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Liu G, Philp AM, Corte T, Travis MA, Schilter H, Hansbro NG, Burns CJ, Eapen MS, Sohal SS, Burgess JK, Hansbro PM. Therapeutic targets in lung tissue remodelling and fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107839. [PMID: 33774068 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural changes involving tissue remodelling and fibrosis are major features of many pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is a key factor in the development of tissue remodelling that results in symptoms and impaired lung function in these diseases. Tissue remodelling in the lungs is complex and differs between compartments. Some pathways are common but tissue remodelling around the airways and in the parenchyma have different morphologies. Hence it is critical to evaluate both common fibrotic pathways and those that are specific to different compartments; thereby expanding the understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrosis and remodelling in the airways and parenchyma in asthma, COPD and IPF with a view to developing therapeutic strategies for each. Here we review the current understanding of remodelling features and underlying mechanisms in these major respiratory diseases. The differences and similarities of remodelling are used to highlight potential common therapeutic targets and strategies. One central pathway in remodelling processes involves transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induced fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation that increases ECM production. The current treatments and clinical trials targeting remodelling are described, as well as potential future directions. These endeavours are indicative of the renewed effort and optimism for drug discovery targeting tissue remodelling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Philp
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamera Corte
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A Travis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Schilter
- Pharmaxis Ltd, 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris J Burns
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mathew S Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder S Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Kim HW, Shi H, Winkler MA, Lee R, Weintraub NL. Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Vascular Perturbation/Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2569-2576. [PMID: 32878476 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.312470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is orchestrated by complex interactions between vascular and inflammatory cells. Traditionally, it has been considered to be an intimal inflammatory disease, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory cell recruitment, lipid oxidation, and foam cell formation. This inside-out signaling paradigm has been accepted as dogma for many years, despite the fact that inflammatory cells are far more prevalent in the adventitia compared with the intima. For decades, the origin of adventitial inflammation in atherosclerosis was unknown. The fact that these inflammatory cells were observed to cluster at the margin of perivascular adipose tissues-a unique and highly inflammatory adipose depot that surrounds most atherosclerosis-prone blood vessels-has stimulated interest in perivascular adipose tissue-mediated outside-in signaling in vascular pathophysiology, including atherosclerosis. The phenotype of perivascular adipocytes underlies the functional characteristics of this depot, including its role in adventitial inflammatory cell recruitment, trafficking to the intima via the vasa vasorum, and atherosclerosis perturbation. This review is focused on emerging concepts pertaining to outside-in signaling in atherosclerosis driven by dysfunctional perivascular adipose tissues during diet-induced obesity and recent strategies for atherosclerosis prediction and prognostication based upon this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Won Kim
- Department of Medicine (H.W.K., H.S., N.L.W.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University.,Vascular Biology Center (H.W.K., H.S., N.L.W.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Medicine (H.W.K., H.S., N.L.W.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University.,Vascular Biology Center (H.W.K., H.S., N.L.W.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Michael A Winkler
- Department of Radiology (M.A.W.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Richard Lee
- Department of Surgery (R.L.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Department of Medicine (H.W.K., H.S., N.L.W.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University.,Vascular Biology Center (H.W.K., H.S., N.L.W.), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
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Nava E, Llorens S. The Local Regulation of Vascular Function: From an Inside-Outside to an Outside-Inside Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31244683 PMCID: PMC6581701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the regulation of vascular function, specifically that of vasomotion, has evolved dramatically over the past few decades. The classic conception of a vascular system solely regulated by circulating hormones and sympathetic innervation gave way to a vision of a local regulation. Initially by the so-called, autacoids like prostacyclin, which represented the first endothelium-derived paracrine regulator of smooth muscle. This was the prelude of the EDRF-nitric oxide age that has occupied vascular scientists for nearly 30 years. Endothelial cells revealed to have the ability to generate numerous mediators besides prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO). The need to classify these substances led to the coining of the terms: endothelium-derived relaxing, hyperpolarizing and contracting factors, which included various prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, endothelin, as well numerous candidates for the hyperpolarizing factor. The opposite layer of the vascular wall, the adventitia, eventually and for a quite short period of time, enjoyed the attention of some vascular physiologists. Adventitial fibroblasts were recognized as paracrine cells to the smooth muscle because of their ability to produce some substances such as superoxide. Remarkably, this took place before our awareness of the functional potential of another adventitial cell, the adipocyte. Possibly, because the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) was systematically removed during the experiments as considered a non-vascular artifact tissue, it took quite long to be considered a major source of paracrine substances. These are now being integrated in the vast pool of mediators synthesized by adipocytes, known as adipokines. They include hormones involved in metabolic regulation, like leptin or adiponectin; classic vascular mediators like NO, angiotensin II or catecholamines; and inflammatory mediators or adipocytokines. The first substance studied was an anti-contractile factor named adipose-derived relaxing factor of uncertain chemical nature but possibly, some of the relaxing mediators mentioned above are behind this factor. This manuscript intends to review the vascular regulation from the point of view of the paracrine control exerted by the cells present in the vascular environment, namely, endothelial, adventitial, adipocyte and vascular stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Nava
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Silvia Llorens
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Agabiti-Rosei C, Paini A, De Ciuceis C, Withers S, Greenstein A, Heagerty AM, Rizzoni D. Modulation of Vascular Reactivity by Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT). Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:44. [PMID: 29736674 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in the modulation of vascular contractility and arterial pressure, focusing on the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and oxidative stress/inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS PVAT possesses a relevant endocrine-paracrine activity, which may be altered in several pathophysiological and clinical conditions. During the last two decades, it has been shown that PVAT may modulate vascular reactivity. It has also been previously demonstrated that inflammation in adipose tissue may be implicated in vascular dysfunction. In particular, adipocytes secrete a number of adipokines with various functions, as well as several vasoactive factors, together with components of the renin-angiotensin system which may act at local or at systemic level. It has been shown that the anti-contractile effect of PVAT is lost in obesity, probably as a consequence of the development of adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Adipose tissue dysfunction is interrelated with inflammation and oxidative stress, thus contributing to endothelial dysfunction observed in several pathological and clinical conditions such as obesity and hypertension. Decreased local adiponectin level, macrophage recruitment and infiltration, and activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system could play an important role in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Agabiti-Rosei
