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Zou L, Liu S, Li L, Yang R, Xu X, Li G, Zhang C, Li G, Liang S. Implication of P2Y 12 receptor in uc.48+-mediated abnormal sympathoexcitatory reflex via superior cervical ganglia in myocardial ischemic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 927:175049. [PMID: 35644421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic 2Y12 (P2Y12) receptor antagonists are used as platelet aggregation inhibitors. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in neuropathological events. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the superior cervical ganglia (SCGs) encircle the somata of neurons. This study explored if the upregulated P2Y12 receptor in SCGs was relevant to lncRNA uc.48+ during myocardial ischemia (MI). The results showed that upregulation of P2Y12 receptor was accompanied by increased expression of uc.48+ in the SCGs of MI rats which displayed abnormal changes in cervical sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiograms and cardiac tissue structure. The P2Y12 antagonist clopidogrel improved abnormal alterations in cardiac function and tissue structure in MI rats. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against uc.48+ significantly inhibited P2Y12 receptor upregulation and its co-expression with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in SCGs, and ameliorated the cardiac dysfunction in MI rats. By contrast, overexpression of uc.48+ increased the expression of P2Y12 in SCGs and enhanced cervical sympathetic nerve activity in control rats. Direct interaction between uc.48+ and the P2Y12 receptor was predicted using the bioinformatic tool CatRAPID and confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation. Moreover, overexpression of the P2Y12 receptor reversed the protective effect of uc.48+ shRNA on cardiac dysfunction in MI rats. Uc.48 shRNA treatment also inhibited the enhanced rise of intracellular free Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]i) evoked by the P2Y12 agonist 2-methylthio-adenosine-5'-diphosphate (2-MeSADP) in SGCs of SCGs after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment. These data demonstrated that uc.48+ shRNA could counteract the P2Y12 upregulation and improve P2Y12-implicated cardiac dysfunction due to MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zou
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Runan Yang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Guodong Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China.
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Nadeali Z, Mohammad-Rezaei F, Aria H, Nikpour P. Possible role of pannexin 1 channels and purinergic receptors in the pathogenesis and mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic potential of targeting them in COVID-19. Life Sci 2022; 297:120482. [PMID: 35288174 PMCID: PMC8915746 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is pivotal for developing new effective therapeutic or preventive strategies for COVID-19. Pannexins (PANX) are ATP-release channels in the plasma membrane essential in many physiological and immune responses. Activation of pannexin channels and downstream purinergic receptors play dual roles in viral infection, either by facilitating viral replication and infection or inducing host antiviral defense. The current review provides a hypothesis demonstrating the possible contribution of the PANX1 channel and purinergic receptors in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and mechanism of action. Moreover, we discuss whether targeting these signaling pathways may provide promising preventative therapies and treatments for patients with progressive COVID-19 resulting from excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production. Several inhibitors of this pathway have been developed for the treatment of other viral infections and pathological consequences. Specific PANX1 inhibitors could be potentially included as part of the COVID-19 treatment regimen if, in future, studies demonstrate the role of PANX1 in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Of note, any ATP therapeutic modulation for COVID-19 should be carefully designed and monitored because of the complex role of extracellular ATP in cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakiye Nadeali
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammad-Rezaei
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Aria
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Nikpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Cui X, Sun G, Cao H, Liu Q, Liu K, Wang S, Zhu B, Gao X. Referred Somatic Hyperalgesia Mediates Cardiac Regulation by the Activation of Sympathetic Nerves in a Rat Model of Myocardial Ischemia. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:386-402. [PMID: 35471719 PMCID: PMC9068860 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia (MI) causes somatic referred pain and sympathetic hyperactivity, and the role of sensory inputs from referred areas in cardiac function and sympathetic hyperactivity remain unclear. Here, in a rat model, we showed that MI not only led to referred mechanical hypersensitivity on the forelimbs and upper back, but also elicited sympathetic sprouting in the skin of the referred area and C8-T6 dorsal root ganglia, and increased cardiac sympathetic tone, indicating sympathetic-sensory coupling. Moreover, intensifying referred hyperalgesic inputs with noxious mechanical, thermal, and electro-stimulation (ES) of the forearm augmented sympathetic hyperactivity and regulated cardiac function, whereas deafferentation of the left brachial plexus diminished sympathoexcitation. Intradermal injection of the α2 adrenoceptor (α2AR) antagonist yohimbine and agonist dexmedetomidine in the forearm attenuated the cardiac adjustment by ES. Overall, these findings suggest that sensory inputs from the referred pain area contribute to cardiac functional adjustment via peripheral α2AR-mediated sympathetic-sensory coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cui
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guang Sun
