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Samaja M, Malavalli A, Vandegriff KD. How Nitric Oxide Hindered the Search for Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Human Blood Substitutes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14902. [PMID: 37834350 PMCID: PMC10573492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for a clinically affordable substitute of human blood for transfusion is still an unmet need of modern society. More than 50 years of research on acellular hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) have not yet produced a single formulation able to carry oxygen to hemorrhage-challenged tissues without compromising the body's functions. Of the several bottlenecks encountered, the high reactivity of acellular Hb with circulating nitric oxide (NO) is particularly arduous to overcome because of the NO-scavenging effect, which causes life-threatening side effects as vasoconstriction, inflammation, coagulopathies, and redox imbalance. The purpose of this manuscript is not to add a review of candidate HBOC formulations but to focus on the biochemical and physiological events that underly NO scavenging by acellular Hb. To this purpose, we examine the differential chemistry of the reaction of NO with erythrocyte and acellular Hb, the NO signaling paths in physiological and HBOC-challenged situations, and the protein engineering tools that are predicted to modulate the NO-scavenging effect. A better understanding of two mechanisms linked to the NO reactivity of acellular Hb, the nitrosylated Hb and the nitrite reductase hypotheses, may become essential to focus HBOC research toward clinical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20143 Milan, Italy
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2
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Muskat JC, Babbs CF, Goergen CJ, Rayz VL. Transport of nitrite from large arteries modulates regional blood flow during stress and exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1146717. [PMID: 37378407 PMCID: PMC10291090 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1146717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute cardiovascular stress increases systemic wall shear stress (WSS)-a frictional force exerted by the flow of blood on vessel walls-which raises plasma nitrite concentration due to enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Upstream eNOS inhibition modulates distal perfusion, and autonomic stress increases both the consumption and vasodilatory effects of endogenous nitrite. Plasma nitrite maintains vascular homeostasis during exercise and disruption of nitrite bioavailability can lead to intermittent claudication. Hypothesis During acute cardiovascular stress or strenuous exercise, we hypothesize enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) by vascular endothelial cells raises nitrite concentrations in near-wall layers of flowing blood, resulting in cumulative NO concentrations in downstream arterioles sufficient for vasodilation. Confirmation and implications Utilizing a multiscale model of nitrite transport in bifurcating arteries, we tested the hypothesis for femoral artery flow under resting and exercised states of cardiovascular stress. Results indicate intravascular transport of nitrite from upstream endothelium could result in vasodilator-active levels of nitrite in downstream resistance vessels. The hypothesis could be confirmed utilizing artery-on-a-chip technology to measure NO production rates directly and help validate numerical model predictions. Further characterization of this mechanism may improve our understanding of symptomatic peripheral artery occlusive disease and exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Muskat
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - C. F. Babbs
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - C. J. Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - V. L. Rayz
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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3
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Pires IS, Berthiaume F, Palmer AF. Engineering Therapeutics to Detoxify Hemoglobin, Heme, and Iron. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 25:1-21. [PMID: 37289555 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081622-031203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemolysis (i.e., red blood cell lysis) can increase circulatory levels of cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) and its degradation by-products, namely heme (h) and iron (Fe). Under homeostasis, minor increases in these three hemolytic by-products (Hb/h/Fe) are rapidly scavenged and cleared by natural plasma proteins. Under certain pathophysiological conditions, scavenging systems become overwhelmed, leading to the accumulation of Hb/h/Fe in the circulation. Unfortunately, these species cause various side effects such as vasoconstriction, hypertension, and oxidative organ damage. Therefore, various therapeutics strategies are in development, ranging from supplementation with depleted plasma scavenger proteins to engineered biomimetic protein constructs capable of scavenging multiple hemolytic species. In this review, we briefly describe hemolysis and the characteristics of the major plasma-derived protein scavengers of Hb/h/Fe. Finally, we present novel engineering approaches designed to address the toxicity of these hemolytic by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S Pires
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA;
| | - François Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA;
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4
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Broxterman RM, La Salle DT, Zhao J, Reese VR, Kwon OS, Richardson RS, Trinity JD. Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Small Muscle Mass Exercise Hemodynamics in Patients with Essential Hypertension. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:506-516. [PMID: 35834624 PMCID: PMC9377785 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00218.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated blood pressure and diminished limb hemodynamics during exercise in patients with hypertension often are not resolved by antihypertensive medications. We hypothesized that, independent of antihypertensive medication status, dietary nitrate supplementation would increase limb blood flow, decrease mean arterial pressure (MAP), and increase limb vascular conductance during exercise in patients with hypertension. Patients with hypertension either abstained from (n=14, Off-Meds) or continued (n=12, On-Meds) antihypertensive medications. Within each group, patients consumed (cross-over design) nitrate-rich or nitrate-depleted (placebo) beetroot juice for 3-days before performing handgrip (HG) and knee-extensor exercise (KE). Blood flow and MAP were measured using Doppler ultrasound and an automated monitor, respectively. Dietary nitrate increased plasma-[nitrite] Off-Meds and On-Meds. There were no significant effects of dietary nitrate on blood flow, MAP, or vascular conductance during HG in Off-Meds or On-Meds. For KE, dietary nitrate decreased MAP (mean±SD across all three exercise intensities, 118±14 vs. 122±14 mmHg, p=0.024) and increased vascular conductance (26.2±6.1 vs. 24.7±7.0 ml/min/mmHg, p=0.024), but did not affect blood flow for Off-Meds, with no effects On-Meds. Dietary nitrate-induced changes in blood flow (r=-0.67, p<0.001), MAP (r=-0.43, p=0.009), and vascular conductance (r=-0.64, p<0.001) during KE, but only vascular conductance (r=-0.35, p=0.039) during HG, were significantly related to the magnitude of placebo values, with no differentiation between groups. Thus, the effects of dietary nitrate on limb hemodynamics and MAP during exercise in patients with hypertension are dependent on the values at baseline, independent of antihypertensive medication status, and dependent on whether exercise was performed by the forearm or quadriceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Broxterman
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City VAMC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.,Center on Aging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - D Taylor La Salle
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Van R Reese
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Center of Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City VAMC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.,Center on Aging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City VAMC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.,Center on Aging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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5
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The Effect of Low-Energy Laser-Driven Ultrashort Pulsed Electron Beam Irradiation on Erythropoiesis and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126692. [PMID: 35743135 PMCID: PMC9223873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a commonly observed consequence of whole-body exposure to a dose of X-ray or gamma irradiation of the order of the mean lethal dose in mammals, and it is an important factor for the determination of the survival of animals. The aim of this study was to unravel the effect of laser-driven ultrashort pulsed electron beam (UPEB) irradiation on the process of erythropoiesis and the redox state in the organism. Wistar rats were exposed to laser-driven UPEB irradiation, after which the level of oxidative stress and the activities of different antioxidant enzymes, as well as blood smears, bone marrow imprints and sections, erythroblastic islets, hemoglobin and hematocrit, hepatic iron, DNA, and erythropoietin levels, were assessed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th days after irradiation. Despite the fact that laser-driven UPEB irradiation requires quite low doses and repetition rates to achieve the LD50 in rats, our findings suggest that whole-body exposure with this new type of irradiation causes relatively mild anemia in rats, with subsequent fast recovery up to the 28th day. Moreover, this novel type of irradiation causes highly intense processes of oxidative stress, which, despite being relatively extinguished, did not reach the physiologically stable level even at the 28th day after irradiation due to the violations in the antioxidant system of the organism.
