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Pace E, Di Vincenzo S, Ferraro M, Lanata L, Scaglione F. Role of airway epithelium in viral respiratory infections: Can carbocysteine prevent or mitigate them? Immunology 2024; 172:329-342. [PMID: 38354831 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in airway epithelial homeostasis increase viral respiratory infections risk. Viral infections frequently are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations, events that dramatically promote disease progression. Mechanism promoting the main respiratory viruses entry and virus-evocated innate and adaptive immune responses have now been elucidated, and an oxidative stress central role in these pathogenic processes has been recognized. Presence of reactive oxygen species in macrophages and other cells allows them to eliminate virus, but its excess alters the balance between innate and adaptive immune responses and proteases/anti-proteases and leads to uncontrolled inflammation, tissue damage, and hypercoagulability. Different upper and lower airway cell types also play a role in viral entry and infection. Carbocysteine is a muco-active drug with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties used for the management of several chronic respiratory diseases. Although the use of anti-oxidants has been proposed as an effective strategy in COPD exacerbations management, the molecular mechanisms that explain carbocysteine efficacy have not yet been fully clarified. The present review describes the most relevant features of the common respiratory virus pathophysiology with a focus on epithelial cells and oxidative stress role and reports data supporting a putative role of carbocysteine in viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pace
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Ferraro
- Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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2
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Alwani S, Wasan EK, Badea I. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals: A Review of Opportunities, Challenges, and Delivery Applications. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3084-3102. [PMID: 38828798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals such as nucleic acids, proteins, and peptides constitute a new array of treatment modalities for chronic ailments. Invasive routes remain the mainstay of administering biopharmaceuticals due to their labile nature in the biological environment. However, it is not preferred for long-term therapy due to the lack of patient adherence and clinical suitability. Therefore, alternative routes of administration are sought to utilize novel biopharmaceutical therapies to their utmost potential. Nanoparticle-mediated pulmonary delivery of biologics can facilitate both local and systemic disorders. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) afford many opportunities as pulmonary carriers due to their physicochemical stability and ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties, thus allowing novel combinatorial drug/gene therapies. These applications include pulmonary infections, lung cancer, and cystic fibrosis, while systemic delivery of biomolecules, like insulin, is also attractive for the treatment of chronic ailments. This Review explores physiological and particle-associated factors affecting pulmonary delivery of biopharmaceuticals. It compares the advantages and limitations of SLNs as pulmonary nanocarriers along with design improvements underway to overcome these limitations. Current research illustrating various SLN designs to deliver proteins, peptides, plasmids, oligonucleotides, siRNA, and mRNA is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Alwani
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, S7N 5E5 Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ellen K Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, S7N 5E5 Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ildiko Badea
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, S7N 5E5 Saskatchewan, Canada
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3
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Naidu AS, Wang CK, Rao P, Mancini F, Clemens RA, Wirakartakusumah A, Chiu HF, Yen CH, Porretta S, Mathai I, Naidu SAG. Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:19. [PMID: 38555403 PMCID: PMC10981760 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Satyanarayan Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA.
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA.
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing City, Fujian, China
| | - Fabrizio Mancini
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President-Emeritus, Parker University, 2540 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX, 75229, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy/D. K. Kim International Center for Regulatory & Quality Sciences, 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aman Wirakartakusumah
- International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Guelph, ON, Canada
- IPMI International Business School Jakarta; South East Asian Food and Agriculture Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health & Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastiano Porretta
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President, Italian Association of Food Technology (AITA), Milan, Italy
- Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Department of Consumer Science, Viale Tanara 31/a, I-43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Issac Mathai
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- Soukya International Holistic Health Center, Whitefield, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreus A G Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA
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Tayanloo-Beik A, Kokabi Hamidpour S, Chaharbor M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Arjmand R, Adibi H, Ojagh H, Larijani B, Arjmand B. The wonders of stem cells therapeutic application towards chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2023; 83:102269. [PMID: 37967760 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2023.102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory condition characterized by its heterogeneous nature, progressive course, and significant impact on individuals' quality of life. It is a prevalent global health issue affecting a substantial number of individuals and can pose life-threatening complications if left unmanaged. The development and course of COPD can be influenced by a range of risk factors, including genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. Nevertheless, as researchers adopt a more comprehensive and expansive viewpoint of therapeutic techniques, the associated obstacles become more apparent. Indeed, a definitive medication for COPD that reliably leads to symptom alleviation has not yet been discovered. Therefore, the limitations of conventional therapy methods prompted researchers to focus on the advancement of novel procedures, potentially leading to significant outcomes. In contemporary times, the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy has presented unprecedented opportunities for the exploration of innovative treatments for COPD, owing to the distinctive attributes exhibited by stem cells. Hence, it is imperative to provide due consideration to preclinical investigations and notable characteristics of stem cells as they serve as a means to comprehensively comprehend the fundamental mechanisms of COPD and uncover novel therapeutic strategies with enhanced efficacy for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Tayanloo-Beik
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohaddese Chaharbor
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Rasta Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Adibi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Ojagh
- Student Research Committee of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lushington GH, Linde A, Melgarejo T. Bacterial Proteases as Potentially Exploitable Modulators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Logic from the Literature, Informatics, and Inspiration from the Dog. BIOTECH 2023; 12:61. [PMID: 37987478 PMCID: PMC10660736 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic left many intriguing mysteries. Retrospective vulnerability trends tie as strongly to odd demographics as to exposure profiles, genetics, health, or prior medical history. This article documents the importance of nasal microbiome profiles in distinguishing infection rate trends among differentially affected subgroups. (2) Hypothesis: From a detailed literature survey, microbiome profiling experiments, bioinformatics, and molecular simulations, we propose that specific commensal bacterial species in the Pseudomonadales genus confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections by expressing proteases that may interfere with the proteolytic priming of the Spike protein. (3) Evidence: Various reports have found elevated Moraxella fractions in the nasal microbiomes of subpopulations with higher resistance to COVID-19 (e.g., adolescents, COVID-19-resistant children, people with strong dietary diversity, and omnivorous canines) and less abundant ones in vulnerable subsets (the elderly, people with narrower diets, carnivorous cats and foxes), along with bioinformatic evidence that Moraxella bacteria express proteases with notable homology to human TMPRSS2. Simulations suggest that these proteases may proteolyze the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a manner that interferes with TMPRSS2 priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Linde
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Tonatiuh Melgarejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
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Kusampudi S, Meganathan V, Keshava S, Boggaram V. Purification and characterization of a serine protease from organic dust and elucidation of its inductive effects on lung inflammatory mediators. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L74-L90. [PMID: 37253661 PMCID: PMC10390052 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00309.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic dust inhalation is associated with the development of respiratory diseases. Serine protease activities in organic dusts were previously reported to contribute to the induction of lung inflammatory mediators however, the identities of the proteases and the mechanisms by which they induce inflammatory mediators are unknown. The goal of this study was to purify and characterize serine protease(s) from organic dust and elucidate mechanisms by which they induce lung inflammatory mediators. A serine protease was purified from poultry organic dust by benzamidine-agarose affinity chromatography. Mass spectrometry and amino-terminal sequence analysis identified the purified protease as chicken trypsin II-P29. Purified protease induced proinflammatory cytokine levels in Beas2B and NHBE epithelial and THP-1 macrophage cells. Treatment with the purified protease increased cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Induction of inflammatory mediators and ROS were suppressed by serine protease inhibitors and antioxidants. Purified protease activated protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)1/3 and MAPK14 signaling, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat-3), and chemical inhibitors targeting these pathways suppressed induction of inflammatory mediators. Calcium mobilization studies showed that the purified protease activated protease-activated receptors (PAR) F2R, F2RL1, F2RL2, F2RL3, and F2R and F2RL1 knockdown suppressed the induction of inflammatory mediators. Intranasal instillation of purified protease increased lung chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)1, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in mice. Our studies have shown that chicken trypsin is a proinflammatory constituent of poultry organic dust, and induces lung inflammatory mediators via increased ROS and PAR activation in a cell signaling pathway involving PKC, MAPK1/3 and MAPK14, and NF-κB and Stat-3.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Inhalation of dust in industrial agricultural operations is linked to the development of lung diseases. Our studies have isolated for the first time a trypsin protease from poultry farm dust and have shown that it stimulates lung inflammation. The protease stimulates the production of oxidants and cell signaling pathways to increase inflammatory mediator production. Targeting trypsin protease in poultry farm environment may be a useful strategy to counter the harmful effects of dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Kusampudi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Velmurugan Meganathan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Shiva Keshava
