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Menkhorst E, Zhou W, Santos L, Zhang JG, St-Pierre Y, Young MJ, Dimitriadis E. Galectin-7 dysregulates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and NADPH oxide synthase pathways in preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2022; 30:130-136. [PMID: 36183583 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preeclampsia is a life-threatening disorder of pregnancy unique to humans. Poor placentation in the first trimester of pregnancy is widely accepted to be an underlying cause of preeclampsia. Galectin-7 is abnormally elevated in chorionic villous samples and serum from women that subsequently develop pre-term preeclampsia. Administration of exogenous galectin-7 to pregnant mice causes preeclampsia-like features (hypertension, proteinuria), associated with dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In this study investigated the mechanism by which galectin-7 induces alterations to tissue RAS homeostasis and ROS production. We hypothesized that galectin-7 induces alterations in the production of either placental RAS or NADPH oxidases (or both) to drive the dysregulated RAS and ROS production seen in preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN Mated female mice (n = 5-6/group) received single (embryonic day [E]12/13) or multiple (E8-12) subcutaneous injections of 400 μg/kg/day galectin-7 or vehicle control and killed on E13 or E18. Human first trimester placental villous and decidual tissue (n = 11) was cultured under 8 % oxygen with 1 µg/mL galectin-7 or vehicle control for 16 h. RESULTS Galectin-7 administration to pregnant mice impaired placental labyrinth formation, suppressed circulating aldosterone and altered placental RAS (Agt, Renin) and NADPH oxidase (Cyba, Cybb and Icam1) mRNA expression. In vitro, galectin-7 regulated human placental villous RAS (AGT) and NADPH oxidase (CYBA, ICAM1 and VCAM1) mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Overall, galectin-7 likely drives hypertension in preeclampsia via its direct regulation of multiple pathways associated with preeclampsia in the placenta. Galectin-7 may therefore be a therapeutic target to improve placental function and prevent preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Menkhorst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leilani Santos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Morag J Young
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Liu H, Cheng Y, Chu J, Wu M, Yan M, Wang D, Xie Q, Ali F, Fang Y, Wei L, Yang Y, Shen A, Peng J. Baicalin attenuates angiotensin II-induced blood pressure elevation and modulates MLCK/p-MLC signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112124. [PMID: 34492423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is an extensively used medicinal herb for the treatment of hypertension in traditional Chinese medicine. Baicalin, is an important flavonoid in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extracts, which exhibits therapeutic effects on anti-hypertension, but its underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored. Therefore, we investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of Baicalin on anti-hypertension. In vivo studies revealed that Baicalin treatment significantly attenuated the elevation in blood pressure, the pulse propagation and thickening of the abdominal aortic wall in C57BL/6 mice infused with Angiotensin II (Ang II). Moreover, RNA-sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses identified 537 differentially expressed transcripts and multiple enriched signaling pathways (including vascular smooth muscle contraction and calcium signaling pathway). Consistently, we found that Baicalin pretreatment significantly alleviated the Ang II induced constriction of abdominal aortic ring, while promoted NE pre-contracted vasodilation of abdominal aortic ring at least partly dependent on L-type calcium channel. In addition, Ang II stimulation significantly increased cell viability and PCNA expression, while were attenuated after Baicalin treatment. Moreover, Baicalin pretreatment attenuated Ang II-induced intracellular Ca2+ release, Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression and activation of MLCK/p-MLC pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The present work further addressed the pharmacological and mechanistic insights on anti-hypertension of Baicalin, which may help better understand the therapeutic effect of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on anti-hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aorta, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Hypertension/chemically induced
- Hypertension/enzymology
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myosin Light Chains/metabolism
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Rats, Wistar
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jianfeng Chu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Meizhu Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Mengchao Yan
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Di Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Farman Ali
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Aling Shen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; Chen Keji Academic Thought Inheritance Studio, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
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3
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Park S, Lee KH, Choi H, Jang G, Kang WS, Kim E, Kim JS, Na CS, Kim S. Combined antihypertensive effect of unripe Rubus coreanus Miq. and Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév. Extracts in 1 kidney-1 clip hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:271. [PMID: 34711215 PMCID: PMC8555169 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously showed that enzymatically hydrolyzed Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév. leaf (Hy-DP) and unripe Rubus coreanus Miq. (5-uRCK) extracts exhibit potent vasodilator effects on isolated aortic rings from rats partly through endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. These two extracts have different mechanisms of action; however, their combined effect on antihypertensive activity has not been explored. Methods The present study aims to investigate the effect of a chronic optimized mixture (HDR-2, composed of Hy-DP and 5-uRCK in a 2:1 mass ratio) on vascular tension and blood pressure in two different hypertensive rat models. Results The results showed that HDR-2 concentration-dependently relaxed endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine. Antihypertensive effects were assessed in vivo on a 1 kidney-1 clip (1 K-1C) rat model of hypertension and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Acute HDR-2 treatment significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) 3 h posttreatment in both models. Chronic HDR-2 administration also significantly decreased SBP in the hypertensive rat models. Moreover, HDR-2 increased eNOS protein expression and phosphorylation levels in the aorta. Conclusion Chronic HDR-2 administration may effectively improve vascular function by decreasing plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and AngII levels. HDR-2 significantly improved acetylcholine (ACh)-induced aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation and affected sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced endothelium-independent relaxation in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyi Park
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., 257, Jebong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61239, South Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Lee
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., 257, Jebong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61239, South Korea
| | - Hakjoon Choi
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., 257, Jebong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61239, South Korea
| | - Goeun Jang
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., 257, Jebong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61239, South Korea
| | - Wan Seok Kang
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., 257, Jebong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61239, South Korea
| | - Eun Kim
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., 257, Jebong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61239, South Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., 257, Jebong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61239, South Korea
| | - Chang-Su Na
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, 185 Geonjae-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunoh Kim
- Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., 257, Jebong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61239, South Korea.
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4
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Innate immunity and clinical hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2021; 36:503-509. [PMID: 34689174 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has supported a role of inflammation and immunity in the genesis of hypertension. In humans and experimental models of hypertension, cells of the innate and adaptive immune system enter target tissues, including vessels and the kidney, and release powerful mediators including cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases and reactive oxygen species that cause tissue damage, fibrosis and dysfunction. These events augment the blood pressure elevations in hypertension and promote end-organ damage. Factors that activate immune cells include sympathetic outflow, increased sodium within microenvironments where these cells reside, and signals received from the vasculature. In particular, the activated endothelium releases reactive oxygen species and interleukin (IL)-6 which in turn stimulate transformation of monocytes to become antigen presenting cells and produce cytokines like IL-1β and IL-23, which further affect T cell function to produce IL-17A. Genetic deletion or neutralization of these cytokines ameliorates hypertension and end-organ damage. In this review, we will consider in depth features of the hypertensive milieu that lead to these events and consider new treatment approaches to limit the untoward effects of inflammation in hypertension.