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Lehnert N, Kim E, Dong HT, Harland JB, Hunt AP, Manickas EC, Oakley KM, Pham J, Reed GC, Alfaro VS. The Biologically Relevant Coordination Chemistry of Iron and Nitric Oxide: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14682-14905. [PMID: 34902255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological events in biology. Metal coordination chemistry, especially with iron, is at the heart of many biological transformations involving NO. A series of heme proteins, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitrophorins, are responsible for the biosynthesis, sensing, and transport of NO. Alternatively, NO can be generated from nitrite by heme- and copper-containing nitrite reductases (NIRs). The NO-bearing small molecules such as nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) can serve as an alternative vehicle for NO storage and transport. Once NO is formed, the rich reaction chemistry of NO leads to a wide variety of biological activities including reduction of NO by heme or non-heme iron-containing NO reductases and protein post-translational modifications by DNICs. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of metal sites in biology with NO and the mechanisms of these transformations has come from the elucidation of the geometric and electronic structures and chemical reactivity of synthetic model systems, in synergy with biochemical and biophysical studies on the relevant proteins themselves. This review focuses on recent advancements from studies on proteins and model complexes that not only have improved our understanding of the biological roles of NO but also have provided foundations for biomedical research and for bio-inspired catalyst design in energy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jill B Harland
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Manickas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kady M Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - John Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Garrett C Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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7
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Solfaine R, Muniroh L, Sadarman, Apriza, Irawan A. Roles of Averrhoa bilimbi Extract in Increasing Serum Nitric Oxide Concentration and Vascular Dilatation of Ethanol-Induced Hypertensive Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26:186-191. [PMID: 34316483 PMCID: PMC8276709 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2021.26.2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The considerably high incidence of cardiovascular disease in Indonesia has attracted scientists to investigate various plant and fruit extracts as preventive agents. Averrhoa bilimbi (AB) is rich in bioactive constituents that may be effective in preventing indicators of hypertension. This study evaluated the roles of AB extract in increasing serum nitric oxide (NO) concentration and vascular dilatation in ethanol-induced hypertensive rats. A total of 24 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided equally into 4 treatment groups (n=6): P0 (control group, administered placebo); P1 [administered captopril 3 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally]; P2 (administered AB extract at 20 g/kg BW); and P3 (administered AB extract at 40 g/kg BW). The AB extract was obtained from fresh AB macerated in 96% ethanol and was subjected to bioactive compounds identification using thin layer chromatography. After pretreatment with ethanol for 15 days, treatments were administered daily for 14 days. All rats were measured for tail blood pressure by the tail-cuff method and NO concentrations by avidin-horseradish peroxidase sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. All rats were sacrificed to collect blood vessels for histopathology. The results showed that AB extracts contained flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, essential oils, and anthraquinone. Treatment with AB extract at a dose of 40 mg/kg BW significantly increased NO concentrations (P<0.05). Histopathological analysis showed that AB extracts inhibited endothelial pyknosis, intimal body, and adventitial leukocyte infiltration of posterior vena cava blood vessels. These results suggest that the protective effect of AB extracts is associated with NO concentration in the blood by inhibiting blood vessel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rondius Solfaine
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Surabaya 60225, Indonesia
| | - Lailatul Muniroh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Kampus C UNAIR, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Sadarman
- Department of Animal Science, Sultan Syarif Kasim State Islamic University, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia
| | - Apriza
- Bachelor of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai University, Kampar 28412, Indonesia
| | - Agung Irawan
- Vocational Program of Animal Husbandry, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
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8
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Functions and dysfunctions of nitric oxide in brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1949-1967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Comparison of the oxidative reactivity of recombinant fetal and adult human hemoglobin: implications for the design of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180370. [PMID: 29802155 PMCID: PMC6028758 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been engineered to replace or augment the oxygen carrying capacity of erythrocytes. However, clinical results have generally been disappointing, in part due to the intrinsic oxidative toxicity of Hb. The most common HBOC starting material is adult human or bovine Hb. However, it has been suggested that fetal Hb may offer advantages due to decreased oxidative reactivity. Large-scale manufacturing of HBOC will likely and ultimately require recombinant sources of human proteins. We, therefore, directly compared the functional properties and oxidative reactivity of recombinant fetal (rHbF) and recombinant adult (rHbA) Hb. rHbA and rHbF produced similar yields of purified functional protein. No differences were seen in the two proteins in: autoxidation rate; the rate of hydrogen peroxide reaction; NO scavenging dioxygenase activity; and the NO producing nitrite reductase activity. The rHbF protein was: less damaged by low levels of hydrogen peroxide; less damaging when added to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the ferric form; and had a slower rate of intrinsic heme loss. The rHbA protein was: more readily reducible by plasma antioxidants such as ascorbate in both the reactive ferryl and ferric states; less readily damaged by lipid peroxides; and less damaging to phosphatidylcholine liposomes. In conclusion in terms of oxidative reactivity, there are advantages and disadvantages to the use of rHbA or rHbF as the basis for an effective HBOC.
