 1 knockout mouse. BJU Int 2013; 113:144-51. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Füllhase
- Department of Urology; Klinikum Großhadern; Munich Germany
- Walter-Brendel-Center for Experimental Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - Lysanne Campeau
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest University; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Andrei Sibaev
- Walter-Brendel-Center for Experimental Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine; Klinikum Großhadern; Munich Germany
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Internal Medicine; Klinikum Großhadern; Munich Germany
| | | | | | | | - Petter Hedlund
- Urological Research Institute; San Raffele University; Milan Italy
| | - Karl-Erik Andersson
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest University; Winston-Salem NC USA
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Interstitial cells of Cajal integrate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission with intestinal slow-wave activity. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1630. [PMID: 23535651 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system contains excitatory and inhibitory neurons, which control contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells as well as gastrointestinal motor activity. Little is known about the exact cellular mechanisms of neuronal signal transduction to smooth muscle cells in the gut. Here we generate a c-Kit(CreERT2) knock-in allele to target a distinct population of pacemaker cells called interstitial cells of Cajal. By genetic loss-of-function studies, we show that interstitial cells of Cajal, which generate spontaneous electrical slow waves and thus rhythmic contractions of the smooth musculature, are essential for transmission of signals from enteric neurons to gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells. Interstitial cells of Cajal, therefore, integrate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission with slow-wave activity to orchestrate peristaltic motor activity of the gut. Impairment of the function of interstitial cells of Cajal causes severe gastrointestinal motor disorders. The results of our study show at the genetic level that these disorders are not only due to loss of slow-wave activity but also due to disturbed neurotransmission.
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Fichna J, Sibaev A, Sałaga M, Sobczak M, Storr M. The cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist taranabant reduces abdominal pain and increases intestinal transit in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e550-9. [PMID: 23692073 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) is a common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder with abdominal pain and decreased motility. Current treatments of IBS-C are insufficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential application of taranabant, a cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) inverse agonist using mouse models mimicking the symptoms of IBS-C. METHODS Changes in intestinal contractile activity were studied in vitro, using isolated mouse ileum and colon and intracellular recordings. In vivo, whole gastrointestinal transit (WGT) and fecal pellet output (FPO) were measured under standard conditions and with pharmacologically delayed GI transit. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated in mustard oil- and acetic acid-induced models of visceral pain. Forced swimming and tail suspension tests were performed and locomotor activity was measured to evaluate potential central side effects. KEY RESULTS In vitro, taranabant (10(-10) -10(-7) mol L(-1)) increased contractile responses in mouse ileum and blocked the effect of the CB agonist WIN 55,212-2. Taranabant had no effect on the amplitude of electrical field stimulation (EFS)-evoked junction potentials. In vivo, taranabant (0.1-3 mg kg(-1), i.p. and 3 mg kg(-1), p.o.) increased WGT and FPO in mice and reversed experimental constipation. The effect of taranabant was absent in CB1(-/-) mice. Taranabant significantly decreased the number of pain-related behaviors in animal models. At the doses tested, taranabant did not display mood-related adverse side effects typical for CB1 receptor inverse agonists. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Taranabant improved symptoms related to slow GI motility and abdominal pain and may become an attractive template in the development of novel therapeutics targeting IBS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fichna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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COSYNS SMR, DHAESE I, THOONEN R, BUYS ES, VRAL A, BROUCKAERT P, LEFEBVRE RA. Heme deficiency of soluble guanylate cyclase induces gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e339-52. [PMID: 23551931 PMCID: PMC4932850 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the principal target of nitric oxide (NO) to control gastrointestinal motility. The consequence on nitrergic signaling and gut motility of inducing a heme-free status of sGC, as induced by oxidative stress, was investigated. METHODS sGCβ1 (H105F) knock-in (apo-sGC) mice, which express heme-free sGC that has basal activity, but cannot be stimulated by NO, were generated. KEY RESULTS Diethylenetriamine NONOate did not increase sGC activity in gastrointestinal tissue of apo-sGC mice. Exogenous NO did not induce relaxation in fundic, jejunal and colonic strips, and pyloric rings of apo-sGC mice. The stomach was enlarged in apo-sGC mice with hypertrophy of the muscularis externa of the fundus and pylorus. In addition, gastric emptying and intestinal transit were delayed and whole-gut transit time was increased in the apo-sGC mice, while distal colonic transit time was maintained. The nitrergic relaxant responses to electrical field stimulation at 1-4 Hz were abolished in fundic and jejunal strips from apo-sGC mice, but in pyloric rings and colonic strips, only the response at 1 Hz was abolished, indicating the contribution of other transmitters than NO. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The results indicate that the gastrointestinal consequences of switching from a native sGC to a heme-free sGC, which cannot be stimulated by NO, are most pronounced at the level of the stomach establishing a pivotal role of the activation of sGC by NO in normal gastric functioning. In addition, delayed intestinal transit was observed, indicating that nitrergic activation of sGC also plays a role in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. R. COSYNS
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - I. DHAESE
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - R. THOONEN
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E. S. BUYS
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. VRAL
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. BROUCKAERT
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - R. A. LEFEBVRE
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Michler T, Storr M, Kramer J, Ochs S, Malo A, Reu S, Göke B, Schäfer C. Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 reduces inflammation in acute experimental pancreatitis via intra-acinar activation of p38 and MK2-dependent mechanisms. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G181-92. [PMID: 23139224 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00133.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has been shown to mediate beneficial effects on gastrointestinal inflammation via cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB(1)) and 2 (CB(2)). These receptors have also been reported to activate the MAP kinases p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), which are involved in early acinar events leading to acute pancreatitis and induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Our aim was to examine the role of cannabinoid receptor activation in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis and the potential involvement of MAP kinases. Cerulein pancreatitis was induced in wild-type, CB(1)-/-, and MK2-/- mice pretreated with selective cannabinoid receptor agonists or antagonists. Severity of pancreatitis was determined by serum amylase and IL-6 levels, intracellular activation of pancreatic trypsinogen, lung myeloperoxidase activity, pancreatic edema, and histological examinations. Pancreatic lysates were investigated by Western blotting using phospho-specific antibodies against p38 and JNK. Quantitative PCR data, Western blotting experiments, and immunohistochemistry clearly show that CB(1) and CB(2) are expressed in mouse pancreatic acini. During acute pancreatitis, an upregulation especially of CB(2) on apoptotic cells occurred. The unselective CB(1)/CB(2) agonist HU210 ameliorated pancreatitis in wild-type and CB(1)-/- mice, indicating that this effect is mediated by CB(2). Furthermore, blockade of CB(2), not CB(1), with selective antagonists engraved pathology. Stimulation with a selective CB(2) agonist attenuated acute pancreatitis and an increased activation of p38 was observed in the acini. With use of MK2-/- mice, it could be demonstrated that this attenuation is dependent on MK2. Hence, using the MK2-/- mouse model we reveal a novel CB(2)-activated and MAP kinase-dependent pathway that modulates cytokine expression and reduces pancreatic injury and affiliated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Michler
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Schicho R, Storr M. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for gastrointestinal diseases: future therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:193-207. [PMID: 22111567 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids extracted from the marijuana plant (Cannabis sativa) and synthetic cannabinoids have numerous effects on gastrointestinal (GI) functions. Recent experimental data support an important role for cannabinoids in GI diseases. Genetic studies in humans have proven that defects in endocannabinoid metabolism underlie functional GI disorders. Mammalian cells have machinery, the so-called endocannabinoid system (ECS), to produce and metabolize their own cannabinoids in order to control homeostasis of the gut in a rapidly adapting manner. Pharmacological manipulation of the ECS by cannabinoids, or by drugs that raise the levels of endogenous cannabinoids, have shown beneficial effects on GI pathophysiology. This review gives an introduction into the functions of the ECS in the GI tract, highlights the role of the ECS in GI diseases and addresses its potential pharmacological exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 6D25, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, AB, Canada.