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.,Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Honglei Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, 272100, Shandong, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Needling Manipulation, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuya Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Xinyan Gao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Fu LW, Tjen-A-Looi SC, Barvarz S, Guo ZL, Malik S. Role of opioid receptors in modulation of P2X receptor-mediated cardiac sympathoexcitatory reflex response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17224. [PMID: 31748569 PMCID: PMC6868205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia evokes powerful reflex responses through activation of vagal and sympathetic afferents in the heart through the release of ischemic metabolites. We have demonstrated that extracellular ATP stimulates cardiac sympathetic afferents through P2 receptor-mediated mechanism, and that opioid peptides suppress these afferents' activity. However, the roles of both P2 receptor and endogenous opioids in cardiac sympathoexcitatory reflex (CSR) responses remain unclear. We therefore hypothesized that activation of cardiac P2 receptor evokes CSR responses by stimulating cardiac sympathetic afferents and these CSR responses are modulated by endogenous opioids. We observed that intrapericardial injection of α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-meATP, P2X receptor agonist), but not ADP (P2Y receptor agonist), caused a graded increase in mean arterial pressure in rats with sinoaortic denervation and vagotomy. This effect of α,β-meATP was abolished by blockade of cardiac neural transmission with intrapericardial procaine treatment and eliminated by intrapericardial A-317491, a selective P2X2/3 and P2X3 receptor antagonist. Intrapericardial α,β-meATP also evoked CSR response in vagus-intact rats. Furthermore, the P2X receptor-mediated CSR responses were enhanced by intrapericardial naloxone, a specific opioid receptor antagonist. These data suggest that stimulation of cardiac P2X2/3 and P2X3, but not P2Y receptors, powerfully evokes CSR responses through activation of cardiac spinal afferents, and that endogenous opioids suppress the P2X receptor-mediated CSR responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wu Fu
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Stephanie C Tjen-A-Looi
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sherwin Barvarz
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Zhi-Ling Guo
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shaista Malik
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Zhou M, Liu Y, Xiong L, Quan D, He Y, Tang Y, Huang H, Huang C. Cardiac Sympathetic Afferent Denervation Protects Against Ventricular Arrhythmias by Modulating Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Activity During Acute Myocardial Infarction. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:1984-1993. [PMID: 30877783 PMCID: PMC6436207 DOI: 10.12659/msm.914105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Augmented cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) plays a role in enhanced sympathetic activity. Given that a strategy for abolishing augmented CSAR-induced sympathetic activation may be beneficial for protecting against ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) triggered by acute myocardial infarction (AMI), we investigated whether cardiac sympathetic afferent denervation (CSAD) could protect against VAs by modulating cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in an AMI dog model. Material/Methods Twenty-two anesthetized dogs were assigned to the CSAD group (n=9) and the sham group (n=13) randomly. CSAD was produced by epicardial application of resiniferatoxin. Heart rate variability (HRV), ventricular action potential duration (APD), APD dispersion, beat-to-beat variability of repolarization (BVR), effective refractory period (ERP) of ventricles, ERP dispersion, plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration, and left stellate ganglion (LSG) neural activity were determined at baseline and after CSAD. We designed an AMI model by occluding the left anterior coronary artery, and performed analysis of VAs for 60 minutes using electrocardiography. Then, levels of c-fos and nerve growth factor (NGF) were determined. Results Relative to baseline values, CSAD prolonged ERP and APD of ventricles, increased HRV, decreased APD dispersion, BVR, ERP dispersion and serum NE concentration, and attenuated LSG activity in the CSAD group. AMI triggered a remarkable increase in LSG activity and function but decreased the HRV of the sham group animals relative to the CSAD group. Moreover, the CSAD group had higher levels of VAs relative to the sham group. This was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in proteins quantities of NGF and c-fos in the CSAD group in the LSG after AMI compared to the sham group. Conclusions CSAD can suppress LSG neural activity, hence enhance the electrophysiological stability and protect the heart from AMI-triggered VAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Liang Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Dajun Quan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yan He
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - He Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland).,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Zou L, Han X, Liu S, Gong Y, Wu B, Yi Z, Liu H, Zhao S, Jia T, Li L, Yuan H, Shi L, Zhang C, Gao Y, Li G, Xu H, Liang S. Baicalin Depresses the Sympathoexcitatory Reflex Induced by Myocardial Ischemia via the Dorsal Root Ganglia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 30065662 PMCID: PMC6056627 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia (MI) is one of the major causes of death in cardiac diseases. Purinergic signaling is involved in bidirectional neuronal-glial communication in the primary sensory ganglia. The sensory neuritis of cardiac afferent neurons in cervical dorsal root ganglion (cDRG) interacts with cardiac sympathetic efferent postganglionic neurons, forming feedback loops. The P2Y12 receptor is expressed in satellite glial cells (SGCs) of DRG. Baicalin is a major active ingredient extracted from natural herbal medicines, which has anti-inflammatory and strong anti-oxidation properties. In this study we investigated the effect of baicalin on P2Y12 receptor in the cervical DRG SGC-mediated sympathoexcitatory reflex, which is increased during MI. The results showed that the expression of P2Y12 receptor mRNA and protein in DRG, and the co-localization values of P2Y12 receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in cDRG SGCs were increased after MI. The activated SGCs increased IL-1β protein expression and elevated Akt phosphorylation in cDRG. Baicalin treatment inhibited the upregulation of the P2Y12 receptor, GFAP protein and Akt phosphorylation in cDRG neurons/SGCs. The stellate ganglia (SG) affect cardiac sympathetic activity. Baicalin treatment also decreased the upregulation of the P2Y12 receptor, GFAP protein in the SG. The P2Y12 agonist, 2Me-SADP, increased [Ca2+]i in HEK293 cells transfected with the P2Y12 receptor plasmid and SGCs in cDRG. These results indicate that application of baicalin alleviates pathologic sympathetic activity induced by MI via inhibition of afferents in the cDRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinyao Han
- First Clinical Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingxin Gong
- First Clinical Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Shanhong Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianyu Jia
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Huilong Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Liran Shi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