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Hathazi D, Scurtu F, Bischin C, Mot A, Attia AAA, Kongsted J, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R. The Reaction of Oxy Hemoglobin with Nitrite: Mechanism, Antioxidant-Modulated Effect, and Implications for Blood Substitute Evaluation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020350. [PMID: 29414908 PMCID: PMC6017026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The autocatalytic reaction between nitrite and the oxy form of globins involves free radicals. For myoglobin (Mb), an initial binding of nitrite to the iron-coordinated oxygen molecule was proposed; the resulting ferrous-peroxynitrate species was not detected, but its decay product, the high-valent ferryl form, was demonstrated in stopped-flow experiments. Reported here are the stopped flow spectra recorded upon mixing oxy Hb (native, as well as chemically-derivatized in the form of several candidates of blood substitutes) with a supraphysiological concentration of nitrite. The data may be fitted to a simple kinetic model involving a transient met-aqua form, in contrast to the ferryl detected in the case of Mb in a similar reaction sequence. These data are in line with a previous observation of a transient accumulation of ferryl Hb under auto-catalytic conditions at much lower concentrations of nitrite (Grubina, R. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 12916). The simple model for fitting the stopped-flow data leaves a small part of the absorbance changes unaccounted for, unless a fourth species is invoked displaying features similar to the oxy and tentatively assigned as ferrous-peroxynitrate. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support this latter assignment. The reaction allows for differentiating between the reactivities of various chemically modified hemoglobins, including candidates for blood substitutes. Polymerization of hemoglobin slows the nitrite-induced oxidation, in sharp contrast to oxidative-stress type reactions which are generally accelerated, not inhibited. Sheep hemoglobin is found to be distinctly more resistant to reaction with nitrite compared to bovine Hb, at large nitrite concentrations (stopped-flow experiments directly observing the oxy + nitrite reaction) as well as under auto-catalytic conditions. Copolymerization of Hb with bovine serum albumin (BSA) using glutaraldehyde leads to a distinct increase of the lag time compared to native Hb as well as to any other form of derivatization examined in the present study. The Hb-BSA copolymer also displays a slower initial reaction with nitrite under stopped-flow conditions, compared to native Hb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Hathazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Florina Scurtu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cristina Bischin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Augustin Mot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Amr A A Attia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Madrigal-Matute J, Martinez-Pinna R, Ramos-Mozo P, Blanco-Colio L, Moreno J, Tarin C, Burillo E, Fernandez-Garcia C, Egido J, Meilhac O, Michel JB, Martin-Ventura J. Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets as a source of oxidative stress in chronic vascular diseases: Detoxifying mechanisms and potential therapeutic options. Thromb Haemost 2017; 108:435-42. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-04-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SummaryOxidative stress is involved in the chronic pathological vascular remodelling of both abdominal aortic aneurysm and occlusive atherosclerosis. Red blood cells (RBCs), leukocytes and platelets present in both, aneurysmal intraluminal thrombus and intraplaque haemorraghes, could be involved in the redox imbalance inside diseased arterial tissues. RBCs haemolysis may release the pro-oxidant haemoglobin (Hb), which transfers heme to tissue and low-density lipoproteins. Heme-iron potentiates molecular, cell and tissue toxicity mediated by leukocytes and other sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polymorphonuclear neutrophils release myeloperoxidase and, along with activated platelets, produce superoxide mediated by NADPH oxidase, causing oxidative damage. In response to this pro-oxidant milieu, several anti-oxidant molecules of plasma or cell origin can prevent ROS production. Free Hb binds to haptoglobin (Hp) and once Hp-Hb complex is endocytosed by CD163, liberated heme is converted into less toxic compounds by heme oxygenase-1. Iron homeostasis is mainly regulated by transferrin, which transports ferric ions to other cells. Transferrin-bound iron is internalised via endocytosis mediated by transferrin receptor. Once inside the cell, iron is mainly stored by ferritin. Other non hemo-iron related antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase, catalase, thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin) are also involved in redox modulation in vascular remodelling. Oxidative stress is a main determinant of chronic pathological remodelling of the arterial wall, partially linked to the presence of RBCs, leukocytes, platelets and oxidised fibrin within tissue and to the imbalance between pro-/anti-oxidant molecules. Understanding the complex mechanisms underlying redox imbalance could help to define novel potential targets to decrease atherothrombotic risk.
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Abstract
Since the identification of the elusive endothelium-derived relaxing factor as nitric oxide (NO), much attention has been devoted to understanding its physiological effects. NO is a free radical with many roles, and owing to its neutral charge and high diffusion capacity, it appears NO is involved in every mammalian biological system. Most attention has been focused on the NO generating pathways within the endothelium; however, the recent discovery of a NO synthase (NOS)-like enzyme residing in red blood cells (RBC) has increased our understanding of the blood flow and oxygen delivery modulation by RBC. In the present review, pathways of NO generation are summarized, with attention to those residing within RBC. While the bioactivity of RBC-derived NO is still debated due to its generation within proximity of NO scavengers, current theories for NO export from RBC are explored, which are supported by recent findings demonstrating an extracellular response to RBC-derived NO. The importance of NO in the active regulation of RBC deformability is discussed in the context of the subsequent effects on blood fluidity, and the complex interplay between blood rheology and NO are summarized. This review provides a summary of recent advances in understanding the role played by RBC in NO equilibrium and vascular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Simmonds
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jon A Detterich
- Division of Cardiology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Connes
- UMR Inserm 1134, Hôpital Ricou, CHU de Pointe à Pitre, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex "The red cell: from genesis to death", PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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13
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Vanderpool R, Gladwin MT. Harnessing the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway for therapy of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation 2014; 131:334-6. [PMID: 25533965 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.014149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Vanderpool
- From the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (R.V., M.T.G.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, UPMC and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (R.V., M.T.G.)
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- From the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (R.V., M.T.G.); and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, UPMC and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (R.V., M.T.G.).
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14
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Capurso C, Massaro M, Scoditti E, Vendemiale G, Capurso A. Vascular effects of the Mediterranean diet Part I: Anti-hypertensive and anti-thrombotic effects. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Bailey JC, Feelisch M, Horowitz JD, Frenneaux MP, Madhani M. Pharmacology and therapeutic role of inorganic nitrite and nitrate in vasodilatation. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:303-20. [PMID: 24992304 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite has emerged as an important bioactive molecule that can be biotransformed to nitric oxide (NO) related metabolites in normoxia and reduced to NO under hypoxic and acidic conditions to exert vasodilatory effects and confer a variety of other benefits to the cardiovascular system. Abundant research is currently underway to understand the mechanisms involved and define the role of nitrite in health and disease. In this review we discuss the impact of nitrite and dietary nitrate on vascular function and the potential therapeutic role of nitrite in acute heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bailey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - M Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J D Horowitz
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M P Frenneaux
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M Madhani
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
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16
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Platelet bioenergetic screen in sickle cell patients reveals mitochondrial complex V inhibition, which contributes to platelet activation. Blood 2014; 123:2864-72. [PMID: 24677541 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-529420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioenergetic dysfunction, although central to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, remains uncharacterized in many patient populations because of the invasiveness of obtaining tissue for mitochondrial studies. Although platelets are an accessible source of mitochondria, the role of bioenergetics in regulating platelet function remains unclear. Herein, we validate extracellular flux analysis in human platelets and use this technique to screen for mitochondrial dysfunction in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients, a population with aberrant platelet activation of an unknown mechanism and in which mitochondrial function has never been assessed. We identify a bioenergetic alteration in SCD patients characterized by deficient complex V activity, leading to decreased mitochondrial respiration, membrane hyperpolarization, and augmented oxidant production compared with healthy subjects. This dysfunction correlates with platelet activation and hemolysis in vivo and can be recapitulated in vitro by exposing healthy platelets to hemoglobin or a complex V inhibitor. Further, reproduction of this dysfunction in vitro activates healthy platelets, an effect prevented by attenuation of mitochondrial hyperpolarization or by scavenging mitochondrial oxidants. These data identify bioenergetic dysfunction in SCD patients for the first time and establish mitochondrial hyperpolarization and oxidant generation as potential pathogenic mechanism in SCD as well as a modulator of healthy platelet function.
