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Russell NX, Burra K, Shah RM, Bottasso-Arias N, Mohanakrishnan M, Snowball J, Ediga HH, Madala SK, Sinner D. Wnt signaling regulates ion channel expression to promote smooth muscle and cartilage formation in developing mouse trachea. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L788-L802. [PMID: 37873566 PMCID: PMC11068408 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00024.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels play critical roles in the physiology and function of the nervous system and contractile tissue; however, their role in noncontractile tissue and embryonic development has yet to be understood. Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) and complete tracheal rings (CTR) are disorders affecting the muscle and cartilage of the trachea and bronchi, whose etiology remains poorly understood. We demonstrated that trachealis muscle organization and polarity are disrupted after epithelial ablation of Wntless (Wls), a cargo receptor critical for the Wnt signaling pathway, in developing trachea. The phenotype resembles the anomalous trachealis muscle observed after deletion of ion channel encoding genes in developing mouse trachea. We sought to investigate whether and how the deletion of Wls affects ion channels during tracheal development. We hypothesize that Wnt signaling influences the expression of ion channels to promote trachealis muscle cell assembly and patterning. Deleting Wls in developing trachea causes differential regulation of genes mediating actin binding, cytoskeleton organization, and potassium ion channel activity. Wnt signaling regulates the expression of Kcnj13, Kcnd3, Kcnj8, and Abcc9 as demonstrated by in vitro studies and in vivo analysis in Wnt5a and β-catenin-deficient tracheas. Pharmacological inhibition of potassium ion channels and Wnt signaling impaired contractility of developing trachealis smooth muscle and formation of cartilaginous mesenchymal condensation. Thus, in mice, epithelial-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates trachealis muscle and cartilage development via modulation of ion channel expression, promoting trachealis muscle architecture, contractility, and cartilaginous extracellular matrix. In turn, ion channel activity may influence tracheal morphogenesis underlying TBM and CTR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ion channels play critical roles in the physiology and function of the nervous system and contractile tissue; however, their role in noncontractile tissue and embryonic development has yet to be understood. In this study, we focused on the role of ion channels in the differentiation and patterning of the large airways of the developing respiratory tract. We identify a mechanism by which Wnt-beta-catenin signaling controls levels of ion channel-encoding genes to promote tracheal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas X Russell
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati Honors Program, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Kaulini Burra
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Ronak M Shah
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati Honors Program, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Natalia Bottasso-Arias
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Megha Mohanakrishnan
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati Honors Program, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - John Snowball
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Harshavardhana H Ediga
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Satish K Madala
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Debora Sinner
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
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2
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Badaoui M, Chanson M. Intercellular Communication in Airway Epithelial Cell Regeneration: Potential Roles of Connexins and Pannexins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16160. [PMID: 38003349 PMCID: PMC10671439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins and pannexins are transmembrane proteins that can form direct (gap junctions) or indirect (connexons, pannexons) intercellular communication channels. By propagating ions, metabolites, sugars, nucleotides, miRNAs, and/or second messengers, they participate in a variety of physiological functions, such as tissue homeostasis and host defense. There is solid evidence supporting a role for intercellular signaling in various pulmonary inflammatory diseases where alteration of connexin/pannexin channel functional expression occurs, thus leading to abnormal intercellular communication pathways and contributing to pathophysiological aspects, such as innate immune defense and remodeling. The integrity of the airway epithelium, which is the first line of defense against invading microbes, is established and maintained by a repair mechanism that involves processes such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Here, we briefly summarize current knowledge on the contribution of connexins and pannexins to necessary processes of tissue repair and speculate on their possible involvement in the shaping of the airway epithelium integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Chanson
- Department of Cell Physiology & Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
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3
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Russell NX, Burra K, Shah R, Bottasso-Arias N, Mohanakrishnan M, Snowball J, Ediga HH, Madala SK, Sinner D. Wnt signaling regulates ion channel expression to promote smooth muscle and cartilage formation in developing mouse trachea. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.10.523309. [PMID: 36711918 PMCID: PMC9882072 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.10.523309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels play critical roles in the physiology and function of the nervous system and contractile tissue; however, their role in non-contractile tissue and embryonic development has yet to be understood. Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) and complete tracheal rings (CTR) are disorders affecting the muscle and cartilage of the trachea and bronchi, whose etiology remains poorly understood. We demonstrated that trachealis muscle organization and polarity are disrupted after epithelial ablation of Wls, a cargo receptor critical for the Wnt signaling pathway, in developing trachea. The phenotype resembles the anomalous trachealis muscle observed after deletion of ion channel encoding genes in developing mouse trachea. We sought to investigate whether and how the deletion of Wls affects ion channels during tracheal development. We hypothesize that Wnt signaling influences the expression of ion channels to promote trachealis muscle cell assembly and patterning. Deleting Wls in developing trachea causes differential regulation of genes mediating actin binding, cytoskeleton organization, and potassium ion channel activity. Wnt signaling regulated expression of Kcnj13, Kcnd3, Kcnj8, and Abcc9 as demonstrated by in vitro studies and in vivo analysis in Wnt5a and β-catenin deficient tracheas. Pharmacological inhibition of potassium ion channels and Wnt signaling impaired contractility of developing trachealis smooth muscle and formation of cartilaginous mesenchymal condensation. Thus, in mice, epithelial-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates trachealis muscle and cartilage development via modulation of ion channel expression, promoting trachealis muscle architecture, contractility, and cartilaginous extracellular matrix. In turn, ion channel activity may influence tracheal morphogenesis underlying TBM and CTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas X. Russell
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati Honors Program
| | - Kaulini Burra
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. Current affiliation: Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus OH
| | - Ronak Shah
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati Honors Program Current Affiliation: Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University
| | - Natalia Bottasso-Arias
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Megha Mohanakrishnan
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati Honors Program
| | - John Snowball
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. Current affiliation: P&G Cincinnati, OH
| | - Harshavardhana H. Ediga
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Satish K Madala
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Debora Sinner
- Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine
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4
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Thatcher TH, Freeberg MAT, Myo YPA, Sime PJ. Is there a role for specialized pro-resolving mediators in pulmonary fibrosis? Pharmacol Ther 2023; 247:108460. [PMID: 37244406 PMCID: PMC10335230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrotic diseases are characterized by proliferation of lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Depending on the specific form of lung fibrosis, there can be progressive scarring of the lung, leading in some cases to respiratory failure and/or death. Recent and ongoing research has demonstrated that resolution of inflammation is an active process regulated by families of small bioactive lipid mediators termed "specialized pro-resolving mediators." While there are many reports of beneficial effects of SPMs in animal and cell culture models of acute and chronic inflammatory and immune diseases, there have been fewer reports investigating SPMs and fibrosis, especially pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we will review evidence that resolution pathways are impaired in interstitial lung disease, and that SPMs and other similar bioactive lipid mediators can inhibit fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and accumulation of excess extracellular matrix in cell culture and animal models of pulmonary fibrosis, and we will consider future therapeutic implications of SPMs in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Thatcher
- Division of Pulmonary Care and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Margaret A T Freeberg
- Division of Pulmonary Care and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yu Par Aung Myo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Division of Pulmonary Care and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Klar S, Poether DC, Reinert J, Hüttig N, Linsel G, Jäckel U. Application of impedance measurement to investigate in vitro inhalation toxicity of bacteria. J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16:32. [PMID: 34384434 PMCID: PMC8359036 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-021-00317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers of agriculture and intensive life stock farming are exposed to highly contaminated workplaces. Bioaerosol exposures are suspected to trigger respiratory health effects of the workers. So far, risk evaluation of bioaerosols has been assessed through the infectivity of comprising biological agents that is classified in Europe by four risk groups according to the criteria of Directive 2000/54EC of the European Parliament. However, this directive additionally requires the risk assessment of allergenic and toxigenic effects without further elaboration. The aim of our study was to establish an in vitro screening system that is able to measure inhalative toxic effects of bacteria and their metabolites. METHODS In this study, we analyzed three bacterial toxins and five culture supernatants of selected bacteria with known toxicity as model agents exposed to the lung epithelial cell line NuLi-1. We used electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) method to monitor real-time cell changes and the viability test Prestoblue™. RESULTS We confirmed concentration dependent cytotoxic effects of the selected toxins in NuLi-1 cells over a period of up to 48 h. Each toxin resulted in a different but specific impedance profile over time according to their mode of action, whereas viability assay showed the metabolic activity of the cells at a chosen time point without revealing any information on their mode of action. Furthermore, dose-response-relationships were monitored. Tested model bacteria (Streptoccous pneumoniae, Acinetobacter radioresistens, Aerococcus viridans, Aeromonas hydrophila) reacted according to their expected toxicity except one bacterium (Enterococcus faecalis). The established assays revealed the concentration dependent onset and intensity of bacterial cytotoxicity and the viability of the cells at 24 h and 48 h exposure. CONCLUSION Impedance measurement and the viability assay Prestoblue™ in combination are suitable as sensitive screening methods to analyze toxic potential of bacteria and can therefor support the risk assessment of workplaces in terms of the directive 2000/54/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klar
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dierk-Christoph Poether
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Reinert
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Hüttig
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunter Linsel
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Jäckel
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Development and in vitro characterization of a novel pMDI diclofenac formulation as an inhalable anti-inflammatory therapy for cystic fibrosis. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120319. [PMID: 33540036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory treatment options for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are currently limited and as such, there is an imperative need to develop new anti-inflammatory agents to reduce the persistent inflammation present within CF lungs. This study explored the potential of Diclofenac (DICLO) as a novel inhaled anti-inflammatory drug for CF treatment. The anti-inflammatory activity of DICLO on an air-liquid interface (ALI) cell culture model of healthy (NuLi-1) and CF (CuFi-1) airways showed a significant reduction in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8. Therefore, pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) DICLO formulations were developed to allow targeted DICLO delivery to CF airways. As such, two pMDI DICLO formulations with varying ethanol concentrations: 5% (w/w) equating to 150 µg of DICLO per dose (Low dose), and 15% (w/w) equating to 430 µg of DICLO per dose (High dose) were developed and characterized to determine the optimum formulation. The Low dose pMDI DICLO formulation showed a significantly smaller particle diameter with uniform distribution resulting in a greater aerosol performance when compared to High dose formulation. Consequently, the Low dose pMDI DICLO formulation was further evaluated in terms of in vitro transport characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity. Importantly, the DICLO pMDI displayed anti-inflammatory activity in both healthy and CF in vitro models, highlighting the potential of an aerosolized low-dose DICLO formulation as a promising inhaled anti-inflammatory therapy for CF treatment.
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7
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Thornton JM, Walker JM, Sundarasivarao PYK, Spur BW, Rodriguez A, Yin K. Lipoxin A4 promotes reduction and antibiotic efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 152:106505. [PMID: 33152529 PMCID: PMC7856039 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic bacterium commonly found in wound infections and airways of cystic fibrosis patients. P. aeruginosa readily forms biofilms which can reduce the efficacy of antibiotics used to eradicate the pathogen. We have previously shown that a Specialized Pro-resolving Mediator (SPM), Lipoxin A4 (LxA4) is a quorum sensing inhibitor which can reduce P. aeruginosa virulence. In this study, we examined the direct actions of LxA4 and RvD2 on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence gene expression. The influence of LxA4 on antibiotic efficacy and the combined effects on biofilm formation were also investigated. LxA4 and RvD2 reduced P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence gene expression. LxA4 increased ciprofloxacin inhibition on biofilm formation but did not affect ciprofloxacin's action on non-adherent bacteria. On the other hand, LxA4 increased bacterial killing action of imipenem but did not affect imipenem's action on biofilm. We also found that LxA4 can increase ciprofloxacin's bacterial killing ability in established biofilm. Together these results suggest that LxA4 has direct effects on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and can increase antibiotic efficacy directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Thornton
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - J M Walker
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - P Y Kadiyam Sundarasivarao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - B W Spur
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - A Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - K Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.
