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Heparanase: A Novel Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203198. [PMID: 36291066 PMCID: PMC9599978 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its management places a huge burden on healthcare systems through hospitalisation and treatment. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall resulting in the formation of lipid-rich, fibrotic plaques under the subendothelium and is a key contributor to the development of CVD. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis is urgently required for more effective disease treatment and prevention strategies. Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme known to cleave heparan sulfate of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which is a key component of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. By cleaving heparan sulfate, heparanase contributes to the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, tumour angiogenesis, and cell migration. Recent evidence suggests a multifactorial role for heparanase in atherosclerosis by promoting underlying inflammatory processes giving rise to plaque formation, as well as regulating lesion stability. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the role of heparanase in physiological and pathological processes with a focus on the emerging role of the enzyme in atherosclerosis.
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Buijsers B, Garishah FM, Riswari SF, van Ast RM, Pramudo SG, Tunjungputri RN, Overheul GJ, van Rij RP, van der Ven A, Alisjahbana B, Gasem MH, de Mast Q, van der Vlag J. Increased Plasma Heparanase Activity and Endothelial Glycocalyx Degradation in Dengue Patients Is Associated With Plasma Leakage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:759570. [PMID: 34987504 PMCID: PMC8722520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.759570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial hyper-permeability with plasma leakage and thrombocytopenia are predominant features of severe dengue virus infection. It is well established that heparanase, the endothelial glycocalyx degrading enzyme, plays a major role in various diseases with vascular leakage. It is yet to be elucidated whether heparanase activity plays a major role in dengue-associated plasma leakage. Moreover, the major source of heparanase secretion and activation in dengue remains elusive. Since a relatively high amount of heparanase is stored in platelets, we postulate that heparanase released by activated platelets contributes to the increased plasma heparanase activity during dengue virus infection. Methods Heparanase activity (plasma and urine), and heparan sulfate and syndecan-1 (plasma levels) were measured in dengue patients with thrombocytopenia in acute phase (n=30), during course of disease (n=10) and in convalescent phase (n=25). Associations with clinical parameters and plasma leakage markers were explored. Platelets from healthy donors were stimulated with dengue non-structural protein-1, DENV2 virus and thrombin to evaluate heparanase release and activity ex vivo. Results Heparanase activity was elevated in acute dengue and normalized during convalescence. Similarly, glycocalyx components, such as heparan sulfate and syndecan-1, were increased in acute dengue and restored during convalescence. Increased heparanase activity correlated with the endothelial dysfunction markers heparan sulfate and syndecan-1, as well as clinical markers of plasma leakage such as ascites, hematocrit concentration and gall-bladder wall thickening. Notably, platelet number inversely correlated with heparanase activity. Ex vivo incubation of platelets with thrombin and live DENV2 virus, but not dengue virus-2-derived non-structural protein 1 induced heparanase release from platelets. Conclusion Taken together, our findings suggest that the increase of heparanase activity in dengue patients is associated with endothelial glycocalyx degradation and plasma leakage. Furthermore, thrombin or DENV2 activated platelets may be considered as a potential source of heparanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baranca Buijsers
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Fadel Muhammad Garishah
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases (CENTRID), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Silvita Fitri Riswari
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease (RC3ID), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rosalie M. van Ast
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Setyo Gundi Pramudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diponegoro National University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, William Booth Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Rahajeng N. Tunjungputri
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases (CENTRID), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Gijs J. Overheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - André van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease (RC3ID), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Hussein Gasem
- Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases (CENTRID), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diponegoro National University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Johan van der Vlag,
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Buijsers B, Yanginlar C, de Nooijer A, Grondman I, Maciej-Hulme ML, Jonkman I, Janssen NAF, Rother N, de Graaf M, Pickkers P, Kox M, Joosten LAB, Nijenhuis T, Netea MG, Hilbrands L, van de Veerdonk FL, Duivenvoorden R, de Mast Q, van der Vlag J. Increased Plasma Heparanase Activity in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575047. [PMID: 33123154 PMCID: PMC7573491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports suggest a role of endothelial dysfunction and loss of endothelial barrier function in COVID-19. It is well established that the endothelial glycocalyx-degrading enzyme heparanase contributes to vascular leakage and inflammation. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) serve as an inhibitor of heparanase. We hypothesize that heparanase contributes to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and that heparanase may be inhibited by LMWH. To test this hypothesis, heparanase activity and heparan sulfate levels were measured in plasma of healthy controls (n = 10) and COVID-19 patients (n = 48). Plasma heparanase activity and heparan sulfate levels were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients. Heparanase activity was associated with disease severity including the need for intensive care, lactate dehydrogenase levels, and creatinine levels. Use of prophylactic LMWH in non-ICU patients was associated with a reduced heparanase activity. Since there is no other clinically applied heparanase inhibitor currently available, therapeutic treatment of COVID-19 patients with low molecular weight heparins should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baranca Buijsers