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Bonaventura C, Henkens R, Alayash AI, Banerjee S, Crumbliss AL. Molecular controls of the oxygenation and redox reactions of hemoglobin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2298-313. [PMID: 23198874 PMCID: PMC4047995 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The broad classes of O(2)-binding proteins known as hemoglobins (Hbs) carry out oxygenation and redox functions that allow organisms with significantly different physiological demands to exist in a wide range of environments. This is aided by allosteric controls that modulate the protein's redox reactions as well as its O(2)-binding functions. RECENT ADVANCES The controls of Hb's redox reactions can differ appreciably from the molecular controls for Hb oxygenation and come into play in elegant mechanisms for dealing with nitrosative stress, in the malarial resistance conferred by sickle cell Hb, and in the as-yet unsuccessful designs for safe and effective blood substitutes. CRITICAL ISSUES An important basic principle in consideration of Hb's redox reactions is the distinction between kinetic and thermodynamic reaction control. Clarification of these modes of control is critical to gaining an increased understanding of Hb-mediated oxidative processes and oxidative toxicity in vivo. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review addresses emerging concepts and some unresolved questions regarding the interplay between the oxygenation and oxidation reactions of structurally diverse Hbs, both within red blood cells and under acellular conditions. Developing methods that control Hb-mediated oxidative toxicity will be critical to the future development of Hb-based blood substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Bonaventura
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
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18
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Miller LH, Ackerman HC, Su XZ, Wellems TE. Malaria biology and disease pathogenesis: insights for new treatments. Nat Med 2013; 19:156-67. [PMID: 23389616 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria, an infectious disease caused by a parasitic protozoan, claims the lives of nearly a million children each year in Africa alone and is a top public health concern. Evidence is accumulating that resistance to artemisinin derivatives, the frontline therapy for the asexual blood stage of the infection, is developing in southeast Asia. Renewed initiatives to eliminate malaria will benefit from an expanded repertoire of antimalarials, including new drugs that kill circulating P. falciparum gametocytes, thereby preventing transmission. Our current understanding of the biology of asexual blood-stage parasites and gametocytes and the ability to culture them in vitro lends optimism that high-throughput screenings of large chemical libraries will produce a new generation of antimalarial drugs. There is also a need for new therapies to reduce the high mortality of severe malaria. An understanding of the pathophysiology of severe disease may identify rational targets for drugs that improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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19
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Fulford J, Winyard PG, Vanhatalo A, Bailey SJ, Blackwell JR, Jones AM. Influence of dietary nitrate supplementation on human skeletal muscle metabolism and force production during maximum voluntary contractions. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:517-28. [PMID: 23354414 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate supplementation, which enhances nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, has previously been shown to contribute to improved exercise performance by reducing both oxygen cost and energy expenditure. In contrast, previous studies have indicated that NO can lower force production in vitro. To examine the role of dietary nitrates in regulating force generation under normal physiological conditions, we undertook an extended nitrate supplementation regime and determined force output and energy cost with a repeated isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) protocol. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, eight participants received 0.5 l/day of nitrate-rich (BR) or nitrate-depleted (PL) beetroot juice for 15 days and completed an exercise protocol consisting of 50 MVCs at 2.5 h, 5 days and 15 days after the beginning of the supplementation period. No significant reduction in force output was determined for BR relative to PL for the peak contraction, the mean or the end force, and no significant time effect was found over the course of the supplementation period. There was a reduction in the mean PCr cost of exercise averaged over the BR supplementation trials, but this did not reach statistical significance for end exercise (BR 15.10 ± 4.14 mM, PL 17.10 ± 5.34 mM, P = 0.06) or the mean throughout the protocol (BR 15.96 ± 4.14 mM, PL 17.79 ± 4.51 mM, P = 0.06). However, a significant reduction in PCr cost per unit force output was found for BR at end exercise (P = 0.04). These results indicate that, under normal physiological conditions, increased NO bioavailability is not associated with a reduction of force-generating capability in human skeletal muscle and confirm that nitrate supplementation reduces the PCr cost of force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fulford
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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20
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Solomon SB, Bellavia L, Sweeney D, Piknova B, Perlegas A, Helms CC, Ferreyra GA, Bruce King S, Raat NJH, Kern SJ, Sun J, McPhail LC, Schechter AN, Natanson C, Gladwin MT, Kim-Shapiro DB. Angeli's salt counteracts the vasoactive effects of elevated plasma hemoglobin. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:2229-39. [PMID: 23099417 PMCID: PMC3600400 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasma hemoglobin (Hb) released during intravascular hemolysis has been associated with numerous deleterious effects that may stem from increased nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, but has also been associated with reactive oxygen species generation and platelet activation. Therapies that convert plasma oxyHb to metHb, or metHb to iron-nitrosyl Hb, could be beneficial because these species do not scavenge NO. In this study, we investigated the effects of Angeli's salt (AS; sodium α-oxyhyponitrite, Na2N2O3), a nitroxyl (HNO) and nitrite (NO2(-)) donor, on plasma Hb oxidation and formation of iron-nitrosyl Hb from metHb and on the vasoactivity of plasma Hb. We hypothesized that AS could ameliorate hemolysis-associated pathology via its preferential reactivity with plasma Hb, as opposed to red-cell-encapsulated Hb, and through its intrinsic vasodilatory activity. To test this hypothesis, we infused (n=3 per group) (1) cell-free Hb and AS, (2) cell-free Hb+0.9% NaCl, (3) AS+3% albumin, and (4) 3% albumin+0.9% NaCl (colloid controls for Hb and AS, respectively) in a canine model. Co-infusion of AS and cell-free Hb led to preferential conversion of plasma Hb to metHb, but the extent of conversion was lower than anticipated based on the in vivo concentration of AS relative to plasma Hb. This lower metHb yield was probably due to reactions of nitroxyl-derived AS with plasma components such as thiol-containing compounds. From a physiological and therapeutic standpoint, the infusion of Hb alone led to significant increases in mean arterial pressure (p=0.03) and systemic vascular resistance index (p=0.01) compared to controls. Infusion of AS alone led to significant decreases in these parameters and co-infusion of AS along with Hb had an additive effect in reversing the effects of Hb alone on the systemic circulation. Interestingly, in the pulmonary system, the decrease in pressure when AS was added to Hb was significantly less than would have been expected compared to the effects of Hb and AS alone, suggesting that inactivation of scavenging with AS reduced the direct vasodilatory effects of AS on the vasculature. We also found that AS reduced platelet activation when administered to whole blood in vitro. These data suggest that AS-like compounds could serve as therapeutic agents to counteract the negative vasoconstrictive consequences of hemolysis that occur in hemolytic anemias, transfusion of stored blood, and other diseases. Increases in metHb in the red blood cell, the potential of AS for neurotoxicity, and hypotension would need to be carefully monitored in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Solomon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | - Daniel Sweeney