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Chen Z, He L, Li L, Chen L. The P2X7 purinergic receptor: An emerging therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 479:196-207. [PMID: 29366837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 purinergic receptor, a calcium permeable cationic channel, is activated by extracellular ATP. Most studies show that P2X7 receptor plays an important role in the nervous system diseases, immune response, osteoporosis and cancer. Mounting evidence indicates that P2X7 receptor is also associated with cardiovascular disease. For example, the P2X7 receptor activated by ATP can attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. By contrast, inhibition of P2X7 receptor decreases arrhythmia after myocardial infarction, prolongs cardiac survival after a long term heart transplant, alleviates the dilated cardiomyopathy and the autoimmune myocarditis process. The P2X7 receptor also mitigates vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, hypertension, thrombosis and diabetic retinopathy. This review focuses on the latest research on the role and therapeutic potential of P2X7 receptor in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lu He
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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8
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Burnstock G. Purinergic Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2017; 120:207-228. [PMID: 28057794 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is nervous control of the heart by ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory-motor nerves, as well as in intracardiac neurons. Centers in the brain control heart activities and vagal cardiovascular reflexes involve purines. Adenine nucleotides and nucleosides act on purinoceptors on cardiomyocytes, AV and SA nodes, cardiac fibroblasts, and coronary blood vessels. Vascular tone is controlled by a dual mechanism. ATP, released from perivascular sympathetic nerves, causes vasoconstriction largely via P2X1 receptors. Endothelial cells release ATP in response to changes in blood flow (via shear stress) or hypoxia, to act on P2 receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, or prostaglandins to cause vasodilation. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity, to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. Purinergic signaling is involved in the physiology of erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes. ATP is released from erythrocytes and platelets, and purinoceptors and ectonucleotidases are expressed by these cells. P1, P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2X1 receptors are expressed on platelets, which mediate platelet aggregation and shape change. Long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides promote migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis, vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty and atherosclerosis. The involvement of purinergic signaling in cardiovascular pathophysiology and its therapeutic potential are discussed, including heart failure, infarction, arrhythmias, syncope, cardiomyopathy, angina, heart transplantation and coronary bypass grafts, coronary artery disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, ischemia, thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- From the Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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9
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Guo ZL, Longhurst JC, Tjen-A-Looi SC, Fu LW. elPBN neurons regulate rVLM activity through elPBN-rVLM projections during activation of cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R410-25. [PMID: 27225950 PMCID: PMC5008663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00127.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The external lateral parabrachial nucleus (elPBN) within the pons and rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM) contributes to central processing of excitatory cardiovascular reflexes during stimulation of cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves (CSAN). However, the importance of elPBN cardiovascular neurons in regulation of rVLM activity during CSAN activation remains unclear. We hypothesized that CSAN stimulation excites the elPBN cardiovascular neurons and, in turn, increases rVLM activity through elPBN-rVLM projections. Compared with controls, in rats subjected to microinjection of retrograde tracer into the rVLM, the numbers of elPBN neurons double-labeled with c-Fos (an immediate early gene) and the tracer were increased after CSAN stimulation (P < 0.05). The majority of these elPBN neurons contain vesicular glutamate transporter 3. In cats, epicardial bradykinin and electrical stimulation of CSAN increased the activity of elPBN cardiovascular neurons, which was attenuated (n = 6, P < 0.05) after blockade of glutamate receptors with iontophoresis of kynurenic acid (Kyn, 25 mM). In separate cats, microinjection of Kyn (1.25 nmol/50 nl) into the elPBN reduced rVLM activity evoked by both bradykinin and electrical stimulation (n = 5, P < 0.05). Excitation of the elPBN with microinjection of dl-homocysteic acid (2 nmol/50 nl) significantly increased basal and CSAN-evoked rVLM activity. However, the enhanced rVLM activity induced by dl-homocysteic acid injected into the elPBN was reversed following iontophoresis of Kyn into the rVLM (n = 7, P < 0.05). These data suggest that cardiac sympathetic afferent stimulation activates cardiovascular neurons in the elPBN and rVLM sequentially through a monosynaptic (glutamatergic) excitatory elPBN-rVLM pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ling Guo
- Department of Medicine and Susan-Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - John C Longhurst
- Department of Medicine and Susan-Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Stephanie C Tjen-A-Looi
- Department of Medicine and Susan-Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Liang-Wu Fu
- Department of Medicine and Susan-Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
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10
