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Szczepanska-Sadowska E. Interplay of Angiotensin Peptides, Vasopressin, and Insulin in the Heart: Experimental and Clinical Evidence of Altered Interactions in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1310. [PMID: 38279313 PMCID: PMC10816525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present review draws attention to the specific role of angiotensin peptides [angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)], vasopressin (AVP), and insulin in the regulation of the coronary blood flow and cardiac contractions. The interactions of angiotensin peptides, AVP, and insulin in the heart and in the brain are also discussed. The intracardiac production and the supply of angiotensin peptides and AVP from the systemic circulation enable their easy access to the coronary vessels and the cardiomyocytes. Coronary vessels and cardiomyocytes are furnished with AT1 receptors, AT2 receptors, Ang (1-7) receptors, vasopressin V1 receptors, and insulin receptor substrates. The presence of some of these molecules in the same cells creates good conditions for their interaction at the signaling level. The broad spectrum of actions allows for the engagement of angiotensin peptides, AVP, and insulin in the regulation of the most vital cardiac processes, including (1) cardiac tissue oxygenation, energy production, and metabolism; (2) the generation of the other cardiovascular compounds, such as nitric oxide, bradykinin (Bk), and endothelin; and (3) the regulation of cardiac work by the autonomic nervous system and the cardiovascular neurons of the brain. Multiple experimental studies and clinical observations show that the interactions of Ang II, Ang(1-7), AVP, and insulin in the heart and in the brain are markedly altered during heart failure, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, especially when these diseases coexist. A survey of the literature presented in the review provides evidence for the belief that very individualized treatment, including interactions of angiotensins and vasopressin with insulin, should be applied in patients suffering from both the cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Bone-Targeted Delivery of Novokinin as an Alternative Treatment Option for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081681. [PMID: 36015308 PMCID: PMC9416659 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory bone destructive disorder that is orchestrated by multiple systems in the body, including Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and arachidonic acid (ArA) pathway. Current therapeutic options are not highly effective and are associated with severe side effects, including cardiovascular complications. Therefore, new safe and effective disease modulators are seriously needed. In this study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of a synthetic peptide, novokinin, through Angiotensin Type (II) receptor (AT2R). Peptide drugs like novokinin suffer from plasma instability and short half-life. Thus, we developed a novel bone targeting novokinin conjugate (Novo Conj). It uses the bone as a reservoir for sustained release and protection from systemic degradation, improving stability and enhancing pharmacological efficacy. We tested Novo Conj’s anti-inflammatory effects in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model to prove our hypothesis by measuring various RAS and ArA pathway components. We observed that inflammation causes a significant imbalance in cardioprotective RAS components like ACE2, AT2R, and Ang 1-7 and increases the ArA inflammatory metabolites like hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Treatment with novokinin or Novo Conj restores balance in the RAS and favors the production of different epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are anti-inflammatory mediators. This study demonstrated that the bone-targeted delivery improved the stability and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effects of the parent peptide novokinin in AIA. These observations offer an efficacious alternative therapy for managing RA.
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Wang LF, Sun YY, Pan Q, Yin YQ, Tian XM, Liu Y, Bu T, Zhang Q, Wang YA, Zhao J, Luo Y. Diminazen Aceturate Protects Pulmonary Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Inhibition of ADAM17-Mediated Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Shedding. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:713632. [PMID: 34712133 PMCID: PMC8546118 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.713632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is induced by pulmonary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Lung IR injury commonly happens after weaning from extracorporeal circulation, lung transplantation, and pulmonary thromboendarterectomy; it is a lethal perioperative complication. A definite therapeutic intervention remains to be determined. It is known that the enzyme activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is critical in maintaining pulmonary vascular tone and epithelial integrity. In a noxious environment to the lungs, inactivation of ACE2 is mainly due to a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) protein-mediated ACE2 shedding. Thus, we assumed that protection of local ACE2 in the lung against ADAM17-mediated shedding would be a therapeutic target for lung IR injury. In this study, we established both in vivo and in vitro models to demonstrate that the damage degree of lung IR injury depends on the loss of ACE2 and ACE2 enzyme dysfunction in lung tissue. Treatment with ACE2 protectant diminazen aceturate (DIZE) maintained higher ACE2 enzyme activity and reduced angiotensin II, angiotensin type 1 receptor, and ADAM17 levels in the lung tissue. Concurrently, DIZE-inhibited oxidative stress and nitrosative stress via p38MAPK and NF-κB pathways consequently reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. The underlying molecular mechanism of DIZE contributed to its protective effect against lung IR injury and resulted in the improvement of oxygenation index and ameliorating pulmonary pathological damage. We concluded that DIZE protects the lungs from IR injury via inhibition of ADAM17-mediated ACE2 shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang-Yang Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Qian Pan
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Qing Yin