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Christine C Helms
- Department of Physics; Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Gabriela A Ferreyra
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Nicolaas J H Raat
- Vascular Medicine Institute; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Steven J Kern
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Linda C McPhail
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles Natanson
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel B Kim-Shapiro
- Department of Physics; Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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21
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Moon-Massat P, Scultetus A, Arnaud F, Brown A, Haque A, Saha B, Kim B, Sagini E, McGwin G, Auker C, McCarron R, Freilich D. The effect HBOC-201 and sodium nitrite resuscitation after uncontrolled haemorrhagic shock in swine. Injury 2012; 43:638-47. [PMID: 21094491 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) as blood substitutes has reached an impasse due to clinically adverse outcomes attributed to vasoconstriction secondary to nitric oxide (NO) scavenging. Studies suggest haemoglobin exhibits nitrite reductase activity that generates NO and N(2)O(3); harnessing this property may offset NO scavenging. Therefore, the effects of concomitantly infusing sodium nitrite (NaNO(2)) with HBOC-201 were investigated. METHODS Swine underwent uncontrolled liver haemorrhage before receiving up to three 10min 10ml/kg infusions of HBOC-201 (HBOC) with or without concurrent NaNO(2) (5.4μmol/kg [LD NaNO(2)] or 10.8μmol/kg [HD NaNO(2)]) or 6% Hetastarch (HEX) with or without HD NaNO(2) during "prehospital" resuscitation (15, 30 and 45min after injury). Definitive surgical care occurred at 75min; anaesthetic recovery at 120min. Animals were euthanised at 72h. RESULTS NaNO(2) temporarily reduced systemic and pulmonary blood pressure increases from HBOC in a dose-dependent fashion. There was no significant effect between groups in indices of tissue oxygenation or survival. Adverse clinical signs requiring humane euthanasia occurred with highest frequency after HBOC+HD NaNO(2) (3 of 4 pigs) and HBOC+LD NaNO(2) (2 of 4 pigs). Gross evidence of pulmonary congestion was observed in 5 of 8 swine receiving a HBOC and NaNO(2) combination compared to 1 of 16 swine receiving HBOC alone, HEX alone, or HEX+NaNO(2). Gross lesions correlated with histological evidence of pulmonary oedema and congestion, and in 2 of 4 HBOC+HD NaNO(2) pigs, pulmonary fibrin thrombi also were found. No other pig had similar evidence of thrombi. Asymmetric pre-resuscitation cardiac index was a potential confounder. CONCLUSIONS A significant interaction between NaNO(2) and HBOC-201 ameliorated HBOC-201 vasoconstrictive effects, consistent with HBOC possessing a nitrite reductase activity that generates vasodilator NO equivalents. Results were relatively equivalent in survival and markers of tissue oxygenation. The highest dose of NaNO(2) was the most effective in reducing HBOC-associated pulmonary and systemic vasoactivity but also with the highest incidence of adverse events. In this model, the transient nature of NaNO(2) in off-setting HBOC-201 vasoconstriction makes it less clinically promising than anticipated and the combination of NaNO(2) and HBOC appear to increase the risk of pulmonary complications in a dose-dependent fashion independently of haemodilutional effects on haemostatic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moon-Massat
- Neurotrauma Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, United States.
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22
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Shih HM, Chen YC, Pan CF, Lin HC, Wu CJ, Chen HH. Hemolysis-induced acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: A case report and review of the literature. Hemodial Int 2012; 17:101-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2012.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mou Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fong Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chang Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei; Taiwan
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23
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Alef MJ, Tzeng E, Zuckerbraun BS. Nitric oxide and nitrite-based therapeutic opportunities in intimal hyperplasia. Nitric Oxide 2012; 26:285-94. [PMID: 22504069 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular intimal hyperplasia (IH) limits the long term efficacy of current surgical and percutaneous therapies for atherosclerotic disease. There are extensive changes in gene expression and cell signaling in response to vascular therapies, including changes in nitric oxide (NO) signaling. NO is well recognized for its vasoregulatory properties and has been investigated as a therapeutic treatment for its vasoprotective abilities. The circulating molecules nitrite (NO(2)(-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)), once thought to be stable products of NO metabolism, are now recognized as important circulating reservoirs of NO and represent a complementary source of NO in contrast to the classic L-arginine-NO-synthase pathway. Here we review the background of IH, its relationship with the NO and nitrite/nitrate pathways, and current and future therapeutic opportunities for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Alef
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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24
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Wang L, Frizzell SA, Zhao X, Gladwin MT. Normoxic cyclic GMP-independent oxidative signaling by nitrite enhances airway epithelial cell proliferation and wound healing. Nitric Oxide 2012; 26:203-10. [PMID: 22425780 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium provides important barrier and host defense functions. Recent studies reveal that nitrite is an endocrine reservoir of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity that is converted to NO by enzymatic reductases along the physiological oxygen gradient. Nitrite signaling has been described as NO dependent activation mediated by reactions with deoxygenated redox active hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin, xanthine oxidoreductase (XO) and NO synthase at low pH and oxygen tension. However, nitrite can also be readily oxidized to nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)·) via heme peroxidase reactions, suggesting the existence of alternative oxidative signaling pathways for nitrite under normoxic conditions. In the present study, we examined normoxic signaling effects of sodium nitrite on airway epithelial cell wound healing. In an in vitro scratch injury model under normoxia, we exposed cultured monolayers of human airway epithelial cells to various concentrations of sodium nitrite and compared responses to NO donor. We found sodium nitrite potently enhanced airway epithelium wound healing at physiological concentrations (from 1 μM). The effect of nitrite was blocked by the NO and NO(2)· scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO). Interestingly, nitrite treatment did not increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels under these normoxic conditions, even in the presence of a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, suggesting cGMP independent signaling. Consistent with an oxidative signaling pathway requiring hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))/heme-peroxidase/NO(2)· signaling, the effects of nitrite were potentiated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and low concentration H(2)O(2), whereas inhibited completely by catalase, followed by downstream extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation. Our data represent the first description of normoxic nitrite signaling on lung epithelial cell proliferation and wound healing and suggest novel oxidative signaling pathways involving nitrite-H(2)O(2) reactions, possibly via the intermediary, NO(2)·.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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25