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK. .,Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Paini
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carolina De Ciuceis
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sarah Withers
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Greenstein
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Damiano Rizzoni
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
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Alrashdi SF, Deliyanti D, Talia DM, Wilkinson-Berka JL. Endothelin-2 Injures the Blood-Retinal Barrier and Macroglial Müller Cells: Interactions with Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, and NADPH Oxidase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:805-817. [PMID: 29248456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although increasing evidence indicates that endothelin-2 (Edn2) has distinct roles in tissue pathology, including inflammation, glial cell dysfunction, and angiogenesis, its role in the retina and the factors that regulate its actions are not fully understood. We hypothesized that Edn2 damages the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and that this is mediated by interactions with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH oxidase (Nox). C57BL/6J mice received an intravitreal injection of Edn2 or control vehicle to examine the blood pressure-independent effects of Edn2. Mice administered Edn2 were randomized to receive by intraperitoneal injection treatments that inhibited the Edn type a receptor, Edn type b receptor, angiotensin type 1 receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, or Nox isoforms 1 to 4. One month later, mice administered Edn2 exhibited breakdown of the BRB with increased vascular leakage, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and infiltrating macrophages (Ly6C+CD45highCD11b+). Further, macroglial Müller cells, which influence the integrity of the BRB and prevent retinal edema, became gliotic and expressed increased levels of water (aquaporin-4) and ion (Kir4.1) channels. This Edn2-mediated retinopathy was reduced by all treatments. Complementary in vitro studies in cultured Müller cells supported these findings and demonstrated the importance of reactive oxygen species in mediating these events. In conclusion, Edn2 has detrimental effects on the BRB and Müller cells that involve interactions with the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system and Nox1/4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed F Alrashdi
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devy Deliyanti
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dean M Talia
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition Protected against Angiotensin II-induced Adventitial Remodeling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6926. [PMID: 28761179 PMCID: PMC5537243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the metabolites of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases derived from arachidonic acid, exert important biological activities in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) hydrolyzes EETs to less biologically active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. However, the effects of sEH inhibition on adventitial remodeling remain inconclusive. In this study, the adventitial remodeling model was established by continuous Ang II infusion for 2 weeks in C57BL/6 J mice, before which sEH inhibitor 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU) was administered by gavage. Adventitial remodeling was evaluated by histological analysis, western blot, immunofluorescent staining, calcium imaging, CCK-8 and transwell assay. Results showed that Ang II infusion significantly induced vessel wall thickening, collagen deposition, and overexpression of α-SMA and PCNA in aortic adventitia, respectively. Interestingly, these injuries were attenuated by TPPU administration. Additionally, TPPU pretreatment overtly prevented Ang II-induced primary adventitial fibroblasts activation, characterized by differentiation, proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis via Ca2+-calcineurin/NFATc3 signaling pathway in vitro. In summary, our results suggest that inhibition of sEH could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat adventitial remodeling related disorders.
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Love S, Miners J. Cerebral Hypoperfusion and the Energy Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:607-17. [PMID: 27327656 PMCID: PMC8028913 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a perfusion deficit in Alzheimer's disease (AD), commencing in the precuneus and spreading to other parts of the cerebral cortex. The deficit anticipates the development of dementia, contributes to brain damage, and is caused by both functional and structural abnormalities of the cerebral vasculature. Most of the abnormalities are probably secondary to the accumulation of Aβ but the consequent hypoperfusion may, in turn, increase Aβ production. In the early stages of disease, abnormalities that cause vasoconstriction predominate. These include cholinergic vascular denervation, inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, increased production of endothelin-1 production and possibly also of angiotensin II. Patients with AD also have an increased prevalence of structural disease of cerebral microvessels, particularly CAA and capillary damage, and particularly in the later stages of disease these are likely to make an important contribution to the cerebral hypoperfusion. The metabolic abnormalities that cause early vascular dysfunction offer several targets for therapeutic intervention. However, for intervention to be effective it probably needs to be early. Prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion may induce compensatory circulatory changes that are themselves damaging, including hypertension and small vessel disease. This has implications for the use of antihypertensive drugs once there is accumulation of Aβ within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingom
| | - J.Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingom
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Nava E, Llorens S. The paracrine control of vascular motion. A historical perspective. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:125-145. [PMID: 27530204 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last quarter of the past century, the leading role the endocrine and nervous systems had on the regulation of vasomotion, shifted towards a more paracrine-based regulation. This begun with the recognition of endothelial cells as active players of vascular control, when the vessel's intimal layer was identified as the main source of prostacyclin and was followed by the discovery of an endothelium-derived smooth muscle cell relaxing factor (EDRF). The new position acquired by endothelial cells prompted the discovery of other endothelium-derived regulatory products: vasoconstrictors, generally known as EDCFs, endothelin, and other vasodilators with hyperpolarizing properties (EDHFs). While this research was taking place, a quest for the discovery of the nature of EDRF carried back to a research line commenced a decade earlier: the recently found intracellular messenger cGMP and nitrovasodilators. Both were smooth muscle relaxants and appeared to interact in a hormonal fashion. Prejudice against an unconventional gaseous molecule delayed the acceptance that EDRF was nitric oxide (NO). When this happened, a new era of research that exceeded the vascular field commenced. The discovery of the pathway for NO synthesis from L-arginine involved the clever assembling of numerous unrelated observations of different areas of knowledge. The last ten years of research on the paracrine regulation of the vascular wall has shifted to perivascular fat (PVAT), which is beginning to be regarded as the fourth layer of the vascular wall. Starting with the discovery of an adipose-derived relaxing substance (ADRF), the role that different adipokines have on the paracrine control of vasomotion is now filling the research activity of many vascular pharmacology labs, and surprising interactions between the endothelium, PVAT and smooth muscle are being unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Nava
- Area of Physiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), Albacete, Spain.