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yue Liu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tegeleqi Bu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingy Zhang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-An Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
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Cremer S, Pilgram L, Berkowitsch A, Stecher M, Rieg S, Shumliakivska M, Bojkova D, Wagner JUG, Aslan GS, Spinner C, Luxán G, Hanses F, Dolff S, Piepel C, Ruppert C, Guenther A, Rüthrich MM, Vehreschild JJ, Wille K, Haselberger M, Heuzeroth H, Hansen A, Eschenhagen T, Cinatl J, Ciesek S, Dimmeler S, Borgmann S, Zeiher A. Angiotensin II receptor blocker intake associates with reduced markers of inflammatory activation and decreased mortality in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities and COVID-19 disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258684. [PMID: 34673795 PMCID: PMC8530317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Patients with cardiovascular comorbidities have a significantly increased risk for a critical course of COVID-19. As the SARS-CoV2 virus enters cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor II (ACE2), drugs which interact with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) were suspected to influence disease severity. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed 1946 consecutive patients with cardiovascular comorbidities or hypertension enrolled in one of the largest European COVID-19 registries, the Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV-2 (LEOSS) registry. Here, we show that angiotensin II receptor blocker intake is associated with decreased mortality in patients with COVID-19 [OR 0.75 (95% CI 0,59-0.96; p = 0.013)]. This effect was mainly driven by patients, who presented in an early phase of COVID-19 at baseline [OR 0,64 (95% CI 0,43-0,96; p = 0.029)]. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significantly lower incidence of death in patients on an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) (n = 33/318;10,4%) compared to patients using an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) (n = 60/348;17,2%) or patients who received neither an ACE-inhibitor nor an ARB at baseline in the uncomplicated phase (n = 90/466; 19,3%; p<0.034). Patients taking an ARB were significantly less frequently reaching the mortality predicting threshold for leukocytes (p<0.001), neutrophils (p = 0.002) and the inflammatory markers CRP (p = 0.021), procalcitonin (p = 0.001) and IL-6 (p = 0.049). ACE2 expression levels in human lung samples were not altered in patients taking RAAS modulators. CONCLUSION These data suggest a beneficial effect of ARBs on disease severity in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities and COVID-19, which is linked to dampened systemic inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cremer
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Pilgram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Stecher
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Siegbert Rieg
- Internal Medicine II, Department of Infectious Diseases, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mariana Shumliakivska
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Denisa Bojkova
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Galip Servet Aslan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Spinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Hanses
- University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christiane Piepel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Hospital Bremen-Mitte, Bremen, Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Giessen University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Giessen University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Janne Vehreschild
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai Wille
- University Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Palliative Care, University of Bochum, Minden, Germany
| | | | - Hanno Heuzeroth
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Ingolstadt Hospital, Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Zeiher
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Berlin, Germany
- Cardiopulmonary Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Umeoguaju FU, Ephraim-Emmanuel BC, Uba JO, Bekibele GE, Chigozie N, Orisakwe OE. Immunomodulatory and Mechanistic Considerations of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) in Dysfunctional Immune Responses: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:550670. [PMID: 34040600 PMCID: PMC8141557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.550670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (HS) water decoction extract is a commonly consumed beverage with various pharmacological properties. This systematic review examines the possible effect of HS intake on immune mediators. The Scopus and PUBMED databases were searched for all human and animal studies that investigated the effect of HS administration on immune related biomarkers. For each of the immune biomarkers, the mean, standard deviation and number of subjects were extracted for both the HS treated and untreated group. These values were used in the computation of standardized mean difference (SMD). Statistical analysis and forest plot were done with R statistical software (version 3.6.1). Twenty seven (27) studies met the eligibility criteria. Twenty two (22) of the studies were used for the meta-analysis which included a total of 1211 subjects. The meta-analysis showed that HS administration significantly lowered the levels of TNF-α (n=10; pooled SMD: -1.55; 95% CI: -2.43, -0.67; P < 0.01), IL-6 (n=11; pooled SMD:-1.09; 95% CI: -1.77, -0.40; P < 0.01), IL-1β (n=7; pooled SMD:-0.62; 95% CI: -1.25, 0.00; P = 0.05), Edema formation (n=4; pooled SMD: -2.29; 95% CI: -4.47, -0.11; P = 0.04), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein -1 (n=4; pooled SMD: -1.17; 95% CI: -1.78, -0.57; P < 0.01) and Angiotensin converting enzyme cascade (n=6; pooled SMD: -0.91; 95% CI: -1.57, -0.25; P < 0.01). The levels of IL-10 (n=4; pooled SMD: -0.38; 95% CI: -1.67, 0.91; P = 0.56), Interleukin 8 (n=2; pooled SMD:-0.12; 95% CI: -0.76, 0.51; P = 0.71), iNOS (n=2; pooled SMD:-0.69; 95% CI: -1.60, 0.23 P = 0.14) and C- Reactive Protein (n=4; pooled SMD: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.26, 0.36; P = 0.75), were not significantly changed by HS administration. Some of the results had high statistical heterogeneity. HS may be promising in the management of disorders involving hyperactive immune system or chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis U. Umeoguaju