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5
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Song J, Frieler RA, Vigil TM, Ma J, Brombacher F, Goonewardena SN, Goldstein DR, Mortensen RM. Inactivation of Interleukin-4 Receptor α Signaling in Myeloid Cells Protects Mice From Angiotensin II/High Salt-Induced Cardiovascular Dysfunction Through Suppression of Fibrotic Remodeling. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e017329. [PMID: 34132103 PMCID: PMC8403318 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypertension‐induced cardiovascular remodeling is characterized by chronic low‐grade inflammation. Interleukin‐4 receptor α (IL‐4Rα) signaling is importantly involved in cardiovascular remodeling, however, the target cell type(s) is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of myeloid‐specific IL‐4Rα signaling in cardiovascular remodeling induced by angiotensin II and high salt. Methods and Results Myeloid IL‐4Rα deficiency suppressed both the in vitro and in vivo expression of alternatively activated macrophage markers including Arg1 (arginase 1), Ym1 (chitinase 3‐like 3), and Relmα/Fizz1 (resistin‐like molecule α). After angiotensin II and high salt treatment, myeloid‐specific IL‐4Rα deficiency did not change hypertrophic remodeling within the heart and aorta. However, myeloid IL‐4Rα deficiency resulted in a substantial reduction in fibrosis through the suppression of profibrotic pathways and the enhancement of antifibrotic signaling. Decreased fibrosis was associated with significant preservation of myocardial function in MyIL4RαKO mice and was mediated by attenuated alternative macrophage activation. Conclusions Myeloid IL‐4Rα signaling is substantially involved in fibrotic cardiovascular remodeling by controlling alternative macrophage activation and regulating fibrosis‐related signaling. Inhibiting myeloid IL‐4Rα signaling may be a potential strategy to prevent hypertensive cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Song
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Ryan A Frieler
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Thomas M Vigil
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanxi Province People's Hospital Taiyuan P.R. China
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology University of Cape TownDivision of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Cape Town South Africa
| | - Sascha N Goonewardena
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Institute of Gerontology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Richard M Mortensen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI.,Department of Pharmacology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
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6
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Waldman M, Arad M, Abraham NG, Hochhauser E. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Coactivator-1α-Heme Oxygenase 1 Axis, a Powerful Antioxidative Pathway with Potential to Attenuate Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1273-1290. [PMID: 32027164 PMCID: PMC7232636 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: From studies of diabetic animal models, the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)-heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) axis appears to be a crucial event in the development of obesity and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this review, we discuss the role of metabolic and biochemical stressors in the rodent and human pathophysiology of DCM. A crucial contributor for many cardiac pathologies is excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathologies, which lead to extensive cellular damage by impairing mitochondrial function and directly oxidizing DNA, proteins, and lipid membranes. We discuss the role of ROS production and inflammatory pathways with multiple contributing and confounding factors leading to DCM. Recent Advances: The relevant biochemical pathways that are critical to a therapeutic approach to treat DCM, specifically caloric restriction and its relation to the PGC-1α-HO-1 axis in the attenuation of DCM, are elucidated. Critical Issues: The increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2, a major contributor to unique cardiomyopathy characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy with no effective clinical treatment. This review highlights the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of DCM and potential oxidative targets to attenuate oxidative stress and attenuate DCM. Future Directions: Targeting the PGC-1α-HO-1 axis is a promising approach to ameliorate DCM through improvement in mitochondrial function and antioxidant defenses. A pharmacological inducer to activate PGC-1α and HO-1 described in this review may be a promising therapeutic approach in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Waldman
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Institute at Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Cardiac Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michael Arad
- Cardiac Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nader G. Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Edith Hochhauser
- Cardiac Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Institute at Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Oldfield CJ, Duhamel TA, Dhalla NS. Mechanisms for the transition from physiological to pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:74-84. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The heart is capable of responding to stressful situations by increasing muscle mass, which is broadly defined as cardiac hypertrophy. This phenomenon minimizes ventricular wall stress for the heart undergoing a greater than normal workload. At initial stages, cardiac hypertrophy is associated with normal or enhanced cardiac function and is considered to be adaptive or physiological; however, at later stages, if the stimulus is not removed, it is associated with contractile dysfunction and is termed as pathological cardiac hypertrophy. It is during physiological cardiac hypertrophy where the function of subcellular organelles, including the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and myofibrils, may be upregulated, while pathological cardiac hypertrophy is associated with downregulation of these subcellular activities. The transition of physiological cardiac hypertrophy to pathological cardiac hypertrophy may be due to the reduction in blood supply to hypertrophied myocardium as a consequence of reduced capillary density. Oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, Ca2+-handling abnormalities, and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes are suggested to play a critical role in the depression of contractile function during the development of pathological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Oldfield
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Todd A. Duhamel
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Knock GA. NADPH oxidase in the vasculature: Expression, regulation and signalling pathways; role in normal cardiovascular physiology and its dysregulation in hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:385-427. [PMID: 31585207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last 20-25 years have seen an explosion of interest in the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in cardiovascular function and disease. In vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, NOX generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act as second messengers, contributing to the control of normal vascular function. NOX activity is altered in response to a variety of stimuli, including G-protein coupled receptor agonists, growth-factors, perfusion pressure, flow and hypoxia. NOX-derived ROS are involved in smooth muscle constriction, endothelium-dependent relaxation and smooth muscle growth, proliferation and migration, thus contributing to the fine-tuning of blood flow, arterial wall thickness and vascular resistance. Through reversible oxidative modification of target proteins, ROS regulate the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases, kinases, G proteins, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors. There is now considerable, but somewhat contradictory evidence that NOX contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension through oxidative stress. Specific NOX isoforms have been implicated in endothelial dysfunction, hyper-contractility and vascular remodelling in various animal models of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but also have potential protective effects, particularly NOX4. This review explores the multiplicity of NOX function in the healthy vasculature and the evidence for and against targeting NOX for antihypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Knock
- Dpt. of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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9
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NADPH oxidases and oxidase crosstalk in cardiovascular diseases: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 17:170-194. [PMID: 31591535 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent production of ROS underlies sustained oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, aortic aneurysm, hypercholesterolaemia, atherosclerosis, diabetic vascular complications, cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Interactions between different oxidases or oxidase systems have been intensively investigated for their roles in inducing sustained oxidative stress. In this Review, we discuss the latest data on the pathobiology of each oxidase component, the complex crosstalk between different oxidase components and the consequences of this crosstalk in mediating cardiovascular disease processes, focusing on the central role of particular NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms that are activated in specific cardiovascular diseases. An improved understanding of these mechanisms might facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting these oxidase systems and their interactions, which could be effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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10
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Lai CH, Pandey S, Day CH, Ho TJ, Chen RJ, Chang RL, Pai PY, Padma VV, Kuo WW, Huang CY. β-catenin/LEF1/IGF-IIR Signaling Axis Galvanizes the Angiotensin-II- induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174288. [PMID: 31480672 PMCID: PMC6747093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases have a high prevalence worldwide and constitute the leading causes of mortality. Recently, malfunctioning of β-catenin signaling has been addressed in hypertensive heart condition. Ang-II is an important mediator of cardiovascular remodeling processes which not only regulates blood pressure but also leads to pathological cardiac changes. However, the contribution of Ang-II/β-catenin axis in hypertrophied hearts is ill-defined. Employing in vitro H9c2 cells and in vivo spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) cardiac tissue samples, western blot analysis, luciferase assays, nuclear-cytosolic protein extracts, and immunoprecipitation assays, we found that under hypertensive condition β-catenin gets abnormally induced that co-activated LEF1 and lead to cardiac hypertrophy changes by up-regulating the IGF-IIR signaling pathway. We identified putative LEF1 consensus binding site on IGF-IIR promoter that could be regulated by β-catenin/LEF1 which in turn modulate the expression of cardiac hypertrophy agents. This study suggested that suppression of β-catenin expression under hypertensive condition could be exploited as a clinical strategy for cardiac pathological remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hu Lai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Force General Hospital, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Sudhir Pandey
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Cecilia Hsuan Day
- Department of Nursing, Mei Ho University, Pingguang Road, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Ruey-Lin Chang
- College of Chinese Medicine, School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Ying Pai
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - V Vijaya Padma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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11
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Obi IE, McPherson KC, Pollock JS. Childhood adversity and mechanistic links to hypertension risk in adulthood. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1932-1950. [PMID: 30656638 PMCID: PMC6534788 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), defined as traumatic events in childhood that range from various forms of abuse to household challenges and dysfunction, have devastating consequences on adult health. Epidemiological studies in humans and animal models of early life stress (ELS) have revealed a strong association and insight into the mechanistic link between ACEs and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review focuses on the mechanistic links of ACEs in humans and ELS in mice and rats to vasoactive factors and immune mediators associated with CVD and hypertension risk, as well as sex differences in these phenomena. Major topics of discussion in this review are as follows: (a) epidemiological associations between ACEs and CVD risk focusing on hypertension, (b) evidence for association of ACE exposures to immune-mediated and/or vasoactive pathways, (c) rodent models of ELS-induced hypertension risk, (d) proinflammatory mediators and vasoactive factors as mechanisms of ELS-induced hypertension risk. We also provide some overall conclusions and directions of further research. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma E. Obi
- CardioRenal Physiology and Medicine Section, Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUnited States
| | - Kasi C. McPherson
- CardioRenal Physiology and Medicine Section, Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUnited States
| | - Jennifer S. Pollock
- CardioRenal Physiology and Medicine Section, Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUnited States
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12