| | - Silvia Llorens
- Area of Physiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, School of Medicine and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), Albacete, Spain
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Muñoz-Durango N, Fuentes CA, Castillo AE, González-Gómez LM, Vecchiola A, Fardella CE, Kalergis AM. Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System beyond Blood Pressure Regulation: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Involved in End-Organ Damage during Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E797. [PMID: 27347925 PMCID: PMC4964362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17070797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a common condition worldwide and an important predictor of several complicated diseases. Arterial hypertension can be triggered by many factors, including physiological, genetic, and lifestyle causes. Specifically, molecules of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system not only play important roles in the control of blood pressure, but they are also associated with the genesis of arterial hypertension, thus constituting a need for pharmacological interventions. Chronic high pressure generates mechanical damage along the vascular system, heart, and kidneys, which are the principal organs affected in this condition. In addition to mechanical stress, hypertension-induced oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and the activation of reparative mechanisms lead to end-organ damage, mainly due to fibrosis. Clinical trials have demonstrated that renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system intervention in hypertensive patients lowers morbidity/mortality and inflammatory marker levels as compared to placebo patients, evidencing that this system controls more than blood pressure. This review emphasizes the detrimental effects that a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) imbalance has on health considerations above and beyond high blood pressure, such as fibrotic end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330025 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cristóbal A Fuentes
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330074 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrés E Castillo
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330074 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Luis Martín González-Gómez
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330074 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330074 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330074 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330025 Santiago, Chile.
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8330074 Santiago, Chile.
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Wang X, Guo Z, Ding Z, Khaidakov M, Lin J, Xu Z, Sharma SG, Jiwani S, Mehta JL. Endothelin-1 upregulation mediates aging-related cardiac fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 80:101-9. [PMID: 25584774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays a major role in regulating myocardial fibrosis in several pathological conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes. Aging is an independent risk factor for myocardial fibrosis. We hypothesized that ET-1 upregulation may be a basis of enhanced collagen synthesis in the senescent fibroblasts resulting in cardiac fibrosis with aging. To examine this hypothesis, we cultured mouse cardiac fibroblasts to passage-30 (P30). β-Galactosidase activity and several other aging markers were markedly increased in P30 (vs. P3) fibroblasts, indicating that these cells were indeed undergoing senescence. Importantly, ET-1 expression was markedly upregulated in P30 (vs. P3) fibroblasts. Of note, estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), an important negative regulator of ET-1, was downregulated in P30 fibroblasts. We also studied aged (130-weeks old, female) mice hearts, and observed that ET-1 was upregulated and ER-α was downregulated in these hearts (vs. 6-week old mice hearts, female). Similar observations were made in the fibroblasts isolated from aged mice hearts. ET-1 upregulation with aging was also seen in ≈70-year old (vs. ≈30-year old) human heart sections. In concert with ET-1 upregulation, the expression of fibronectin and collagens was found to be markedly increased in P30 cardiac fibroblasts in culture, fibroblasts isolated from the aged mice hearts, and in aged human hearts. Interestingly, inhibition of ET-1 in the senescent P30 fibroblasts by 2 different strategies (the use of siRNA and the use of endothelin converting enzyme inhibitors) markedly suppressed expression of fibrosis signals. Further, treatment with synthetic ET-1 enhanced fibronectin and collagen expression in P3 cardiac fibroblasts. These observations in mice and human hearts suggest that aging-related cardiac fibrosis is, at least partially, dependent on the upregulation of ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Wang
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Key Laboratory of Henan province for Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Henan province for Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Magomed Khaidakov
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Juntang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Henan province for Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhenping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Henan province for Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Shree G Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shahanawaz Jiwani
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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van de Vyver M, Andrag E, Cockburn IL, Ferris WF. Thiazolidinedione-induced lipid droplet formation during osteogenic differentiation. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:119-32. [PMID: 25210048 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic administration of the insulin-sensitising drugs, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), results in low bone mineral density and 'fatty bones'. This is thought to be due, at least in part, to aberrant differentiation of progenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) away from osteogenesis towards adipogenesis. This study directly compared the effects of rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and netoglitazone treatment on osteogenesis and adipogenesis in MSCs derived from subcutaneous (SC) or visceral (PV) white adipose tissue. MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue depots of male Wistar rats and characterised using flow cytometry. The effects of TZD treatment on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were assessed histologically (day 14) and by quantitative PCR analysis (Pparγ2 (Pparg2), Ap2 (Fabp4), Adipsin (Adps), Msx2, Collagen I (Col1a1), and Alp) on days 0, 7, and 10. Uniquely, lipid droplet formation and mineralisation were found to occur concurrently in response to TZD treatment during osteogenesis. Compared with SC MSCs, PV MSCs were more prone to lipid accumulation under controlled osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation conditions. This study demonstrated that the extent of lipid accumulation is dependent on the nature of the Ppar ligand and that SC and PV MSCs respond differently to in vitro TZD treatment, suggesting that metabolic status can contribute to the adverse effects associated with TZD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van de Vyver
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - E Andrag
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - I L Cockburn
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - W F Ferris
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