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8
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Gbian DL, Omri A. Current and novel therapeutic strategies for the management of cystic fibrosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:535-552. [PMID: 33426936 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1874343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF), is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and affects thousands of people throughout the world. Lung disease is the leading cause of death in CF patients. Despite the advances in treatments, the management of CF mainly targets symptoms. Recent CFTR modulators however target common mutations in patients, alleviating symptoms of CF. Unfortunately, there is still no approved treatments for patients with rare mutations to date.Areas covered: This paper reviews current treatments of CF that mitigate symptoms and target genetic defects. The use of gene and drug delivery systems such as viral or non-viral vectors and nano-compounds to enhance CFTR expression and the activity of antimicrobials against chronic pulmonary infections respectively, will also be discussed.Expert opinion: Nano-compounds tackle biological barriers to drug delivery and revitalize antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory drugs and even genes delivery to CF patients. Gene therapy and gene editing are of particular interest because they have the potential to directly target genetic defects. Nanoparticles should be formulated to more specifically target epithelial cells, and biofilms. Finally, the development of more potent gene vectors to increase the duration of gene expression and reduce inflammation is a promising strategy to eventually cure CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douweh Leyla Gbian
- The Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Jaén RI, Sánchez-García S, Fernández-Velasco M, Boscá L, Prieto P. Resolution-Based Therapies: The Potential of Lipoxins to Treat Human Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658840. [PMID: 33968061 PMCID: PMC8102821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an a physiological response instead an essential response of the organism to injury and its adequate resolution is essential to restore homeostasis. However, defective resolution can be the precursor of severe forms of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Nowadays, it is known that an excessive inflammatory response underlies the most prevalent human pathologies worldwide. Therefore, great biomedical research efforts have been driven toward discovering new strategies to promote the resolution of inflammation with fewer side-effects and more specificity than the available anti-inflammatory treatments. In this line, the use of endogenous specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) has gained a prominent interest. Among the different SPMs described, lipoxins stand out as one of the most studied and their deficiency has been widely associated with a wide range of pathologies. In this review, we examined the current knowledge on the therapeutic potential of lipoxins to treat diseases characterized by a severe inflammatory background affecting main physiological systems, paying special attention to the signaling pathways involved. Altogether, we provide an updated overview of the evidence suggesting that increasing endogenously generated lipoxins may emerge as a new therapeutic approach to prevent and treat many of the most prevalent diseases underpinned by an increased inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael I. Jaén
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Fernández-Velasco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de investigación del Hospital la Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lisardo Boscá, ; Patricia Prieto,
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lisardo Boscá, ; Patricia Prieto,
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10
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Sheikh Z, Bradbury P, Pozzoli M, Young PM, Ong HX, Traini D. An in vitro model for assessing drug transport in cystic fibrosis treatment: Characterisation of the CuFi-1 cell line. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 156:121-130. [PMID: 32916267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease that most commonly affects the lungs and is characterized by mucus retention and a continuous cycle of bacterial infection and inflammation. Current CF treatment strategies are focused on targeted drug delivery to the lungs. Novel inhalable drug therapies require an in vitro CF model that appropriately mimics the in vivo CF lung environment to better understand drug delivery and transport across the CF epithelium, and predict drug therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the appropriate air-liquid interface (ALI) culture method of the CuFi-1 (CF cell line) compared to the NuLi-1 (healthy cell line) cells to be used as in vitro models of CF airway epithelia. Furthermore, drug transport on both CuFi-1 and NuLi-1 was investigated to determine whether these cell lines could be used to study transport of drugs used in CF treatment using Ibuprofen (the only anti-inflammatory drug currently approved for CF) as a model drug. Differentiating characteristics specific to airway epithelia such as mucus production, inflammatory response and tight junction formation at two seeding densities (Low and High) were assessed throughout an 8-week ALI culture period. This study demonstrated that both the NuLi-1 and CuFi-1 cell lines fully differentiate in ALI culture with significant mucus secretion, IL-6 and IL-8 production, and functional tight junctions at week 8. Additionally, the High seeding density was found to alter the phenotype of the NuLi-1 cell line. For the first time, this study identifies that ibuprofen is transported via the paracellular pathway in ALI models of NuLi-1 and CuFi-1 cell lines. Overall, these findings highlight that NuLi-1 and CuFi-1 as promising in vitro ALI models to investigate the transport properties of novel inhalable drug therapies for CF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Sheikh
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peta Bradbury
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michele Pozzoli
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia
| | - Paul M Young
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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11
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Briottet M, Shum M, Urbach V. The Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Cystic Fibrosis Airways Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1290. [PMID: 32982730 PMCID: PMC7493015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease due to mutations of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene encoding the CFTR chloride channel. The ion transport abnormalities related to CFTR mutation generate a dehydrated airway surface liquid (ASL) layer, which is responsible for an altered mucociliary clearance, favors infections and persistent inflammation that lead to progressive lung destruction and respiratory failure. The inflammatory response is normally followed by an active resolution phase to return to tissue homeostasis, which involves specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs promote resolution of inflammation, clearance of microbes, tissue regeneration and reduce pain, but do not evoke unwanted immunosuppression. The airways of CF patients showed a decreased production of SPMs even in the absence of pathogens. SPMs levels in the airway correlated with CF patients' lung function. The prognosis for CF has greatly improved but there remains a critical need for more effective treatments that prevent excessive inflammation, lung damage, and declining pulmonary function for all CF patients. This review aims to highlight the recent understanding of CF airway inflammation and the possible impact of SPMs on functions that are altered in CF airways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valerie Urbach
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Créteil, France
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12