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Tu G, Zou L, Liu S, Wu B, Lv Q, Wang S, Xue Y, Zhang C, Yi Z, Zhang X, Li G, Liang S. Long noncoding NONRATT021972 siRNA normalized abnormal sympathetic activity mediated by the upregulation of P2X7 receptor in superior cervical ganglia after myocardial ischemia. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:521-35. [PMID: 27215605 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the upregulation of the P2X7 receptor in cervical sympathetic ganglia was involved in myocardial ischemic (MI) injury. The dysregulated expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participates in the onset and progression of many pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the NONRATT021972 lncRNA on the abnormal changes of cardiac function mediated by the up-regulation of the P2X7 receptor in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) after myocardial ischemia. When the MI rats were treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA, their increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), low-frequency (LF) power, and LF/HF ratio were reduced to normal levels. However, the decreased high-frequency (HF) power was increased. GAP43 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) are markers of nerve sprouting and sympathetic nerve fibers, respectively. We found that the TH/GAP43 value was significantly increased in the MI group. However, it was reduced after the MI rats were treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA. The serum norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) concentrations were decreased in the MI rats that were treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA. Meanwhile, the increased P2X7 mRNA and protein levels and the increased p-ERK1/2 expression in the SCG were also reduced. NONRATT021972 siRNA treatment inhibited the P2X7 agonist BzATP-activated currents in HEK293 cells transfected with pEGFP-P2X7. Our findings suggest that NONRATT021972 siRNA could decrease the upregulation of the P2X7 receptor and improve the abnormal changes in cardiac function after myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Tu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulan Lv
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xue
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Life Science of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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11
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The effects of NONRATT021972 lncRNA siRNA on PC12 neuronal injury mediated by P2X7 receptor after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:479-87. [PMID: 27100355 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) participates in signal transmission by acting on P2X receptors, and the P2X7 receptor is involved in the pathophysiological changes of ischemic injury. The PC12 cell line is a popular model system to study sympathetic neuronal function. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are highly expressed in the nervous system and serve as regulatory RNAs. In this study, the effects of NONRATT021972 lncRNA siRNA on P2X7-mediated PC12 neuronal injury after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were investigated. Our results showed that the viability of PC12 cells cultured with OGD or the P2X7 agonist BzATP was significantly decreased. Treatment with NONRATT021972 siRNA reversed the decreased viability of PC12 cells under OGD conditions. The upregulated P2X7 mRNA and protein levels in PC12 cells under OGD conditions or BzATP treatment were significantly decreased when pretreated with NONRATT021972 siRNA. Moreover, NONRATT021972 siRNA treatment effectively suppressed the increase in [Ca(2+)]i induced by OGD or P2X7 agonists (ATP or BzATP) in PC12 cells. Therefore, treatment with NONRATT021972 siRNA may decrease sympathetic neuronal injury induced by ischemia.
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12
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Zou L, Tu G, Xie W, Wen S, Xie Q, Liu S, Li G, Gao Y, Xu H, Wang S, Xue Y, Wu B, Lv Q, Ying M, Zhang X, Liang S. LncRNA NONRATT021972 involved the pathophysiologic processes mediated by P2X7 receptors in stellate ganglia after myocardial ischemic injury. Purinergic Signal 2015; 12:127-37. [PMID: 26630943 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts on P2X receptors to initiate signal transmission. P2X7 receptors play a role in the pathophysiological process of myocardial ischemic injury. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in numerous biological functions independent of protein translation. LncRNAs are implicated in nervous system diseases. This study investigated the effects of NONRATT021972 small interference RNA (siRNA) on the pathophysiologic processes mediated by P2X7 receptors in stellate ganglia (SG) after myocardial ischemic injury. Our results demonstrated that the expression of NONRATT021972 in SG was significantly higher in the myocardial ischemic (MI) group than in the control group. Treatment of MI rats with NONRATT021972 siRNA, the P2X7 antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG), or P2X7 siRNA improved the histology of injured ischemic cardiac tissues and decreased the elevated concentrations of serum myocardial enzymes, creatine kinase (CK), CK isoform MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) compared to the MI rats. NONRATT021972 siRNA, BBG, or P2X7 siRNA treatment in MI rats decreased the expression levels of P2X7 immunoreactivity, P2X7 messenger RNA (mRNA), and P2X7 protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the SG compared to MI rats. NONRATT021972 siRNA treatment prevented the pathophysiologic processes mediated by P2X7 receptors in the SG after myocardial ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihua Tu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xie
- Undergraduate student of grade 2012, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Wen
- Undergraduate student of grade 2012, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyu Xie
- Undergraduate student of grade 2012, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xue
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulan Lv
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Mofeng Ying
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Ischemia triggered ATP release through Pannexin-1 channel by myocardial cells activates sympathetic fibers. Microvasc Res 2015; 104:32-7. [PMID: 26596404 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is extensively innervated by the autonomic nervous system, and the autonomic modulation including sympathetic innervation is crucial to the function of heart during normal and ischemic conditions. Severe myocardial ischemia could cause acute myocardial infarction, which is one of the leading diseases in the world. Thus studying the sympathetic modulation during ischemia could reduce the probability of myocardial infarction and further heart failure. The neurotransmitter ATP is released by myocardial cells during ischemia; however, the effect of ATP release remains elusive. We examined whether ATP released during ischemia functions as a neurotransmitter that activates sympathetic nerve in the heart. A novel technique of recording the sympathetic fiber calcium imaging in mouse cardiac tissue slices was used. We have applied the Cre/loxP system to specifically express GCaMP3, a genetically encoded calcium indicator, in the sympathetic nerve. Using this technique, we found that ATP released by myocardial cells through Pannexin-1 channel during ischemia could evoke calcium responses in cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers. Our study provides a new approach to study the cell and nerve interaction in the cardiac system, as well as a new understanding of ATP function during ischemia.