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Zhou Y, James I, Besner GE. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor promotes murine enteric nervous system development and enteric neural crest cell migration. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:1865-73. [PMID: 23084199 PMCID: PMC3481188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Developmental defects of the enteric nervous system lead to a variety of disorders including Hirschprung disease. We have previously shown that heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) exerts neuroprotective effects on injured neurons. The goals of this study were to assess the role of HB-EGF in enteric nervous system development and to evaluate the effect of HB-EGF on enteric neural crest-derived cell (ENCC) migration in the developing gastrointestinal tract of mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS HB-EGF immunohistochemistry was used to examine HB-EGF protein expression in the hindgut of embryonic mice. Gut specimens were stained for PGP9.5 (a neuronal cell marker) to examine the extent of ENCC migration in the intestine at different embryonic stages in HB-EGF knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Embryonic gut organ cultures were established to examine the effect of HB-EGF on ENCC migration. RESULTS The expression of HB-EGF was limited to the endodermal epithelium of the hindgut in early gestation, but rapidly involved the hindgut mesenchyme after ENCC migrated into this region. ENCC migration was significantly delayed in HB-EGF KO compared with WT embryos, leading to defects in neural colonization of the distal gut in postnatal HB-EGF KO mice. Addition of HB-EGF to WT embryonic intestine significantly promoted ENCC migration, as demonstrated by a significant increase in the ratio of ENCC migration distance toward the distal hindgut/total colon length (78% ± 4% vs 53% ± 2%, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Deletion of the HB-EGF gene leads to enteric nervous system developmental defects. HB-EGF stimulates ENCC migration in the gut, supporting a potential role for administration of HB-EGF in the future for the treatment of patients with intestinal neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gail E. Besner
- Correspondence: Gail E. Besner, MD, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, Tel: 1-614 722-3900, Fax: 1-614 722-3903,
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Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. The endocannabinoid system in inflammatory bowel diseases: from pathophysiology to therapeutic opportunity. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:615-25. [PMID: 22917662 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are two major forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. These pathologies are currently under investigation to both unravel their etiology and find novel treatments. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are endogenous bioactive lipids that bind to and activate the cannabinoid receptors, and together with the enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis and degradation [fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)] constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is implicated in gut homeostasis, modulating gastrointestinal motility, visceral sensation, and inflammation, as well as being recently implicated in IBD pathogenesis. Numerous subsequent studies investigating the effects of cannabinoid agonists and endocannabinoid degradation inhibitors in rodent models of IBD have identified a potential therapeutic role for the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 72, B1.72.01, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Foong JPP, Nguyen TV, Furness JB, Bornstein JC, Young HM. Myenteric neurons of the mouse small intestine undergo significant electrophysiological and morphological changes during postnatal development. J Physiol 2012; 590:2375-90. [PMID: 22371477 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Organized motility patterns in the gut depend on circuitry within the enteric nervous system (ENS), but little is known about the development of electrophysiological properties and synapses within the ENS. We examined the electrophysiology and morphology of myenteric neurons in the mouse duodenum at three developmental stages: postnatal day (P)0, P10–11, and adult. Like adults, two main classes of neurons could be identified at P0 and P10–11 based on morphology: neurons with multiple long processes that projected circumferentially (Dogiel type II morphology) and neurons with a single long process. However, postnatal Dogiel type II neurons differed in several electrophysiological properties from adult Dogiel type II neurons. P0 and P10–11 Dogiel type II neurons exhibited very prominent Ca(2+)-mediated after depolarizing potentials (ADPs) following action potentials compared to adult neurons. Adult Dogiel type II neurons are characterized by the presence of a prolonged after hyperpolarizing potential (AHP), but AHPs were very rarely observed at P0. The projection lengths of the long processes of Dogiel type II neurons were mature by P10–11. Uniaxonal neurons in adults typically have fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs, ‘S-type' electrophysiology) mainly mediated by nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic-fEPSPs were also recorded from neurons with a single long process at P0 and P10–11. However, these neurons underwent major developmental changes in morphology, from predominantly filamentous neurites at birth to lamellar dendrites in mature mice. Unlike Dogiel type II neurons, the projection lengths of neurons with a single long process matured after P10–11. Slow EPSPs were rarely observed in P0/P10–11 neurons. This work shows that, although functional synapses are present and two classes of neurons can be distinguished electrophysiologically and morphologically at P0, major changes in electrophysiological properties and morphology occur during the postnatal development of the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Pei Pei Foong