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Vijay Boggaram
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
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7
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Cui J, Zhang C, Liu H, Yang L, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Yan X. Pulmonary Delivery of Recombinant Human Bleomycin Hydrolase Using Mannose-Modified Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 for Preventing Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11520-11535. [PMID: 36808971 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bleomycins (BLMs) are widely used in clinics as antitumor agents. However, BLM-based chemotherapies often accompany severe pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Human bleomycin hydrolase is a cysteine protease that can convert BLMs into inactive deamido-BLMs. In this study, mannose-modified hierarchically porous UiO-66 (MHP-UiO-66) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to encapsulate the recombinant human bleomycin hydrolase (rhBLMH). When rhBLMH@MHP-UiO-66 was intratracheally instilled into the lungs, the NPs were transported into the epithelial cells, and rhBLMH prevented the lungs from PF during BLM-based chemotherapies. Encapsulation of rhBLMH in the MHP-UiO-66 NPs protects the enzyme from proteolysis in physiological conditions and enhances cellular uptake. In addition, the MHP-UiO-66 NPs significantly enhance the pulmonary accumulation of intratracheally instilled rhBLMH, thus providing more efficient protection of the lungs against BLMs during the chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations (Tianjin), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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How the Competition for Cysteine May Promote Infection of SARS-CoV-2 by Triggering Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020483. [PMID: 36830041 PMCID: PMC9952211 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induces a broad range of clinical manifestations. Besides the main receptor, ACE2, other putative receptors and co-receptors have been described and could become genuinely relevant to explain the different tropism manifested by new variants. In this study, we propose a biochemical model envisaging the competition for cysteine as a key mechanism promoting the infection and the selection of host receptors. The SARS-CoV-2 infection produces ROS and triggers a massive biosynthesis of proteins rich in cysteine; if this amino acid becomes limiting, glutathione levels are depleted and cannot control oxidative stress. Hence, infection succeeds. A receptor should be recognized as a marker of suitable intracellular conditions, namely the full availability of amino acids except for low cysteine. First, we carried out a comparative investigation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and human ACE2. Then, using hierarchical cluster protein analysis, we searched for similarities between all human proteins and spike produced by the latest variant, Omicron BA.1. We found 32 human proteins very close to spike in terms of amino acid content. Most of these potential SARS-CoV-2 receptors have less cysteine than spike. We suggest that these proteins could signal an intracellular shortage of cysteine, predicting a burst of oxidative stress when used as viral entry mediators.
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Park MJ, Won JH, Kim DK. Thrombin Induced Apoptosis through Calcium-Mediated Activation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2 in Intestinal Myofibroblasts. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:59-67. [PMID: 36052603 PMCID: PMC9810453 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a serine protease that participates in a variety of biological signaling through protease-activated receptors. Intestinal myofibroblasts play central roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. In this study, we found that thrombin-induced apoptosis is mediated by the calcium-mediated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in the CCD-18Co cell. Thrombin reduced cell viability by inducing apoptosis and proteinase-activated receptor-1 antagonist attenuated thrombin-induced cell death. Endogenous ceramide did not affect the cell viability itself, but a ceramide-mediated pathway was involved in thrombin-induced cell death. Thrombin increased intracellular calcium levels and cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity. The ceramide synthase inhibitor Fumonisin B1, intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, and cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor AACOCF3 inhibited thrombin-induced cell death. Thrombin stimulated arachidonic acid release and reactive oxygen species generation, which was blocked by AACOCF3, BAPTA-AM, and the antioxidant reagent Trolox. Taken together, thrombin triggered apoptosis through calcium-mediated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in intestinal myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ja Park
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Won
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kyong Kim
- Department of Environmental & Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author E-mail: , Tel: +82-31-724-2611, Fax: +82-31-724-2612
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10
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Jiang Y, Wingert N, Arif A, Garcia-Käufer M, Schulz SD, Hellwig E, Gminski R, Polydorou O. Cytotoxic and inflammatory response of human lung epithelial cells A549 to particles released from dental restorative materials during dry and wet grinding. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1886-1899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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du Preez HN, Aldous C, Kruger HG, Johnson L. N-Acetylcysteine and Other Sulfur-Donors as a Preventative and Adjunct Therapy for COVID-19. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:4555490. [PMID: 35992575 PMCID: PMC9385285 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4555490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelial glycocalyx plays an important role in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 entry into the epithelial cells, while the endothelial glycocalyx contributes to vascular permeability and tone, as well as modulating immune, inflammatory, and coagulation responses. With ample evidence in the scientific literature that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is related to epithelial and endothelial dysfunction, preserving the glycocalyx should be the main focus of any COVID-19 treatment protocol. The most studied functional unit of the glycocalyx is the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, where the degree and position of the sulfate groups determine the biological activity. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and other sulfur donors contribute to the inorganic sulfate pool, the rate-limiting molecule in sulfation. NAC is not only a precursor to glutathione but also converts to hydrogen sulfide, inorganic sulfate, taurine, Coenzyme A, and albumin. By optimising inorganic sulfate availability, and therefore sulfation, it is proposed that COVID-19 can be prevented or at least most of the symptoms attenuated. A comprehensive COVID-19 treatment protocol is needed to preserve the glycocalyx in both the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The use of NAC at a dosage of 600 mg bid for the prevention of COVID-19 is proposed, but a higher dosage of NAC (1200 mg bid) should be administered upon the first onset of symptoms. In the severe to critically ill, it is advised that IV NAC should be administered immediately upon hospital admission, and in the late stage of the disease, IV sodium thiosulfate should be considered. Doxycycline as a protease inhibitor will prevent shedding and further degradation of the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N du Preez
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lin Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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12
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Sun R, Xu Z, Zhu C, Chen T, Muñoz LE, Dai L, Zhao Y. Alpha-1 antitrypsin in autoimmune diseases: Roles and therapeutic prospects. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109001. [PMID: 35803133 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) is a protease inhibitor in the serum. Its primary function is to inhibit the activity of a series of proteases, including proteinase 3, neutrophil elastase, metalloproteases, and cysteine-aspartate proteases. In addition, A1AT also has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial activities and plays essential roles in the regulation of tissue repair and lymphocyte differentiation and activation. The overactivation of the immune system characterizes the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. A1AT treatment shows beneficial effects on patients and animal models with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. This review summarizes the functions and therapeutic prospects of A1AT in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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13
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, is a complex disease with a wide range of symptoms from asymptomatic infections to severe acute respiratory syndrome with lethal outcome. Individual factors such as age, sex, and comorbidities increase the risk for severe infections, but other aspects, such as genetic variations, are also likely to affect the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity. Here, we used a human 3D lung cell model based on primary cells derived from multiple donors to identity host factors that regulate SARS-CoV-2 infection. With a transcriptomics-based approach, we found that less susceptible donors show a higher expression level of serine protease inhibitors SERPINA1, SERPINE1, and SERPINE2, identifying variation in cellular serpin levels as restricting host factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We pinpoint their antiviral mechanism of action to inhibition of the cellular serine protease, TMPRSS2, thereby preventing cleavage of the viral spike protein and TMPRSS2-mediated entry into the target cells. By means of single-cell RNA sequencing, we further locate the expression of the individual serpins to basal, ciliated, club, and goblet cells. Our results add to the importance of genetic variations as determinants for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and suggest that genetic deficiencies of cellular serpins might represent risk factors for severe COVID-19. Our study further highlights TMPRSS2 as a promising target for antiviral intervention and opens the door for the usage of locally administered serpins as a treatment against COVID-19. IMPORTANCE Identification of host factors affecting individual SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility will provide a better understanding of the large variations in disease severity and will identify potential factors that can be used, or targeted, in antiviral drug development. With the use of an advanced lung cell model established from several human donors, we identified cellular protease inhibitors, serpins, as host factors that restrict SARS-CoV-2 infection. The antiviral mechanism was found to be mediated by the inhibition of a serine protease, TMPRSS2, which results in a blockage of viral entry into target cells. Potential treatments with these serpins would not only reduce the overall viral burden in the patients, but also block the infection at an early time point, reducing the risk for the hyperactive immune response common in patients with severe COVID-19.