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14
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Pauziene N, Alaburda P, Rysevaite-Kyguoliene K, Pauza AG, Inokaitis H, Masaityte A, Rudokaite G, Saburkina I, Plisiene J, Pauza DH. Innervation of the rabbit cardiac ventricles. J Anat 2015; 228:26-46. [PMID: 26510903 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit is widely used in experimental cardiac physiology, but the neuroanatomy of the rabbit heart remains insufficiently examined. This study aimed to ascertain the architecture of the intrinsic nerve plexus in the walls and septum of rabbit cardiac ventricles. In 51 rabbit hearts, a combined approach involving: (i) histochemical acetylcholinesterase staining of intrinsic neural structures in total cardiac ventricles; (ii) immunofluorescent labelling of intrinsic nerves, nerve fibres (NFs) and neuronal somata (NS); and (iii) transmission electron microscopy of intrinsic ventricular nerves and NFs was used. Mediastinal nerves access the ventral and lateral surfaces of both ventricles at a restricted site between the root of the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The dorsal surface of both ventricles is supplied by several epicardial nerves extending from the left dorsal ganglionated nerve subplexus on the dorsal left atrium. Ventral accessing nerves are thicker and more numerous than dorsal nerves. Intrinsic ventricular NS are rare on the conus arteriosus and the root of the pulmonary trunk. The number of ventricular NS ranged from 11 to 220 per heart. Four chemical phenotypes of NS within ventricular ganglia were identified, i.e. ganglionic cells positive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and biphenotypic, i.e. positive for both ChAT/nNOS and for ChAT/tyrosine hydroxylase. Clusters of small intensely fluorescent cells are distributed within or close to ganglia on the root of the pulmonary trunk, but not on the conus arteriosus. The largest and most numerous intrinsic nerves proceed within the epicardium. Scarce nerves were found near myocardial blood vessels, but the myocardium contained only a scarce meshwork of NFs. In the endocardium, large numbers of thin nerves and NFs proceed along the bundle of His and both its branches up to the apex of the ventricles. The endocardial meshwork of fine NFs was approximately eight times denser than the myocardial meshwork. Adrenergic NFs predominate considerably in all layers of the ventricular walls and septum, whereas NFs of other neurochemical phenotypes were in the minority and their amount differed between the epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. The densities of NFs positive for nNOS and ChAT were similar in the epicardium and endocardium, but NFs positive for nNOS in the myocardium were eight times more abundant than NFs positive for ChAT. Potentially sensory NFs positive for both calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P were sparse in the myocardial layer, but numerous in epicardial nerves and particularly abundant within the endocardium. Electron microscopic observations demonstrate that intrinsic ventricular nerves have a distinctive morphology, which may be attributed to remodelling of the peripheral nerves after their access into the ventricular wall. In conclusion, the rabbit ventricles display complex structural organization of intrinsic ventricular nerves, NFs and ganglionic cells. The results provide a basic anatomical background for further functional analysis of the intrinsic nervous system in the cardiac ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Pauziene
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Alaburda
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Audrys G Pauza
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Hermanas Inokaitis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aiste Masaityte
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gabriele Rudokaite
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Inga Saburkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Plisiene
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dainius H Pauza
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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15
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Burnstock G, Pelleg A. Cardiac purinergic signalling in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:1-46. [PMID: 25527177 PMCID: PMC4336308 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is a historical account about purinergic signalling in the heart, for readers to see how ideas and understanding have changed as new experimental results were published. Initially, the focus is on the nervous control of the heart by ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves, as well as in intracardiac neurons. Control of the heart by centers in the brain and vagal cardiovascular reflexes involving purines are also discussed. The actions of adenine nucleotides and nucleosides on cardiomyocytes, atrioventricular and sinoatrial nodes, cardiac fibroblasts, and coronary blood vessels are described. Cardiac release and degradation of ATP are also described. Finally, the involvement of purinergic signalling and its therapeutic potential in cardiac pathophysiology is reviewed, including acute and chronic heart failure, ischemia, infarction, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, syncope, hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, angina, diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as heart transplantation and coronary bypass grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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16
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Zhang J, Liu S, Xu B, Li G, Li G, Huang A, Wu B, Peng L, Song M, Xie Q, Lin W, Xie W, Wen S, Zhang Z, Xu X, Liang S. Study of baicalin on sympathoexcitation induced by myocardial ischemia via P2X3 receptor in superior cervical ganglia. Auton Neurosci 2014; 189:8-15. [PMID: 25554221 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
After the myocardial ischemia, injured myocardial tissues released large quantity of ATP, which activated P2X3 receptor in superior cervical ganglia and made the SCG postganglionic neurons excited. Excitatory of sympathetic postganglionic efferent neurons increased the blood pressure and heart rates, which aggravated the myocardial ischemic injury. Baicalin has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Our study showed that baicalin reduced the incremental concentration of serum CK-MB, cTn-T, epinephrine and ATP, decreased the up-regulated expression levels of P2X3 mRNA and protein in SCG after MI, and then inhibited the sympathetic excitatory activity triggered by MI injury. These results indicated that baicalin acted on P2X3 receptor was involved in the transmission of sympathetic excitation after the myocardial ischemic injury. Baicalin might decrease sympathetic activity via inhibiting P2X3 receptor in rat SCG to protect the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Baohua Xu