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Percie du Sert N, Ho WSV, Rudd JA, Andrews PLR. Cannabinoid-induced reduction in antral pacemaker frequency: a telemetric study in the ferret. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:1257-66, e324. [PMID: 20731777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastric myoelectric activity (GMA) is the electrical pacesetter potential, which drives gastric motility. Cannabinoids have broad-spectrum antiemetic and antinauseant activity. Paradoxically, they inhibit intestinal peristalsis and reduce gastric motility but their effect on GMA remains unknown. METHODS Ferrets were surgically implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters to record GMA, body temperature and heart rate. The effect of WIN 55,212-2 (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.), an agonist at the cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors was examined in conscious, unrestrained ferrets. WIN 55,212-2 was also compared to the anandamide upregulator URB 597 (5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) for a potential to modulate the emetic response and behavioral changes induced by apomorphine (0.25 mg kg(-1), s.c.). KEY RESULTS WIN 55,212-2 decreased GMA frequency (8.1 ± 0.4 cpm, compared to 9.6 ± 0.1 cpm in vehicle-treated animals, n = 6, P < 0.01). Apomorphine induced 9.0 ± 1.6 emetic episodes, WIN 55,212-2 inhibited the emetic response (3.3 ± 1.0 episodes, n = 6, P < 0.05) but URB 597 had no effect (9.0 ± 1.5 episodes). Apomorphine-induced hyperactivity in vehicle-treated animals (6.5 ± 3.6-16.6 ± 4.9 active behavior counts, n = 6, P < 0.01), which was reduced by WIN 55,212-2 (5.0 ± 1.5 counts, n = 6, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES WIN 55,212-2 demonstrated clear antiemetic efficacy, which extends the broad-spectrum antiemetic efficacy of cannabinoids to dopamine receptor agonists in the ferret. Our results, however, suggest a more limited spectrum of action for URB 597. WIN 55,212-2 decreased the frequency of the antral electrical pacemaker, which reveals new insights into the mechanism regulating the decrease in motility induced by cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Percie du Sert
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK.
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Matsumoto K, Hosoya T, Tashima K, Namiki T, Murayama T, Horie S. Distribution of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel-expressing nerve fibers in mouse rectal and colonic enteric nervous system: relationship to peptidergic and nitrergic neurons. Neuroscience 2010; 172:518-34. [PMID: 20951772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the gut, transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1 activation leads to release of neurotransmitters such as neuropeptides and nitric oxide. However, the distribution of TRPV1 nerve fibers and neurotransmitters released form sensory nerve endings in the enteric nervous system are currently not well understood. The present study investigated the immunohistochemical distribution of TRPV1 channels, sensory neuropeptides, and nitric oxide and their co-localization in mouse large intestine. Numerous TRPV1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivities were detected, mainly in the mucosa, submucosal layer, and myenteric plexus. Abundant substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-immunoreactivity were revealed in muscle layers. Motor function studies of circular and longitudinal muscles found that contractile responses to capsaicin in the rectum were most sensitive among the rectum, and distal, transverse, and proximal colon. Double labeling studies were carried out in horizontal sections of mouse rectum. TRPV1/protein gene product (PGP)9.5 double labeled axons were observed, but PGP9.5 and neuronal nuclear protein immunopositive cell bodies did not express TRPV1 immunoreactivity in the myenteric plexus. In the mucosa, submucosal layer, deep muscular plexus, circular muscle, myenteric plexus and longitudinal muscle layer, TRPV1 nerve fibers were found to contain CGRP, SP and nNOS. SP and NKA were almost entirely colocalized at the axons and cell bodies in all layers. Double labeling with c-Kit revealed that TRPV1 nerve fibers localized adjacent to the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). These results suggest that the TRPV1-expressing nerve and its neurotransmitters regulate various functions of the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane, Chiba 283-8555, Japan.