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Touyz RM, Anagnostopoulou A, Camargo LL, Rios FJ, Montezano AC. Vascular Biology of Superoxide-Generating NADPH Oxidase 5-Implications in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1027-1040. [PMID: 30334629 PMCID: PMC6354601 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE NADPH oxidases (Noxs), of which there are seven isoforms (Nox1-5, Duox1/Duox2), are professional oxidases functioning as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating enzymes. ROS are signaling molecules important in physiological processes. Increased ROS production and altered redox signaling in the vascular system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, and have been attributed, in part, to increased Nox activity. Recent Advances: Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed and functionally active in human vascular cells. While Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 have been well characterized in models of cardiovascular disease, little is known about Nox5. This may relate to the lack of experimental models because rodents lack NOX5. However, recent studies have advanced the field by (i) elucidating mechanisms of Nox5 regulation, (ii) identifying Nox5 variants, (iii) characterizing Nox5 expression, and (iv) discovering the Nox5 crystal structure. Moreover, studies in human Nox5-expressing mice have highlighted a putative role for Nox5 in cardiovascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Although growing evidence indicates a role for Nox-derived ROS in cardiovascular (patho)physiology, the exact function of each isoform remains unclear. This is especially true for Nox5. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future directions should focus on clinically relevant studies to discover the functional significance of Noxs, and Nox5 in particular, in human health and disease. Two important recent studies will impact future directions. First, Nox5 is the first Nox to be crystallized. Second, a genome-wide association study identified Nox5 as a novel blood pressure-associated gene. These discoveries, together with advancements in Nox5 biology and biochemistry, will facilitate discovery of drugs that selectively target Noxs to interfere in uncontrolled ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M. Touyz
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Livia L. Camargo
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Rios
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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13
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Kang ES, Hwang JS, Lee WJ, Lee GH, Choi MJ, Paek KS, Lim DS, Seo HG. Ligand-activated PPARδ inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting ROS. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210482. [PMID: 30620754 PMCID: PMC6324793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) on angiotensin II (Ang II)-triggered hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand of PPARδ, significantly inhibited Ang II-stimulated protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by [3H]-leucine incorporation. GW501516-activated PPARδ also suppressed Ang II-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in VSMCs. Transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PPARδ significantly reversed the effects of GW501516 on [3H]-leucine incorporation and ROS generation, indicating that PPARδ is involved in these effects. By contrast, these GW501516-mediated actions were potentiated in VSMCs transfected with siRNA against NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 or 4, suggesting that ligand-activated PPARδ elicits these effects by modulating NOX-mediated ROS generation. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 also inhibited Ang II-stimulated [3H]-leucine incorporation and ROS generation by preventing membrane translocation of Rac1. These observations suggest that PPARδ is an endogenous modulator of Ang II-triggered hypertrophy of VSMCs, and is thus a potential target to treat vascular diseases associated with hypertrophic changes of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Kang
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Seok Hwang
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hee Lee
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Choi
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- College of Sang-Huh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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14
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Jain A, Anand-Srivastava MB. Natriuretic peptide receptor-C-mediated attenuation of vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy involves Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins and ROS-associated signaling. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6. [PMID: 29417757 PMCID: PMC5817836 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with vascular remodeling due to hyperproliferation and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Recently, we showed the implication of enhanced expression of Gqα and PLCβ1 proteins in hypertrophy of VSMCs from 16‐week‐old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The aim of this study was to investigate whether C‐ANP4‐23, a natriuretic peptide receptor‐C (NPR‐C) ligand that was shown to inhibit vasoactive peptide‐induced enhanced protein synthesis in A10 VSMC could also attenuate hypertrophy of VSMC isolated from rat model of cardiac hypertrophy and to further explore the possible involvement of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins and ROS‐mediated signaling in this effect. The protein synthesis and cell volume, markers of hypertrophy were significantly enhanced in VSMC from 16‐week‐old SHR compared with age‐matched WKY rats and C‐ANP4‐23 treatment attenuated both to WKY levels. In addition, C‐ANP4‐23 treatment also attenuated the enhanced expression of AT1 receptor, Gqα, PLCβ1, Nox4, and p47phox proteins, the enhanced activation of EGFR, PDGFR, IGF‐1R, enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2/AKT and c‐Src in VSMC from SHR. Furthermore, the enhanced levels of superoxide anion and NADPH oxidase activity exhibited by VSMC from SHR were also attenuated to control levels by C‐ANP4‐23 treatment. These results indicate that C‐ANP4‐23 via the activation of NPR‐C attenuates VSMC hypertrophy through decreasing the overexpression of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins, enhanced oxidative stress, increased activation of growth factor receptors, and enhanced phosphorylation of MAPK/AKT signaling pathways. Thus, it can be suggested that C‐ANP4‐23 may be used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of vascular complications associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Madhu B Anand-Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Lee JCY, AlGhawas DS, Poutanen K, Leung KS, Oger C, Galano JM, Durand T, El-Nezami H. Dietary Oat Bran Increases Some Proinflammatory Polyunsaturated Fatty-Acid Oxidation Products and Reduces Anti-Inflammatory Products in Apolipoprotein E−/−
Mice. Lipids 2018; 53:785-796. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR
| | - Dalal Samir AlGhawas
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kaisa Poutanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; FI-70029 Finland
- Food and Health Research Centre; VTT Technical Research Center of Finland; FI-02044 Finland
| | - Kin Sum Leung
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM; Université de Montpellier; F-34093 France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM; Université de Montpellier; F-34093 France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM; Université de Montpellier; F-34093 France
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR
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16
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a powerful effector of redox signaling. It is able to oxidize cysteine residues, metal ion centers, and lipids. Understanding H2O2-mediated signaling requires, to some extent, measurement of H2O2 level. Recent Advances: Chemically and genetically encoded fluorescent probes for the detection of H2O2 are currently the most sensitive and popular. Novel probes are constantly being developed, with the latest progress particular with boronates and genetically encoded probes. CRITICAL ISSUES All currently available probes display limitations in terms of sensitivity, local and temporal resolution, and specificity in the detection of low H2O2 concentrations. In this review, we discuss the power of fluorescent probes and the systems in which they have been successfully employed. Moreover, we recommend approaches for overcoming probe limitations and for the avoidance of artifacts. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Constant improvements will lead to the generation of probes that are not only more sensitive but also specifically tailored to individual cellular compartments. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 585-602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Rezende
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Chuaiphichai S, Rashbrook VS, Hale AB, Trelfa L, Patel J, McNeill E, Lygate CA, Channon KM, Douglas G. Endothelial Cell Tetrahydrobiopterin Modulates Sensitivity to Ang (Angiotensin) II-Induced Vascular Remodeling, Blood Pressure, and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Hypertension 2018; 72:128-138. [PMID: 29844152 PMCID: PMC6012043 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
GTPCH (GTP cyclohydrolase 1, encoded by Gch1) is required for the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin; a critical regulator of endothelial NO synthase function. We have previously shown that mice with selective loss of Gch1 in endothelial cells have mild vascular dysfunction, but the consequences of endothelial cell tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in vascular disease pathogenesis are unknown. We investigated the pathological consequence of Ang (angiotensin) II infusion in endothelial cell Gch1 deficient (Gch1fl/fl Tie2cre) mice. Ang II (0.4 mg/kg per day, delivered by osmotic minipump) caused a significant decrease in circulating tetrahydrobiopterin levels in Gch1fl/fl Tie2cre mice and a significant increase in the Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester inhabitable production of H2O2 in the aorta. Chronic treatment with this subpressor dose of Ang II resulted in a significant increase in blood pressure only in Gch1fl/fl Tie2cre mice. This finding was mirrored with acute administration of Ang II, where increased sensitivity to Ang II was observed at both pressor and subpressor doses. Chronic Ang II infusion in Gch1fl/fl Tie2ce mice resulted in vascular dysfunction in resistance mesenteric arteries with an enhanced constrictor and decreased dilator response and medial hypertrophy. Altered vascular remodeling was also observed in the aorta with an increase in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in Gch1fl/fl Tie2ce mice. These findings indicate a specific requirement for endothelial cell tetrahydrobiopterin in modulating the hemodynamic and structural changes induced by Ang II, through modulation of blood pressure, structural changes in resistance vessels, and aneurysm formation in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surawee Chuaiphichai
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria S Rashbrook
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley B Hale
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Trelfa
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti Patel
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen McNeill
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Lygate
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M Channon
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Gillian Douglas
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Shin EY, Wang L, Zemskova M, Deppen J, Xu K, Strobel F, García AJ, Tirouvanziam R, Levit RD. Adenosine Production by Biomaterial-Supported Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Reduces the Innate Inflammatory Response in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e006949. [PMID: 29331956 PMCID: PMC5850147 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, there is extensive release of immunogenic metabolites that activate cells of the innate immune system. These include ATP and AMP, which upregulate chemotaxis, migration, and effector function of early infiltrating inflammatory cells. These cells subsequently drive further tissue devitalization. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a potential treatment modality for MI/R because of their powerful anti-inflammatory capabilities; however, the manner in which they regulate the acute inflammatory milieu requires further elucidation. CD73, an ecto-5'-nucleotidase, may be critical in regulating inflammation by converting pro-inflammatory AMP to anti-inflammatory adenosine. We hypothesized that MSC-mediated conversion of AMP into adenosine reduces inflammation in early MI/R, favoring a micro-environment that attenuates excessive innate immune cell activation and facilitates earlier cardiac recovery. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult rats were subjected to 30 minutes of MI/R injury. MSCs were encapsulated within a hydrogel vehicle and implanted onto the myocardium. A subset of MSCs were pretreated with the CD73 inhibitor, α,β-methylene adenosine diphosphate, before implantation. Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we found that MSCs increase myocardial adenosine availability following injury via CD73 activity. MSCs also reduce innate immune cell infiltration as measured by flow cytometry, and hydrogen peroxide formation as measured by Amplex Red assay. These effects were dependent on MSC-mediated CD73 activity. Finally, through echocardiography we found that CD73 activity on MSCs was critical to optimal protection of cardiac function following MI/R injury. CONCLUSIONS MSC-mediated conversion of AMP to adenosine by CD73 exerts a powerful anti-inflammatory effect critical for cardiac recovery following MI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lanfang Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marina Zemskova
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Juline Deppen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kai Xu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Andrés J García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Rebecca D Levit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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19
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NADPH Oxidase Deficiency: A Multisystem Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4590127. [PMID: 29430280 PMCID: PMC5753020 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4590127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a complex system able to recognize a wide variety of host agents, through different biological processes. For example, controlled changes in the redox state are able to start different pathways in immune cells and are involved in the killing of microbes. The generation and release of ROS in the form of an “oxidative burst” represent the pivotal mechanism by which phagocytic cells are able to destroy pathogens. On the other hand, impaired oxidative balance is also implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory complications, which may affect the function of many body systems. NADPH oxidase (NOX) plays a pivotal role in the production of ROS, and the defect of its different subunits leads to the development of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The defect of the different NOX subunits in CGD affects different organs. In this context, this review will be focused on the description of the effect of NOX2 deficiency in different body systems. Moreover, we will also focus our attention on the novel insight in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and inflammation-related manifestations and on the protective role of NOX2 deficiency against the development of atherosclerosis.