- Department of Laboratory Animal, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - An Huang
- Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lichao Peng
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Song
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Qiuyu Xie
- 2012 Grade of Department of Clinical Medicine of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Weijian Lin
- 2012 Grade of Department of Clinical Medicine of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Wei Xie
- 2012 Grade of Department of Clinical Medicine of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shiyao Wen
- 2012 Grade of Department of Clinical Medicine of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Zhedong Zhang
- 2012 Grade of Department of Clinical Medicine of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Information Engineering College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Institute of Life Science of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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17
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Navarrete LC, Barrera NP, Huidobro-Toro JP. Vas deferens neuro-effector junction: from kymographic tracings to structural biology principles. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:8-28. [PMID: 24956963 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vas deferens is a simple bioassay widely used to study the physiology of sympathetic neurotransmission and the pharmacodynamics of adrenergic drugs. The role of ATP as a sympathetic co-transmitter has gained increasing attention and furthered our understanding of its role in sympathetic reflexes. In addition, new information has emerged on the mechanisms underlying the storage and release of ATP. Both noradrenaline and ATP concur to elicit the tissue smooth muscle contractions following sympathetic reflexes or electrical field stimulation of the sympathetic nerve terminals. ATP and adenosine (its metabolic byproduct) are powerful presynaptic regulators of co-transmitter actions. In addition, neuropeptide Y, the third member of the sympathetic triad, is an endogenous modulator. The peptide plus ATP and/or adenosine play a significant role as sympathetic modulators of transmitter's release. This review focuses on the physiological principles that govern sympathetic co-transmitter activity, with special interest in defining the motor role of ATP. In addition, we intended to review the recent structural biology findings related to the topology of the P2X1R based on the crystallized P2X4 receptor from Danio rerio, or the crystallized adenosine A2A receptor as a member of the G protein coupled family of receptors as prototype neuro modulators. This review also covers structural elements of ectonucleotidases, since some members are found in the vas deferens neuro-effector junction. The allosteric principles that apply to purinoceptors are also reviewed highlighting concepts derived from receptor theory at the light of the current available structural elements. Finally, we discuss clinical applications of these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Camilo Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas de Membrana y Señalización, Núcleo Milenio de Biología Estructural, NuBEs, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Nelson P Barrera
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas de Membrana y Señalización, Núcleo Milenio de Biología Estructural, NuBEs, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - J Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Laboratorio de Nucleótidos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile.
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Fan B, Liu S, Xu C, Liu J, Kong F, Li G, Zhang C, Gao Y, Xu H, Yu S, Zheng C, Peng L, Song M, Wu B, Lv Q, Zou L, Ying M, Zhang X, Liang S. The role of P2X7 receptor in PC12 cells after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:36-42. [PMID: 24746144 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays an important role in signal transmission via acting on P2X receptors. P2X7 receptor is involved in pathophysiological changes of ischemic diseases. The PC12 cell line is a popular model system to study sympathetic neuronal function. In this study, the effects of P2X7 on the viability or [Ca(2+)]i in PC12 cells after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were investigated. The results showed that the viability of PC12 cells was decreased under the condition of OGD. BzATP, a P2X7 agonist, decreased the viability, while P2X7 antagonist oxATP or P2X7 siRNA reversed the viability of PC12 cells under the condition of OGD. The expression levels of P2X7 mRNA and protein in PC12 cells were up-regulated under the condition of OGD or BzATP treatment. The expression levels of P2X7 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased in OGD PC12 cells, which were pretreated with oxATP or P2X7 siRNA. It was also found that oxATP or P2X7 siRNA effectively suppressed the increase of [Ca(2+)]i induced by OGD. P2X7 agonist ATP or BzATP enhanced the [Ca(2+)]i rise induced by OGD in PC12 cells. The [Ca(2+)]i peak induced by ATP or BzATP in OGD group was decreased by ERK inhibitor U0126. Therefore, P2X7 antagonists or P2X7 siRNA could depress the sympathetic neuronal damage induced by ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Fanjun Kong
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chaoran Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lichao Peng
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Song
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Qiulan Lv
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Mofeng Ying
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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19
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Liu S, Zhang C, Shi Q, Li G, Song M, Gao Y, Xu C, Xu H, Fan B, Yu S, Zheng C, Zhu Q, Wu B, Peng L, Xiong H, Wu Q, Liang S. Puerarin blocks the signaling transmission mediated by P2X3 in SG and DRG to relieve myocardial ischemic damage. Brain Res Bull 2014; 101:57-63. [PMID: 24447636 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
P2X₃ receptors in stellate ganglia (SG) and cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons are involved in sympathoexcitatory reflex induced by myocardial ischemic damage. Puerarin, a major active ingredient extracted from the traditional Chinese plant medicine Ge-gen, has been widely used in treatment of myocardial and cerebral ischemia. The present study is aimed to observe the effects of puerarin on the signaling transmission mediated by P2X₃ receptor in SG and DRG after myocardial ischemic damage. Our results showed that systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased, and the expression levels of P2X₃ mRNA and protein in SG and DRG were up-regulated after myocardial ischemic damage. Puerarin reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate, relieved pain and decreased up-regulated expression of P2X₃ mRNA and protein in SG and DRG after myocardial ischemia. Puerarin inhibited the up-regulated ATP-activated currents in DRG neurons after myocardial ischemia. Thus, puerarin can relieve myocardial ischemic damage through blocking the P2X₃ signaling transmission and then depressed the aggravated sympathoexcitatory reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Qingming Shi