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Benson C. Ephraim-Emmanuel
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Dental Health Sciences, Ogbia, Bayelsa State College of Health Technology, Otakeme, Nigeria
| | - Joy O. Uba
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Grace E. Bekibele
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Nwondah Chigozie
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourtt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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6
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Coopersmith CM, Antonelli M, Bauer SR, Deutschman CS, Evans LE, Ferrer R, Hellman J, Jog S, Kesecioglu J, Kissoon N, Martin-Loeches I, Nunnally ME, Prescott HC, Rhodes A, Talmor D, Tissieres P, De Backer D. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Research Priorities for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Critical Illness. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:598-622. [PMID: 33591008 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify research priorities in the management, pathophysiology, and host response of coronavirus disease 2019 in critically ill patients. DESIGN The Surviving Sepsis Research Committee, a multiprofessional group of 17 international experts representing the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Society of Critical Care Medicine, was virtually convened during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The committee iteratively developed the recommendations and subsequent document. METHODS Each committee member submitted a list of what they believed were the most important priorities for coronavirus disease 2019 research. The entire committee voted on 58 submitted questions to determine top priorities for coronavirus disease 2019 research. RESULTS The Surviving Sepsis Research Committee provides 13 priorities for coronavirus disease 2019. Of these, the top six priorities were identified and include the following questions: 1) Should the approach to ventilator management differ from the standard approach in patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure?, 2) Can the host response be modulated for therapeutic benefit?, 3) What specific cells are directly targeted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and how do these cells respond?, 4) Can early data be used to predict outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 and, by extension, to guide therapies?, 5) What is the role of prone positioning and noninvasive ventilation in nonventilated patients with coronavirus disease?, and 6) Which interventions are best to use for viral load modulation and when should they be given? CONCLUSIONS Although knowledge of both biology and treatment has increased exponentially in the first year of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, significant knowledge gaps remain. The research priorities identified represent a roadmap for investigation in coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Massimo Antonelli
- Department of Anesthesiology Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| | - Seth R Bauer
- Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Clifford S Deutschman
- Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research/Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY
| | - Laura E Evans
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ricard Ferrer
- Department of Intensive Care, SODIR-VHIR Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sameer Jog
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Jozef Kesecioglu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niranjan Kissoon
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universided de Barcelona, CIBERes, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark E Nunnally
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, Neurology, Surgery and Medicine, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Hallie C Prescott
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan and VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrew Rhodes
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Talmor
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pierre Tissieres
- Pediatric Intensive Care, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicetre and Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell, CNRS, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel De Backer
- Chirec Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Physiological cyclic stretch up-regulates angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression to reduce proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225043. [PMID: 32463098 PMCID: PMC7295630 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is considered as an endogenous negative regulator of renin–angiotensin system (RAS), exerting multiple cardiovascular protective roles. Whether mechanical stretch modulates ACE2 expression remains unknown. The present study aimed at investigating whether ACE2 is involved in physiological stretch (10% elongation, 1 Hz) mediated cellular functions and the underlying mechanism. Cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were exposed to 10% stretch for indicated time, and real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed 10% stretch increased ACE2 expression and activity significantly compared with static conditions and increased Ang-(1-7) level, but decreased Ang II level; Brdu incorporation assay and Scratch test showed that ACE2 was involved in the inhibition of HASMCs proliferation and migration by 10% stretch; the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay demonstrated that 10% increased ACE2 promoter activity, but had no effect on ACE2 mRNA stability; kinase inhibition study and Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that JNK1/2 and PKCβII pathway, as well as their downstream transcription factors, AP-1 and NF-κB, were involved in 10% stretch induced ACE2 expression. In conclusion, our study indicates ACE2 is a mechanosensitive gene, and may represent a potential therapeutic target for mechanical forces related vascular diseases.