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cansu Yanginlar
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Aline de Nooijer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Inge Grondman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marissa L. Maciej-Hulme
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Inge Jonkman
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nico A. F. Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nils Rother
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark de Graaf
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Deparment of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luuk Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Sell DR, Nemet I, Liang Z, Monnier VM. Evidence of glucuronidation of the glycation product LW-1: tentative structure and implications for the long-term complications of diabetes. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:177-190. [PMID: 29305779 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
LW-1 is a collagen-linked blue fluorophore whose skin levels increase with age, diabetes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and correlate with the long-term progression of microvascular disease and indices of subclinical cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes. The chemical structure of LW-1 is still elusive, but earlier NMR analyses showed it has a lysine residue in an aromatic ring coupled to a sugar molecule reminiscent of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). We hypothesized and demonstrate here that the unknown sugar is a N-linked glucuronic acid. LW-1 was extracted and highly purified from ~99 g insoluble skin collagen obtained at autopsy from patients with diabetes/ESRD using multiple rounds of proteolytic digestion and purification by liquid chromatography (LC). Advanced NMR techniques (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 1H-13C HSQC, 1H-1H TOCSY, 1H-13C HMBC) together with LC-mass spectrometry (MS) revealed a loss of 176 amu (atomic mass unit) unequivocally point to the presence of a glucuronic acid moiety in LW-1. To confirm this data, LW-1 was incubated with β-glycosidases (glucosidase, galactosidase, glucuronidase) and products were analyzed by LC-MS. Only glucuronidase could cleave the sugar from the parent molecule. These results establish LW-1 as a glucuronide, now named glucuronidine, and for the first time raise the possible existence of a "glucuronidation pathway of diabetic complications". Future research is needed to rigorously probe this concept and elucidate the molecular origin and biological source of a circulating glucuronidine aglycone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Sell
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Bldg. 5-301, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Ina Nemet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Zhili Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Vincent M Monnier
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Wolstein Research Bldg. 5-301, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Kliger E, Kristal B, Shapiro G, Chezar J, Sela S. Primed polymorphonuclear leukocytes from hemodialysis patients enhance monocyte transendothelial migration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H974-H987. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00122.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased counts and priming of peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) are associated with future or ongoing atherosclerosis; however, the role of PMNLs in enhancing monocyte transendothelial migration is still unclear. Our aims were to examine endothelial and monocyte activation, transmigration, and posttransmigration activation induced ex vivo by in vivo primed PMNLs and the effect of antioxidants on the activation. A unique ex vivo coculture system of three cell types was developed in this study, enabling interactions among the following: primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), monocytes (THP-1 cell line), and in vivo primed PMNLs from hemodialysis (HD) patients and healthy control (HC) subjects. The interactions among these cells were examined, and an intervention with superoxide dismutase and catalase was performed. Preexposed HUVECs to HD/HC PMNLs showed a significant monocyte transmigration yield, 120–170% above HCs. Monocyte exposure to HD PMNLs induced pre- and posttransmigration activation. When the three cell types were cocultivated at the same time, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 protein levels released from HUVECs, and activation markers on HUVECs [CD54 and chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1] and monocytes [chemokine (C-X3-C) receptor 1 and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2] were increased. Monocyte transmigration yield decreased to 70% (compared with HC subjects) due to adherence and accumulation of monocytes to HUVECs. When superoxide dismutase and catalase were used, reduced HUVEC and monocyte activation markers brought the transmigration yields to control levels and abolished accumulation of monocytes, emphasizing the role of superoxide in this process. We conclude that peripheral primed PMNLs play a pivotal role in enhancing monocyte transendotelial migration, the hallmark of the atherosclerotic process. Primed PMNLs can be used as a mediator and a biomarker of atherosclerosis even before plaque formation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Primed polymorphonuclear leukocytes are key mediators in monocyte transendothelial migration, a new understanding of the initiation of endothelial dysfunction and monocyte activation, transmigration, and accumulation in the subendothelial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eynav Kliger