- Orthopedics Department of Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Song
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chaoran Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Qicheng Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lichao Peng
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Qin Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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20
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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21
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Liu J, Li G, Peng H, Tu G, Kong F, Liu S, Gao Y, Xu H, Qiu S, Fan B, Zhu Q, Yu S, Zheng C, Wu B, Peng L, Song M, Wu Q, Li G, Liang S. Sensory-sympathetic coupling in superior cervical ganglia after myocardial ischemic injury facilitates sympathoexcitatory action via P2X7 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:463-79. [PMID: 23754120 PMCID: PMC3757147 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors participate in cardiovascular regulation and disease. After myocardial ischemic injury, sensory-sympathetic coupling between rat cervical DRG nerves and superior cervical ganglia (SCG) facilitated sympathoexcitatory action via P2X7 receptor. The results showed that after myocardial ischemic injury, the systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum cardiac enzymes, IL-6, and TNF-α were increased, while the levels of P2X7 mRNA and protein in SCG were also upregulated. However, these alterations diminished after treatment of myocardial ischemic (MI) rats with the P2X7 antagonist oxATP. After siRNA P2X7 in MI rats, the systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum cardiac enzymes, the expression levels of the satellite glial cell (SGC) or P2X7 were significantly lower than those in MI group. The phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 in SCG participated in the molecular mechanism of the sympathoexcitatory action induced by the myocardial ischemic injury. Retrograde tracing test revealed the sprouting of CGRP or SP sensory nerves (the markers of sensory afferent fibers) from DRG to SCG neurons. The upregulated P2X7 receptor promoted the activation of SGCs in SCG, resulting in the formation of sensory-sympathetic coupling which facilitated the sympathoexcitatory action. P2X7 antagonist oxATP could inhibit the activation of SGCs and interrupt the formation of sensory-sympathetic coupling in SCG after the myocardial ischemic injury. Our findings may benefit the treatment of coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guilin Li
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Peng
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guihua Tu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanjun Kong
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Qiu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Fan
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qicheng Zhu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoran Zheng
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Wu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lichao Peng
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Song
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wu
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Li
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- />Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
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22
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Tu G, Li G, Peng H, Hu J, Liu J, Kong F, Liu S, Gao Y, Xu C, Xu X, Qiu S, Fan B, Zhu Q, Yu S, Zheng C, Wu B, Peng L, Song M, Wu Q, Liang S. P2X(7) inhibition in stellate ganglia prevents the increased sympathoexcitatory reflex via sensory-sympathetic coupling induced by myocardial ischemic injury. Brain Res Bull 2013; 96:71-85. [PMID: 23688519 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling has been found to participate in the regulation of cardiovascular function. In this study, using a rat myocardial ischemic injury model, the sympathoexcitatory reflex mediated by P2X7 receptor via sensory-sympathetic coupling between cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG) nerves and stellate ganglia (SG) nerves was explored. Our results showed that the systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum cardiac enzymes concentrations, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were increased, and the expression levels of P2X7 mRNA and protein in DRG and SG were up-regulated after myocardial ischemic injury. Administration of brilliant blue G (BBG), a selective P2X7 antagonist, decreased the elevation of systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum cardiac enzyme, IL-6 and TNF-α, and inhibited the up-regulated expression of P2X7 mRNA and protein in DRG and SG after myocardial ischemic injury. Retrograde tracing test showed that there were calcitonin gene-related peptide sensory nerves and substance P sensory nerves sprouting from DRG to SG, which played an important role in the development of myocardial ischemic injury. The up-regulated P2X7 receptor expression levels on the surface membrane of satellite glial cells contributed to the activation of sensory-sympathetic coupling, which in turn facilitated the sympathoexcitatory reflex. BBG can inhibit the activation of satellite glial cells and interrupt the generation of sensory-sympathetic coupling in the cervical sympathetic ganglia after the myocardial ischemic injury. Taken together, these findings may provide a new therapeutic approach for treating coronary heart disease, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Tu
- Department of Physiology, Information Engineering College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, PR China