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8
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Kuriakose J, Montezano A, Touyz R. ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis and the vascular system: vasoprotection to COVID-19-associated vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:387-407. [PMID: 33511992 PMCID: PMC7846970 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The two axes of the renin-angiotensin system include the classical ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis and the counter-regulatory ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis. ACE2 is a multifunctional monocarboxypeptidase responsible for generating Ang-(1-7) from Ang II. ACE2 is important in the vascular system where it is found in arterial and venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells in many vascular beds. Among the best characterized functions of ACE2 is its role in regulating vascular tone. ACE2 through its effector peptide Ang-(1-7) and receptor Mas1 induces vasodilation and attenuates Ang II-induced vasoconstriction. In endothelial cells activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas1 axis increases production of the vasodilator's nitric oxide and prostacyclin's and in vascular smooth muscle cells it inhibits pro-contractile and pro-inflammatory signaling. Endothelial ACE2 is cleaved by proteases, shed into the circulation and measured as soluble ACE2. Plasma ACE2 activity is increased in cardiovascular disease and may have prognostic significance in disease severity. In addition to its enzymatic function, ACE2 is the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) and SARS-Cov-2, which cause SARS and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) respectively. ACE-2 is thus a double-edged sword: it promotes cardiovascular health while also facilitating the devastations caused by coronaviruses. COVID-19 is associated with cardiovascular disease as a risk factor and as a complication. Mechanisms linking COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease are unclear, but vascular ACE2 may be important. This review focuses on the vascular biology and (patho)physiology of ACE2 in cardiovascular health and disease and briefly discusses the role of vascular ACE2 as a potential mediator of vascular injury in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Kuriakose
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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9
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Novel therapeutics for the treatment of hypertension and its associated complications: peptide- and nonpeptide-based strategies. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:740-755. [PMID: 33731923 PMCID: PMC7967108 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is responsible for maintaining blood pressure and vascular tone. Modulation of the RAAS, therefore, interferes with essential cellular processes and leads to high blood pressure, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and hypertrophy. Consequently, these conditions cause fatal cardiovascular and renal complications. Thus, the primary purpose of hypertension treatment is to diminish or inhibit overactivated RAAS. Currently available RAAS inhibitors have proven effective in reducing blood pressure; however, beyond hypertension, they have failed to treat end-target organ injury. In addition, RAAS inhibitors have some intolerable adverse effects, such as hyperkalemia and hypotension. These gaps in the available treatment for hypertension require further investigation of the development of safe and effective therapies. Current research is focused on the combination of existing and novel treatments that neutralize the angiotensin II type I (AT1) receptor-mediated action of the angiotensin II peptide. Preclinical studies of peptide- and nonpeptide-based therapeutic agents demonstrate their conspicuous impact on the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in animal models. In this review, we will discuss novel therapeutic agents being developed as RAAS inhibitors that show prominent effects in both preclinical and clinical studies. In addition, we will also highlight the need for improvement in the efficacy of existing drugs in the absence of new prominent antihypertensive drugs.
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10
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Talotta R, Roberston ES. Perspectives: potential therapeutic approach with inhalation of ACE2-derived peptides for SARS-CoV-2 infection. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 9:73-80. [PMID: 33489475 PMCID: PMC7811929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ACE2 is crucially involved in the infection sustained by SARS-CoV-2, as it allows the entry of the virus into target cells while counteracting local inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. In this narrative review, we aim to discuss the usefulness of ACE2-derived peptides in the infection sustained by SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A total of 49 papers pertinent to the purpose of the review were selected from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov and dealing with the use of ACE2-derived medications in COVID-19 were also searched and discussed. RESULTS Preclinical and clinical evidence shows that drugs mimicking or potentiating the effects of ACE2 may reduce the viral load and dampen the inflammatory and fibrotic pathways leading to respiratory distress. ACE2-derived therapeutic peptides may have a better pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile than other ACE2-based medications. They could be easily screened through peptide libraries and chemically modified in order to ameliorate the pharmacological properties. Furthermore, their local administration via an intranasal delivery or inhalation may reduce the risk of systemic side effects, thus conferring a good safety profile. CONCLUSION ACE2-derived peptides may play a dual beneficial role in COVID-19, by either preventing virus spread or inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators in airways. Viral, host, and environmental factors may affect the effectiveness of this therapeutic approach to a various extent and represent therefore a matter of investigation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Talotta
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, University Hospital “G. Martino”Messina, Italy
| | - Erle S Roberston
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, USA
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11