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14
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Albaladejo-Riad N, Espinosa Ruiz C, Esteban MÁ. Dietary administration of silk microparticles improves the epidermal and dermal regeneration after a skin wounding in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:92-106. [PMID: 35378308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of dietary supplementation with silk fibroin (SF) microparticles on the wound healing process in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) skin was studied. A control diet was enriched with different SF levels: 0 (control), 50 (SF50 diet), and 100 (SF100 diet) mg Kg-1 to form three experimental diets and was fed to seabream for 30 days. Experimental wounds were performed and after 7 days post-wounding (dpw) skin mucus immunity, macroscopic wound closure, and skin regeneration were studied at a microscopic and genetic level. Results indicated that fish fed SF100 did not suffer the decreases in protease and IgM levels observed in the skin mucus of wounded fish fed with the control diet. Macroscopic findings illustrated that dietary SF100 significantly improved the wound closure ratio compared to those reared in the control group. At a microscopic level, changes in the shape of keratocyte cells were evident in the wounded fish. In addition, the intercellular spaces present between epidermal cells and their proliferation in the epidermis, as well as the presence of blood vessels in the dermis were significantly statistically higher in the skin of fish fed the SF100 diet and sampled at 7 dpw compared to those observed in the skin of fish fed the control or SF50 diets. Moreover, regarding the RNA: DNA ratio, statistically significant increases and decreases were observed in fish fed the control and SF100 diet, respectively, in non-wounded and wounded fish. Interestingly, dietary SF100 supplementation improved skin cell proliferation, enhanced the inflammatory phase, and increased the expression of important genes involved in tissue repair and extracellular matrix formation. In conclusion, the SF100 diet can be considered as an appropriate feed additive to improve wound healing in gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Albaladejo-Riad
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa Ruiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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15
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Goel K, Serban KA. The multifaceted protease-anti-protease imbalance in COVID-19. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103973. [PMID: 35339893 PMCID: PMC8947327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Goel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, 1400 Jackson St, K825, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Karina A Serban
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, 1400 Jackson St, K825, CO, 80206, USA.
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16
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Prescott L. SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro whole human proteome cleavage prediction and enrichment/depletion analysis. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 98:107671. [PMID: 35429835 PMCID: PMC8958254 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has devastated the globe as a pandemic that has killed millions of people. Widespread vaccination is still uncertain, so many scientific efforts have been directed toward discovering antiviral treatments. Many drugs are being investigated to inhibit the coronavirus main protease, 3CLpro, from cleaving its viral polyprotein, but few publications have addressed this protease’s interactions with the host proteome or their probable contribution to virulence. Too few host protein cleavages have been experimentally verified to fully understand 3CLpro’s global effects on relevant cellular pathways and tissues. Here, I set out to determine this protease’s targets and corresponding potential drug targets. Using a neural network trained on cleavages from 392 coronavirus proteomes with a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.985, I predict that a large proportion of the human proteome is vulnerable to 3CLpro, with 4898 out of approximately 20,000 human proteins containing at least one putative cleavage site. These cleavages are nonrandomly distributed and are enriched in the epithelium along the respiratory tract, brain, testis, plasma, and immune tissues and depleted in olfactory and gustatory receptors despite the prevalence of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients. Affected cellular pathways include cytoskeleton/motor/cell adhesion proteins, nuclear condensation and other epigenetics, host transcription and RNAi, ribosomal stoichiometry and nascent-chain detection and degradation, ubiquitination, pattern recognition receptors, coagulation, lipoproteins, redox, and apoptosis. This whole proteome cleavage prediction demonstrates the importance of 3CLpro in expected and nontrivial pathways affecting virulence, lead me to propose more than a dozen potential therapeutic targets against coronaviruses, and should therefore be applied to all viral proteases and subsequently experimentally verified.
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17
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Wang D, Li C, Chiu MC, Yu Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Huang J, Cheng Z, Yuan S, Poon V, Cai J, Chu H, Chan JF, To KK, Yuen KY, Zhou J. SPINK6 inhibits human airway serine proteases and restricts influenza virus activation. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14485. [PMID: 34826211 PMCID: PMC9976594 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
SPINK6 was identified in human skin as a cellular inhibitor of serine proteases of the KLK family. Airway serine proteases are required to cleave hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses (IAVs) to initiate an infection in the human airway. We hypothesized that SPINK6 may inhibit common airway serine proteases and restrict IAV activation. We demonstrate that SPINK6 specifically suppresses the proteolytic activity of HAT and KLK5, HAT- and KLK5-mediated HA cleavage, and restricts virus maturation and replication. SPINK6 constrains the activation of progeny virions and impairs viral growth; and vice versa, blocking endogenous SPINK6 enhances HA cleavage and viral growth in physiological-relevant human airway organoids where SPINK6 is intrinsically expressed. In IAV-infected mice, SPINK6 significantly suppresses viral growth and improves mouse survival. Notably, individuals carrying the higher SPINK6 expression allele were protected from human H7N9 infection. Collectively, SPINK6 is a novel host inhibitor of serine proteases in the human airway and restricts IAV activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Cun Li
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Man Chun Chiu
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yifei Yu
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Zhongshan Cheng
- Applied Bioinformatics CenterSt Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Vincent Poon
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jian‐Piao Cai
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jasper Fuk‐Woo Chan
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,Carol Yu Centre for InfectionThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Kelvin Kai‐Wang To
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,Carol Yu Centre for InfectionThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Kwok Yung Yuen
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,Carol Yu Centre for InfectionThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of MicrobiologyLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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18
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Advancements in Particle Engineering for Inhalation Delivery of Small Molecules and Biotherapeutics. Pharm Res 2022; 39:3047-3061. [PMID: 36071354 PMCID: PMC9451127 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalation formulations have become increasingly popular for local and systemic delivery of small molecules and biotherapeutics. Powder formulations provide distinct advantages over liquid formulations such as elimination of cold chain due to room temperature stability, improved portability, and the potential for increasing patient adherence. To become a viable product, it is essential to develop formulations that are stable (physically, chemically and/or biologically) and inhalable over the shelf-life. Physical particulate properties such as particle size, morphology and density, as well as chemical properties can significantly impact aerosol performance of the powder. This review will cover these critical attributes that can be engineered to enhance the dispersibility of inhalation powder formulations. Challenges in particle engineering for biotherapeutics will be assessed, followed by formulation strategies for overcoming the hurdles. Finally, the review will discuss recent examples of successful dry powder biotherapeutic formulations for inhalation delivery that have been clinically assessed.