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20
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Sadaghianloo N, Yamamoto K, Bai H, Tsuneki M, Protack CD, Hall MR, Declemy S, Hassen-Khodja R, Madri J, Dardik A. Increased Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Expression during Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation. Ann Vasc Surg 2017; 41:225-234. [PMID: 28163173 PMCID: PMC5411319 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor clinical results that are frequently reported for arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) for hemodialysis are typically due to failure of AVF maturation. We hypothesized that early AVF maturation is associated with generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway, potentially promoting neointimal hyperplasia. We tested this hypothesis using a previously reported mouse AVF model that recapitulates human AVF maturation. METHODS Aortocaval fistulae were created in C57Bl/6 mice and compared with sham-operated mice. AVFs or inferior vena cavas were analyzed using a microarray, Amplex Red for extracellular H2O2, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting for HIF-1α and immunofluorescence for NOX-2, nitrotyrosine, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. RESULTS Oxidative stress was higher in AVF than that in control veins, with more H2O2 (P = 0.007) and enhanced nitrotyrosine immunostaining (P = 0.005). Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot showed increased HIF-1α immunoreactivity in the AVF endothelium; HIF-1 targets NOX-2, HO-1 and VEGF-A were overexpressed in the AVF (P < 0.01). AVF expressed increased numbers of HIF-1α (P < 0.0001) and HO-1 (P < 0.0001) messenger RNA transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress increases in mouse AVF during early maturation, with increased expression of HIF-1α and its target genes NOX-2, HO-1, and VEGF-A. These results suggest that clinical strategies to improve AVF maturation could target the HIF-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvana Sadaghianloo
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
| | - Kota Yamamoto
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hualong Bai
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Masayuki Tsuneki
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Clinton D Protack
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael R Hall
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Serge Declemy
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Réda Hassen-Khodja
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Joseph Madri
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alan Dardik
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, CT
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21
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Chen J, Peters A, Papke CL, Villamizar C, Ringuette LJ, Cao J, Wang S, Ma S, Gong L, Byanova KL, Xiong J, Zhu MX, Madonna R, Kee P, Geng YJ, Brasier AR, Davis EC, Prakash S, Kwartler CS, Milewicz DM. Loss of Smooth Muscle α-Actin Leads to NF-κB-Dependent Increased Sensitivity to Angiotensin II in Smooth Muscle Cells and Aortic Enlargement. Circ Res 2017; 120:1903-1915. [PMID: 28461455 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mutations in ACTA2, encoding the smooth muscle isoform of α-actin, cause thoracic aortic aneurysms, acute aortic dissections, and occlusive vascular diseases. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify the mechanism by which loss of smooth muscle α-actin causes aortic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Acta2-/- mice have an increased number of elastic lamellae in the ascending aorta and progressive aortic root dilation as assessed by echocardiography that can be attenuated by treatment with losartan, an angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor blocker. AngII levels are not increased in Acta2-/- aortas or kidneys. Aortic tissue and explanted smooth muscle cells from Acta2-/- aortas show increased production of reactive oxygen species and increased basal nuclear factor κB signaling, leading to an increase in the expression of the AngII receptor type I a and activation of signaling at 100-fold lower levels of AngII in the mutant compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, disruption of smooth muscle α-actin filaments in wild-type smooth muscle cells by various mechanisms activates nuclear factor κB signaling and increases expression of AngII receptor type I a. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that disruption of smooth muscle α-actin filaments in smooth muscle cells increases reactive oxygen species levels, activates nuclear factor κB signaling, and increases AngII receptor type I a expression, thus potentiating AngII signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells without an increase in the exogenous levels of AngII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Chen
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Andrew Peters
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Christina L Papke
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Carlos Villamizar
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Lea-Jeanne Ringuette
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Jiumei Cao
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Shuangtao Ma
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Limin Gong
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Katerina L Byanova
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Jian Xiong
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Michael X Zhu
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Patrick Kee
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Allan R Brasier
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Elaine C Davis
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Siddharth Prakash
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Callie S Kwartler
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.)
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (J.C., A.P., C.L.P., C.V., J.C., S.W., S.M., L.G., K.L.B., R.M., P.K., Y.-J.G., S.P., C.S.K., D.M.M.) and Integrative Biology and Pharmacology (J.X., M.X.Z.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Anatomy and Cell Biology, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Internal Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences, and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.R.B.).
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Effect of p22phox depletion on sympathetic regulation of blood pressure in SHRSP: evaluation in a new congenic strain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36739. [PMID: 27824157 PMCID: PMC5099856 DOI: 10.1038/srep36739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a sympathetic center in the brainstem, was implicated in the regulation of sympathetic activity in various hypertensive models including stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). In this study, we evaluated the role of the NADPH oxidases (NOX) in the blood pressure (BP) regulation in RVLM in SHRSP. The P22PHOX-depleted congenic SHRSP (called SP.MES) was constructed by introducing the mutated p22phox gene of Matsumoto Eosinophilic Shinshu rat. BP response to glutamate (Glu) microinjection into RVLM was compared among SHRSP, SP.MES, SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY); the response to Glu microinjection was significantly greater in SHRSP than in SP.MES, SHR and WKY. In addition, tempol, losartan and apocynin microinjection reduced the response to Glu significantly only in SHRSP. The level of oxidative stress, measured in the brainstem using lucigenin and dihydroethidium, was reduced in SP.MES than in SHRSP. BP response to cold stress measured by telemetry system was also blunted in SP.MES when compared with SHRSP. The results suggested that oxidative stress due to the NOX activation in RVLM potentiated BP response to Glu in SHRSP, which might contribute to the exaggerated response to stress in this strain.
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Griendling KK, Touyz RM, Zweier JL, Dikalov S, Chilian W, Chen YR, Harrison DG, Bhatnagar A. Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species, and Redox-Dependent Signaling in the Cardiovascular System: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2016; 119:e39-75. [PMID: 27418630 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are biological molecules that play important roles in cardiovascular physiology and contribute to disease initiation, progression, and severity. Because of their ephemeral nature and rapid reactivity, these species are difficult to measure directly with high accuracy and precision. In this statement, we review current methods for measuring these species and the secondary products they generate and suggest approaches for measuring redox status, oxidative stress, and the production of individual reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We discuss the strengths and limitations of different methods and the relative specificity and suitability of these methods for measuring the concentrations of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in cells, tissues, and biological fluids. We provide specific guidelines, through expert opinion, for choosing reliable and reproducible assays for different experimental and clinical situations. These guidelines are intended to help investigators and clinical researchers avoid experimental error and ensure high-quality measurements of these important biological species.
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Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a significant cause of mortality in older adults. A key mechanism implicated in AAA pathogenesis is inflammation and the associated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. These have been suggested to promote degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and vascular smooth muscle apoptosis. Experimental and human association studies suggest that ROS can be favourably modified to limit AAA formation and progression. In the present review, we discuss mechanisms potentially linking ROS to AAA pathogenesis and highlight potential treatment strategies targeting ROS. Currently, none of these strategies has been shown to be effective in clinical practice.