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Sainz-Ramos M, Villate-Beitia I, Gallego I, A L Qtaish N, Lopez-Mendez TB, Eritja R, Grijalvo S, Puras G, Pedraz JL. Non-viral mediated gene therapy in human cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells recovers chloride channel functionality. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119757. [PMID: 32791297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy strategies based on non-viral vectors are currently considered as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF), being liposomes the most commonly used gene carriers. Niosomes offer a powerful alternative to liposomes due to their higher stability and lower cytotoxicity, provided by their non-ionic surfactant and helper components. In this work, a three-formulation screening is performed, in terms of physicochemical and biological behavior, in CF patient derived airway epithelial cells. The most efficient niosome formulation reaches 28% of EGFP expressing live cells and follows caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Transfection with therapeutic cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene results in 5-fold increase of CFTR protein expression in transfected versus non-transfected cells, which leads to 1.5-fold increment of the chloride channel functionality. These findings highlight the relevance of niosome-based systems as an encouraging non-viral gene therapy platform with potential therapeutic benefits for CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Sainz-Ramos
- NanoBioCel Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Ilia Villate-Beitia
- NanoBioCel Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Idoia Gallego
- NanoBioCel Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Nuseibah A L Qtaish
- NanoBioCel Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Tania B Lopez-Mendez
- NanoBioCel Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Ramón Eritja
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Grijalvo
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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13
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Hynes D, Harvey BJ. Dexamethasone reduces airway epithelial Cl - secretion by rapid non-genomic inhibition of KCNQ1, KCNN4 and KATP K + channels. Steroids 2019; 151:108459. [PMID: 31330137 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Basolateral membrane K+ channels play a key role in basal and agonist stimulated Cl- transport across airway epithelial cells by generating a favourable electrical driving force for Cl- efflux. The K+ channel sub-types and molecular mechanisms of regulation by hormones and secretagoues are still poorly understood. Here we have identified the type of K+ channels involved in cAMP and Ca2+ stimulated Cl- secretion and uncovered a novel anti-secretory effect of dexamethasone mediated by inhibition of basolateral membrane K+ channels in a human airway cell model of 16HBE14o- cells commonly used for ion transport studies. Dexamethasone produced a rapid inhibition of transepithelial chloride ion secretion under steady state conditions and after stimulation with cAMP agonist (forskolin) or a Ca2+ mobilizing agonist (ATP). Our results show three different types of K+ channels are targeted by dexamethasone to reduce airway secretion, namely Ca2+-activated secretion via KCNN4 (KCa3.1) channels and cAMP-activated secretion via KCNQ1 (Kv7.1) and KATP (Kir6.1,6.2) channels. The down-regulation of KCNN4 and KCNQ1 channel activities by dexamethasone involves rapid non-genomic activation of PKCα and PKA signalling pathways, respectively. Dexamethasone signal transduction for PKC and PKA activation was demonstrated to occur through a rapid non-genomic pathway that did not implicate the classical nuclear receptors for glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids but occurred via a novel signalling cascade involving sequentially a Gi-protein coupled receptor, PKC, adenylyl cyclase Type IV, cAMP, PKA and ERK1/2 activation. The rapid, non-genomic, effects of dexamethasone on airway epithelial ion transport and cell signalling introduces a new paradigm for glucocorticoid actions in lung epithelia which may serve to augment the anti-inflammatory activity of the steroid and enhance its therapeutic potential in treating airway hypersecretion in asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Hynes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brian J Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland; Centro di Estudios Cientificos CECs, Valdivia, Chile.
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14
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Recchiuti A, Mattoscio D, Isopi E. Roles, Actions, and Therapeutic Potential of Specialized Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators for the Treatment of Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:252. [PMID: 31001110 PMCID: PMC6454233 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-resolving inflammation is the main mechanism of morbidity and mortality among patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life-threatening human genetic disease. Resolution of inflammation is an active process timely controlled by endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) produced locally in inflammatory loci to restrain this innate response, prevent further damages to the host, and permit return to homeostasis. Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins are SPM derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that limit excessive leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory signals, stimulate innate microbial killing, and enhance resolution. Their unique chemical structures, receptors, and bioactions are being elucidated. Accruing data indicate that SPMs carry protective functions against unrelenting inflammation and infections in preclinical models and human CF systems. Here, we reviewed their roles and actions in controlling resolution of inflammation, evidence for their impairment in CF, and proofs of principle for their exploitation as innovative, non-immunosuppressive drugs to address inflammation and infections in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Recchiuti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centro di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Mattoscio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centro di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elisa Isopi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centro di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), Università “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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15
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Krishnamoorthy N, Abdulnour REE, Walker KH, Engstrom BD, Levy BD. Specialized Proresolving Mediators in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Airway Diseases. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1335-1370. [PMID: 29717929 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne pathogens and environmental stimuli evoke immune responses in the lung. It is critical to health that these responses be controlled to prevent tissue damage and the compromise of organ function. Resolution of inflammation is a dynamic process that is coordinated by biochemical and cellular mechanisms. Recently, specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) have been identified in resolution exudates. These molecules orchestrate anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions that are cell type specific. In this review, we highlight SPM biosynthesis, the influence of SPMs on the innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung, as well as recent insights from SPMs on inflammatory disease pathophysiology. Uncovering these mediators and cellular mechanisms for resolution is providing new windows into physiology and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Krishnamoorthy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raja-Elie E Abdulnour
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine H Walker
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Braden D Engstrom
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Vellaisamy K, Li G, Wang W, Leung CH, Ma DL. A long-lived peptide-conjugated iridium(iii) complex as a luminescent probe and inhibitor of the cell migration mediator, formyl peptide receptor 2. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8171-8177. [PMID: 30568767 PMCID: PMC6256120 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors play important biological and therapeutic roles in wound repair and inflammatory diseases. In this work, we present a luminescent iridium(iii) complex (6) conjugated with the peptide agonist WKYMVm as a luminescent formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) imaging probe in living cells. Complex 6 displayed ideal cell imaging characteristics, high photostability and low cytotoxicity. Competition assays with a known FPR2 antagonist, WRW4, and siRNA knockdown experiments both revealed that complex 6 selectively targeted FPR2 in living HUVEC cells. Moreover, complex 6 regulated FPR2 signalling in HUVEC cells as shown using a mechanical scratch assay. Finally, complex 6 reduced epithelial cell migration capacity and inhibited lipoxin A4 (LXA4)-triggered cell migration in HUVEC cells, demonstrating the ability of this complex to inhibit FPR2 in living cells. To our knowledge, this is the first long-lived probe for imaging FPR2 in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasipandi Vellaisamy
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine , Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macao , China .