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19
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du Preez HN, Aldous C, Hayden MR, Kruger HG, Lin J. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 described through the lens of an undersulfated and degraded epithelial and endothelial glycocalyx. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22052. [PMID: 34862979 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101100rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx surrounds every eukaryotic cell and is a complex mesh of proteins and carbohydrates. It consists of proteoglycans with glycosaminoglycan side chains, which are highly sulfated under normal physiological conditions. The degree of sulfation and the position of the sulfate groups mainly determine biological function. The intact highly sulfated glycocalyx of the epithelium may repel severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through electrostatic forces. However, if the glycocalyx is undersulfated and 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B (3OST-3B) is overexpressed, as is the case during chronic inflammatory conditions, SARS-CoV-2 entry may be facilitated by the glycocalyx. The degree of sulfation and position of the sulfate groups will also affect functions such as immune modulation, the inflammatory response, vascular permeability and tone, coagulation, mediation of sheer stress, and protection against oxidative stress. The rate-limiting factor to sulfation is the availability of inorganic sulfate. Various genetic and epigenetic factors will affect sulfur metabolism and inorganic sulfate availability, such as various dietary factors, and exposure to drugs, environmental toxins, and biotoxins, which will deplete inorganic sulfate. The role that undersulfation plays in the various comorbid conditions that predispose to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is also considered. The undersulfated glycocalyx may not only increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but would also result in a hyperinflammatory response, vascular permeability, and shedding of the glycocalyx components, giving rise to a procoagulant and antifibrinolytic state and eventual multiple organ failure. These symptoms relate to a diagnosis of systemic septic shock seen in almost all COVID-19 deaths. The focus of prevention and treatment protocols proposed is the preservation of epithelial and endothelial glycocalyx integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N du Preez
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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20
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Rebuli ME, Brocke SA, Jaspers I. Impact of inhaled pollutants on response to viral infection in controlled exposures. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1420-1429. [PMID: 34252446 PMCID: PMC8569906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Air pollutants are a major source of increased risk of disease, hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. The respiratory tract is a primary target of potential concurrent exposure to both inhaled pollutants and pathogens, including viruses. Although there are various associative studies linking adverse outcomes to co- or subsequent exposures to inhaled pollutants and viruses, knowledge about causal linkages and mechanisms by which pollutant exposure may alter human respiratory responses to viral infection is more limited. In this article, we review what is known about the impact of pollutant exposure on antiviral host defense responses and describe potential mechanisms by which pollutants can alter the viral infection cycle. This review focuses on evidence from human observational and controlled exposure, ex vivo, and in vitro studies. Overall, there are a myriad of points throughout the viral infection cycle that inhaled pollutants can alter to modulate appropriate host defense responses. These alterations may contribute to observed increases in rates of viral infection and associated morbidity and mortality in areas of the world with high ambient pollution levels or in people using tobacco products. Although the understanding of mechanisms of interaction is advancing through controlled in vivo and in vitro exposure models, more studies are needed because emerging infectious pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, present a significant threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Rebuli
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Stephanie A Brocke
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
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21
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Pozzi G, Masselli E, Gobbi G, Mirandola P, Taborda-Barata L, Ampollini L, Carbognani P, Micheloni C, Corazza F, Galli D, Carubbi C, Vitale M. Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits TMPRSS2 in Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1273. [PMID: 34572459 PMCID: PMC8469712 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has now affected around 190 million people worldwide, accounting for more than 4 million confirmed deaths. Besides ongoing global vaccination, finding protective and therapeutic strategies is an urgent clinical need. SARS-CoV-2 mostly infects the host organism via the respiratory system, requiring angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) to enter target cells. Therefore, these surface proteins are considered potential druggable targets. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter produced by several cell types and is also part of natural compounds, such as sulfurous waters that are often inhaled as low-intensity therapy and prevention in different respiratory conditions. H2S is a potent biological mediator, with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and, as more recently shown, also anti-viral activities. Considering that respiratory epithelial cells can be directly exposed to H2S by inhalation, here we tested the in vitro effects of H2S-donors on TMPRSS2 and ACE2 expression in human upper and lower airway epithelial cells. We showed that H2S significantly reduces the expression of TMPRSS2 without modifying ACE2 expression both in respiratory cell lines and primary human upper and lower airway epithelial cells. Results suggest that inhalational exposure of respiratory epithelial cells to natural H2S sources may hinder SARS-CoV-2 entry into airway epithelial cells and, consequently, potentially prevent the virus from spreading into the lower respiratory tract and the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Elena Masselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Luis Taborda-Barata
- CICS-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Luca Ampollini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Paolo Carbognani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Cristina Micheloni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Francesco Corazza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Daniela Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (G.P.); (E.M.); (G.G.); (P.M.); (L.A.); (P.C.); (C.M.); (F.C.); (D.G.); (M.V.)
- Italian Foundation for Research in Balneotherapy (FoRST), 00198 Rome, Italy
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22
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Rahbar Saadat Y, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Zununi Vahed S, Ardalan M. Host Serine Proteases: A Potential Targeted Therapy for COVID-19 and Influenza. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:725528. [PMID: 34527703 PMCID: PMC8435734 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.725528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic illustrates limited therapeutic options for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections, calling a need for additional therapeutic targets. The viral spike S glycoprotein binds to the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and then is activated by the host proteases. Based on the accessibility of the cellular proteases needed for SARS-S activation, SARS-CoV-2 entrance and activation can be mediated by endosomal (such as cathepsin L) and non-endosomal pathways. Evidence indicates that in the non-endosomal pathway, the viral S protein is cleaved by the furin enzyme in infected host cells. To help the virus enter efficiently, the S protein is further activated by the serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), provided that the S has been cleaved by furin previously. In this review, important roles for host proteases within host cells will be outlined in SARS-CoV-2 infection and antiviral therapeutic strategies will be highlighted. Although there are at least five highly effective vaccines at this time, the appearance of the new viral mutations demands the development of therapeutic agents. Targeted inhibition of host proteases can be used as a therapeutic approach for viral infection.
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23
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Shah SB. COVID-19 and Progesterone: Part 1.SARS-CoV-2, Progesterone and its potential clinical use. ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SCIENCE 2021; 5:100109. [PMID: 34396353 PMCID: PMC8349425 DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) infection is a global medical challenge. Experience based medicines and therapies are being attempted and vaccines are being developed. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits varied patterns of infection and clinical presentations with varied disease outcomes. These attributes are strongly suggestive of some variables that differ among individuals and that affect the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptoms of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease of 2019). Sex hormones vary with ageing, between the sexes, among individuals and populations. Sex hormones are known to play a role in immunity and infections. Progesterone is a critical host factor to promote faster recovery following Influenza A virus infection. Anti-inflammatory effects of progesterone are noted. In part 1 of the current study the regulatory role of progesterone for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 is analyzed. The role of progesterone at different stages of the SARS CoV-2 infection is investigated with respect to two types of immunity status: immune regulation and immune dysregulation. Progesterone could have various alleviating impacts from SARS-CoV-2 entry till recovery: reversing of hypoxia, stabilizing of blood pressure, controlling thrombosis, balancing electrolytes, reducing the viral load, regulation of immune responses, damage repair, and clearance of debris among others. The present research adds to the available evidence by providing a comprehensive and thorough evaluation of the regulatory role of progesterone in SARS COV-2 infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and immune dysregulation. The available evidence has implications for upcoming studies about pathophysiology of COVID-19, as well as the roles of progesterone and other hormones in other infectious diseases.
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Keflie TS, Biesalski HK. Micronutrients and bioactive substances: Their potential roles in combating COVID-19. Nutrition 2021; 84:111103. [PMID: 33450678 PMCID: PMC7717879 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is seriously threatening public health and setting off huge economic crises across the world. In the absence of specific drugs for COVID-19, there is an urgent need to look for alternative approaches. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the roles of micronutrients and bioactive substances as potential alternative approaches in combating COVID-19. METHODS This review was based on the literature identified using electronic searches in different databases. RESULTS Vitamins (A, B, C, D, and E), minerals (selenium and zinc), and bioactive substances from curcumin, echinacea, propolis, garlic, soybean, green tea, and other polyphenols were identified as having potential roles in interfering with spike glycoproteins, angiotensin converting enzyme 2, and transmembrane protease serine 2 at the entry site, and inhibiting activities of papain-like protease, 3 chymotrypsin-like protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the replication cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Having immunomodulating, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral properties, such micronutrients and bioactive substances are consequently promising alterative nutritional approaches to combat COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The roles of micronutrients and bioactive substances in the fight against COVID-19 are exciting areas of research. This review may suggest directions for further study.