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Galán M, Jiménez-Altayó F. Small Resistance Artery Disease and ACE2 in Hypertension: A New Paradigm in the Context of COVID-19. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:588692. [PMID: 33195477 PMCID: PMC7661633 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.588692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease causes almost one third of deaths worldwide, and more than half are related to primary arterial hypertension (PAH). The occurrence of several deleterious events, such as hyperactivation of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), and oxidative and inflammatory stress, contributes to the development of small vessel disease in PAH. Small resistance arteries are found at various points through the arterial tree, act as the major site of vascular resistance, and actively regulate local tissue perfusion. Experimental and clinical studies demonstrate that alterations in small resistance artery properties are important features of PAH pathophysiology. Diseased small vessels in PAH show decreased lumens, thicker walls, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress and inflammation. These events may lead to altered blood flow supply to tissues and organs, and can increase the risk of thrombosis. Notably, PAH is prevalent among patients diagnosed with COVID-19, in whom evidence of small vessel disease leading to cardiovascular pathology is reported. The SARS-Cov2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, achieves cell entry through an S (spike) high-affinity protein binding to the catalytic domain of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a negative regulator of the RAS pathway. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the relationship between small resistance artery disease, ACE2, and PAH, to understand COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The scope of the present review is to briefly summarize available knowledge on the role of small resistance artery disease and ACE2 in PAH, and critically discuss their clinical relevance in the context of cardiovascular pathology associated to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Galán
- Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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12
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Han T, Kang J, Li G, Ge J, Gu J. Analysis of 2019-nCoV receptor ACE2 expression in different tissues and its significance study. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1077. [PMID: 33145296 PMCID: PMC7576005 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially announced that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had reached global pandemic status. Current studies have found that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface receptor of the novel coronavirus that plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. It is of immense importance for the prevention of virus transmission and treatment to clarify the distribution and expression of ACE2 in various tissues and organs of the body. Methods RNAseq transcriptome data and sex data were obtained from the genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. We separately analyzed the distribution of ACE2 expression in different tissues in the GTEx and TCGA database, and explored the correlation between sex and ACE2 expression levels. Next, the expression levels of ACE2 in different tissues and organs and its correlation with sex were analyzed once again after combing all samples from the two databases. Results ACE2 expression data were collected from the GTEx database for 6738 normal tissues. Six hundred eighteen tumor tissue data were collected from the TCGA database. The results of the analysis are consistent from different databases. The results indicated that the expression of ACE2 was the highest in the small intestines, higher in tissues such as salivary glands in the testicular, kidney, heart, thyroid and adipose tissues, while the expression of ACE2 was lower in tissues such as the spleen, brain, muscle, pituitary, and skin. There were no significant differences in the expression of ACE2 in the different organs when it came to the individual’s sex. Conclusions Our study deeply explored the distribution and expression of ACE2 in various tissues of the human body. The tissues and organs with high ACE2 expression were consistent with the current clinical and basic research results of the novel coronavirus. Our study is conducive to the discovery of potential target organs for viral infection, to provide a reference for the development of clinical progress of patients with novel coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Kang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gao Li
- Department of Oncology, the Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Battagello D, Dragunas G, Klein M, Ayub AL, Velloso F, Correa R. Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2137-2160. [PMID: 32820801 PMCID: PMC7443512 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The highly infective coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel strain of coronaviruses - the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) - discovered in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan (Hubei Province, China). Remarkably, COVID-19 has rapidly spread across all continents and turned into a public health emergency, which was ultimately declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in early 2020. SARS-CoV-2 presents similar aspects to other members of the coronavirus family, mainly regarding its genome, protein structure and intracellular mechanisms, that may translate into mild (or even asymptomatic) to severe infectious conditions. Although the mechanistic features underlying the COVID-19 progression have not been fully clarified, current evidence have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may primarily behave as other β-coronavirus members. To better understand the development and transmission of COVID-19, unveiling the signaling pathways that may be impacted by SARS-CoV-2 infection, at the molecular and cellular levels, is of crucial importance. In this review, we present the main aspects related to the origin, classification, etiology and clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, here we describe the potential mechanisms of cellular interaction and signaling pathways, elicited by functional receptors, in major targeted tissues/organs from the respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular, renal, and nervous systems. Furthermore, the potential involvement of these signaling pathways in evoking the onset and progression of COVID-19 symptoms in these organ systems are presently discussed. A brief description of future perspectives related to potential COVID-19 treatments is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella S. Battagello
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dragunas
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianne O. Klein
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L.P. Ayub
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando J. Velloso
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Rutgers-NJMS, Newark, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Ricardo G. Correa
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys (SBP) Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A