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Miners JS, Palmer JC, Tayler H, Palmer LE, Ashby E, Kehoe PG, Love S. Aβ degradation or cerebral perfusion? Divergent effects of multifunctional enzymes. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:238. [PMID: 25309424 PMCID: PMC4160973 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that deficient clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) contributes to its accumulation in late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Several Aβ-degrading enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) reduce Aβ levels and protect against cognitive impairment in mouse models of AD. In post-mortem human brain tissue we have found that the activity of these Aβ-degrading enzymes rise with age and increases still further in AD, perhaps as a physiological response that helps to minimize the build-up of Aβ. ECE-1/-2 and ACE are also rate-limiting enzymes in the production of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II), two potent vasoconstrictors, increases in the levels of which are likely to contribute to reduced blood flow in AD. This review considers the possible interdependence between Aβ-degrading enzymes, ischemia and Aβ in AD: ischemia has been shown to increase Aβ production both in vitro and in vivo, whereas increased Aβ probably enhances ischemia by vasoconstriction, mediated at least in part by increased ECE and ACE activity. In contrast, NEP activity may help to maintain cerebral perfusion, by reducing the accumulation of Aβ in cerebral blood vessels and lessening its toxicity to vascular smooth muscle cells. In assessing the role of Aβ-degrading proteases in the pathogenesis of AD and, particularly, their potential as therapeutic agents, it is important to bear in mind the multifunctional nature of these enzymes and to consider their effects on other substrates and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Jennifer C Palmer
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah Tayler
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Laura E Palmer
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Ashby
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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Feng J, Liu JP, Miao L, He GX, Li D, Wang HD, Jing T. Conditional expression of the type 2 angiotensin II receptor in mesenchymal stem cells inhibits neointimal formation after arterial injury. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:635-43. [PMID: 25119854 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are an effective treatment for obstructive coronary artery diseases. However, the procedure's success is limited by remodeling and formation of neointima. In the present study, we engineered rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to express type 2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R) using a tetracycline-regulated system that can strictly regulate AT2R expression. We tested the ability of the modified MSCs to reduce neointima formation following arterial injury. We subjected rats to balloon injury, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated no significant AT2R expression in normal rat arteries. Low expression of AT2R was observed at 28 days after balloon-induced injury. Interestingly, MSCs alone were unable to reduce neointimal hyperplasia after balloon-induced injury; after transplantation of modified MSCs, doxycycline treatment significantly upregulated neointimal AT2R expression and inhibited osteopontin mRNA expression, as well as neointimal formation. Taken together, these results suggest that transplantation of MSCs conditionally expressing AT2R could effectively suppress neointimal hyperplasia following balloon-induced injury. Therefore, MSCs with a doxycycline-controlled gene induction system may be useful for the management of arterial injury after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University and Chongqing Institute of Interventional Cardiology, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
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Halaj Zadeh J, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Rashtchizadeh N, Argani H, Valizadeh S, Halaj N, Vatankhah AM. Cross-talk between endothelin-1 and mineral metabolism in hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e18115. [PMID: 25068056 PMCID: PMC4102989 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.18115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: Endotheline-1 (ET-1), an endothelial mediator, influences on mineral metabolism; especially vascular calcification in uremic patients. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate of ET-1, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and mineral metabolites as the main factors for vascular calcification and inflammation in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 46 chronic stable HD patients were selected from nephrology departments of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals and classified based on phosphorus (P), Ca-P product (Ca × P) and intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) levels. We evaluated fasting serum ET-1and hs-CRP levels by the standard methods and compared with 46 healthy control subjects. Results: The levels of serum hs-CRP and ET-1 were significantly higher in the patient’s group compared with controls (4.40 ± 1.26 vs. 1.38 ± 1.61, P < 0.0001, and 2.31 ± 0.87 vs. 0.75 ± 0.48, P < 0.0001, respectively) and with regard to Ca × P product cut-off point (3.99 ± 0.78 vs. 5.33 ± 1.64, P < 0.0001, and 2 ± 0.73 vs. 3.04 ± 0.73, P < 0.0001 respectively). ET-1 was correlated significantly with hs-CRP level (r = 0.776, P < 0.0001). Serum P, Ca × P and iPTH levels directly and Ca indirectly were correlated with serum ET-1 in HD patients (r = 0.932, P < 0.0001, r = 0.766, P < 0.0001, r = 0.514, P < 0.0001, r = -0.538, P < 0.0001 respectively). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that serum P were independently associated with ET-1 levels (β = 0.932, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Serum P and iPTH levels were independently associated with ET-1 and those may play a role in development of endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Halaj Zadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Amir Ghorbanihaghjo
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Amir Ghorbanihaghjo, Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran, E-mail:
| | - Nadereh Rashtchizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Hassan Argani
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Shahnam Valizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Najat Halaj
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
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Rodella LF, Favero G, Rossini C, Foglio E, Bonomini F, Reiter RJ, Rezzani R. Aging and vascular dysfunction: beneficial melatonin effects. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:103-115. [PMID: 22109832 PMCID: PMC3543744 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological functions and metabolic processes. In aging and in diseases associated with the elderly, the loss of cells in vital structures or organs may be related to several factors. Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is a member of the sirtuin family of protein deacetylases involved in life span extension; however, its involvement in the aging is not yet completely defined. Recently, melatonin, a pleiotropic molecule, shown to activate SIRT1 in primary neurons of young animals, as well as in aged neurons of a murine model of senescence. Melatonin is known to modulate oxidative stress-induced senescence and pro-survival pathways. We treated 6- and 15-week-old apolipoprotein E (APOE)-deficient mice (APOE 6w and 15w) with two melatonin formulations (FAST and RETARD) to evaluate their anti-aging effect. Morphological changes in vessels (aortic arch) of APOE mice were evaluated SIRT1, p53, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) markers. We demonstrate that SIRT1 and eNOS decresed in APOE mice between 6 and 15 weeks and that aging induced an elevated expression of p53 and ET-1 in APOE animals. Melatonin improved the impairment of endothelial damage and reduced loss of SIRT1 and eNOS decreasing p53 and ET-1 expression. The RETARD melatonin preparation caused a greater improvement of vessel cytoarchitecture. In summary, we indicate that SIRT1-p53-eNOS axis as one of the important marker of advanced vascular dysfunctions linked to aging. Finally, we suggest that extended-release melatonin (RETARD) provides a more appropriate option for contrasting these dysfunctions compared with rapid release melatonin (FAST) administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Rossini