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Atef ME, Anand-Srivastava MB. Oxidative stress contributes to the enhanced expression of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins and hypertrophy of VSMC from SHR: role of growth factor receptor transactivation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H608-18. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00659.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) exhibit overexpression of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins, which contribute to increased protein synthesis through the activation of MAP kinase signaling. Because oxidative stress has been shown to be increased in hypertension, the present study was undertaken to examine the role of oxidative stress and underlying mechanisms in enhanced expression of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins and VSMC hypertrophy. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting, whereas protein synthesis and cell volume, markers for VSMC hypertrophy, were determined by [3H]-leucine incorporation and three-dimensional confocal imaging, respectively. The increased expression of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins, increased protein synthesis, and augmented cell volume exhibited by VSMCs from SHRs were significantly attenuated by antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a scavenger of superoxide anion, DPI, an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase. In addition, PP2, AG1024, AG1478, and AG1295, inhibitors of c-Src, insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), respectively, also attenuated the enhanced expression of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins and enhanced protein synthesis in VSMCs from SHRs toward control levels. Furthermore, the levels of IGF-1R and EGFR proteins and not of PDGFR were also enhanced in VSMCs from SHRs, which were attenuated significantly by NAC, DPI, and PP2. In addition, NAC, DPI, and PP2 also attenuated the enhanced phosphorylation of IGF-1R, PDGFR, EGFR, c-Src, and EKR1/2 in VSMCs from SHRs. These data suggest that enhanced oxidative stress in VSMCs from SHRs activates c-Src, which through the transactivation of growth factor receptors and MAPK signaling contributes to enhanced expression of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins and resultant VSMC hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Emehdi Atef
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Madhu B. Anand-Srivastava
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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26
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Kayama Y, Raaz U, Jagger A, Adam M, Schellinger IN, Sakamoto M, Suzuki H, Toyama K, Spin JM, Tsao PS. Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Induced by Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25234-63. [PMID: 26512646 PMCID: PMC4632800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DM can lead to multiple cardiovascular complications, including coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure (HF). HF represents one of the most common causes of death in patients with DM and results from DM-induced CAD and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Oxidative stress is closely associated with the pathogenesis of DM and results from overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS overproduction is associated with hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders, such as impaired antioxidant function in conjunction with impaired antioxidant activity. Long-term exposure to oxidative stress in DM induces chronic inflammation and fibrosis in a range of tissues, leading to formation and progression of disease states in these tissues. Indeed, markers for oxidative stress are overexpressed in patients with DM, suggesting that increased ROS may be primarily responsible for the development of diabetic complications. Therefore, an understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms mediated by oxidative stress is crucial to the prevention and treatment of diabetes-induced CVD. The current review focuses on the relationship between diabetes-induced CVD and oxidative stress, while highlighting the latest insights into this relationship from findings on diabetic heart and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kayama
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Uwe Raaz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ann Jagger
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Matti Adam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Isabel N Schellinger
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Masaya Sakamoto
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minatoku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Suzuki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minatoku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Toyama
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Joshua M Spin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Luteolin Inhibits Angiotensin II-Stimulated VSMC Proliferation and Migration through Downregulation of Akt Phosphorylation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:931782. [PMID: 26347796 PMCID: PMC4546982 DOI: 10.1155/2015/931782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in many plants that possesses cardioprotective properties. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of luteolin on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and migration induced by Angiotensin II (Ang II) and to investigate the mechanism(s) of action of this compound. Rat VSMCs were cultured in vitro, and the proliferation and migration of these cells following Ang II stimulation were monitored. Different doses of luteolin were added to VSMC cultures, and the proliferation and migration rate were observed by MTT and Transwell chamber assays, respectively. In addition, the expressions of p-Akt (308), p-Akt (473), and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in VSMCs were monitored by Western blotting. This study demonstrated that luteolin has an inhibitory effect on Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation and migration. Further, the levels of p-Akt (308), p-Akt (473), and PCNA were reduced in VSMCs treated with both Ang II and luteolin compared to VSMCs treated with only Ang II. These findings strongly suggest that luteolin inhibits Ang II-stimulated proliferation and migration of VSMCs, which is partially due to downregulation of the Akt signaling pathway.
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Brown DI, Griendling KK. Regulation of signal transduction by reactive oxygen species in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2015; 116:531-49. [PMID: 25634975 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.303584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has long been implicated in cardiovascular disease, but more recently, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal physiological signaling has been elucidated. Signaling pathways modulated by ROS are complex and compartmentalized, and we are only beginning to identify the molecular modifications of specific targets. Here, we review the current literature on ROS signaling in the cardiovascular system, focusing on the role of ROS in normal physiology and how dysregulation of signaling circuits contributes to cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. In particular, we consider how ROS modulate signaling pathways related to phenotypic modulation, migration and adhesion, contractility, proliferation and hypertrophy, angiogenesis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and senescence. Understanding the specific targets of ROS may guide the development of the next generation of ROS-modifying therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Brown
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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Smooth muscle specific overexpression of p22phox potentiates carotid artery wall thickening in response to injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:305686. [PMID: 25945151 PMCID: PMC4402189 DOI: 10.1155/2015/305686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that transgenic mice overexpressing the p22phox subunit of the NADPH oxidase selectively in smooth muscle (Tgp22smc) would exhibit an exacerbated response to transluminal carotid injury compared to wild-type mice. To examine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a mediator of vascular injury, the injury response was quantified by measuring wall thickness (WT) and cross-sectional wall area (CSWA) of the injured and noninjured arteries in both Tgp22smc and wild-type animals at days 3, 7, and 14 after injury. Akt, p38 MAPK, and Src activation were evaluated at the same time points using Western blotting. WT and CSWA following injury were significantly greater in Tgp22smc mice at both 7 and 14 days after injury while noninjured contralateral carotids were similar between groups. Apocynin treatment attenuated the injury response in both groups and rendered the response similar between Tgp22smc mice and wild-type mice. Following injury, carotid arteries from Tgp22smc mice demonstrated elevated activation of Akt at day 3, while p38 MAPK and Src activation was elevated at day 7 compared to wild-type mice. Both increased activation and temporal regulation of these signaling pathways may contribute to enhanced vascular growth in response to injury in this transgenic model of elevated vascular ROS.
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30
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Yara S, Lavoie JC, Levy E. Oxidative stress and DNA methylation regulation in the metabolic syndrome. Epigenomics 2015; 7:283-300. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is implicated in tissue-specific gene expression and genomic imprinting. It is modulated by environmental factors, especially nutrition. Modified DNA methylation patterns may contribute to health problems and susceptibility to complex diseases. Current advances have suggested that the metabolic syndrome (MS) is a programmable disease, which is characterized by epigenetic modifications of vital genes when exposed to oxidative stress. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to critically review the central context of MS while presenting the most recent knowledge related to epigenetic alterations that are promoted by oxidative stress. Potential pro-oxidant mechanisms that orchestrate changes in methylation profiling and are related to obesity, diabetes and hypertension are discussed. It is anticipated that the identification and understanding of the role of DNA methylation marks could be used to uncover early predictors and define drugs or diet-related treatments able to delay or reverse epigenetic changes, thereby combating MS burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Yara
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Centre, Université de Montréal, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Jean-Claude Lavoie
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Centre, Université de Montréal, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3T 1C5
- Departments of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Emile Levy
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Centre, Université de Montréal, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3T 1C5
- Departments of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5
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Guo DC, Gong L, Regalado E, Santos-Cortez R, Zhao R, Cai B, Veeraraghavan S, Prakash S, Johnson R, Muilenburg A, Willing M, Jondeau G, Boileau C, Pannu H, Moran R, Debacker J, Bamshad M, Shendure J, Nickerson D, Leal S, Raman C, Swindell E, Milewicz D, Swindell EC, Milewicz DM. MAT2A mutations predispose individuals to thoracic aortic aneurysms. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:170-7. [PMID: 25557781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 20% of individuals who have thoracic aortic aneurysms or acute aortic dissections but who do not have syndromic features have a family history of thoracic aortic disease. Significant genetic heterogeneity is established for this familial condition. Whole-genome linkage analysis and exome sequencing of distant relatives from a large family with autosomal-dominant inheritance of thoracic aortic aneurysms variably associated with the bicuspid aortic valve was used for identification of additional genes predisposing individuals to this condition. A rare variant, c.1031A>C (p.Glu344Ala), was identified in MAT2A, which encodes methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT IIα). This variant segregated with disease in the family, and Sanger sequencing of DNA from affected probands from unrelated families with thoracic aortic disease identified another MAT2A rare variant, c.1067G>A (p.Arg356His). Evidence that these variants predispose individuals to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections includes the following: there is a paucity of rare variants in MAT2A in the population; amino acids Glu344 and Arg356 are conserved from humans to zebrafish; and substitutions of these amino acids in MAT Iα are found in individuals with hypermethioninemia. Structural analysis suggested that p.Glu344Ala and p.Arg356His disrupt MAT IIα enzyme function. Knockdown of mat2aa in zebrafish via morpholino oligomers disrupted cardiovascular development. Co-transfected wild-type human MAT2A mRNA rescued defects of zebrafish cardiovascular development at significantly higher levels than mRNA edited to express either the Glu344 or Arg356 mutants, providing further evidence that the p.Glu344Ala and p.Arg356His substitutions impair MAT IIα function. The data presented here support the conclusion that rare genetic variants in MAT2A predispose individuals to thoracic aortic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric C Swindell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kirabo A, Fontana V, de Faria APC, Loperena R, Galindo CL, Wu J, Bikineyeva AT, Dikalov S, Xiao L, Chen W, Saleh MA, Trott DW, Itani HA, Vinh A, Amarnath V, Amarnath K, Guzik TJ, Bernstein KE, Shen XZ, Shyr Y, Chen SC, Mernaugh RL, Laffer CL, Elijovich F, Davies SS, Moreno H, Madhur MS, Roberts J, Harrison DG. DC isoketal-modified proteins activate T cells and promote hypertension. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4642-56. [PMID: 25244096 DOI: 10.1172/jci74084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage and inflammation are both implicated in the genesis of hypertension; however, the mechanisms by which these stimuli promote hypertension are not fully understood. Here, we have described a pathway in which hypertensive stimuli promote dendritic cell (DC) activation of T cells, ultimately leading to hypertension. Using multiple murine models of hypertension, we determined that proteins oxidatively modified by highly reactive γ-ketoaldehydes (isoketals) are formed in hypertension and accumulate in DCs. Isoketal accumulation was associated with DC production of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23 and an increase in costimulatory proteins CD80 and CD86. These activated DCs promoted T cell, particularly CD8+ T cell, proliferation; production of IFN-γ and IL-17A; and hypertension. Moreover, isoketal scavengers prevented these hypertension-associated events. Plasma F2-isoprostanes, which are formed in concert with isoketals, were found to be elevated in humans with treated hypertension and were markedly elevated in patients with resistant hypertension. Isoketal-modified proteins were also markedly elevated in circulating monocytes and DCs from humans with hypertension. Our data reveal that hypertension activates DCs, in large part by promoting the formation of isoketals, and suggest that reducing isoketals has potential as a treatment strategy for this disease.