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Ding H, Jiang Y, Jiang Y, Yuan D, Xiao L. Ulinastatin attenuates monocyte-endothelial adhesion via inhibiting ROS transfer between the neighboring vascular endothelial cells mediated by Cx43. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:4326-4336. [PMID: 32913508 PMCID: PMC7476149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ulinastatin is widely used in the treatment of pancreatitis and sepsis, because of its excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, its effects on atherosclerosis, an inflammatory vascular disease, are rarely reported. Therefore, in present study, we explored effects of ulinastatin on monocyte-endothelial adhesion, the initiator of atherosclerosis. We used U937 monocytes and angiotensin II-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to build the model of monocyte-endothelial adhesion. Different methods were used to change the function of connexin43 (Cx43), the level of ROS, the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and its downstream MMP2 and MMP9 expression, and then the influences of ulinastatin on U937-HUVECs adhesion and the adhesion molecules were observed. The results showed that ulinastatin could attenuate ROS transmission between the neighboring HUVECs via inhibiting Cx43 function. With the decrease of ROS, JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and its downstream MMP2 and MMP9 expression were downregulated. Ultimately, important adhesion molecules expression, such as VCAM-1, ICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1, and U937-HUVECs adhesion, were both reduced. Thus, we can conclude that ulinastatin attenuates adhesion molecules expression and monocyte-endothelial adhesion, mechanism of which is related that ulinastatin inhibits ROS transfer between the neighboring vascular endothelial cells mediated by Cx43, resulting in the inactivation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, and its downstream MMP2 and MMP9 expression decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yumei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityTianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lunhua Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Labò N, Ohnuki H, Tosato G. Vasculopathy and Coagulopathy Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cells 2020; 9:E1583. [PMID: 32629875 PMCID: PMC7408139 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has resulted in > 500,000 deaths worldwide, including > 125,000 deaths in the U.S. since its emergence in late December 2019 and June 2020. Neither curative anti-viral drugs nor a protective vaccine is currently available for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Recently, new clinical syndromes associated with coagulopathy and vasculopathy have emerged as a cause of sudden death and other serious clinical manifestations in younger patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, is a transmembrane protein expressed by lung alveolar epithelial cells, enterocytes, and vascular endothelial cells, whose physiologic role is to induce the maturation of angiotensin I to generate angiotensin 1-7, a peptide hormone that controls vasoconstriction and blood pressure. In this review, we provide the general context of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a focus on endothelial cells, describe the vasculopathy and coagulopathy syndromes in patients with SARS-CoV-2, and outline current understanding of the underlying mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzarena Labò
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biochemical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Hidetaka Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Omega-3 fatty acids protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats through HO-1-Nrf2-BACH1 pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 687:108387. [PMID: 32348741 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used analgesic antipyretic drug, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity are common after the overdose. The main mechanism of APAP toxicity is oxidative stress based. Stress may induce the production of heme oxygenase 1 (HO)-1 which is regulated by interleukin (IL)-10 and inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). HO-1 expression is further regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the transcription factor BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1). Drug-induced toxicity can be relieved by several natural products, which are preferred due to their dietary nature and less adverse reactions. Of these natural products, omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids are known for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. However, effects of ω-3fatty acids on APAP-induced hepatic and renal toxicity are not well addressed. We designed this study to test the potential protecting actions of ω-3 fatty acids (270 mg/kg Eicosapentaenoic acid and 180 mg/kg docosahexaenoic acid, orally, for 7 days) in hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by APAP (2 g/kg, once orally on day 7) in rats. Moreover, we focused on the molecular mechanism underlying APAP hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Pre-treatment with ω-3 fatty acids enhanced liver and kidney functions indicated by decreased serum aminotransferases activities and serum creatinine and urea concentrations. These results were further confirmed by histopathological examination. Moreover, ω-3 fatty acids showed antioxidant properties confirmed by decreased malondialdehyde level and increased total antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant Nrf2, its regulators (HO-1 and BACH1) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were up-regulated by APAP administration as a compensatory mechanism and they were normalized by ω-3 fatty acids. ω-3 fatty acids showed anti-inflammatory actions through down-regulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) and its downstream TNF-α. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that ω-3 fatty acids promoted Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus; BACH1 exit from the nucleus and inhibited NF-ĸB nuclear translocation. These findings suggested the protecting actions of ω-3 fatty acids against APAP-induced hepatic and renal toxicity through regulation of antioxidant Nrf2 and inflammatory NF-ĸB pathways.
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17
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An epidemiological study exploring a possible impact of treatment with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers on ACE2 plasma concentrations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 141:108-109. [PMID: 32268149 PMCID: PMC7163178 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Xu ZW, Yan SX, Wu HX, Zhang Y, Wei W. Angiotensin II and tumor necrosis factor-α stimulate the growth, migration and invasion of BEL-7402 cells via down-regulation of GRK2 expression. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:263-274. [PMID: 30712649 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the biological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and the associated changes in G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) expression. METHODS The mean serum levels of Ang II and TNF-α in normal subjects and patients with benign liver tumors (BLTs) and HCC were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and liver samples from the patients with HCC and HCC mice were used to assess the protein levels of both cytokines, their major receptors and GRK2. In addition, the dynamics of Bel-7402 cells were determined with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell experiments, while the levels of the primary cytokine receptors Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1R) and type-2 receptor (AT2R) as well as TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The effects of Ang II and TNF-α on the GRK2 levels in Bel-7402 cells and on the dynamics of GRK2-knockdown HCC cells were also investigated. RESULTS Both cytokines independently enhanced Bel-7402 cell growth, migration and invasion by decreasing the GRK2 level. In contrast, down-regulating the GRK2 level in Bel-7402 cells suppressed these effects. No synergistic effects were discovered when Ang II and TNF-α were administered together. Furthermore, increased AT1R and TNFR1 levels stimulated HCC initiation and progression, whereas AT2R overexpression produced the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggested that Ang II and TNF-α