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Foglio
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonomini
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- />Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Rita Rezzani
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Cha JH, Lee HR, Kim KC, Cho MS, Hong YM. Changes of gene expressions in spontaneously hypertensive rat model after losartan treatment. Korean Circ J 2012; 42:761-8. [PMID: 23236328 PMCID: PMC3518710 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2012.42.11.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The renin angiotensin system seems to play an important role in the development of cardiac and vascular hypertrophy in hypertension. The changes in pathology, and gene expressions of the angiotensin II receptor type 1A (ATIA) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were investigated in order to explore the effects of losartan in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) models. Materials and Methods Twelve week-old male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: control (C) group, hypertension (H) group, and losartan (L) group in which SHR was treated with losartan (10 mg/kg/day). Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis regarding seven genes such as endothelin-1, ACE, ATIA, neutrophil cytosolic factor, brain natriuretic peptide, troponin I, endothelial nitric oxide synthase were performed. Results Systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased in the L group compared with the H group in weeks 3 and 5. ACE and ATIA proteins in the L group were lower than H group in week 5. Conclusion Losartan reduced blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and protein expressions of ACE and ATIA. Changes of protein expressions were more sensitive than changes in pathology. Further study is needed for the differing doses of losartan in SHR models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hei Cha
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Li Y, Tao J, Zhang J, Tian X, Liu S, Sun M, Zhang X, Yan C, Han Y. Cellular repressor E1A-stimulated genes controls phenotypic switching of adventitial fibroblasts by blocking p38MAPK activation. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:304-14. [PMID: 23040447 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Phenotypic modulation of adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of proliferative vascular diseases. The current study aimed to identify the role of cellular repressor E1A-stimulated genes (CREG), a critical mediator in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, in AF phenotypic modulation and adventitial remodeling. METHOD AND RESULTS Using in situ double-immunofluorescence staining, we ascertained that CREG expression was significantly down-regulated in the adventitia after vascular injury, and its expression pattern was conversely correlated with the expression of smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), a marker for differentiation of AFs into myofibroblasts. In vitro data confirmed the association of CREG in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced AF differentiation. Additionally, overexpression of CREG attenuated Ang II-induced α-SMA expression in AFs. CREGoverexpressing AFs showed decreased levels of proliferation on days 2-5 following stimulation by Ang II compared with controls, with changes in the cell cycle profile as shown by BrdU incorporation assay and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. Moreover, wound healing assay and transwell migration model demonstrated that upregulation of CREG expression inhibited Ang II-induced AF migration. We found that CREG-mediated its counterbalancing effects in Ang II-induced phenotypic modulation, proliferation and migration by inhibition of the p38MAPK signaling pathway, validated by pharmacological blockade of p38MAPK with SB 203580 and by overexpression of p38MAPK with transfectants expressing constitutively active p38αMAPK. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CREG is a novel AF phenotypic modulator in a p38MAPK-dependent manner. Modulating CREG on the local vascular wall may become a new therapeutic target against proliferative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Graduate School of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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18
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Boyd R, Rätsep MT, Ding LL, Wang HD. ETA and ETB receptors are expressed in vascular adventitial fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2271-8. [PMID: 21949113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00869.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adventitia has been recognized to play important roles in vascular oxidative stress, remodeling, and contraction. We recently demonstrated that adventitial fibroblasts are able to express endothelin (ET)-1 in response to ANG II. However, it is unclear whether ET-1 receptors are expressed in the adventitia. We therefore investigated the expression and roles of both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in collagen synthesis and ET-1 clearance in adventitial fibroblasts. Adventitial fibroblasts were isolated and cultured from the mouse thoracic aorta by the explant method. Cultured cells were treated with ANG II (100 nmol/l) or ET-1 (10 pM) in the presence or absence of the ANG II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan (100 μM), the ET-1 receptor antagonists BQ-123 (ET(A) receptor, 1 μM) and BQ-788 (ET(B) receptor, 1 μM), and the ET(B) receptor agonist sarafotoxin 6C (100 nM). ET-1 peptide levels were determined by ELISA, whereas ET(A), ET(B), and collagen levels were determined by Western blot analysis. ANG II increased ET-1 peptide levels in a time-dependent manner. ANG II increased ET(A) and ET(B) receptor protein levels as well as collagen in a similar fashion. ANG II-induced collagen was reduced while in the presence of BQ-123, suggesting a role for the ET(A) receptor in the regulation of the extracellular matrix. ANG II treatment in the presence of BQ-788 significantly increased ET-1 peptide levels. Conversely, the ET(B) receptor agonist sarafotoxin 6C significantly decreased ET-1 peptide levels. These data implicate a role for the ET(B) receptor in the clearance of the ET-1 peptide. In conclusion, both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors are expressed in adventitial fibroblasts, which paves the ground for the biological significance of adventitial ET-1. The ET(A) receptor subtype mediates collagen I expression, whereas the ET(B) receptor subtype may play a protective role through increasing the clearance of the ET-1 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Boyd