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine , Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macao , China .
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China .
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17
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Philippe R, Urbach V. Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102865. [PMID: 30241412 PMCID: PMC6213393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), impaired airway surface hydration (ASL) and mucociliary clearance that promote chronic bacterial colonization, persistent inflammation, and progressive structural damage to the airway wall architecture are typically explained by ion transport abnormalities related to the mutation of the gene coding for the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) channel. However, the progressive and unrelenting inflammation of the CF airway begins early in life, becomes persistent, and is excessive relative to the bacterial burden. Intrinsic abnormalities of the inflammatory response in cystic fibrosis have been suggested but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. This review aims to give an overview of the recent advances in the understanding of the defective resolution of inflammation in CF including the abnormal production of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (lipoxin and resolvin) and their impact on the pathogenesis of the CF airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réginald Philippe
- INSERM, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 75993 Paris, France.
| | - Valerie Urbach
- INSERM, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 75993 Paris, France.
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18
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are large innate cytoplasmic complexes that play a major role in promoting inflammation in the lung in response to a range of environmental and infectious stimuli. Inflammasomes are critical for driving acute innate immune responses that resolve infection and maintain tissue homeostasis. However, dysregulated or excessive inflammasome activation can be detrimental. Here, we discuss the plethora of recent data from clinical studies and small animal disease models that implicate excessive inflammasome responses in the pathogenesis of a number of acute and chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases. Understanding of the role of inflammasomes in lung disease is of great therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleela M Ruwanpura
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Rosli
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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19
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Bartoszewski R, Matalon S, Collawn JF. Ion channels of the lung and their role in disease pathogenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L859-L872. [PMID: 29025712 PMCID: PMC5792182 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00285.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of normal epithelial ion and water transport in the lungs includes providing a thin layer of surface liquid that coats the conducting airways. This airway surface liquid is critical for normal lung function in a number of ways but, perhaps most importantly, is required for normal mucociliary clearance and bacterial removal. Preservation of the appropriate level of hydration, pH, and viscosity for the airway surface liquid requires the proper regulation and function of a battery of different types of ion channels and transporters. Here we discuss how alterations in ion channel/transporter function often lead to lung pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
- Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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20
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Perucci LO, Sugimoto MA, Gomes KB, Dusse LM, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. Annexin A1 and specialized proresolving lipid mediators: promoting resolution as a therapeutic strategy in human inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:879-896. [PMID: 28786708 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1364363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The timely resolution of inflammation is essential to restore tissue homeostasis and to avoid chronic inflammatory diseases. Resolution of inflammation is an active process modulated by various proresolving mediators, including annexin A1 (AnxA1) and specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs), which counteract excessive inflammatory responses and stimulate proresolving mechanisms. Areas covered: The protective effects of AnxA1 and SPMs have been extensively explored in pre-clinical animal models. However, studies investigating the function of these molecules in human diseases are just emerging. This review highlights recent advances on the role of proresolving mediators, and pharmacological opportunities of promoting resolution pathways in preclinical models and patients with various human diseases. Expert opinion: Dysregulation or 'failure' in proresolving mechanisms might be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Altered levels of proresolving mediators were found in a wide range of human diseases. In some cases, AnxA1 and SPMs are up-regulated in human blood and tissues but fail to engage in proresolving signaling and, hence, to regulate excessive inflammation. Thus, the new concept of 'resolution pharmacology' could be applied to compensate deficiency of endogenous proresolving mediators' generation and/or possible failures in the engagement of resolution pathways observed in many chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Oliveira Perucci
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Michelle Amantéa Sugimoto
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Luci Maria Dusse
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- d Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Lirlândia Pires Sousa
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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21
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Brennan EP, Cacace A, Godson C. Specialized pro-resolving mediators in renal fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 58:102-113. [PMID: 28479307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and its timely resolution play a critical role in effective host defence and wound healing. Unresolved inflammatory responses underlie the pathology of many prevalent diseases resulting in tissue fibrosis and eventual organ failure as typified by kidney, lung and liver fibrosis. The role of autocrine and paracrine mediators including cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotrienes in initiating and sustaining inflammation is well established. More recently a physiological role for specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators [SPMs] in modulating inflammatory responses and promoting the resolution of inflammation has been appreciated. As will be discussed in this review, SPMs not only attenuate the development of fibrosis through promoting the resolution of inflammation but may also directly suppress fibrotic responses. These findings suggest novel therapeutic paradigms to treat intractable life-limiting diseases such as renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Brennan
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Antonino Cacace
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Godson
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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22