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Gole HKA, Tharp DL, Bowles DK. Upregulation of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCNN4) in porcine coronary smooth muscle requires NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5). PLoS One 2014; 9:e105337. [PMID: 25144362 PMCID: PMC4140784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims NADPH oxidase (NOX) is the primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and is proposed to play a key role in redox signaling involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Growth factors and cytokines stimulate coronary SMC (CSMC) phenotypic modulation, proliferation, and migration during atherosclerotic plaque development and restenosis. We previously demonstrated that increased expression and activity of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCNN4) is necessary for CSMC phenotypic modulation and progression of stenotic lesions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether NOX is required for KCNN4 upregulation induced by mitogenic growth factors. Methods and Results Dihydroethidium micro-fluorography in porcine CSMCs demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increased superoxide production, which was blocked by the NOX inhibitor apocynin (Apo). Apo also blocked bFGF-induced increases in KCNN4 mRNA levels in both right coronary artery sections and CSMCs. Similarly, immunohistochemistry and whole cell voltage clamp showed bFGF-induced increases in CSMC KCNN4 protein expression and channel activity were abolished by Apo. Treatment with Apo also inhibited bFGF-induced increases in activator protein-1 promoter activity, as measured by luciferase activity assay. qRT-PCR demonstrated porcine coronary smooth muscle expression of NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5 isoforms. Knockdown of NOX5 alone prevented both bFGF-induced upregulation of KCNN4 mRNA and CSMC migration. Conclusions Our findings provide novel evidence that NOX5-derived ROS increase functional expression of KCNN4 through activator protein-1, providing another potential link between NOX, CSMC phenotypic modulation, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope K. A. Gole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Darla L. Tharp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas K. Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with vascular diseases that are often attributed to vascular oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that vascular oxidative stress could induce obesity. We previously developed mice that overexpress p22phox in vascular smooth muscle, tg(sm/p22phox), which have increased vascular ROS production. At baseline, tg(sm/p22phox) mice have a modest increase in body weight. With high-fat feeding, tg(sm/p22phox) mice developed exaggerated obesity and increased fat mass. Body weight increased from 32.16 ± 2.34 g to 43.03 ± 1.44 g in tg(sm/p22phox) mice (vs. 30.81 ± 0.71 g to 37.89 ± 1.16 g in the WT mice). This was associated with development of glucose intolerance, reduced HDL cholesterol, and increased levels of leptin and MCP-1. Tg(sm/p22phox) mice displayed impaired spontaneous activity and increased mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. In mice with vascular smooth muscle-targeted deletion of p22phox (p22phox(loxp/loxp)/tg(smmhc/cre) mice), high-fat feeding did not induce weight gain or leptin resistance. These mice also had reduced T-cell infiltration of perivascular fat. In conclusion, these data indicate that vascular oxidative stress induces obesity and metabolic syndrome, accompanied by and likely due to exercise intolerance, vascular inflammation, and augmented adipogenesis. These data indicate that vascular ROS may play a causal role in the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Youn
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kin Lung Siu
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Heinrich E Lob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Hana Itani
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in vascular disease. While there are many possible sources of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases play a central role. They are a source of "kindling radicals," which affect other enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase endothelial nitric oxide synthase or xanthine oxidase. This is important, as risk factors for atherosclerosis (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking) regulate the expression and activity of NADPH oxidases in the vessel wall. RECENT ADVANCES There are seven isoforms in mammals: Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2. Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed in endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, or perivascular adipocytes. Other homologues have not been found or are expressed at very low levels; their roles have not been established. Nox1/Nox2 promote the development of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and inflammation. Nox4 may have a role in protecting the vasculature during stress; however, when its activity is increased, it may be detrimental. Calcium-dependent Nox5 has been implicated in oxidative damage in human atherosclerosis. CRITICAL ISSUES NADPH oxidase-derived ROS play a role in vascular pathology as well as in the maintenance of normal physiological vascular function. We also discuss recently elucidated mechanisms such as the role of NADPH oxidases in vascular protection, vascular inflammation, pulmonary hypertension, tumor angiogenesis, and central nervous system regulation of vascular function and hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the role of individual oxidases and interactions between homologues in vascular disease is critical for efficient pharmacological regulation of vascular NADPH oxidases in both the laboratory and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konior
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine , Cracow, Poland
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Smillie SJ, King R, Kodji X, Outzen E, Pozsgai G, Fernandes E, Marshall N, de Winter P, Heads RJ, Dessapt-Baradez C, Gnudi L, Sams A, Shah AM, Siow RC, Brain SD. An ongoing role of α-calcitonin gene-related peptide as part of a protective network against hypertension, vascular hypertrophy, and oxidative stress. Hypertension 2014; 63:1056-62. [PMID: 24516108 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
α-Calcitonin gene-related peptide (αCGRP) is a vasodilator, but there is limited knowledge of its long-term cardiovascular protective influence. We hypothesized that αCGRP protects against the onset and development of angiotensin II-induced hypertension and have identified protective mechanisms at the vascular level. Wild-type and αCGRP knockout mice that have similar baseline blood pressure were investigated in the angiotensin II hypertension model for 14 and 28 days. αCGRP knockout mice exhibited enhanced hypertension and aortic hypertrophy. αCGRP gene expression was increased in dorsal root ganglia and at the conduit and resistance vessel level of wild-type mice at both time points. βCGRP gene expression was also observed and shown to be linked to plasma levels of CGRP. Mesenteric artery contractile and relaxant responses in vitro and endothelial NO synthase expression were similar in all groups. The aorta exhibited vascular hypertrophy, increased collagen formation, and oxidant stress markers in response to angiotensin II, with highest effects observed in αCGRP knockout mice. Gene and protein expression of endothelial NO synthase was lacking in the aortae after angiotensin II treatment, especially in αCGRP knockout mice. These results demonstrate the ongoing upregulation of αCGRP at the levels of both conduit and resistance vessels in vascular tissue in a model of hypertension and the direct association of this with protection against aortic vascular hypertrophy and fibrosis. This upregulation is maintained at a time when expression of aortic endothelial NO synthase and antioxidant defense genes have subsided, in keeping with the concept that the protective influence of αCGRP in hypertension may have been previously underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Smillie
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:375-415. [PMID: 24462787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggest that diabetic subjects are predisposed to a distinct cardiomyopathy, independent of concomitant macro- and microvascular disorders. 'Diabetic cardiomyopathy' is characterized by early impairments in diastolic function, accompanied by the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The pathophysiology underlying diabetes-induced cardiac damage is complex and multifactorial, with elevated oxidative stress as a key contributor. We now review the current evidence of molecular disturbances present in the diabetic heart, and their role in the development of diabetes-induced impairments in myocardial function and structure. Our focus incorporates both the contribution of increased reactive oxygen species production and reduced antioxidant defenses to diabetic cardiomyopathy, together with modulation of protein signaling pathways and the emerging role of protein O-GlcNAcylation and miRNA dysregulation in the progression of diabetic heart disease. Lastly, we discuss both conventional and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic patients, from inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, through recent evidence favoring supplementation of endogenous antioxidants for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Novel therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K(p110α) signaling pathway, and miRNA dysregulation, are also reviewed. Targeting redox stress and protective protein signaling pathways may represent a future strategy for combating the ever-increasing incidence of heart failure in the diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Huynh
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Wakui H, Dejima T, Tamura K, Uneda K, Azuma K, Maeda A, Ohsawa M, Kanaoka T, Azushima K, Kobayashi R, Matsuda M, Yamashita A, Umemura S. Activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor-associated protein exerts an inhibitory effect on vascular hypertrophy and oxidative stress in angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 100:511-9. [PMID: 24189624 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Activation of tissue angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) plays an important role in the development of vascular remodelling. We have shown that the AT1R-associated protein (ATRAP/Agtrap), a specific binding protein of AT1R, functions as an endogenous inhibitor to prevent pathological activation of the tissue renin-angiotensin system. In this study, we investigated the effects of ATRAP on Ang II-induced vascular remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic (Tg) mice with a pattern of aortic vascular-dominant overexpression of ATRAP were obtained, and Ang II or vehicle was continuously infused into Tg and wild-type (Wt) mice via an osmotic minipump for 14 days. Although blood pressure of Ang II-infused Tg mice was comparable with that of Ang II-infused Wt mice, the Ang II-mediated development of aortic vascular hypertrophy was partially inhibited in Tg mice compared with Wt mice. In addition, Ang II-mediated up-regulation of vascular Nox4 and p22(phox), NADPH oxidase components, and 4-HNE, a marker of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, was significantly suppressed in Tg mice, with a concomitant inhibition of activation of aortic vascular p38MAPK and JNK by Ang II. This protection afforded by vascular ATRAP against Ang II-induced activation of NADPH oxidase is supported by in vitro experimental data using adenoviral transfer of recombinant ATRAP. CONCLUSION These results indicate that activation of aortic vascular ATRAP partially inhibits the Nox4/p22(phox)-ROS-p38MAPK/JNK pathway and pathological aortic hypertrophy provoked by Ang II-mediated hypertension, thereby suggesting ATRAP as a novel receptor-binding modulator of vascular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Wakui