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Storr MA, Bashashati M, Hirota C, Vemuri VK, Keenan CM, Duncan M, Lutz B, Mackie K, Makriyannis A, MacNaughton WK, Sharkey KA. Differential effects of CB(1) neutral antagonists and inverse agonists on gastrointestinal motility in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:787-96, e223. [PMID: 20180825 PMCID: PMC2943391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoid type 1 (CB(1)) receptors are involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility and secretion. Our aim was to characterize the roles of the CB(1) receptor on GI motility and secretion in vitro and in vivo by using different classes of CB(1) receptor antagonists. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the localization of CB(1) receptor in the mouse ileum and colon. Organ bath experiments on mouse ileum and in vivo motility testing comprising upper GI transit, colonic expulsion, and whole gut transit were performed to characterize the effects of the inverse agonist/antagonist AM251 and the neutral antagonist AM4113. As a marker of secretory function we measured short circuit current in vitro using Ussing chambers and stool fluid content in vivo in mouse colon. We also assessed colonic epithelial permeability in vitro using FITC-labeled inulin. KEY RESULTS In vivo, the inverse agonist AM251 increased upper GI transit and whole gut transit, but it had no effect on colonic expulsion. By contrast, the neutral antagonist AM4113 increased upper GI transit, but unexpectedly reduced both colonic expulsion and whole gut transit at high, but not lower doses. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Cannabinoid type 1 receptors regulate small intestinal and colonic motility, but not GI secretion under physiological conditions. Cannabinoid type 1 inverse agonists and CB(1) neutral antagonists have different effects on intestinal motility. The ability of the neutral antagonist not to affect whole gut transit may be important for the future development of CB(1) receptor antagonists as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Storr
- Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohammad Bashashati
- Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina Hirota
- Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V. Kiran Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M. Keenan
- Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marnie Duncan
- Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Beat Lutz
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Wallace K. MacNaughton
- Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A. Sharkey
- Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Izzo AA, Sharkey KA. Cannabinoids and the gut: new developments and emerging concepts. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:21-38. [PMID: 20117132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used to treat gastrointestinal (GI) conditions that range from enteric infections and inflammatory conditions to disorders of motility, emesis and abdominal pain. The mechanistic basis of these treatments emerged after the discovery of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol as the major constituent of Cannabis. Further progress was made when the receptors for Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol were identified as part of an endocannabinoid system, that consists of specific cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands and their biosynthetic and degradative enzymes. Anatomical, physiological and pharmacological studies have shown that the endocannabinoid system is widely distributed throughout the gut, with regional variation and organ-specific actions. It is involved in the regulation of food intake, nausea and emesis, gastric secretion and gastroprotection, GI motility, ion transport, visceral sensation, intestinal inflammation and cell proliferation in the gut. Cellular targets have been defined that include the enteric nervous system, epithelial and immune cells. Molecular targets of the endocannabinoid system include, in addition to the cannabinoid receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha receptors and the orphan G-protein coupled receptors, GPR55 and GPR119. Pharmacological agents that act on these targets have been shown in preclinical models to have therapeutic potential. Here, we discuss cannabinoid receptors and their localization in the gut, the proteins involved in endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation and the presence of endocannabinoids in the gut in health and disease. We focus on the pharmacological actions of cannabinoids in relation to GI disorders, highlighting recent data on genetic mutations in the endocannabinoid system in GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II and Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy.