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Savant S, Srinivasan S, Kruthiventi AK. Potential Nutraceuticals for COVID-19. NUTRITION AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.2147/nds.s294231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Lanjanian H, Moazzam-Jazi M, Hedayati M, Akbarzadeh M, Guity K, Sedaghati-Khayat B, Azizi F, Daneshpour MS. SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility influenced by ACE2 genetic polymorphisms: insights from Tehran Cardio-Metabolic Genetic Study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1529. [PMID: 33452303 PMCID: PMC7810897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic variations among individuals are one of the notable factors determining disease severity and drug response. Nowadays, COVID-19 pandemic has been adversely affecting many aspects of human life. We used the Tehran Cardio-Metabolic Genetic Study (TCGS) data that is an ongoing genetic study including the whole-genome sequencing of 1200 individuals and chip genotyping of more than 15,000 participants. Here, the effect of ACE2 variations by focusing on the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 cleavage by TMPRSS2 protease were investigated through simulations study. After analyzing TCGS data, 570 genetic variations on the ACE2 gene, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and insertion/deletion (INDEL) were detected. Interestingly, two observed missense variants, K26R and S331F, which only the first one was previously reported, can reduce the receptor affinity for the viral Spike protein. Moreover, our bioinformatics simulation of 3D structures and docking of proteins explains important details of ACE2-Spike and ACE2-TMPRSS2 interactions, especially the critical role of Arg652 of ACE2 for protease function of TMPRSS2 was uncovered. As our results show that the genetic variation of ACE2 can at least influence the affinity of this receptor to its partners, we need to consider the genetic variations on ACE2 as well as other genes in the pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 for designing efficient drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Lanjanian
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, POBox: 19195-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Moazzam-Jazi
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, POBox: 19195-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, POBox: 19195-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Akbarzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, POBox: 19195-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Guity
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, POBox: 19195-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Sedaghati-Khayat
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, POBox: 19195-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam S Daneshpour
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, POBox: 19195-4763, Tehran, Iran.
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Ulyanova V, Dudkina E, Nadyrova A, Kalashnikov V, Surchenko Y, Ilinskaya O. The Cytotoxicity of RNase-Derived Peptides. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E16. [PMID: 33375305 PMCID: PMC7824363 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial ribonuclease binase exhibits a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells possessing certain oncogenes. The aim of this study was to identify the structural parts of the binase molecule that exert cytotoxicity. Out of five designed peptides, the peptides representing the binase regions 21-50 and 74-94 have the highest cytotoxic potential toward human cervical HeLa and breast BT-20 and MCF-7 cancer cells. The peptides B21-50 and B74-94 were not able to enter human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, unlike BT-20 cells, explaining their failure to inhibit A549 cell proliferation. The peptide B74-94 shares similarities with epidermal growth factor (EGF), suggesting the peptide's specificity for EGF receptor overexpressed in BT-20 cells. Thus, the binase-derived peptides have the potential of being further developed as tumor-targeting peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Dudkina
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (V.U.); (A.N.); (V.K.); (Y.S.); (O.I.)
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Iverson E, Kaler L, Agostino EL, Song D, Duncan GA, Scull MA. Leveraging 3D Model Systems to Understand Viral Interactions with the Respiratory Mucosa. Viruses 2020; 12:E1425. [PMID: 33322395 PMCID: PMC7763686 DOI: 10.3390/v12121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population, underscoring the importance of ongoing basic research into virus-host interactions. However, many critical aspects of infection are difficult, if not impossible, to probe using standard cell lines, 2D culture formats, or even animal models. In vitro systems such as airway epithelial cultures at air-liquid interface, organoids, or 'on-chip' technologies allow interrogation in human cells and recapitulate emergent properties of the airway epithelium-the primary target for respiratory virus infection. While some of these models have been used for over thirty years, ongoing advancements in both culture techniques and analytical tools continue to provide new opportunities to investigate airway epithelial biology and viral infection phenotypes in both normal and diseased host backgrounds. Here we review these models and their application to studying respiratory viruses. Furthermore, given the ability of these systems to recapitulate the extracellular microenvironment, we evaluate their potential to serve as a platform for studies specifically addressing viral interactions at the mucosal surface and detail techniques that can be employed to expand our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Iverson
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (E.I.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Logan Kaler
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (L.K.); (G.A.D.)
| | - Eva L. Agostino
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (E.I.); (E.L.A.)
| | - Daniel Song
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Gregg A. Duncan
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (L.K.); (G.A.D.)
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Margaret A. Scull
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (E.I.); (E.L.A.)
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Lechowicz U, Rudzinski S, Jezela-Stanek A, Janciauskiene S, Chorostowska-Wynimko J. Post-Translational Modifications of Circulating Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9187. [PMID: 33276468 PMCID: PMC7731214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), an acute-phase protein encoded by the SERPINA1 gene, is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) superfamily. Its primary function is to protect tissues from enzymes released during inflammation, such as neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. In addition to its antiprotease activity, AAT interacts with numerous other substances and has various functions, mainly arising from the conformational flexibility of normal variants of AAT. Therefore, AAT has diverse biological functions and plays a role in various pathophysiological processes. This review discusses major molecular forms of AAT, including complex, cleaved, glycosylated, oxidized, and S-nitrosylated forms, in terms of their origin and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Lechowicz
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
| | - Stefan Rudzinski
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research DZL, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joanna Chorostowska-Wynimko
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
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Addressing the challenges of E-cigarette safety profiling by assessment of pulmonary toxicological response in bronchial and alveolar mucosa models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20460. [PMID: 33235237 PMCID: PMC7686373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77452-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited toxicity data on electronic cigarette (ECIG) impede evidence-based policy recommendations. We compared two popular mixed fruit flavored ECIG-liquids with and without nicotine aerosolized at 40 W (E-smoke) with respect to particle number concentrations, chemical composition, and response on physiologically relevant human bronchial and alveolar lung mucosa models cultured at air–liquid interface. E-smoke was characterized by significantly increased particle number concentrations with increased wattage (25, 40, and 55 W) and nicotine presence. The chemical composition of E-smoke differed across the two tested flavors in terms of cytotoxic compounds including p-benzoquinone, nicotyrine, and flavoring agents (for example vanillin, ethyl vanillin). Significant differences in the expression of markers for pro-inflammation, oxidative stress, tissue injury/repair, alarm anti-protease, anti-microbial defense, epithelial barrier function, and epigenetic modification were observed between the flavors, nicotine content, and/ or lung models (bronchial or alveolar). Our findings indicate that ECIG toxicity is influenced by combination of multiple factors including flavor, nicotine content, vaping regime, and the region of respiratory tree (bronchial or alveolar). Toxic chemicals and flavoring agents detected in high concentrations in the E-smoke of each flavor warrant independent evaluation for their specific role in imparting toxicity. Therefore, multi-disciplinary approaches are warranted for comprehensive safety profiling of ECIG.
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An Overview of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Its Role in Inflammation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225474. [PMID: 33238435 PMCID: PMC7700122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key driver in many pathological conditions such as allergy, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and many others, and the current state of available drugs prompted researchers to explore new therapeutic targets. In this context, accumulating evidence indicates that the transcription factor Nrf2 plays a pivotal role controlling the expression of antioxidant genes that ultimately exert anti-inflammatory functions. Nrf2 and its principal negative regulator, the E3 ligase adaptor Kelch-like ECH- associated protein 1 (Keap1), play a central role in the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Interestingly, Nrf2 is proved to contribute to the regulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis, which is a potent anti-inflammatory target. Recent studies showed a connection between the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) system and the expression of inflammatory mediators, NF-κB pathway and macrophage metabolism. This suggests a new strategy for designing chemical agents as modulators of Nrf2 dependent pathways to target the immune response. Therefore, the present review will examine the relationship between Nrf2 signaling and the inflammation as well as possible approaches for the therapeutic modulation of this pathway.