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Elnakish MT, Hassanain HH, Janssen PM, Angelos MG, Khan M. Emerging role of oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: important role of Rac/NADPH oxidase. J Pathol 2013; 231:290-300. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Elnakish
- Dorothy M Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
| | - Hamdy H Hassanain
- Department of Anesthesiology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
| | - Paul M Janssen
- Dorothy M Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
| | - Mark G Angelos
- Dorothy M Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
| | - Mahmood Khan
- Dorothy M Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
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Kujiraoka T, Satoh Y, Ayaori M, Shiraishi Y, Arai-Nakaya Y, Hakuno D, Yada H, Kuwada N, Endo S, Isoda K, Adachi T. Hepatic extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress and protects from oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000361. [PMID: 23954796 PMCID: PMC3828781 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Insulin signaling comprises 2 major cascades: the insulin receptor substrate/phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase/protein kinase B and Ras/Raf/mitogen‐activated protein kinase/kinase/ERK pathways. While many studies on the tissue‐specific effects of the insulin receptor substrate/phosphatidylinositol 3′ ‐kinase/protein kinase B pathway have been conducted, the role of the other cascade in tissue‐specific insulin resistance has not been investigated. High glucose/fatty acid toxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which are associated with insulin resistance, can activate ERK. The liver plays a central role in metabolism, and hepatosteatosis is associated with vascular diseases. The aim of study was to elucidate the role of hepatic ERK2 in hepatosteatosis, metabolic remodeling, and endothelial dysfunction. Methods and Results We created liver‐specific ERK2 knockout mice and fed them with a high‐fat/high‐sucrose diet for 20 weeks. The high‐fat/high‐sucrose diet–fed liver‐specific ERK2 knockout mice exhibited a marked deterioration in hepatosteatosis and metabolic remodeling represented by impairment of glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol/triglyceride levels. In the mice, endoplasmic reticulum stress was induced together with decreased mRNA and protein expressions of hepatic sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase 2. In a hepatoma cell line, inhibition of ERK activation– induced endoplasmic reticulum stress only in the presence of palmitate. Vascular reactive oxygen species were elevated with upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase1 (Nox1) and Nox4 and decreased phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which resulted in the remarkable endothelial dysfunction in high‐fat/high‐sucrose diet–fed liver‐specific ERK2 knockout mice. Conclusions Hepatic ERK2 suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatosteatosis in vivo, which results in protection from vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. These findings demonstrate a novel role of hepatic ERK2 in obese‐induced insulin resistance in the protection from hepatovascular metabolic remodeling and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Kujiraoka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Sayama, Japan
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Madamanchi NR, Runge MS. Redox signaling in cardiovascular health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:473-501. [PMID: 23583330 PMCID: PMC3883979 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of the activity of a vast array of intracellular proteins and signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS) governs normal cardiovascular function. However, data from experimental and animal studies strongly support that dysregulated redox signaling, resulting from hyperactivation of various cellular oxidases or mitochondrial dysfunction, is integral to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we address how redox signaling modulates the protein function, the various sources of increased oxidative stress in CVD, and the labyrinth of redox-sensitive molecular mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Advances in redox biology and pharmacology for inhibiting ROS production in specific cell types and subcellular organelles combined with the development of nanotechnology-based new in vivo imaging systems and targeted drug delivery mechanisms may enable fine-tuning of redox signaling for the treatment and prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara R Madamanchi
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Marschall S Runge
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Calcinaghi N, Wyss MT, Jolivet R, Singh A, Keller AL, Winnik S, Fritschy JM, Buck A, Matter CM, Weber B. Multimodal imaging in rats reveals impaired neurovascular coupling in sustained hypertension. Stroke 2013; 44:1957-64. [PMID: 23735955 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Arterial hypertension is an important risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, such as transient ischemic attacks or stroke, and represents a major global health issue. The effects of hypertension on cerebral blood flow, particularly at the microvascular level, remain unknown. METHODS Using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model, we examined cortical hemodynamic responses on whisker stimulation applying a multimodal imaging approach (multiwavelength spectroscopy, laser speckle imaging, and 2-photon microscopy). We assessed the effects of hypertension in 10-, 20-, and 40-week-old male SHRs and age-matched male Wistar Kyoto rats (CTRL) on hemodynamic responses, histology, and biochemical parameters. In 40-week-old animals, losartan or verapamil was administered for 10 weeks to test the reversibility of hypertension-induced impairments. RESULTS Increased arterial blood pressure was associated with a progressive impairment in functional hyperemia in 20- and 40-week-old SHRs; baseline capillary red blood cell velocity was increased in 40-week-old SHRs compared with age-matched CTRLs. Antihypertensive treatment reduced baseline capillary cerebral blood flow almost to CTRL values, whereas functional hyperemic signals did not improve after 10 weeks of drug therapy. Structural analyses of the microvascular network revealed no differences between normo- and hypertensive animals, whereas expression analyses of cerebral lysates showed signs of increased oxidative stress and signs of impaired endothelial homeostasis upon early hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Impaired neurovascular coupling in the SHR evolves upon sustained hypertension. Antihypertensive monotherapy using verapamil or losartan is not sufficient to abolish this functional impairment. These deficits in neurovascular coupling in response to sustained hypertension might contribute to accelerate progression of neurodegenerative diseases in chronic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novella Calcinaghi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lob HE, Schultz D, Marvar PJ, Davisson RL, Harrison DG. Role of the NADPH oxidases in the subfornical organ in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 61:382-7. [PMID: 23248154 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and the NADPH oxidases contribute to hypertension via mechanisms that remain undefined. Reactive oxygen species produced in the central nervous system have been proposed to promote sympathetic outflow, inflammation, and hypertension, but the contribution of the NADPH oxidases to these processes in chronic hypertension is uncertain. We therefore sought to identify how NADPH oxidases in the subfornical organ (SFO) of the brain regulate blood pressure and vascular inflammation during sustained hypertension. We produced mice with loxP sites flanking the coding region of the NADPH oxidase docking subunit p22(phox). SFO-targeted injections of an adenovirus encoding cre-recombinase markedly diminished p22(phox), Nox2, and Nox4 mRNA in the SFO, as compared with a control adenovirus encoding red-fluorescent protein injection. Increased superoxide production in the SFO by chronic angiotensin II infusion (490 ng/kg min(-1) × 2 weeks) was blunted in adenovirus encoding cre-recombinase-treated mice, as detected by dihydroethidium fluorescence. Deletion of p22(phox) in the SFO eliminated the hypertensive response observed at 2 weeks of angiotensin II infusion compared with control adenovirus encoding red-fluorescent protein-treated mice (mean arterial pressures=97 ± 15 versus 154 ± 6 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.0001). Angiotensin II infusion also promoted marked vascular inflammation, as characterized by accumulation of activated T-cells and other leukocytes, and this was prevented by deletion of the SFO p22(phox). These experiments definitively identify the NADPH oxidases in the SFO as a critical determinant of the blood pressure and vascular inflammatory responses to chronic angiotensin II, and further support a role of reactive oxygen species in central nervous system signaling in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich E Lob
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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45
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Abstract
Several studies report an increase in both male and female factors in infertility worldwide. In recent years there has been a tremendous increase in couples seeking assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures in order to have children. However, the success rates of these procedures still remain very low. One of the major contributing factors to the low success rate in ART has been the damage caused by free radicals to the gametes and the developing embryo. The manipulation of gametes and embryos in an in vitro environment when performing assisted reproductive techniques carries the risk of exposure of these cells to supraphysiological levels of free radicals; namely, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. Oxidative stress can originate from the early steps of ART involving the oocyte, sperm and embryo, as well as in the endometrial environment later on following embryo transfer. The common sources of free radicals in an in vitro fertilization setting include the developing embryo, spermatozoa and leukocytes, semen centrifugation, oxygen partial pressure, light, culture media and cryopreservation/thawing. These free radicals are measured using different techniques, such as the cytochrome C reduction method and chemiluminescence-based techniques. Different efforts are being employed to minimize the excess generation of free radicals in the ART setting, with the aim of improving the success rate, and antioxidant supplementation has emerged as one of the viable routes. Moreover, it is very important to inform ART personnel about the sources of ROS in the laboratory so that they can stop the use of procedures that are deleterious and start to use safer procedures.