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Li FYL, Cheng KKY, Lam KSL, Vanhoutte PM, Xu A. Cross-talk between adipose tissue and vasculature: role of adiponectin. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 203:167-80. [PMID: 21062420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic endocrine organ, secreting a number of bioactive substances (adipokines) regulating insulin sensitivity, energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis. Dysfunctional adipose tissue is a key mediator that links obesity with insulin resistance, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Obese adipose tissue is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy and infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and lymphocytes, leading to the augmented production of pro-inflammatory adipokines and vasoconstrictors that induce endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation through their paracrine and endocrine actions. By contrast, the secretion of adiponectin, an adipokine with insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory activities, is decreased in obesity and its related pathologies. Emerging evidence suggests that adiponectin is protective against vascular dysfunction induced by obesity and diabetes, through its multiple favourable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism as well as on vascular function. Adiponectin improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic profiles, thus reducing the classical risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, adiponectin protects the vasculature through its pleiotropic actions on endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Data from both animal and human investigations demonstrate that adiponectin is an important component of the adipo-vascular axis that mediates the cross-talk between adipose tissue and vasculature. This review highlights recent work on the vascular protective activities of adiponectin and discusses the molecular pathways underlying the vascular actions of this adipokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y L Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Shao D, Park JE, Wort SJ. The role of endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:504-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kwan CY, Hsieh WT, To PNH, Wang HD. New perspectives on vascular wall signaling: role of perivascular adipocytes and fibroblasts. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1022-5. [PMID: 20711223 PMCID: PMC4002319 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This communication represents personal perspectives of recent development in the newly evolved areas in vascular signaling mechanisms at the anatomical level of vascular walls from outside in, that is, from perivascular adventitial side to effectuate the control of vascular reactivity. Since half a century ago, the focus of interest in vascular biology has been confined primarily to the study of the excitation-contraction coupling of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) as well as neuroeffector mechanisms. During the past 3 decades, considerable advancement in the understanding of vascular signaling has been made via the discovery of endothelium-derived relaxation factors (EDRF), endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF) and endothelium-derived contracting factors (EDCF). The discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as a major cellular messenger has also helped open up another huge area of research in oxidative stress and vascular diseases. In the past decade, concepts on vascular wall signaling have been extended from vascular endothelial cells and then translated to the other seemingly inert cellular components, such as perivascular adipocytes and adventitial fibroblasts. Growing body of evidences show that these cellularities contribute to both functional as well as structural integrity in vasculature with significant pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Yin Kwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University and Hospitals, Taichung, Taiwan, China.
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Albertoni G, Maquigussa E, Pessoa E, Barreto JA, Borges F, Schor N. Soluble uric acid increases intracellular calcium through an angiotensin II-dependent mechanism in immortalized human mesangial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:825-32. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is associated with increases in cardiovascular risk and renal disease. Mesangial cells regulate glomerular filtration rates through the release of hormones and vasoactive substances. This study evaluates the signaling pathway of uric acid (UA) in immortalized human mesangial cells (ihMCs). To evaluate cell proliferation, ihMCs were exposed to UA (6–10 mg/dL) for 24–144 h. In further experiments, ihMCs were treated with UA (6–10 mg/dL) for 12 and 24 h simultaneously with losartan (10−7 mmol/L). Angiotensin II (AII) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Pre-pro-ET mRNA was evaluated by the real-time PCR technique. It was observed that soluble UA (8 and 10 mg/dL) stimulated cellular proliferation. UA (10 mg/dL) for 12 h significantly increased AII protein synthesis and ET-1 expression and protein production was increased after 24 h. Furthermore, UA increased [Ca2+]i, and this effect was significantly blocked when ihMCs were preincubated with losartan. Our results suggested that UA triggers reactions including AII and ET-1 production in mesangial cells. In addition, UA can potentially affect glomerular function due to UA-induced proliferation and contraction of mesangial cells. The latter mechanism could be related to the long-term effects of UA on renal function and chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Albertoni
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP)
- Associação Beneficente de Coleta de Sangue (Colsan), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar Maquigussa
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP)
| | - Edson Pessoa
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP)
| | | | - Fernanda Borges
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP)
| | - Nestor Schor
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP)
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Wang HD, Rätsep MT, Chapman A, Boyd R. Adventitial fibroblasts in vascular structure and function: the role of oxidative stress and beyondThis review is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue on Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 88:177-86. [DOI: 10.1139/y10-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vascular adventitia, defined as the area between the external elastic lamina and the outermost edge of the blood vessel, is composed primarily of fibroblasts and for years was thought to be merely a passive structural support for the blood vessel. Consequently, studies pertaining to the role of the adventitia in regulating vascular function have been far outnumbered by those regarding the vascular endothelium. However, recent work has begun to reveal the dynamic properties of the adventitia. It was therefore the aim of this review to provide an overview of the existing knowledge demonstrating the role of the adventitia in regulating vessel structure and function. The main topics covered in this review include the cellular composition of the adventitia and the role of the adventitia in vascular oxidative stress, vasomotor responses, extracellular matrix protein expression, growth factor expression, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression. Recent evidence suggests that the adventitia is a major producer of vascular reactive oxygen species. It displays a distinct response to injury, hypoxia, and pulmonary hypertension, mediating vascular remodelling, repair, and extracellular matrix deposition. It may also play a role in regulating vascular tone. More recently, it has been reported that adventitial fibroblasts can produce ET-1 after Ang II treatment. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that the adventitia may be a potent source of vasoactive hormones such as growth factors and ET-1, which may regulate vascular structure and function via autocrine or paracrine signalling mechanisms. Despite these findings, many important questions regarding the role of the vascular adventitia remain unanswered, suggesting the need for further research to determine its exact function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Di Wang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Heath Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Matthew T. Rätsep