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, and Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Safed, Israel
| | - Batya Kristal
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, and Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Safed, Israel
- Nephrology Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel; and
| | - Galina Shapiro
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, and Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Safed, Israel
| | - Judith Chezar
- Hematology Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Shifra Sela
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, and Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Safed, Israel
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Khatib-Massalha E, Michelis R, Trabelcy B, Gerchman Y, Kristal B, Ariel A, Sela S. Free circulating active elastase contributes to chronic inflammation in patients on hemodialysis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 314:F203-F209. [PMID: 29046295 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00070.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications are prevalent among patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD). In this population, peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) are primed, releasing proinflammatory mediators such as elastase. Elastase is normally inhibited by a specific inhibitor, avoiding undesirable degradation of cellular and extracellular components. This study tested the hypothesis that in states of noninfectious inflammation, elastase is released by PMNLs and acts in an uncontrolled manner to inflict vascular damage. Blood was collected from patients undergoing HD and healthy controls (HC). PMNL intracellular and surface expressions of elastase were determined by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. The elastase activity was evaluated using a fluorescent substrate. The levels of serum α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT), the natural elastase inhibitor, were determined by Western blot. Free active elastase was elevated in HD sera, whereas the levels of α1-AT were decreased compared with HC. The levels of the intracellular elastase enzyme and its activity were lower in HD PMNLs despite similar expression levels of elastase mRNA. Elastase binding to PMNL cell surface was higher in HD compared with HC. The increased circulating levels of free active elastase released from primed HD PMNLs together with the higher cell surface-bound enzymes and the lower levels of α1-AT result in the higher elastase activity in HD sera. This exacerbated elastase activity could lead to the endothelial dysfunction, as hypothesized. In addition, it suggests that free circulating elastase can serve as a new biomarker and therapeutic target to reduce inflammation and vascular complications in patients on hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina Michelis
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center , Nahariya , Israel
| | - Beny Trabelcy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa at Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Yoram Gerchman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa at Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Batya Kristal
- Nephrology Department, Galilee Medical Center , Nahariya , Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
| | - Shifra Sela
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center , Nahariya , Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Szymczak M, Kuźniar J, Kopeć W, Żabińska M, Marchewka Z, Kościelska-Kasprzak K, Klinger M. Increased Granulocyte Heparanase Activity in Neutrophils from Patients with Lupus Nephritis and Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:83-91. [PMID: 27091112 PMCID: PMC5274647 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is a β-glucuronidase that cleaves sugar chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. It is believed that heparanase may be involved in the pathogenesis of proteinuria. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of heparanase in the pathogenesis of particular glomerulonephritis types. The evaluation of heparanase activity in serum, urine, and granulocytes and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in granulocytes of patients with lupus nephritis (n = 17), membranous nephropathy (n = 11), IgA nephropathy (n = 12), focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (n = 18), mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (n = 12) and in 19 healthy volunteers were performed. The heparanase activity in granulocytes of patients with lupus nephritis and membranous nephropathy was higher than heparanase activity in granulocytes in the control group (p = 0.02 in both cases). This is the first observation of this phenomenon. There was no difference between SOD activity in granulocytes of patients with all assessed types of glomerulonephritis and the control group. A positive correlation between heparanase activity in urine and double-strain DNA antibodies (r = 0.51; p = 0.04), and reverse correlations between heparanase in urine and hemolytic activity of the complement (r = −0.57; p = 0.03) in the lupus nephritis group, and between heparanase activity in granulocytes and serum total protein level (r = −0.69; p = 0.02) in membranous nephropathy were observed. Increase in heparanase activity without changes in superoxide dismutase activity in the granulocytes from patients with lupus nephritis and membranous nephropathy was observed. It may be used as one of the markers of these disease activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Szymczak
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Kuźniar
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wacław Kopeć
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Żabińska
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Marchewka
- Department of Toxicology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marian Klinger