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Lui FE, Yu B, Baron DM, Lei C, Zapol WM, Kluger R. Hemodynamic responses to a hemoglobin bis-tetramer and its polyethylene glycol conjugate. Transfusion 2011; 52:974-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Vermeulen Windsant IC, Hanssen SJ, Buurman WA, Jacobs MJ. Cardiovascular surgery and organ damage: Time to reconsider the role of hemolysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Moroz LL, Kohn AB. Parallel evolution of nitric oxide signaling: diversity of synthesis and memory pathways. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2011; 16:2008-51. [PMID: 21622160 PMCID: PMC4041873 DOI: 10.2741/3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The origin of NO signaling can be traceable back to the origin of life with the large scale of parallel evolution of NO synthases (NOSs). Inducible-like NOSs may be the most basal prototype of all NOSs and that neuronal-like NOS might have evolved several times from this prototype. Other enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways for NO synthesis have been discovered using reduction of nitrites, an alternative source of NO. Diverse synthetic mechanisms can co-exist within the same cell providing a complex NO-oxygen microenvironment tightly coupled with cellular energetics. The dissection of multiple sources of NO formation is crucial in analysis of complex biological processes such as neuronal integration and learning mechanisms when NO can act as a volume transmitter within memory-forming circuits. In particular, the molecular analysis of learning mechanisms (most notably in insects and gastropod molluscs) opens conceptually different perspectives to understand the logic of recruiting evolutionarily conserved pathways for novel functions. Giant uniquely identified cells from Aplysia and related species precent unuque opportunities for integrative analysis of NO signaling at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080-8623, USA.
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28
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Sodium nitrite induces acute central nervous system toxicity in guinea pigs exposed to systemic cell-free hemoglobin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:412-7. [PMID: 21575599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) released via hemolysis disrupts vascular homeostasis, in part, through the scavenging of nitric oxide (NO). Sodium nitrite (NaNO(2)) therapy can attenuate the hypertensive effects of Hb. However, the chemical reactivity of NaNO(2) with Hb may enhance heme- or iron-mediated toxicities. Here, we investigate the effect of NaNO(2) on the central nervous system (CNS) in guinea pigs exposed to systemic cell-free Hb. Intravascular infusion of NaNO(2), at doses sufficient to alleviate Hb-mediated blood pressure changes, reduced the expression of occludin, but not zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) or claudin-5, in cerebral tight junctions 4h after Hb infusion. This was accompanied by increased perivascular heme oxygenase-1 expression, neuronal iron deposition, increased astrocyte and microglial activation, and reduced expression of neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN). These CNS changes were not observed in animals treated with Hb or NaNO(2) alone. Taken together, these findings suggest that the use of nitrite salts to treat systemic Hb exposure may promote acute CNS toxicity.
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29
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Cantu-Medellin N, Vitturi DA, Rodriguez C, Murphy S, Dorman S, Shiva S, Zhou Y, Jia Y, Palmer AF, Patel RP. Effects of T- and R-state stabilization on deoxyhemoglobin-nitrite reactions and stimulation of nitric oxide signaling. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:59-69. [PMID: 21277987 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that transitions between the relaxed (R) and tense (T) state of hemoglobin control the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide (NO) by deoxyhemoglobin. This reaction may play a role in physiologic NO homeostasis and be a novel consideration for the development of the next generation of hemoglobin-based blood oxygen carriers (HBOCs, i.e. artificial blood substitutes). Herein we tested the effects of chemical stabilization of bovine hemoglobin in either the T- (THb) or R-state (RHb) on nitrite-reduction kinetics, NO-gas formation and ability to stimulate NO-dependent signaling. These studies were performed over a range of fractional saturations that is expected to mimic biological conditions. The initial rate for nitrite-reduction decreased in the following order RHb>bHb>THb, consistent with the hypothesis that the rate constant for nitrite reduction is faster with R-state Hb and slower with T-state Hb. Moreover, RHb produced more NO-gas and inhibited mitochondrial respiration more potently than both bHb and THb. Interestingly, at low oxygen fractional saturations, THb produced more NO and stimulated nitrite-dependent vasodilation more potently than bHb despite both derivatives having similar initial rates for nitrite reduction and a more negative reduction potential in THb versus bHb. These data suggest that cross-linking of bovine hemoglobin in the T-state conformation leads to a more effective coupling of nitrite reduction to NO-formation. Our results support the model of allosteric regulation of nitrite reduction by deoxyhemoglobin and show that cross-linking hemoglobins in distinct quaternary states can generate products with increased NO yields from nitrite reduction that could be harnessed to promote NO-signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiezhda Cantu-Medellin
- Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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30
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Cabrales P, Han G, Nacharaju P, Friedman AJ, Friedman JM. Reversal of hemoglobin-induced vasoconstriction with sustained release of nitric oxide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H49-56. [PMID: 21057038 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00665.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte free hemoglobin (Hb) induces vasoconstriction due to nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, limiting the NO available for vascular smooth muscle. The central objective of this study was to restore NO bioavailability using long-lived circulating NO-releasing nanoparticles (NO-np) to reverse the vasoconstriction and hypertension induced by polymerized bovine Hb (PBH) NO scavenging. PBH (13 g/dl) was infused in a volume equal to 10% of the animal blood volume. Intravascular NO supplementation was provided with an infusion of NO-np (10 and 20 mg/kg body wt). This study was performed using the hamster window chamber model to concurrently access systemic and microvascular hemodynamics. Infusion of PBH increased blood pressure and induced vasoconstriction. Treatment with 10 and 20 mg/kg NO-np reduced the blood pressure and vasoconstriction induced by PBH. Moreover, the higher dose of NO-np decreased blood pressure and induced vasodilation compared with baseline, respectively. Treatment with NO-np to decrease PBH-induced vasoconstriction increased methemoglobin levels and plasma nitrite and nitrate. In conclusion, NO-np counteracted both systemic hypertension and decreased the vasoconstrictor effects of PBH infusion, improving systemic and microvascular function. Based on the observed physiological properties, NO-np has clear potential as a therapeutic agent to replenish NO in situations where NO production is impaired, insufficient, or consumed, thereby preventing vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Lui FE, Kluger R. Enhancing nitrite reductase activity of modified hemoglobin: bis-tetramers and their PEGylated derivatives. Biochemistry 2010; 48:11912-9. [PMID: 19894773 DOI: 10.1021/bi9014105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The