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Heath Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alexander Chapman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Heath Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ryan Boyd
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Heath Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Wilcox CS, Pearlman A. Chemistry and antihypertensive effects of tempol and other nitroxides. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 60:418-69. [PMID: 19112152 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides can undergo one- or two-electron reduction reactions to hydroxylamines or oxammonium cations, respectively, which themselves are interconvertible, thereby providing redox metabolic actions. 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (tempol) is the most extensively studied nitroxide. It is a cell membrane-permeable amphilite that dismutates superoxide catalytically, facilitates hydrogen peroxide metabolism by catalase-like actions, and limits formation of toxic hydroxyl radicals produced by Fenton reactions. It is broadly effective in detoxifying these reactive oxygen species in cell and animal studies. When administered intravenously to hypertensive rodent models, tempol caused rapid and reversible dose-dependent reductions in blood pressure in 22 of 26 studies. This was accompanied by vasodilation, increased nitric oxide activity, reduced sympathetic nervous system activity at central and peripheral sites, and enhanced potassium channel conductance in blood vessels and neurons. When administered orally or by infusion over days or weeks to hypertensive rodent models, it reduced blood pressure in 59 of 68 studies. This was accompanied by correction of salt sensitivity and endothelial dysfunction and reduced agonist-evoked oxidative stress and contractility of blood vessels, reduced renal vascular resistance, and increased renal tissue oxygen tension. Thus, tempol is broadly effective in reducing blood pressure, whether given by acute intravenous injection or by prolonged administration, in a wide range of rodent models of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Disorder Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Abstract
This review examines 2 potentially important morbid changes that may precede the onset of hypertension-capillary rarefaction (CR) and large artery rigidity (LAR). The mechanisms responsible for CR, currently measured in the skin microcirculation, as well those responsible for LAR, have yet to be fully delineated. Nor has the duration been determined of the latent period between the occurrence of these lesions and the onset of blood pressure elevation. It has been known for 2 decades that, because of the kidney's relatively rigid capsule, alterations in the abundant postglomerular microcirculation network (which can accommodate circa 80% of total renal blood flow) can lead to endothelial plasma leakage. Even a small amount of plasma leakage can increase interstitial pressure and lead to capillary collapse and CR. Simultaneously, or at a later time, these alterations could have an impact on the reflection wave profile in the thoracic aorta and, via abnormal endothelial proliferation and other vascular effects, give rise to LAR. Nonpharmacologic and/or pharmacologic interventions have been shown to exert positive effects on CR and/or LAR. Recent studies have demonstrated the beneficial actions of a bradykinin B2-receptor antagonist (HOE140) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, the classic rat model for essential hypertension. The fact that CR and LAR both precede blood pressure elevation could serve as a basis for designing strategies to prevent hypertension from occurring. Because modern tools capable of measuring CR and LAR noninvasively have been developed, it should soon be feasible to identify these 2 prehypertension markers in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard E Plante
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Institute of Geriatrics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4.
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26
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Stapleton PA, James ME, Goodwill AG, Frisbee JC. Obesity and vascular dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:79-89. [PMID: 18571908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the most profound challenges facing public health and public health policy in Western society is the increased incidence and prevalence of both overweight and obesity. While this condition can have significant consequences for patient mortality and quality of life, it can be further exacerbated as overweight/obesity can be a powerful stimulus for the development of additional risk factors for a negative cardiovascular outcome, including increased insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. This manuscript will present the effects of systemic obesity on broad issues of vascular function in both afflicted human populations and in the most relevant animal models. Among the topics that will be covered are alterations to vascular reactivity (both dilator and constrictor responses), adaptations in microvascular network and vessel wall structure, and alterations to the patterns of tissue/organ perfusion as a result of the progression of the obese condition. Additionally, special attention will be paid to the contribution of chronic inflammation as a contributor to alterations in vascular function, as well as the role of perivascular adipose tissue in terms of impacting vessel behavior. When taken together, it is clearly apparent that the development of the obese condition can have profound, and frequently difficult to predict, impacts on integrated vascular function. Much of this complexity appears to have its basis in the extent to which other co-morbidities associated with obesity (e.g., insulin resistance) are present and exert contributing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Stapleton
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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27
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Jin X, Ge X, Zhu DL, Yan C, Chu YF, Chen WD, Liu J, Gao PJ. Expression and function of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1) in vascular adventitial fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 43:292-300. [PMID: 17651752 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) are previously considered to exist exclusively in endothelial cells. However, little is known if the receptors are expressed in other non-endothelial cells. In this study, we measured activation of two VEGFRs, Flk-1 and Flt-1, and their biological functions in cultured adventitial fibroblasts and injured rat carotid injury arteries induced by balloon angioplasty. Our results indicated that Flt-1, but not Flk-1, existed in adventitial fibroblasts. Angiotensin II increased Flt-1 protein expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Adventitial fibroblast migration stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PIGF) required Flt-1 expression. The Flt-1-induced adventitial fibroblast migration was blocked by anti-Flt-1 neutralizing antibody and soluble VEGFR1 protein (sFlt-1). However, Flt-1 activation did not enhance cell proliferation. In addition, Flt-1 expression was significantly increased in the neointima and adventitia in injured rat carotid arteries. We concluded that functional expression of Flt-1 in adventitial fibroblasts might be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling after arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Institute of Health Science Center, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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28