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Masola V, Zaza G, Onisto M, Lupo A, Gambaro G. Impact of heparanase on renal fibrosis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:181. [PMID: 26040666 PMCID: PMC4467599 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulo-interstitial fibrosis has been recognized as the hallmark of progression of chronic kidney disease, but, despite intensive research studies, there are currently no biomarkers or effective treatments for this condition. In this context, a promising candidate could be heparanase-1 (HPSE), an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate chains and thus takes part in extracellular matrix remodeling. As largely described, it has a central role in the pathogenesis of cancer and inflammation, and it participates in the complex biological machinery involved in the onset of different renal proteinuric diseases (e.g., diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis). Additionally, HPSE may significantly influence the progression of chronic kidney damage trough its major role in the biological pathway of renal fibrogenesis. Here, we briefly summarize data supporting the role of HPSE in renal damage, focusing on recent evidences that demonstrate the capability of this enzyme to modulate the signaling of pro-fibrotic factors such as FGF-2 and TGF-β and consequently to control the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular cells. We also emphasize the need of the research community to undertake studies and clinical trials to assess the potential clinical employment of this enzyme as diagnostic and prognostic tool and/or its role as therapeutic target for new pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, VR, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, VR, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lupo
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, VR, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli Hospital Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
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Morris A, Wang B, Waern I, Venkatasamy R, Page C, Schmidt EP, Wernersson S, Li JP, Spina D. The role of heparanase in pulmonary cell recruitment in response to an allergic but not non-allergic stimulus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127032. [PMID: 26039697 PMCID: PMC4454641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-glucuronidase that specifically cleaves heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. Expression of this enzyme is increased in several pathological conditions including inflammation. We have investigated the role of heparanase in pulmonary inflammation in the context of allergic and non-allergic pulmonary cell recruitment using heparanase knockout (Hpa-/-) mice as a model. Following local delivery of LPS or zymosan, no significant difference was found in the recruitment of neutrophils to the lung between Hpa-/- and wild type (WT) control. Similarly neutrophil recruitment was not inhibited in WT mice treated with a heparanase inhibitor. However, in allergic inflammatory models, Hpa-/- mice displayed a significantly reduced eosinophil (but not neutrophil) recruitment to the airways and this was also associated with a reduction in allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness, indicating that heparanase expression is associated with allergic reactions. This was further demonstrated by pharmacological treatment with a heparanase inhibitor in the WT allergic mice. Examination of lung specimens from patients with different severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) found increased heparanase expression. Thus, it is established that heparanase contributes to allergen-induced eosinophil recruitment to the lung and could provide a novel therapeutic target for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of asthma and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Morris
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Radhakrishnan Venkatasamy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric P. Schmidt
- Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Domenico Spina
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Zaza G, Masola V, Granata S, Pontrelli P, Sallustio F, Gesualdo L, Gambaro G, Grandaliano G, Lupo A. Dialysis-related transcriptomic profiling: the pivotal role of heparanase. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 239:52-64. [PMID: 24189015 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213506678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) represent the leading renal replacement therapies in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although absolutely necessary to ensure patient survival, these treatments are responsible for considerable biological alterations primarily due to the un-physiological contact of blood and tissues with bioincompatible devices or plastificants. Although extensively described, this complex dialysis-related deregulated bio-molecular machinery is still not completely known. Therefore, to select a set of genes deregulated in patients on dialysis treatment and to assess the possible differences between dialysis modalities, we measured the expression level of 132 genes involved in proteoglycans (PGs) biosynthesis/metabolism by microarray in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), biological elements involved in the inflammatory/immune response, from 5 healthy subjects (HS), 9 CKD, 10 PD, and 17 HD patients. We focused on PGs biosynthesis/metabolism pathways because of their involvement in the onset and development of several CKD-related clinical complications. Statistical analysis/bioinformatics identified 70 genes discriminating HD/PD patients from HS/CKD subjects (P < 0.009, FDR < 5%). Twenty-five genes were up-regulated (e.g. HPSE, VCAN, and VEGFA) and 45 down-regulated (e.g. IDS and HEXA) in PD/HD compared to HS/CKD. Gene expression and plasma activity of Heparanase (HPSE), one of the top selected up-regulated genes in PD/HD, validated microarray results. In addition, for the second part of the study, HPSE plasmatic activities were first assessed in an independent testing-group (7 HS, 10 CKD, 17 PD, and 11 HD), and then correlated with high-sensitive C reactive protein (HS-CRP) measurements. HPSE activity was higher in PD and HD versus CKD/HS and it correlated with HS-CRP levels (R (2 )= 0.37, P = 0.007). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PBMCs showed a significant up-regulation of HPSE mRNA level (P = 0.04). Our results revealed that dialysis treatments induce change in the transcriptomic pattern of biosynthetic proteoglycans in PBMCs with an up-regulation of HPSE. Our selected genes could be useful in the future as potential biomarkers and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona 37126, Italy