clinical evaluation of stabilized tetrameric hemoglobin as alternatives to red cells revealed that the materials caused significant increases in blood pressure and related problems and this was attributed to the scavenging of nitric oxide and extravasation. The search for materials with reduced vasoactivity led to the report that conjugates of hemoglobin tetramers and polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains did not elicit these pressor effects. However, this material does not deliver oxygen efficiently due to its lack of cooperativity and high oxygen affinity, making it unsuitable as an oxygen carrier. It has been recently reported that PEG-conjugated hemoglobin converts nitrite to nitric oxide at a faster rate than does the native protein, which may compensate for the scavenging of nitric oxide. It is therefore important to alter hemoglobin in order to enhance nitrite reductase activity while retaining its ability to deliver oxygen. If the beneficial effect of PEG is associated with the increased size reducing extravasation, this can also be achieved by coupling cross-linked tetramers to one another, giving materials with appropriate oxygen affinity and cooperativity for use as circulating oxygen carriers. In the present study it is shown that cross-linked bis-tetramers with good oxygen delivery potential have enhanced nitrite reductase activity with k(obs) = 0.70 M(-1) s(-1) (24 degrees C), compared to native protein and cross-linked tetramers, k(obs) = 0.25 M(-1) s(-1) and k(obs) = 0.52 M(-1) s(-1), respectively, but are less active in reduction of nitrite than Hb-PEG5K(2) (k(obs) = 2.5 M(-1) s(-1)). However, conjugation of four PEG chains to the bis-tetramer (at each beta-Cys-93) produces a material with greatly increased nitrite reductase activity (k(obs) = 1.8 M(-1) s(-1)) while retaining cooperativity (P(50) = 4.1, n(50) = 2.4). Thus, PEGylated bis-tetramers combine increased size and enhanced nitrite reductase activity expected for decreased vasoactivity with characteristics of an acceptable HBOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine E Lui
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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Shiva S. Mitochondria as metabolizers and targets of nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2010; 22:64-74. [PMID: 19788924 PMCID: PMC2819587 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is integral to maintaining cellular homeostasis through the production of ATP, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for signaling, and the regulation of the apoptotic cascade. A number of small molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), are well-characterized regulators of mitochondrial function. Nitrite, an NO metabolite, has recently been described as an endocrine reserve of NO that is reduced to bioavailable NO during hypoxia to mediate physiological responses. Accumulating data suggests that mitochondria may play a role in metabolizing nitrite and that nitrite is a regulator of mitochondrial function. Here, what is known about the interactions of nitrite with the mitochondria is reviewed, with a focus on the role of the mitochondrion as a metabolizer and target of nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Biomedical Science Tower III, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Buehler PW, D'Agnillo F. Toxicological consequences of extracellular hemoglobin: biochemical and physiological perspectives. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:275-91. [PMID: 19659434 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Under normal physiology, human red blood cells (RBCs) demonstrate a circulating lifespan of approximately 100-120 days with efficient removal of senescent RBCs taking place via the reticuloendothelial system, spleen, and bone marrow phagocytosis. Within this time frame, hemoglobin (Hb) is effectively protected by efficient RBC enzymatic systems designed to allow for interaction between Hb and diffusible ligands while preventing direct contact between Hb and the external environment. Under normal resting conditions, the concentration of extracellular Hb in circulation is therefore minimal and controlled by specific plasma and cellular (monocyte/macrophage) binding proteins (haptoglobin) and receptors (CD163), respectively. However, during pathological conditions leading to hemolysis, extracellular Hb concentrations exceed normal plasma and cellular binding capacities, allowing Hb to become a biologically relevant vasoactive and redox active protein within the circulation and at extravascular sites. Under conditions of genetic, drug-induced, and autoimmune hemolytic anemias, large quantities of Hb are introduced into the circulation and often lead to acute renal failure and vascular dysfunction. Interestingly, the study of chemically modified Hb for use as oxygen therapeutics has allowed for some basic understanding of extracellular Hb toxicity, particularly in the absence of functional clearance mechanisms and in circulatory antioxidant depleted states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Buehler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Katz LM, Manning JE, McCurdy S, Sproule C, McGwin G, Moon-Massat P, Cairns CB, Freilich D. Nitroglycerin attenuates vasoconstriction of HBOC-201 during hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. Resuscitation 2010; 81:481-7. [PMID: 20080328 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasoconstriction, an inherent property of Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOC) potentially due to nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, may increase cardiovascular complications in HBOC resuscitated trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if co-administration of a weak NO donor, intravenous nitroglycerin (NTG), with HBOC-201 during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock could safely attenuate HBOC-201 vasoconstriction. METHODS AND RESULTS Hemorrhagic shock was induced in 44 swine randomized to receive fluid resuscitation with HBOC, HBOC+NTG10 mcg/kg/min, HBOC+NTG20 mcg/kg/min, HBOC+NTG40 mcg/kg/min, Hetastarch (HES), HES+NTG20 mcg/kg/min, NTG20 mcg/kg/min and Lactated Ringers (LR). HBOC resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock increased mean arterial pressure (MAP=94+/-33 mmHg), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP=29+/-11 mmHg) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR=2684+/-871 dyns/cm(5)) in comparison to HES. Co-administration of NTG during HBOC resuscitation attenuated vasoconstriction with HBOC+40 mcg/kg/min demonstrating the most robust reduction in vasoconstriction (MAP=59+/-23 mmHg, MPAP=18+/-7 mmHg, and SVR=1827+/-511 dyns/cm(5)), although the effects were transient. Co-administration of NTG with HBOC did not alter base deficit, lactate, methemoglobin levels, nor cause profound hypotension during resuscitation. CONCLUSION Nitroglycerin attenuates vasoconstrictive properties of HBOC when co-administered during resuscitation in this swine model of hemorrhagic shock. Translational survival studies are required to determine if this strategy of attenuation of the vasoconstriction of HBOC-201 reduces cardiovascular complications and improves outcome with HBOC fluid resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Katz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Gladwin MT, Kim-Shapiro DB. Storage lesion in banked blood due to hemolysis-dependent disruption of nitric oxide homeostasis. Curr Opin Hematol 2010; 16:515-23. [PMID: 19701085 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e32833157f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Whereas blood storage is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and multiorgan failure, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the 'storage lesion' in blood remain uncertain. A major abnormality in aged blood is the reduced red cell life-span after infusion, which is associated with microparticle and free hemoglobin release, and age-related loss of enzymatic functionality. However, the degree of intravascular hemolysis and microparticle formation in humans post-transfusion due to both storage and physiological shear has not been well studied. RECENT FINDINGS Our laboratories have discovered that even low levels of intravascular hemolysis severely disrupt nitric oxide bioavailability at the endothelium, via accelerated nitric oxide dioxygenation reactions with free plasma hemoglobin. This process contributes to endothelial dysfunction, adhesion molecule expression, platelet and hemostatic activation, and reactive oxygen species generation. Recent studies also suggest that red cells possess nitric oxide-generating functionality via nitrite reduction and red cell endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, potentially providing novel pathways to therapeutically alleviate the 'storage lesion'. SUMMARY The understanding of the pathological effects of red cell hemolysis on endothelial function suggests that nitric oxide dysregulation may underlie the red cell storage lesion, driven by increased nitric oxide catabolism and loss of nitric oxide-generating functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Gladwin