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Banes-Berceli AKL, Ketsawatsomkron P, Ogbi S, Patel B, Pollock DM, Marrero MB. Angiotensin II and endothelin-1 augment the vascular complications of diabetes via JAK2 activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1291-9. [PMID: 17526654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00181.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway is activated in vitro by angiotensin II (ANG II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), which are implicated in the development of diabetic complications. We hypothesized that ANG II and ET-1 activate the JAK/STAT pathway in vivo to participate in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Using male Sprague-Dawley rats, we performed a time course study [days 7, 14, and 28 after streptozotocin (STZ) injection] to determine changes in phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3 in thoracic aorta using standard Western blot techniques. On day 7 there was no change in phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3. Phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3 was significantly increased on days 14 and 28 and was inhibited by treatment with candesartan (AT(1) receptor antagonist, 10 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) orally in drinking water), atrasentan (ET(A) receptor antagonist, 10 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) orally in drinking water), and AG-490 (JAK2 inhibitor, 5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) intraperitoneally). On day 28, treatment with all inhibitors prevented the significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP; tail cuff) of STZ-induced diabetic rats (SBP: 157 +/- 9.0, 130 +/- 3.3, 128 +/- 6.8, and 131 +/- 10.4 mmHg in STZ, STZ-candesartan, STZ-atrasentan, and STZ-AG-490 rats, respectively). In isolated tissue bath studies, diabetic rats displayed impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta (maximal relaxation: 95.3 +/- 3.0, 92.6 +/- 7.4, 76.9 +/- 12.1, and 38.3 +/- 13.1% in sham, sham + AG-490, STZ + AG-490, and STZ rats, respectively). Treatment of rats with AG-490 restored endothelium-dependent relaxation in aorta from diabetic rats at 14 and 28 days of treatment. These results demonstrate that JAK2 activation in vivo participates in the development of vascular complications associated with STZ-induced diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Atrasentan
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/enzymology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Male
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
- Vasodilation
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K L Banes-Berceli
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-3000, USA.
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29
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Jenkins C, Milsted A, Doane K, Meszaros G, Toot J, Ely D. A cell culture model using rat coronary artery adventitial fibroblasts to measure collagen production. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2007; 7:13. [PMID: 17488510 PMCID: PMC1885448 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have developed a rat cell model for studying collagen type I production in coronary artery adventitial fibroblasts. Increased deposition of adventitial collagen type I leads to stiffening of the blood vessel, increased blood pressure, arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Although the source and mechanism of collagen deposition is yet unknown, the adventitia appears to play a significant role. To demonstrate the application of our cell model, cultured adventitial fibroblasts were treated with sex hormones and the effect on collagen production measured. Methods Hearts (10–12 weeks) were harvested and the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was isolated and removed. Tissue explants were cultured and cells (passages 2–4) were confirmed as fibroblasts using immunohistochemistry. Optimal conditions were determined for cell tissue harvest, timing, proliferation and culture conditions. Fibroblasts were exposed to 10-7 M testosterone or 10-7 M estrogen for 24 hours and either immunostained for collagen type I or subjected to ELISA. Results Results showed increased collagen staining in fibroblasts treated with testosterone compared to control and decreased staining with estrogen. ELISA results showed that testosterone increased collagen I by 20% whereas estrogen decreased collagen I by 15%. Conclusion Data demonstrates the usefulness of our cell model in studying the specific role of the adventitia apart from other blood vessel tissue in rat coronary arteries. Results suggest opposite effects of testosterone and estrogen on collagen synthesis in the rat coronary artery adventitial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen Doane
- Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Gary Meszaros
- Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Daniel Ely
- The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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30
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Davie NJ, Gerasimovskaya EV, Hofmeister SE, Richman AP, Jones PL, Reeves JT, Stenmark KR. Pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts cooperate with vasa vasorum endothelial cells to regulate vasa vasorum neovascularization: a process mediated by hypoxia and endothelin-1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1793-807. [PMID: 16723696 PMCID: PMC1606613 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating adventitial vasa vasorum neovascularization, which occurs in the pulmonary arterial circulation in response to hypoxia, remain unknown. Here, using a technique to isolate and culture adventitial fibroblasts (AdvFBs) and vasa vasorum endothelial cells (VVECs) from the adventitia of pulmonary arteries, we report that hypoxia-activated pulmonary artery AdvFBs exhibited pro-angiogenic properties and influenced the angiogenic phenotype of VVEC, in a process of cell-cell communication involving endothelin-1 (ET-1). We demonstrated that AdvFBs, either via co-culture or conditioned media, stimulated VVEC proliferation and augmented the self-assembly and integrity of cord-like networks that formed when VVECs where cultured on Matrigel. In addition, hypoxia-activated AdvFBs produced ET-1, suggesting a paracrine role for this pro-angiogenic molecule in these processes. When co-cultured on Matrigel, AdvFBs and VVECs self-assembled into heterotypic cord-like networks, a process augmented by hypoxia but attenuated by either selective endothelin receptor antagonists or oligonucleotides targeting prepro-ET-1 mRNA. From these observations, we propose that hypoxia-activated AdvFBs exhibit pro-angiogenic properties and, as such, communicate with VVECs, in a process involving ET-1, to regulate vasa vasorum neovascularization occurring in the adventitia of pulmonary arteries in response to chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Davie
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Box C218, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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