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Fichna J, Schicho R, Andrews CN, Bashashati M, Klompus M, McKay DM, Sharkey KA, Zjawiony JK, Janecka A, Storr MA. Salvinorin A inhibits colonic transit and neurogenic ion transport in mice by activating kappa-opioid and cannabinoid receptors. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21:1326-e128. [PMID: 19650775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The major active ingredient of the plant Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A (SA) has been used to treat gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. As the action of SA on the regulation of colonic function is unknown, our aim was to examine the effects of SA on mouse colonic motility and secretion in vitro and in vivo. The effects of SA on GI motility were studied using isolated preparations of colon, which were compared with preparations from stomach and ileum. Colonic epithelial ion transport was evaluated using Ussing chambers. Additionally, we studied GI motility in vivo by measuring colonic propulsion, gastric emptying, and upper GI transit. Salvinorin A inhibited contractions of the mouse colon, stomach, and ileum in vitro, prolonged colonic propulsion and slowed upper GI transit in vivo. Salvinorin A had no effect on gastric emptying in vivo. Salvinorin A reduced veratridine-, but not forskolin-induced epithelial ion transport. The effects of SA on colonic motility in vitro were mediated by kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and cannabinoid (CB) receptors, as they were inhibited by the antagonists nor-binaltorphimine (KOR), AM 251 (CB(1) receptor) and AM 630 (CB(2) receptor). However, in the colon in vivo, the effects were largely mediated by KORs. The effects of SA on veratridine-mediated epithelial ion transport were inhibited by nor-binaltorphimine and AM 630. Salvinorin A slows colonic motility in vitro and in vivo and influences neurogenic ion transport. Due to its specific regional action, SA or its derivatives may be useful drugs in the treatment of lower GI disorders associated with increased GI transit and diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fichna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (III), Alberta, Canada
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Grider JR, Mahavadi S, Li Y, Qiao LY, Kuemmerle JF, Murthy KS, Martin BR. Modulation of motor and sensory pathways of the peristaltic reflex by cannabinoids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G539-49. [PMID: 19589944 PMCID: PMC2739820 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00064.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have long been known to be potent inhibitors of intestinal and colonic propulsion. This effect has generally been attributed to their ability to prejunctionally inhibit release of acetylcholine from excitatory motor neurons that mediate, in part, the ascending contraction phase of the peristaltic reflex. In the present study we examined the effect of cannabinoids on the other transmitters known to participate in the peristaltic reflex using a three-compartment preparation of rat colon that allows separation of ascending contraction, descending relaxation, and the sensory components of the reflex. On addition to the orad motor compartment, anandamide decreased and AM-251, a CB-1 antagonist, increased ascending contraction and the concomitant substance P (SP) release. Similarly, on addition to the caudad motor compartment, anandamide decreased and AM-251 increased descending relaxation and the concomitant vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) release. On addition to the central sensory compartment, anandamide decreased and AM-251 increased both ascending contraction and SP release orad, and descending relaxation and VIP release caudad. This suggested a role for CB-1 receptors in modulation of sensory transmission that was confirmed by the demonstration that central addition of anandamide decreased and AM-251 increased release of the sensory transmitter, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We conclude that the potent antipropulsive effect of cannabinoids is the result of inhibition of both excitatory cholinergic/tachykininergic and inhibitory VIPergic motor neurons that mediate ascending contraction and descending relaxation, respectively, as well as inhibition of the intrinsic sensory CGRP-containing neurons that initiate the peristaltic reflex underlying propulsive motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Virginia Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Virginia Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Virginia Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Li-Ya Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Virginia Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John F. Kuemmerle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Virginia Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Virginia Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Billy R. Martin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Virginia Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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