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Fu LW, Longhurst JC. Functional role of peripheral opioid receptors in the regulation of cardiac spinal afferent nerve activity during myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H76-85. [PMID: 23645463 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00091.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thinly myelinated Aδ-fiber and unmyelinated C-fiber cardiac sympathetic (spinal) sensory nerve fibers are activated during myocardial ischemia to transmit the sensation of angina pectoris. Although recent observations showed that myocardial ischemia increases the concentrations of opioid peptides and that the stimulation of peripheral opioid receptors inhibits chemically induced visceral and somatic nociception, the role of opioids in cardiac spinal afferent signaling during myocardial ischemia has not been studied. The present study tested the hypothesis that peripheral opioid receptors modulate cardiac spinal afferent nerve activity during myocardial ischemia by suppressing the responses of cardiac afferent nerve to ischemic mediators like bradykinin and extracellular ATP. The nerve activity of single unit cardiac afferents was recorded from the left sympathetic chain (T₂-T₅) in anesthetized cats. Forty-three ischemically sensitive afferent nerves (conduction velocity: 0.32-3.90 m/s) with receptive fields in the left and right ventricles were identified. The responses of these afferent nerves to repeat ischemia or ischemic mediators were further studied in the following protocols. First, epicardial administration of naloxone (8 μmol), a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, enhanced the responses of eight cardiac afferent nerves to recurrent myocardial ischemia by 62%, whereas epicardial application of vehicle (PBS) did not alter the responses of seven other cardiac afferent nerves to ischemia. Second, naloxone applied to the epicardial surface facilitated the responses of seven cardiac afferent nerves to epicardial ATP by 76%. Third, administration of naloxone enhanced the responses of seven other afferent nerves to bradykinin by 85%. In contrast, in the absence of naloxone, cardiac afferent nerves consistently responded to repeated application of ATP (n = 7) or bradykinin (n = 7). These data suggest that peripheral opioid peptides suppress the responses of cardiac sympathetic afferent nerves to myocardial ischemia and ischemic mediators like ATP and bradykinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wu Fu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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In pursuit of P2X3 antagonists: novel therapeutics for chronic pain and afferent sensitization. Purinergic Signal 2011; 8:3-26. [PMID: 22095157 PMCID: PMC3265711 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating pain by inhibiting ATP activation of P2X3-containing receptors heralds an exciting new approach to pain management, and Afferent's program marks the vanguard in a new class of drugs poised to explore this approach to meet the significant unmet needs in pain management. P2X3 receptor subunits are expressed predominately and selectively in so-called C- and Aδ-fiber primary afferent neurons in most tissues and organ systems, including skin, joints, and hollow organs, suggesting a high degree of specificity to the pain sensing system in the human body. P2X3 antagonists block the activation of these fibers by ATP and stand to offer an alternative approach to the management of pain and discomfort. In addition, P2X3 is expressed pre-synaptically at central terminals of C-fiber afferent neurons, where ATP further sensitizes transmission of painful signals. As a result of the selectivity of the expression of P2X3, there is a lower likelihood of adverse effects in the brain, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular tissues, effects which remain limiting factors for many existing pain therapeutics. In the periphery, ATP (the factor that triggers P2X3 receptor activation) can be released from various cells as a result of tissue inflammation, injury or stress, as well as visceral organ distension, and stimulate these local nociceptors. The P2X3 receptor rationale has aroused a formidable level of investigation producing many reports that clarify the potential role of ATP as a pain mediator, in chronic sensitized states in particular, and has piqued the interest of pharmaceutical companies. P2X receptor-mediated afferent activation has been implicated in inflammatory, visceral, and neuropathic pain states, as well as in airways hyperreactivity, migraine, itch, and cancer pain. It is well appreciated that oftentimes new mechanisms translate poorly from models into clinical efficacy and effectiveness; however, the breadth of activity seen from P2X3 inhibition in models offers a realistic chance that this novel mechanism to inhibit afferent nerve sensitization may find its place in the sun and bring some merciful relief to the torment of persistent discomfort and pain. The development philosophy at Afferent is to conduct proof of concept patient studies and best identify target patient groups that may benefit from this new intervention.
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Lujan HL, Krishnan S, Dicarlo SE. Cardiac spinal deafferentation reduces the susceptibility to sustained ventricular tachycardia in conscious rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R775-82. [PMID: 21677267 PMCID: PMC3174758 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00140.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The response to myocardial ischemia is complex and involves the cardio-cardiac sympathetic reflex. Specifically, cardiac spinal (sympathetic) afferents are excited by ischemic metabolites and elicit an excitatory sympathetic reflex, which plays a major role in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias. For example, brief myocardial ischemia leads to ATP release, which activates cardiac spinal afferents through stimulation of P2 receptors. Clinical work with patients and preclinical work with animals document that disruption of this reflex protects against ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias. However, the role of afferent signals in the initiation of sustained ventricular tachycardia has not been investigated. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that cardiac spinal deafferentation reduces the susceptibility to sustained ventricular tachycardia in adult (12-15 wk of age), conscious, male Sprague-Dawley rats. To test this hypothesis, the susceptibility to ventricular tachyarrhythmias produced by occlusion of the left main coronary artery was determined in two groups of conscious rats: 1) deafferentation (bilateral excision of the T1-T5 dorsal root ganglia) and 2) control (sham deafferentation). The ventricular arrhythmia threshold (VAT) was defined as the time from coronary occlusion to sustained ventricular tachycardia resulting in a reduction in arterial pressure. Results document a significantly higher VAT in the deafferentation group (7.0 ± 0.7 min) relative to control (4.3 ± 0.3 min) rats. The decreased susceptibility to tachyarrhythmias with deafferentation was associated with a reduced cardiac metabolic demand (lower rate-pressure product and ST segment elevation) during ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Lujan
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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