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11
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Vlahu CA, Lemkes BA, Struijk DG, Koopman MG, Krediet RT, Vink H. Damage of the endothelial glycocalyx in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1900-8. [PMID: 23085635 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011121181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the endothelial glycocalyx, which helps maintain vascular homeostasis, heightens the sensitivity of the vasculature to atherogenic stimuli. Patients with renal failure have endothelial dysfunction and increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the state of the endothelial glycocalyx in these patients is unknown. Here, we used Sidestream Darkfield imaging to detect changes in glycocalyx dimension in dialysis patients and healthy controls from in vivo recordings of the sublingual microcirculation. Dialysis patients had increased perfused boundary region and perfused diameters, consistent with deeper penetration of erythrocytes into glycocalyx, indicating a loss of glycocalyx barrier properties. These patients also had higher serum levels of the glycocalyx constituents hyaluronan and syndecan-1 and increased hyaluronidase activity, suggesting the shedding of these components. Loss of residual renal function had no influence on the imaging parameters but did associate with greater shedding of hyaluronan in blood. Furthermore, patients with higher levels of inflammation had more significant damage to the glycocalyx barrier. In conclusion, these data suggest that dialysis patients have an impaired glycocalyx barrier and shed its constituents into blood, likely contributing to the sustained endothelial cell activation observed in ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Vlahu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, A01-132, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Rao G, Ding HG, Huang W, Le D, Maxhimer JB, Oosterhof A, van Kuppevelt T, Lum H, Lewis EJ, Reddy V, Prinz RA, Xu X. Reactive oxygen species mediate high glucose-induced heparanase-1 production and heparan sulphate proteoglycan degradation in human and rat endothelial cells: a potential role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1527-38. [PMID: 21424539 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The content of heparan sulphate is reduced in the endothelium under hyperglycaemic conditions and may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Heparanase-1 (HPR1) specifically degrades heparan sulphate proteoglycans. We therefore sought to determine whether: (1) heparan sulphate reduction in endothelial cells is due to increased HPR1 production through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; and (2) HPR1 production is increased in vivo in endothelial cells under hyperglycaemic and/or atherosclerotic conditions. METHODS HPR1 mRNA and protein levels in endothelial cells were analysed by RT-PCR and Western blot or HPR1 enzymatic activity assay, respectively. Cell surface heparan sulphate levels were analysed by FACS. HPR1 in the artery from control rats and a rat model of diabetes, and from patients under hyperglycaemic and/or atherosclerotic conditions was immunohistochemically examined. RESULTS High-glucose-induced HPR1 production and heparan sulphate degradation in three human endothelial cell lines, both of which were blocked by ROS scavengers, glutathione and N-acetylcysteine. Exogenous H(2)O(2) induced HPR1 production, subsequently leading to decreased cell surface heparan sulphate levels. HPR1 content was significantly increased in endothelial cells in the arterial walls of a rat model of diabetes. Clinical studies revealed that HPR1 production was increased in endothelial cells under hyperglycaemic conditions, and in endothelial cells and macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Hyperglycaemia induces HPR1 production and heparan sulphate degradation in endothelial cells through ROS. HPR1 production is increased in endothelial cells from a rat model of diabetes, and in macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesions of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Increased HPR1 production may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rao
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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13
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Shafat I, Ilan N, Zoabi S, Vlodavsky I, Nakhoul F. Heparanase levels are elevated in the urine and plasma of type 2 diabetes patients and associate with blood glucose levels. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17312. [PMID: 21364956 PMCID: PMC3043098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that specifically cleaves heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Utilizing an ELISA method capable of detection and quantification of heparanase, we examined heparanase levels in the plasma and urine of a cohort of 29 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 14 T2DM patients who underwent kidney transplantation, and 47 healthy volunteers. We provide evidence that heparanase levels in the urine of T2DM patients are markedly elevated compared to healthy controls (1162 ± 181 vs. 156 ± 29.6 pg/ml for T2DM and healthy controls, respectively), increase that is statistically highly significant (P<0.0001). Notably, heparanase levels were appreciably decreased in the urine of T2DM patients who underwent kidney transplantation, albeit remained still higher than healthy individuals (P<0.0001). Increased heparanase levels were also found in the plasma of T2DM patients. Importantly, urine heparanase was associated with elevated blood glucose levels, implying that glucose mediates heparanase upregulation and secretion into the urine and blood. Utilizing an in vitro system, we show that insulin stimulates heparanase secretion by kidney 293 cells, and even higher secretion is observed when insulin is added to cells maintained under high glucose conditions. These results provide evidence for a significant involvement of heparanase in diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Shafat
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samih Zoabi
- Clinical Transplantation Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Farid Nakhoul