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Matthews AA, Ee PLR, Ge R. Developing inhaled protein therapeutics for lung diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:11. [PMID: 34765995 PMCID: PMC7595758 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic therapeutics such as protein/polypeptide drugs are conventionally administered systemically via intravenous injection for the treatment of diseases including lung diseases, although this approach leads to low target site accumulation and the potential risk for systemic side effects. In comparison, topical delivery of protein drugs to the lung via inhalation is deemed to be a more effective approach for lung diseases, as proteins would directly reach the target in the lung while exhibiting poor diffusion into the systemic circulation, leading to higher lung drug retention and efficacy while minimising toxicity to other organs. This review examines the important considerations and challenges in designing an inhaled protein therapeutics for local lung delivery: the choice of inhalation device, structural changes affecting drug deposition in diseased lungs, clearance mechanisms affecting an inhaled protein drug’s lung accumulation, protein stability, and immunogenicity. Possible approaches to overcoming these issues will also be discussed.
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Moore JT, Pilkington W, Kumar D. Diseases with health disparities as drivers of COVID-19 outcome. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11038-11045. [PMID: 32816409 PMCID: PMC7461081 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced our society to come face to face with complex issues that were once theoretical but are now being played out in real time. As data from the pandemic accumulates, it is clear that COVID-19 is impacting some parts of society more than others. Unfortunately, there is an almost complete overlap between COVID-19 risk factors and conditions that are already represented as health disparities, such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, lung disease and immune disorders. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological pathways that link these diseases to COVID-19 outcome. An increased awareness of the factors underlying this issue, both societal and medical, is needed to understand the long-term implications and possible solutions needed going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Moore
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (JLC‐BBRI)North Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - William Pilkington
- HOPE ProgramJLC‐BBRINorth Carolina Research Campus (NCRC)KannapolisNCUSA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute (JLC‐BBRI)North Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- HOPE ProgramJLC‐BBRINorth Carolina Research Campus (NCRC)KannapolisNCUSA
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Benarba B, Pandiella A. Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1189. [PMID: 32848790 PMCID: PMC7427466 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection has been declared world pandemic causing a worrisome number of deaths, especially among vulnerable citizens, in 209 countries around the world. Although several therapeutic molecules are being tested, no effective vaccines or specific treatments have been developed. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, different traditional herbal medicines with promising results have been used alone or in combination with conventional drugs to treat infected patients. Here, we review the recent findings regarding the use of natural products to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, the mechanisms responsible for this preventive or therapeutic effect are discussed. We conducted literature research using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and WHO website. Dissertations and theses were not considered. Only the situation reports edited by the WHO were included. The different herbal products (extracts) and purified molecules may exert their anti-SARS-CoV-2 actions by direct inhibition of the virus replication or entry. Interestingly, some products may block the ACE-2 receptor or the serine protease TMPRRS2 required by SARS-CoV-2 to infect human cells. In addition, natural products were shown to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 life-cycle related proteins such as papain-like or chymotrypsin-like proteases. In conclusion, we suggest that natural products could be used alone or in combination as alternative medicines to treat/prevent COVID-19 infection. Moreover, their structures may offer clues for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Benarba
- Laboratory Research on Biological Systems and Geomatics, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mascara, Mascara, Algeria,*Correspondence: Bachir Benarba,
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-IBSAL-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Gupta I, Rizeq B, Elkord E, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Lung Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Modalities. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2186. [PMID: 32764454 PMCID: PMC7464614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, are emerging pandemic infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality in certain group of patients. In general, SARS-CoV-2 causes symptoms ranging from the common cold to severe conditions accompanied by lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome in addition to other organs' destruction. The main impact upon SARS-CoV-2 infection is damage to alveolar and acute respiratory failure. Thus, lung cancer patients are identified as a particularly high-risk group for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications. On the other hand, it has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), that promotes cellular entry of this virus in concert with host proteases, principally transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Today, there are no vaccines and/or effective drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Thus, manipulation of key entry genes of this virus especially in lung cancer patients could be one of the best approaches to manage SARS-CoV-2 infection in this group of patients. We herein provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the role of ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 genes, as key entry elements as well as therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can help to better understand the applications and capacities of various remedial approaches for infected individuals, especially those with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Balsam Rizeq
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute & 4Hamad Bin Khalifa University, 34110 Doha, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
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Cell-specific expression of lung disease risk-related genes in the human small airway epithelium. Respir Res 2020; 21:200. [PMID: 32727470 PMCID: PMC7389881 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human small airway epithelium (SAE) plays a central role in the early events in the pathogenesis of most inherited and acquired lung disorders. Little is known about the molecular phenotypes of the specific cell populations comprising the SAE in humans, and the contribution of SAE specific cell populations to the risk for lung diseases. Methods Drop-seq single-cell RNA-sequencing was used to characterize the transcriptome of single cells from human SAE of nonsmokers and smokers by bronchoscopic brushing. Results Eleven distinct cell populations were identified, including major and rare epithelial cells, and immune/inflammatory cells. There was cell type-specific expression of genes relevant to the risk of the inherited pulmonary disorders, genes associated with risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and (non-mutated) driver genes for lung cancers. Cigarette smoking significantly altered the cell type-specific transcriptomes and disease risk-related genes. Conclusions This data provides new insights into the possible contribution of specific lung cells to the pathogenesis of lung disorders.
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Caccialanza R, Laviano A, Lobascio F, Montagna E, Bruno R, Ludovisi S, Corsico AG, Di Sabatino A, Belliato M, Calvi M, Iacona I, Grugnetti G, Bonadeo E, Muzzi A, Cereda E. Early nutritional supplementation in non-critically ill patients hospitalized for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Rationale and feasibility of a shared pragmatic protocol. Nutrition 2020; 74:110835. [PMID: 32280058 PMCID: PMC7194616 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Beginning in December 2019, the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused a pneumonia epidemic that began in Wuhan, China, and is rapidly spreading throughout the whole world. Italy is the hardest hit country after China. Considering the deleterious consequences of malnutrition, which certainly can affect patients with COVID-19, the aim of this article is to present a pragmatic protocol for early nutritional supplementation of non-critically ill patients hospitalized for COVID-19 disease. It is based on the observation that most patients present at admission with severe inflammation and anorexia leading to a drastic reduction of food intake, and that a substantial percentage develops respiratory failure requiring non-invasive ventilation or even continuous positive airway pressure. METHODS High-calorie dense diets in a variety of different consistencies with highly digestible foods and snacks are available for all patients. Oral supplementation of whey proteins as well as intravenous infusion of multivitamin, multimineral trace elements solutions are implemented at admission. In the presence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficit, cholecalciferol is promptly supplied. If nutritional risk is detected, two to three bottles of protein-calorie oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are provided. If <2 bottles/d of ONS are consumed for 2 consecutive days and/or respiratory conditions are worsening, supplemental/total parenteral nutrition is prescribed. CONCLUSION We are aware that our straight approach may be debatable. However, to cope with the current emergency crisis, its aim is to promptly and pragmatically implement nutritional care in patients with COVID-19, which might be overlooked despite being potentially beneficial to clinical outcomes and effective in preventing the consequences of malnutrition in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Caccialanza
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Laviano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Lobascio
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Montagna
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Bruno
- Division of Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Ludovisi
- Division of Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Guido Corsico
- Pneumology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mirko Belliato
- UOS Advanced Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione 1, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Calvi
- Pharmacy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Isabella Iacona
- Pharmacy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Grugnetti
- Nursing Technical and Rehabilitation Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Bonadeo
- UOC Direzione Medica di Presidio, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alba Muzzi
- UOC Direzione Medica di Presidio, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cereda
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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Alpha-1 Antitrypsin-A Target for MicroRNA-Based Therapeutic Development for Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030836. [PMID: 32012925 PMCID: PMC7037267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder arising from mutations to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Disruption to normal ion homeostasis in the airway results in impaired mucociliary clearance, leaving the lung more vulnerable to recurrent and chronic bacterial infections. The CF lung endures an excess of neutrophilic inflammation, and whilst neutrophil serine proteases are a crucial part of the innate host defence to infection, a surplus of neutrophil elastase (NE) is understood to create a net destructive effect. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) is a key antiprotease in the control of NE protease activity but is ineffective in the CF lung due to the huge imbalance of NE levels. Therapeutic strategies to boost levels of protective antiproteases such as A1AT in the lung remain an attractive research strategy to limit the damage from excess protease activity. microRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that bind specific cognate sequences to inhibit expression of target mRNAs. The inhibition of miRNAs which target the SERPINA1 (A1AT-encoding gene) mRNA represents a novel therapeutic approach for CF inflammation. This could involve the delivery of antagomirs that bind and sequester the target miRNA, or target site blockers that bind miRNA recognition elements within the target mRNA to prevent miRNA interaction. Therefore, miRNA targeted therapies offer an alternative strategy to drive endogenous A1AT production and thus supplement the antiprotease shield of the CF lung.