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Principi N, Esposito S. Nasal Irrigation: An Imprecisely Defined Medical Procedure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050516. [PMID: 28492494 PMCID: PMC5451967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nasal irrigation (NI) is an old practice of upper respiratory tract care that likely originated in the Ayurvedic medical tradition. It is used alone or in association with other therapies in several conditions—including chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis—and to treat and prevent upper respiratory tract infections, especially in children. However, despite it being largely prescribed in everyday clinical practice, NI is not included or is only briefly mentioned by experts in the guidelines for treatment of upper respiratory tract diseases. In this review, present knowledge about NI and its relevance in clinical practice is discussed to assist physicians in understanding the available evidence and the potential use of this medical intervention. Analysis of the literature showed that NI seems to be effective in the treatment of several acute and chronic sinonasal conditions. However, although in recent years several new studies have been performed, most of the studies that have evaluated NI have relevant methodologic problems. Only multicenter studies enrolling a great number of subjects can solve the problem of the real relevance of NI, and these studies are urgently needed. Methods for performing NI have to be standardized to determine which solutions, devices and durations of treatment are adequate to obtain favorable results. This seems particularly important for children that suffer a great number of sinonasal problems and might benefit significantly from an inexpensive and simple preventive and therapeutic measure such as NI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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23
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Choi G, Hwang SW. Modulation of the Activities of Neuronal Ion Channels by Fatty Acid-Derived Pro-Resolvents. Front Physiol 2016; 7:523. [PMID: 27877134 PMCID: PMC5099253 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress of inflammation depends on the balance between two biological mechanisms: pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving processes. Many extracellular and intracellular molecular components including cytokines, growth factors, steroids, neurotransmitters, and lipidergic mediators and their receptors contribute to the two processes, generated from cellular participants during inflammation. Fatty acid-derived mediators are crucial in directing the inflammatory phase and orchestrating heterogeneous reactions of participants such as inflamed cells, innate immune cells, vascular components, innervating neurons, etc. As well as activating specific types of receptor molecules, lipidergic mediators can actively control the functions of various ion channels via direct binding and/or signal transduction, thereby altering cellular functions. Lipid mediators can be divided into two classes based on which of the two processes they promote: pro-inflammatory, which includes prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and pro-resolving, which includes lipoxins, resolvins, and maresins. The research on the modulations of neuronal ion channels regarding the actions of the pro-inflammatory class has begun relatively earlier while the focus is currently expanding to cover the ion channel interaction with pro-resolvents. As a result, knowledge of inhibitory mechanisms by the pro-resolvents, historically seldom found for other known endogenous modulators or pro-inflammatory mediators, is accumulating particularly upon sensory neuronal cation channels. Diverse mechanistic explanations at molecular levels are being proposed and refined. Here we overviewed the interactions of lipidergic pro-resolvents with neuronal ion channels and outcomes from the interactions, focusing on transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. We also discuss unanswered hypotheses and perspectives regarding their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunyeol Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Wook Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea UniversitySeoul, South Korea; Department of Physiology, Korea University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
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24
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Schwingshackl A. The role of stretch-activated ion channels in acute respiratory distress syndrome: finally a new target? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L639-52. [PMID: 27521425 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00458.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) and oxygen therapy (hyperoxia; HO) comprise the cornerstones of life-saving interventions for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Unfortunately, the side effects of MV and HO include exacerbation of lung injury by barotrauma, volutrauma, and propagation of lung inflammation. Despite significant improvements in ventilator technologies and a heightened awareness of oxygen toxicity, besides low tidal volume ventilation few if any medical interventions have improved ARDS outcomes over the past two decades. We are lacking a comprehensive understanding of mechanotransduction processes in the healthy lung and know little about the interactions between simultaneously activated stretch-, HO-, and cytokine-induced signaling cascades in ARDS. Nevertheless, as we are unraveling these mechanisms we are gathering increasing evidence for the importance of stretch-activated ion channels (SACs) in the activation of lung-resident and inflammatory cells. In addition to the discovery of new SAC families in the lung, e.g., two-pore domain potassium channels, we are increasingly assigning mechanosensing properties to already known Na(+), Ca(2+), K(+), and Cl(-) channels. Better insights into the mechanotransduction mechanisms of SACs will improve our understanding of the pathways leading to ventilator-induced lung injury and lead to much needed novel therapeutic approaches against ARDS by specifically targeting SACs. This review 1) summarizes the reasons why the time has come to seriously consider SACs as new therapeutic targets against ARDS, 2) critically analyzes the physiological and experimental factors that currently limit our knowledge about SACs, and 3) outlines the most important questions future research studies need to address.
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Higgins G, Fustero Torre C, Tyrrell J, McNally P, Harvey BJ, Urbach V. Lipoxin A4 prevents tight junction disruption and delays the colonization of cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1053-61. [PMID: 27084849 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00368.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The specialized proresolution lipid mediator lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is abnormally produced in cystic fibrosis (CF) airways. LXA4 increases the CF airway surface liquid height and stimulates airway epithelial repair and tight junction formation. We report here a protective effect of LXA4 (1 nM) against tight junction disruption caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial challenge together with a delaying action against bacterial invasion in CF airway epithelial cells from patients with CF and immortalized cell lines. Bacterial invasion and tight junction integrity were measured by gentamicin exclusion assays and confocal fluorescence microscopy in non-CF (NuLi-1) and CF (CuFi-1) bronchial epithelial cell lines and in primary CF cultures, grown under an air/liquid interface, exposed to either a clinical or laboratory strains of P. aeruginosa LXA4 delayed P. aeruginosa invasion and transepithelial migration in CF and normal bronchial epithelial cell cultures. These protective effects of LXA4 were inhibited by the ALX/FPR2 lipoxin receptor antagonist BOC-2. LXA4 prevented the reduction in mRNA biosynthesis and protein abundance of the tight junction protein ZO-1 and reduced tight junction disruption induced by P. aeruginsosa inoculation. In conclusion, LXA4 plays a protective role in bronchial epithelium by stimulating tight junction repair and by delaying and reducing the invasion of CF bronchial epithelial cells by P. aeruginsosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Higgins
- National Children Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jean Tyrrell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul McNally
- National Children Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Brian J Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valerie Urbach