promote Bel-7402 cell growth, migration and invasion by down-regulating GRK2 expression, and that the associated receptors AT1R, AT2R and TNFR1 participate in HCC initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Wei Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shang-Xue Yan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hua-Xun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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Chen Y, Wang X, Yang C, Su X, Yang W, Dai Y, Han H, Jiang J, Lu L, Wang H, Chen Q, Jin W. Decreased circulating catestatin levels are associated with coronary artery disease: The emerging anti-inflammatory role. Atherosclerosis 2018; 281:78-88. [PMID: 30658195 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The neuropeptide catestatin (CST) is an endogenous nicotinic cholinergic antagonist that acts as pleiotropic cardiac protective hormone. This study investigated the association between CST and coronary artery disease (CAD) and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS The serum concentration of CST among 224 CAD patients and 204 healthy controls was compared, and its association with atherosclerosis severity in 921 CAD patients was further analyzed. Compared to healthy subjects, serum CST concentration was lower in patients with CAD [1.14 (1.05-1.24) ng/mL vs. 2.15 (1.92-2.39) ng/mL, p < 0.001] and was inversely correlated with disease severity (r = -0.208, p < 0.001). In cultured endothelial cells, CST suppressed TNF-α-elicited expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules by activating angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Administration of CST reduced leukocyte-endothelium interactions in vitro and in vivo, and attenuated the development of atherosclerotic in ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. These protective effects by CST were blocked by an ACE2 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Serum CST concentration is lower in CAD patients and is inversely associated with the severity of atherosclerosis. CST acts as a novel anti-atherogenic peptide that inhibits inflammatory response and EC-leukocyte interactions via an ACE2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Chendie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Xiuxiu Su
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Yang Dai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Qiujing Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
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Menk M, Graw JA, von Haefen C, Steinkraus H, Lachmann B, Spies CD, Schwaiberger D. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist Compound 21 attenuates pulmonary inflammation in a model of acute lung injury. J Inflamm Res 2018; 11:169-178. [PMID: 29750051 PMCID: PMC5935084 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s160573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although the role of the angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor in acute lung injury is not yet completely understood, a protective role of this receptor subtype has been suggested. We hypothesized that, in a rodent model of acute lung injury, stimulation of the AT2 receptor with the direct agonist Compound 21 (C21) might have a beneficial effect on pulmonary inflammation and might improve pulmonary gas exchange. Materials and methods Male adult rats were divided into a treatment group that received pulmonary lavage followed by mechanical ventilation (LAV, n=9), a group receiving pulmonary lavage, mechanical ventilation, and direct stimulation of the AT2 receptor with C21 (LAV+C21, n=9), and a control group that received mechanical ventilation only (control, n=9). Arterial blood gas analysis was performed every 30 min throughout the 240-min observation period. Lung tissue and plasma samples were obtained at 240 min after the start of mechanical ventilation. Protein content and surface activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were assessed and the wet/dry-weight ratio of lungs was determined. Transcriptional and translational regulation of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4 was determined in lungs and in plasma. Results Pulmonary lavage led to a significant impairment of gas exchange, the formation of lung edema, and the induction of pulmonary inflammation. Protein content of lavage fluid was increased and contained washed-out surfactant. Direct AT2 receptor stimulation with C21 led to a significant inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 expressions in the lungs, whereas the expressions of IL-1, IL-10, and IL-4 remained unchanged. During the 240-min observation period, AT2 receptor stimulation did not improve pulmonary gas exchange or lung edema. Conclusion In this rodent model of acute lung injury after repeated pulmonary lavage, AT2 receptor stimulation attenuates pulmonary inflammation but does not improve gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Menk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, FreieUniversität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Jan Adriaan Graw
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, FreieUniversität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Clarissa von Haefen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, FreieUniversität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Hendrik Steinkraus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, FreieUniversität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Burkhard Lachmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, FreieUniversität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Claudia D Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, FreieUniversität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - David Schwaiberger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, FreieUniversität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
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Kaschina E, Namsolleck P, Unger T. AT2 receptors in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:39-47. [PMID: 28694144 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular and renal diseases. These actions mediated by AT1 receptor (AT1R) are well established and led to development of selective AT1R blockers (ARBs). In contrast, there is scientific evidence that AT2 receptor (AT2R) mediates effects different from and often opposing those of the AT1R. Meagrely expressed in healthy tissue the AT2R is upregulated in injuries providing an endogenous protection to inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic processes. Interestingly the beneficial effects mediated by AT2R can be further enhanced by pharmacological intervention using the recently developed AT2R agonists. This review article summarizes our current knowledge about regulation, signalling and effects mediated by AT2R in health and disease, with emphasis on cardiac and renal systems. At the end a novel concept of natural protective systems will be introduced and discussed as an attractive target in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kaschina