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46
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Harrison DG, Gongora MC, Guzik TJ, Widder J. Oxidative stress and hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:30-44. [PMID: 20409831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are capable of generating metabolites of oxygen, referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the action of several enzymes. In vascular cells, ROS are predominantly produced by the NADPH oxidases, uncoupled nitric oxide synthase, xanthine oxidase and by mitochondrial sources. In hypertension, ROS production by these sources is increased, and this not only contributes to hypertension, but also causes vascular disease and dysfunction. ROS production in other organs, particularly the kidney and the centers within the brain, likely participate in blood pressure regulation. Despite the wealth of data supporting a role of ROS in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, treatment with commonly employed antioxidants have failed, and in some cases have proven harmful, prompting a reconsideration of the concept of oxidative stress. Within the cell, ROS are produced locally and have important signaling roles, such that scavenging of these species by exogenous antioxidants is difficult and could produce untoward effects. In this article, we consider these tissues and discuss potential new approaches to treatment of "oxidative stress".
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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47
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The vascular phenotypes in hypertension: Relation with the natural history of hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:56-67. [PMID: 20409833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The different vascular phenotypes found in hypertension comprise different aspects. They may be clinical, diagnostic, structural, mechanical, functional, cellular and extracellular, signaling and molecular, proteomic, and gene expression phenotypes. In this manuscript the emphasis will be on the various structure, mechanics, dysfunction, and cell and signaling changes that can be demonstrated in hypertension, and particularly in human hypertension. The phenotype relates to the natural history of hypertension, increasingly elucidated on the basis of cohort studies. The evolution from pre-hypertension to diastolic, systolic, and systo-diastolic hypertension may have a vascular substratum that could explain, in part, the prevalence of each of these phenotypes. The potential for intervention to prevent the passage from pre-hypertension to hypertension thanks to therapies that modulate the development of vascular remodeling is highlighted.
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48
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Lv P, Miao SB, Shu YN, Dong LH, Liu G, Xie XL, Gao M, Wang YC, Yin YJ, Wang XJ, Han M. Phosphorylation of Smooth Muscle 22α Facilitates Angiotensin II–Induced ROS Production Via Activation of the PKCδ-P47
phox
Axis Through Release of PKCδ and Actin Dynamics and Is Associated With Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Circ Res 2012; 111:697-707. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.272013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
We have demonstrated that smooth muscle (SM) 22α inhibits cell proliferation via blocking Ras-ERK1/2 signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and in injured arteries. The recent study indicates that SM22α disruption can independently promote arterial inflammation through activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated NF-κB pathways. However, the mechanisms by which SM22α controls ROS production have not been characterized.
Objective:
To investigate how SM22α disruption promotes ROS production and to characterize the underlying mechanisms.
Methods and Results:
ROS level was measured by dihydroethidium staining for superoxide and TBA assay for malondialdehyde, respectively. We showed that downregulation and phosphorylation of SM22α were associated with angiotensin (Ang) II–induced increase in ROS production in VSMCs of rats and human. Ang II induced the phosphorylation of SM22α at Serine 181 in an Ang II type 1 receptor–PKCδ pathway–dependent manner. Phosphorylated SM22α activated the protein kinase C (PKC)δ-p47
phox
axis via 2 distinct pathways: (1) disassociation of PKCδ from SM22α, and in turn binding to p47
phox
, in the early stage of Ang II stimulation; and (2) acceleration of SM22α degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome, enhancing PKCδ membrane translocation via induction of actin cytoskeletal dynamics in later oxidative stress. Inhibition of SM22α phosphorylation abolished the Ang II–activated PKCδ-p47
phox
axis and inhibited the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of VSMCs in vitro and in vivo, accompanied with reduction of ROS generation.
Conclusions:
These findings indicate that the disruption of SM22α plays pivotal roles in vascular oxidative stress. PKCδ-mediated SM22α phosphorylation is a novel link between actin cytoskeletal remodeling and oxidative stress and may be a potential target for the development of new therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Lv
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - Sui-Bing Miao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - Ya-Nan Shu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - Li-Hua Dong
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - George Liu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - Min Gao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - Yu-Can Wang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - Ya-Juan Yin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
| | - Mei Han
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (P.L., S.-B.M., Y.-N.S., L.-H.D., X.-L.X., M.G., Y.-C.W., Y.-J.Y., X.-J.W., M.H.); and The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, China Administration of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China (G.L.)
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49
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Lassègue B, San Martín A, Griendling KK. Biochemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology of NADPH oxidases in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2012; 110:1364-90. [PMID: 22581922 PMCID: PMC3365576 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are critical mediators of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These proteins are expressed in virtually all cardiovascular cells, and regulate such diverse functions as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, inflammatory responses and oxygen sensing. They target a number of important signaling molecules, including kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, ion channels, and proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton. Nox enzymes have been implicated in many different cardiovascular pathologies: atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, angiogenesis and collateral formation, stroke, and heart failure. In this review, we discuss in detail the biochemistry of Nox enzymes expressed in the cardiovascular system (Nox1, 2, 4, and 5), their roles in cardiovascular cell biology, and their contributions to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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50
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Lee H, Ham SA, Kim MY, Kim JH, Paek KS, Kang ES, Kim HJ, Hwang JS, Yoo T, Park C, Kim JH, Lim DS, Han CW, Seo HG. Activation of PPARδ counteracts angiotensin II-induced ROS generation by inhibiting rac1 translocation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:912-9. [PMID: 22519881 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.687448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated modification of the redox milieu of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has been implicated in several pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. In this study, we demonstrate that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ counteracts Ang II-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in VSMCs. Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand for PPARδ, significantly reduced Ang II-induced ROS generation in VSMCs. This effect was, however, reversed in the presence of small interfering (si)RNA against PPARδ. The marked increase in ROS levels induced by Ang II was also eliminated by the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) but not of protein kinase C, suggesting the involvement of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in this process. Accordingly, ablation of Akt with siRNA further enhanced the inhibitory effects of GW501516 in Ang II-induced superoxide production. Ligand-activated PPARδ also blocked Ang II-induced translocation of Rac1 to the cell membrane, inhibiting the activation of NADPH oxidases and consequently ROS generation. These results indicate that ligand-activated PPARδ plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress by decreasing ROS generated by Ang II in vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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