- National Children Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; INSERM U1151, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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Weitnauer M, Mijošek V, Dalpke AH. Control of local immunity by airway epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:287-98. [PMID: 26627458 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung is ventilated by thousand liters of air per day. Inevitably, the respiratory system comes into contact with airborne microbial compounds, most of them harmless contaminants. Airway epithelial cells are known to have innate sensor functions, thus being able to detect microbial danger. To avoid chronic inflammation, the pulmonary system has developed specific means to control local immune responses. Even though airway epithelial cells can act as proinflammatory promoters, we propose that under homeostatic conditions airway epithelial cells are important modulators of immune responses in the lung. In this review, we discuss epithelial cell regulatory functions that control reactivity of professional immune cells within the microenvironment of the airways and how these mechanisms are altered in pulmonary diseases. Regulation by epithelial cells can be divided into two mechanisms: (1) mediators regulate epithelial cells' innate sensitivity in cis and (2) factors are produced that limit reactivity of immune cells in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weitnauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Mijošek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A H Dalpke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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Bastier PL, Lechot A, Bordenave L, Durand M, de Gabory L. Nasal irrigation: From empiricism to evidence-based medicine. A review. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2015; 132:281-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Girault A, Chebli J, Privé A, Trinh NTN, Maillé E, Grygorczyk R, Brochiero E. Complementary roles of KCa3.1 channels and β1-integrin during alveolar epithelial repair. Respir Res 2015; 16:100. [PMID: 26335442 PMCID: PMC4558634 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive alveolar epithelial injury and remodelling is a common feature of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and it has been established that epithelial regeneration, and secondary lung oedema resorption, is crucial for ARDS resolution. Much evidence indicates that K(+) channels are regulating epithelial repair processes; however, involvement of the KCa3.1 channels in alveolar repair has never been investigated before. RESULTS Wound-healing assays demonstrated that the repair rates were increased in primary rat alveolar cell monolayers grown on a fibronectin matrix compared to non-coated supports, whereas an anti-β1-integrin antibody reduced it. KCa3.1 inhibition/silencing impaired the fibronectin-stimulated wound-healing rates, as well as cell migration and proliferation, but had no effect in the absence of coating. We then evaluated a putative relationship between KCa3.1 channel and the migratory machinery protein β1-integrin, which is activated by fibronectin. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments indicated a link between the two proteins and revealed their cellular co-distribution. In addition, we demonstrated that KCa3.1 channel and β1-integrin membrane expressions were increased on a fibronectin matrix. We also showed increased intracellular calcium concentrations as well as enhanced expression of TRPC4, a voltage-independent calcium channel belonging to the large TRP channel family, on a fibronectin matrix. Finally, wound-healing assays showed additive effects of KCa3.1 and TRPC4 inhibitors on alveolar epithelial repair. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time complementary roles of KCa3.1 and TRPC4 channels with extracellular matrix and β1-integrin in the regulation of alveolar repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Girault
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X0A9, Canada. .,Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, CP6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C3J7, Canada.
| | - Jasmine Chebli
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X0A9, Canada. .,Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, CP6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C3J7, Canada.
| | - Anik Privé
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X0A9, Canada.
| | - Nguyen Thu Ngan Trinh
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X0A9, Canada. .,Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, CP6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C3J7, Canada.
| | - Emilie Maillé
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X0A9, Canada.
| | - Ryszard Grygorczyk
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X0A9, Canada. .,Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, CP6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C3J7, Canada.
| | - Emmanuelle Brochiero
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X0A9, Canada. .,Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, CP6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C3J7, Canada.
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Molina SA, Stauffer B, Moriarty HK, Kim AH, McCarty NA, Koval M. Junctional abnormalities in human airway epithelial cells expressing F508del CFTR. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L475-87. [PMID: 26115671 PMCID: PMC4556929 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00060.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) has a profound impact on airway physiology. Accumulating evidence suggests that intercellular junctions are impaired in CF. We examined changes to CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function, tight junctions, and gap junctions in NuLi-1 (CFTR(wt/wt)) and CuFi-5 (CFTR(ΔF508/ΔF508)) cells. Cells were studied at air-liquid interface (ALI) and compared with primary human bronchial epithelial cells. On the basis of fluorescent lectin binding, the phenotype of the NuLi-1 and CuFi-5 cells at week 8 resembled that of serous, glycoprotein-rich airway cells. After week 7, CuFi-5 cells possessed 130% of the epithelial Na(+) channel activity and 17% of the CFTR activity of NuLi-1 cells. In both cell types, expression levels of CFTR were comparable to those in primary airway epithelia. Transepithelial resistance of NuLi-1 and CuFi-5 cells stabilized during maturation in ALI culture, with significantly lower transepithelial resistance for CuFi-5 than NuLi-1 cells. We also found that F508del CFTR negatively affects gap junction function in the airway. NuLi-1 and CuFi-5 cells express the connexins Cx43 and Cx26. While both connexins were properly trafficked by NuLi-1 cells, Cx43 was mistrafficked by CuFi-5 cells. Cx43 trafficking was rescued in CuFi-5 cells treated with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), as assessed by intracellular dye transfer. 4-PBA-treated CuFi-5 cells also exhibited an increase in forskolin-induced CFTR-mediated currents. The Cx43 trafficking defect was confirmed using IB3-1 cells and found to be corrected by 4-PBA treatment. These data support the use of NuLi-1 and CuFi-5 cells to examine the effects of F508del CFTR expression on tight junction and gap junction function in the context of serous human airway cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Molina
- Emory+Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Brandon Stauffer
- Emory+Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hannah K Moriarty
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Agnes H Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nael A McCarty
- Emory+Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Koval
- Emory+Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
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30
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Romano M, Cianci E, Simiele F, Recchiuti A. Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins in resolution of inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 760:49-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
The different types of cells in the lung, from the conducting airway epithelium to the alveolar epithelium and the pulmonary vasculature, are interconnected by gap junctions. The specific profile of gap junction proteins, the connexins, expressed in these different cell types forms compartments of intercellular communication that can be further shaped by the release of extracellular nucleotides via pannexin1 channels. In this review, we focus on the physiology of connexins and pannexins and describe how this lung communication network modulates lung function and host defenses in conductive and respiratory airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Losa
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, 2007 Ultimo, NSW Australia
| | - Marc Chanson