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Effects of sevoflurane on NF-кB and TNF-α expression in renal ischemia–reperfusion diabetic rats. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:901-910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Yang G, Chu PL, Rump LC, Le TH, Stegbauer J. ACE2 and the Homolog Collectrin in the Modulation of Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress in Blood Pressure Homeostasis and Vascular Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:645-659. [PMID: 27889958 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hypertension is the leading risk factor causing mortality and morbidity worldwide. Angiotensin (Ang) II, the most active metabolite of the renin-angiotensin system, plays an outstanding role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and vascular injury. Activation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has shown to attenuate devastating effects of Ang II in the cardiovascular system by reducing Ang II degradation and increasing Ang-(1-7) generation leading to Mas receptor activation. Recent Advances: Activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis reduces hypertension and improves vascular injury mainly through an increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and decreased reactive oxygen species production. Recent studies reported that shedding of the enzymatically active ectodomain of ACE2 from the cell surface seems to regulate its activity and serves as an interorgan communicator in cardiovascular disease. In addition, collectrin, an ACE2 homolog with no catalytic activity, regulates blood pressure through an NO-dependent mechanism. CRITICAL ISSUES Large body of experimental data confirmed sustained beneficial effects of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis activation on hypertension and vascular injury. Experimental studies also suggest that activation of collectrin might be beneficial in hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. Their role in clinical hypertension is unclear as selective and reliable activators of both axes are not yet available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review will highlight the results of recent research progress that illustrate the role of both ACE and collectrin in the modulation of NO and oxidative stress in blood pressure homeostasis and vascular injury, providing evidence for the potential therapeutic application of ACE2 and collectrin in hypertension and vascular disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 645-659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pei-Lun Chu
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.,3 Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lars C Rump
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thu H Le
- 2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
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Xu ZW, Yan SX, Wu HX, Chen JY, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wei W. The influence of TNF-α and Ang II on the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells by regulating the expression of GRK2. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:747-758. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Osborn MJ, Webber BR, McElmurry RT, Rudser KD, DeFeo AP, Muradian M, Petryk A, Hallgrimsson B, Blazar BR, Tolar J, Braunlin EA. Angiotensin receptor blockade mediated amelioration of mucopolysaccharidosis type I cardiac and craniofacial pathology. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:281-289. [PMID: 27743312 PMCID: PMC5335863 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS IH) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by inactivating mutations to the alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) gene. Treatment focuses on IDUA enzyme replacement and currently employed methods can be non-uniform in their efficacy particularly for the cardiac and craniofacial pathology. Therefore, we undertook efforts to better define the pathological cascade accounting for treatment refractory manifestations and demonstrate a role for the renin angiotensin system (RAS) using the IDUA-/- mouse model. Perturbation of the RAS in the aorta was more profound in male animals suggesting a causative role in the observed gender dimorphism and angiotensin receptor blockade (ARB) resulted in improved cardiac function. Further, we show the ability of losartan to prevent shortening of the snout, a common craniofacial anomaly in IDUA-/- mice. These data show a key role for the RAS in MPS associated pathology and support the inclusion of losartan as an augmentation to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Beau R Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ronald T McElmurry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kyle D Rudser
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anthony P DeFeo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael Muradian
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anna Petryk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Braunlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Outzen EM, Zaki M, Mehryar R, Abdolalizadeh B, Sajid W, Boonen HCM, Sams A, Sheykhzade M. Lipopolysaccharides, but not Angiotensin ll, lnduces Direct Pro-lnflammatory Effects in Cultured Mouse Arteries and Human Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:335-347. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie M. Outzen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marina Zaki
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Rahila Mehryar
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bahareh Abdolalizadeh
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Waseem Sajid
- Department of Diabetes Complications Biology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Maaloev Denmark
| | - Harrie C. M. Boonen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anette Sams
- Department of Diabetes Complications Biology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Maaloev Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits high-mobility group box 1 and attenuates cardiac dysfunction post-myocardial ischemia. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:37-49. [PMID: 26498282 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) triggers and amplifies inflammation cascade following ischemic injury, and its elevated levels are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key member of vasoprotective axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), regulates cardiovascular functions and exerts beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease. However, the association between HMGB1 and ACE2 has not been studied. We hypothesized that overexpression of ACE2 provides cardioprotective effects against MI via inhibiting HMGB1 and inflammation. ACE2 knock-in (KI) mice and littermate wild-type (WT) controls were subjected to either sham or coronary artery ligation surgery to induce MI. Heart function was assessed 4 weeks after surgery using echocardiography and Millar catheterization. Tissues were collected for histology and analysis of the expression of HMGB1, RAS components, and inflammatory cytokines. ACE2 in the heart of the ACE2 KI mice was 58-fold higher than WT controls. ACE2-MI mice exhibited a remarkable preservation of cardiac function and reduction of infarct size in comparison to WT-MI mice. Notably, ACE2 overexpression significantly reduced the MI-induced increase in apoptosis, macrophage infiltration, and HMGB1 and proinflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α and IL-6). Moreover, in an in vitro study, ACE2 activation prevented the hypoxia-induced cell death and upregulation of HMGB1 in adult cardiomyocytes. This protective effect is correlated with downregulation of HMGB1 and downstream proinflammatory cascades, which could be useful for the development of novel treatment for ischemic heart disease.
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