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Nakajima K, Ono M, Radović U, Dizdarević S, Tomizawa SI, Kuroha K, Nagamatsu G, Hoshi I, Matsunaga R, Shirakawa T, Kurosawa T, Miyazaki Y, Seki M, Suzuki Y, Koseki H, Nakamura M, Suda T, Ohbo K. Lack of whey acidic protein (WAP) four-disulfide core domain protease inhibitor 2 (WFDC2) causes neonatal death from respiratory failure in mice. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.040139. [PMID: 31562139 PMCID: PMC6899016 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory failure is a life-threatening problem for pre-term and term infants, yet many causes remain unknown. Here, we present evidence that whey acidic protein (WAP) four-disulfide core domain protease inhibitor 2 (Wfdc2), a protease inhibitor previously unrecognized in respiratory disease, may be a causal factor in infant respiratory failure. Wfdc2 transcripts are detected in the embryonic lung and analysis of a Wfdc2-GFP knock-in mouse line shows that both basal and club cells, and type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECIIs), express Wfdc2 neonatally. Wfdc2-null-mutant mice display progressive atelectasis after birth with a lethal phenotype. Mutant lungs have multiple defects, including impaired cilia and the absence of mature club cells from the tracheo-bronchial airways, and malformed lamellar bodies in AECIIs. RNA sequencing shows significant activation of a pro-inflammatory pathway, but with low-quantity infiltration of mononuclear cells in the lung. These data demonstrate that Wfdc2 function is vitally important for lung aeration at birth and that gene deficiency likely causes failure of the lung mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Nakajima
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Michio Ono
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Uroš Radović
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Selma Dizdarević
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tomizawa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kuroha
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Kyushu University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ikue Hoshi
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Risa Matsunaga
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shirakawa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Kurosawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University, School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Ohmorinishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masahide Seki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakamura
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National Singapore University Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore 117599.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ohbo
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
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40
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Siddiqui T, Zia MK, Ali SS, Ahsan H, Khan FH. Investigating hydrogen peroxide induced damage to alpha-2-macroglobulin: Biophysical and thermodynamic study. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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A novel zebrafish model to emulate lung injury by folate deficiency-induced swim bladder defectiveness and protease/antiprotease expression imbalance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12633. [PMID: 31477754 PMCID: PMC6718381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung injury is one of the pathological hallmarks of most respiratory tract diseases including asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It involves progressive pulmonary tissue damages which are usually irreversible and incurable. Therefore, strategies to facilitate drug development against lung injury are needed. Here, we characterized the zebrafish folate-deficiency (FD) transgenic line that lacks a fully-developed swim bladder. Whole-mount in-situ hybridization revealed comparable distribution patterns of swim bladder tissue markers between wild-type and FD larvae, suggesting a proper development of swim bladder in early embryonic stages. Unexpectedly, neutrophils infiltration was not observed in the defective swim bladder. Microarray analysis revealed a significant increase and decrease of the transcripts for cathepsin L and a cystatin B (CSTB)-like (zCSTB-like) proteins, respectively, in FD larvae. The distribution of cathepsin L and the zCSTB-like transcripts was spatio-temporally specific in developing wild-type embryos and, in appropriate measure, correlated with their potential roles in maintaining swim bladder integrity. Supplementing with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate successfully prevented the swim bladder anomaly and the imbalanced expression of cathepsin L and the zCSTB-like protein induced by folate deficiency. Injecting the purified recombinant zebrafish zCSTB-like protein alleviated FD-induced swim bladder anomaly. We concluded that the imbalanced expression of cathepsin L and the zCSTB-like protein contributed to the swim bladder malformation induced by FD and suggested the potential application of this transgenic line to model the lung injury and ECM remodeling associated with protease/protease inhibitor imbalance.
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42
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Active thrombin produced by the intestinal epithelium controls mucosal biofilms. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3224. [PMID: 31324782 PMCID: PMC6642099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic homeostasis is important at mucosal surfaces, but its actors and their precise role in physiology are poorly understood. Here we report that healthy human and mouse colon epithelia are a major source of active thrombin. We show that mucosal thrombin is directly regulated by the presence of commensal microbiota. Specific inhibition of luminal thrombin activity causes macroscopic and microscopic damage as well as transcriptomic alterations of genes involved in host-microbiota interactions. Further, luminal thrombin inhibition impairs the spatial segregation of microbiota biofilms, allowing bacteria to invade the mucus layer and to translocate across the epithelium. Thrombin cleaves the biofilm matrix of reconstituted mucosa-associated human microbiota. Our results indicate that thrombin constrains biofilms at the intestinal mucosa. Further work is needed to test whether thrombin plays similar roles in other mucosal surfaces, given that lung, bladder and skin epithelia also express thrombin. The roles played by thrombin in the human intestinal mucosa are unclear. Here, the authors show that the commensal microbiota modulates epithelial production of active thrombin, which controls biofilm growth and contributes to protection of the mucosa from bacterial invasion.