- Department of Nephrology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Baker AB, Chatzizisis YS, Beigel R, Jonas M, Stone BV, Coskun AU, Maynard C, Rogers C, Koskinas KC, Feldman CL, Stone PH, Edelman ER. Regulation of heparanase expression in coronary artery disease in diabetic, hyperlipidemic swine. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:436-42. [PMID: 20950809 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix is known to be powerful regulator of atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the enzymatic regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) during the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Swine were rendered diabetic through streptozotocin injection and hyperlipidemic through a high fat diet. Arterial remodeling and local endothelial shear stress (ESS) were assessed using intravascular ultrasound, coronary angiography and computational fluid dynamics at weeks 23 and 30. Coronary arteries were harvested and 142 arterial subsegments were analyzed using histomorphologic staining, immunostaining and real time PCR. Heparanase staining and activity was increased in arterial segments with low ESS, in lesions with thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) morphology and in lesions with severely degraded internal elastic laminae. In addition, heparanase staining co-localized with staining for CD45 and MMP-2 within atherosclerotic plaques. Dual staining with gelatinase zymography and heparanase immunohistochemical staining demonstrated co-localization of matrix metalloprotease activity with heparanase staining. A heparanase enzymatic activity assay demonstrated increased activity in TCFA lesions, subsegments with low ESS and in macrophages treated with oxidized LDL or angiotensin II. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results support a critical role for heparanase in the development of vulnerable plaques and suggest a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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15
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Baetta R, Corsini A. Role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in atherosclerosis: current state and future perspectives. Atherosclerosis 2009; 210:1-13. [PMID: 19931081 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the long-standing and widely accepted belief that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are of marginal relevance in atherosclerosis, evidence revealing a previously unappreciated role of PMN in the process of atherosclerosis is being accumulating. Systemic inflammation involving activated PMN is clearly associated with unstable conditions of coronary artery disease and an increased number of circulating neutrophils is a well-known risk indicator of future cardiovascular outcomes. Furthermore, PMN are activated in a number of clinical conditions associated with high risk of developing atherosclerosis and are detectable into culprit lesions of patients with coronary artery disease. At present, pharmacological interventions aimed at blocking neutrophil emigration from the blood into the arterial wall and/or inhibiting neutrophil-mediated inflammatory functions are not an option for treating atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence suggest that part of the atheroprotective effects of statins as well as HDL and HDL apolipoproteins may be related to their ability to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in the arterial wall. These hypotheses are not definitely established and warrant for further study. This Review describes the evidence suggesting that PMN may have a causative role in atherogenesis and atheroprogression and discusses the potential importance of modulating neutrophilic inflammation as part of a novel, improved strategy for preventing and treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Baetta
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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16
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Ostrovsky O, Korostishevsky M, Shafat I, Mayorov M, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Nagler A. Inverse correlation between HPSE gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and heparanase expression: possibility of multiple levels of heparanase regulation. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:445-55. [PMID: 19406828 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1208735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-beta-glucuronidase that specifically cleaves the saccharide chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Heparanase plays important roles in processes such as angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, tissue repair and remodeling, inflammation and autoimmunity. Genetic variations of the heparanase gene (HPSE) have been associated with heparanase transcription level. The present study was undertaken to identify haplotype or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotype combinations that correlate with heparanase expression both at the mRNA and protein levels. For this purpose, 11 HPSE gene SNPs were genotyped among 108 healthy individuals. Five out of the eleven polymorphisms revealed an association between the SNPs and heparanase expression. SNP rs4693608 exhibited a strong evidence of association. Analysis of haplotypes distribution revealed that the combination of two SNPs (rs4693608 and rs4364254) disclosed the most significant result. This approach allowed segregation of possible genotype combinations to three groups that correlate with low (LR: GG-CC, GG-CT, GG-TT, GA-CC), intermediate (MR: GA-CT, GA-TT) and high (HR: AA-TT, AA-CT) heparanase expression. Unexpectedly, LR genotype combinations were associated with low mRNA expressions level and high heparanase concentration in plasma, while HR genotype combinations were associated with high expression of mRNA and low plasma protein level. Because the main site of activity of secreted active heparanase is the extracellular matrix and cell surface, the origin and functional significance of plasma heparanase remain to be investigated. The current study indicates that rs4693608 and rs4364254 SNPs are involved in the regulation of heparanase expression and provides the basis for further studies on the association between HPSE gene SNPs and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ostrovsky
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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