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Roche CJ, Friedman JM. NO reactions with sol-gel and solution phase samples of the ferric nitrite derivative of HbA. Nitric Oxide 2009; 22:180-90. [PMID: 19919854 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with the ferric (met) nitrite derivative of human adult hemoglobin Hb is probed for both solution phase and sol-gel encapsulated populations. The evolution of both the Q band absorption spectrum and fitted populations of Hb derivatives are used to show the sequence of events occurring when NO interacts with nitrite bound to a ferric heme in Hb. The sol-gel is used to compare the evolving populations as a function of quaternary state for the starting met-nitrite populations. The redox status of intermediates is probed using the CN(-) anion to trap ferric heme species. The emergent presence of reactive NO species such as N(2)O(3) during the course of the reaction is probed using the fluorescent probe DAF-2 whereas the fluorophore Chemifluor is used as an indirect measure of the ability of the reaction to create S-nitrosothiols on glutathione. The results are consistent with the formation of a stable reactive intermediate capable of generating bioactive forms of NO. The patterns observed are consistent with a proposed mechanism whereby NO reacts with the ferric nitrite derivative to generate N(2)O(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille J Roche
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Sodium nitrite therapy attenuates the hypertensive effects of HBOC-201 via nitrite reduction. Biochem J 2009; 422:423-32. [PMID: 19555351 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension secondary to scavenging of NO remains a limitation in the use of HBOCs (haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers). Recent studies suggest that nitrite reduction to NO by deoxyhaemoglobin supports NO signalling. In the present study we tested whether nitrite would attenuate HBOC-mediated hypertension using HBOC-201 (Biopure), a bovine cross-linked, low-oxygen-affinity haemoglobin. In a similar way to unmodified haemoglobin, deoxygenated HBOC-201 reduced nitrite to NO with rates directly proportional to the extent of deoxygenation. The functional importance of HBOC-201-dependent nitrite reduction was demonstrated using isolated aortic rings and a murine model of trauma, haemorrhage and resuscitation. In the former, HBOC-201 inhibited NO-donor and nitrite-dependent vasodilation when oxygenated. However, deoxygenated HBOC-201 failed to affect nitrite-dependent vasodilation but still inhibited NO-donor dependent vasodilation, consistent with a model in which nitrite-reduction by deoxyHBOC-201 counters NO scavenging. Finally, resuscitation using HBOC-201, after trauma and haemorrhage, resulted in mild hypertension ( approximately 5-10 mmHg). Administration of a single bolus nitrite (30-100 nmol) at the onset of HBOC-201 resuscitation prevented hypertension. Nitrite had no effect on mean arterial pressure during resuscitation with LR (lactated Ringer's solution), suggesting a role for nitrite-HBOC reactions in attenuating HBOC-mediated hypertension. Taken together these data support the concept that nitrite can be used as an adjunct therapy to prevent HBOC-dependent hypertension.
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Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NS. Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1-10. [PMID: 19439460 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of nitrates and nitrites in food is associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer and, in infants, methemoglobinemia. Despite the physiologic roles for nitrate and nitrite in vascular and immune function, consideration of food sources of nitrates and nitrites as healthful dietary components has received little attention. Approximately 80% of dietary nitrates are derived from vegetable consumption; sources of nitrites include vegetables, fruit, and processed meats. Nitrites are produced endogenously through the oxidation of nitric oxide and through a reduction of nitrate by commensal bacteria in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. As such, the dietary provision of nitrates and nitrites from vegetables and fruit may contribute to the blood pressure-lowering effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. We quantified nitrate and nitrite concentrations by HPLC in a convenience sample of foods. Incorporating these values into 2 hypothetical dietary patterns that emphasize high-nitrate or low-nitrate vegetable and fruit choices based on the DASH diet, we found that nitrate concentrations in these 2 patterns vary from 174 to 1222 mg. The hypothetical high-nitrate DASH diet pattern exceeds the World Health Organization's Acceptable Daily Intake for nitrate by 550% for a 60-kg adult. These data call into question the rationale for recommendations to limit nitrate and nitrite consumption from plant foods; a comprehensive reevaluation of the health effects of food sources of nitrates and nitrites is appropriate. The strength of the evidence linking the consumption of nitrate- and nitrite-containing plant foods to beneficial health effects supports the consideration of these compounds as nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman G Hord
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Will fixing the vasoactivity caused by hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers be enough?*. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2125-6. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a5e521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
A 34-year-old African American woman with sickle cell disease and history of relatively severe hemolysis, chronic leg ulcers, and mild pulmonary hypertension presented with a new ischemic stroke. Recent research has suggested a syndrome of hemolysis-associated vasculopathy in patients with sickle cell disease, which features severe hemolytic anemia and leads to scavenging of nitric oxide and its biochemical precursor l-arginine. This diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide promotes a hemolysis-vascular dysfunction syndrome, which includes pulmonary hypertension, cutaneous leg ulceration, priapism, and ischemic stroke. Additional correlates of this vasculopathy include activation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, platelets, and the vascular protectant hemeoxygenase-1. Some known risk factors for atherosclerosis are also associated with sickle cell vasculopathy, including low levels of apolipoprotein AI and high levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Identification of dysregulated vascular biology pathways in sickle vasculopathy has provided a focus for new clinical trials for therapeutic intervention, including inhaled nitric oxide, sodium nitrite, L-arginine, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, niacin, inhaled carbon monoxide, and endothelin receptor antagonists. This article reviews the pathophysiology of sickle vasculopathy and the results of preliminary clinical trials of novel small-molecule therapeutics directed at abnormal vascular biology in patients with sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Kato
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, MSC 1476, Bldg 10-CRC, Room 5-5140, Bethesda, MD 20892-1476, USA.
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