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43
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Noutsios GT, Thorenoor N, Zhang X, Phelps DS, Umstead TM, Durrani F, Floros J. Major Effect of Oxidative Stress on the Male, but Not Female, SP-A1 Type II Cell miRNome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1514. [PMID: 31354704 PMCID: PMC6635478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays an important role in surfactant metabolism and lung innate immunity. In humans there are two proteins, SP-A1 and SP-A2, encoded by SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, respectively, which are produced by the alveolar type II cells (T2C). We sought to investigate the differential influence of SP-A1 and SP-A2 in T2C miRNome under oxidative stress (OxS). SP-A knock out (KO) and hTG male and female mice expressing SP-A1 or SP-A2 as well as gonadectomized (Gx) mice were exposed to O3-induced oxidative stress (OxS) or filtered air (FA). Expression of miRNAs and mRNAs was measured in the T2C of experimental animals. (a) In SP-A1 males after normalizing to KO males, significant changes were observed in the miRNome in terms of sex-OxS effects, with 24 miRNAs being differentially expressed under OxS. (b) The mRNA targets of the dysregulated miRNAs included Ago2, Ddx20, Plcg2, Irs1, Elf2, Jak2, Map2k4, Bcl2, Ccnd1, and Vhl. We validated the expression levels of these transcripts, and observed that the mRNA levels of all of these targets were unaffected in SP-A1 T2C but six of these were significantly upregulated in the KO (except Bcl2 that was downregulated). (c) Gondadectomy had a major effect on the expression of miRNAs and in three of the mRNA targets (Irs1, Bcl2, and Vhl). Ccnd1 was upregulated in KO regardless of Gx. (d) The targets of the significantly changed miRNAs are involved in several pathways including MAPK signaling pathway, cell cycle, anti-apoptosis, and other. In conclusion, in response to OxS, SP-A1 and male hormones appear to have a major effect in the T2C miRNome.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Noutsios
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - David S Phelps
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Faryal Durrani
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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Siddiqui AA, Feroz A, Khaki PSS, Bano B. Binding of λ-carrageenan (a food additive) to almond cystatin: An insight involving spectroscopic and thermodynamic approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:684-690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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45
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Menou A, Duitman J, Flajolet P, Sallenave JM, Mailleux AA, Crestani B. Human airway trypsin-like protease, a serine protease involved in respiratory diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L657-L668. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00509.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 2% of all human genes are coding for a complex system of more than 700 proteases and protease inhibitors. Among them, serine proteases play extraordinary, diverse functions in different physiological and pathological processes. The human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), also referred to as TMPRSS11D and serine 11D, belongs to the emerging family of cell surface proteolytic enzymes, the type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs). Through the cleavage of its four major identified substrates, HAT triggers specific responses, notably in epithelial cells, within the pericellular and extracellular environment, including notably inflammatory cytokine production, inflammatory cell recruitment, or anticoagulant processes. This review summarizes the potential role of this recently described protease in mediating cell surface proteolytic events, to highlight the structural features, proteolytic activity, and regulation, including the expression profile of HAT, and discuss its possible roles in respiratory physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awen Menou
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Pauline Flajolet
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Arnaud André Mailleux
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France; and
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France
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46
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Taggart C, Mall MA, Lalmanach G, Cataldo D, Ludwig A, Janciauskiene S, Heath N, Meiners S, Overall CM, Schultz C, Turk B, Borensztajn KS. Protean proteases: at the cutting edge of lung diseases. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/2/1501200. [PMID: 28179435 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01200-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteases were traditionally viewed as mere protein-degrading enzymes with a very restricted spectrum of substrates. A major expansion in protease research has uncovered a variety of novel substrates, and it is now evident that proteases are critical pleiotropic actors orchestrating pathophysiological processes. Recent findings evidenced that the net proteolytic activity also relies upon interconnections between different protease and protease inhibitor families in the protease web.In this review, we provide an overview of these novel concepts with a particular focus on pulmonary pathophysiology. We describe the emerging roles of several protease families including cysteine and serine proteases.The complexity of the protease web is exemplified in the light of multidimensional regulation of serine protease activity by matrix metalloproteases through cognate serine protease inhibitor processing. Finally, we will highlight how deregulated protease activity during pulmonary pathogenesis may be exploited for diagnosis/prognosis purposes, and utilised as a therapeutic tool using nanotechnologies.Considering proteases as part of an integrative biology perspective may pave the way for the development of new therapeutic targets to treat pulmonary diseases related to intrinsic protease deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research group (AiiR), Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Dept of Translational Pulmonology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Dept of Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM UMR1100 Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Equipe: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Didier Cataldo
- Laboratory of Tumors and Development and Dept of Respiratory Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Inflammation Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, a member of The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Heath
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Dept of Pediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Meiners
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Centre for Blood Research, Dept of Oral Biological and Medical Research University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Turk
- Dept of Biochemistry & Molecular & Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Keren S Borensztajn
- INSERM UMR _S933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France .,INSERM UMR1152 Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine - site Bichat, Paris, France
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47
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Immune Responses to Tissue-Restricted Nonmajor Histocompatibility Complex Antigens in Allograft Rejection. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:6312514. [PMID: 28164137 PMCID: PMC5253484 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6312514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases that result in end-stage organ damage cause inflammation, which can reveal sequestered self-antigens (SAgs) in that organ and trigger autoimmunity. The thymus gland deletes self-reactive T-cells against ubiquitously expressed SAgs, while regulatory mechanisms in the periphery control immune responses to tissue-restricted SAgs. It is now established that T-cells reactive to SAgs present in certain organs (e.g., lungs, pancreas, and intestine) are incompletely eliminated, and the dysregulation of peripheral immuneregulation can generate immune responses to SAgs. Therefore, chronic diseases can activate self-reactive lymphocytes, inducing tissue-restricted autoimmunity. During organ transplantation, donor lymphocytes are tested against recipient serum (i.e., cross-matching) to detect antibodies (Abs) against donor human leukocyte antigens, which has been shown to reduce Ab-mediated hyperacute rejection. However, primary allograft dysfunction and rejection still occur frequently. Because donor lymphocytes do not express tissue-restricted SAgs, preexisting Abs against SAgs are undetectable during conventional cross-matching. Preexisting and de novo immune responses to tissue-restricted SAgs (i.e., autoimmunity) play a major role in rejection. In this review, we discuss the evidence that supports autoimmunity as a contributor to rejection. Testing for preexisting and de novo immune responses to tissue-restricted SAgs and treatment based on immune responses after organ transplantation may improve short- and long-term outcomes after transplantation.
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48
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Chiu S, Fernandez R, Subramanian V, Sun H, DeCamp MM, Kreisel D, Perlman H, Budinger GRS, Mohanakumar T, Bharat A. Lung Injury Combined with Loss of Regulatory T Cells Leads to De Novo Lung-Restricted Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:51-7. [PMID: 27194786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
More than one third of patients with chronic lung disease undergoing lung transplantation have pre-existing Abs against lung-restricted self-Ags, collagen type V (ColV), and k-α1 tubulin (KAT). These Abs can also develop de novo after lung transplantation and mediate allograft rejection. However, the mechanisms leading to lung-restricted autoimmunity remain unknown. Because these self-Ags are normally sequestered, tissue injury is required to expose them to the immune system. We previously showed that respiratory viruses can induce apoptosis in CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), the key mediators of self-tolerance. Therefore, we hypothesized that lung-tissue injury can lead to lung-restricted immunity if it occurs in a setting when Tregs are impaired. We found that human lung recipients who suffer respiratory viral infections experienced a decrease in peripheral Tregs. Pre-existing lung allograft injury from donor-directed Abs or gastroesophageal reflux led to new ColV and KAT Abs post respiratory viral infection. Similarly, murine parainfluenza (Sendai) respiratory viral infection caused a decrease in Tregs. Intratracheal instillation of anti-MHC class I Abs, but not isotype control, followed by murine Sendai virus infection led to development of Abs against ColV and KAT, but not collagen type II (ColII), a cartilaginous protein. This was associated with expansion of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells specific to ColV and KAT, but not ColII. Intratracheal anti-MHC class I Abs or hydrochloric acid in Foxp3-DTR mice induced ColV and KAT, but not ColII, immunity, only if Tregs were depleted using diphtheria toxin. We conclude that tissue injury combined with loss of Tregs can lead to lung-tissue-restricted immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chiu
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Ramiro Fernandez
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | | | - Haiying Sun
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Malcolm M DeCamp
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Harris Perlman
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | | | - Ankit Bharat
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
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[Airway inflammation induced by Poly(I:C) stimulation in the late stage of respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice and its mechanism]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18. [PMID: 27165597 PMCID: PMC7390371 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of airway inflammation and recurrent wheezing induced by recurrent respiratory virus infection after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. METHODS Sixty-four female BALB/c mice (aged 6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into four groups: control, RSV, Poly(I:C), and RSV+Poly(I:C) (n=16 each). The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected on the 3rd day after Poly(I:C) administration, and the total cell number and differential counts in BALF were determined. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe pulmonary pathological changes. The airway responsiveness was detected. ELISA was used to measure the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-13 (IL-13), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in BALF. RESULTS Compared with the other three groups, the RSV+Poly(I:C) group had significant increases in the total number of inflammatory infiltrating cells in the airway, airway responsiveness, and MMP-9 level in BALF (P<0.05). The RSV+Poly(I:C) group showed more severe pulmonary tissue injuries compared with the control and RSV groups (P<0.01). Compared with the RSV group, the RSV+Poly(I:C) group showed significant reductions in the levels of IL-4 and TIMP-1 in BALF (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Viral re-infection in the late stage of RSV infection may cause an imbalance of MMP-9/TIMP-1 expression and thus contribute to aggravated airway inflammation.
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