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Higgins G, Ringholz F, Buchanan P, McNally P, Urbach V. Physiological impact of abnormal lipoxin A₄ production on cystic fibrosis airway epithelium and therapeutic potential. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:781087. [PMID: 25866809 PMCID: PMC4383482 DOI: 10.1155/2015/781087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxin A4 has been described as a major signal for the resolution of inflammation and is abnormally produced in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In CF, the loss of chloride transport caused by the mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel gene results in dehydration, mucus plugging, and reduction of the airway surface liquid layer (ASL) height which favour chronic lung infection and neutrophil based inflammation leading to progressive lung destruction and early death of people with CF. This review highlights the unique ability of LXA4 to restore airway surface hydration, to stimulate airway epithelial repair, and to antagonise the proinflammatory program of the CF airway, circumventing some of the most difficult aspects of CF pathophysiology. The report points out novel aspects of the cellular mechanism involved in the physiological response to LXA4, including release of ATP from airway epithelial cell via pannexin channel and subsequent activation of and P2Y11 purinoreceptor. Therefore, inadequate endogenous LXA4 biosynthesis reported in CF exacerbates the ion transport abnormality and defective mucociliary clearance, in addition to impairing the resolution of inflammation, thus amplifying the vicious circle of airway dehydration, chronic infection, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Higgins
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Fiona Ringholz
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Buchanan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Paul McNally
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Valérie Urbach
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U845, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Site Necker, 156 rue Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
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Qin C, Yang YH, May L, Gao X, Stewart AG, Tu Y, Woodman OL, Ritchie RH. Cardioprotective potential of annexin-A1 mimetics in myocardial infarction. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:47-65. [PMID: 25460034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) and its resultant heart failure remains a major cause of death in the world. The current treatments for patients with MI are revascularization with thrombolytic agents or interventional procedures. These treatments have focused on restoring blood flow to the ischemic tissue to prevent tissue necrosis and preserve organ function. The restoration of blood flow after a period of ischemia, however, may elicit further myocardial damage, called reperfusion injury. Pharmacological interventions, such as antioxidant and Ca(2+) channel blockers, have shown premises in experimental settings; however, clinical studies have shown limited success. Thus, there is a need for the development of novel therapies to treat reperfusion injury. The therapeutic potential of glucocorticoid-regulated anti-inflammatory mediator annexin-A1 (ANX-A1) has recently been recognized in a range of systemic inflammatory disorders. ANX-A1 binds to and activates the family of formyl peptide receptors (G protein-coupled receptor family) to inhibit neutrophil activation, migration and infiltration. Until recently, studies on the cardioprotective actions of ANX-A1 and its peptide mimetics (Ac2-26, CGEN-855A) have largely focused on its anti-inflammatory effects as a mechanism of preserving myocardial viability following I-R injury. Our laboratory provided the first evidence of the direct protective action of ANX-A1 on myocardium, independent of inflammatory cells in vitro. We now review the potential for ANX-A1 based therapeutics to be seen as a "triple shield" therapy against myocardial I-R injury, limiting neutrophil infiltration and preserving both cardiomyocyte viability and contractile function. This novel therapy may thus represent a valuable clinical approach to improve outcome after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxue Qin
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuan H Yang
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases Monash University and Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren May
- Department of Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Tu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Owen L Woodman
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
CFTR is a cAMP-activated chloride and bicarbonate channel that is critical for lung homeostasis. Decreases in CFTR expression have dire consequences in cystic fibrosis (CF) and have been suggested to be a component of the lung pathology in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Decreases or loss of channel function often lead to mucus stasis, chronic bacterial infections, and the accompanying chronic inflammatory responses that promote progressive lung destruction, and, eventually in CF, lung failure. Here we discuss CFTR's functional role airway surface liquid hydration and pH, in regulation of other channels such as the epithelial sodium channel, and in regulating inflammatory responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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35
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Al-Alawi M, Buchanan P, Verriere V, Higgins G, McCabe O, Costello RW, McNally P, Urbach V, Harvey BJ. Physiological levels of lipoxin A4 inhibit ENaC and restore airway surface liquid height in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelium. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/8/e12093. [PMID: 25107986 PMCID: PMC4246599 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), the airway surface liquid (ASL) is depleted. We previously demonstrated that lipoxin A4 (LXA4) can modulate ASL height (ASLh) through actions on Cl(-) transport. Here, we report novel effects of lipoxin on the epithelial Na(+) channel ENaC in this response. ASL dynamics and ion transport were studied using live-cell confocal microscopy and short-circuit current measurements in CF (CuFi-1) and non-CF (NuLi-1) cell cultures. Low physiological concentrations of LXA4 in the picomolar range produced an increase in ASLh which was dependent on inhibition of an amiloride-sensitive Na(+) current and stimulation of a bumetanide-sensitive Cl(-) current. These ion transport and ASLh responses to LXA4 were blocked by Boc-2 an inhibitor of the specific LXA4 receptor ALX/FPR2. LXA4 affected the subcellular localization of its receptor and enhanced the localization of ALX/FPR2 at the apical membrane of CF cells. Our results provide evidence for a novel effect of low physiological concentrations of LXA4 to inhibit airway epithelial Na(+) absorption that results in an ASL height increase in CF airway epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Al-Alawi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Buchanan
- National Children Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Valia Verriere
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Olive McCabe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Richard W Costello
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul McNally
- National Children Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Valérie Urbach
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland National Children Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland INSERM U661, Montpellier, France
| | - Brian J Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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36
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Recchiuti A, Codagnone M, Pierdomenico AM, Rossi C, Mari VC, Cianci E, Simiele F, Gatta V, Romano M. Immunoresolving actions of oral resolvin D1 include selective regulation of the transcription machinery in resolution-phase mouse macrophages. FASEB J 2014; 28:3090-102. [PMID: 24692596 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Resolvin D1 (RvD1; 7S,8R,17S-trihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid) is an endogenous immunoresolvent that regulates acute inflammation and orchestrates resolution. Here, we investigated anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions of RvD1 after oral administration. RvD1 rapidly accumulated in the mouse plasma after oral delivery and dose-dependently (1-100 ng/mouse) reduced leukocyte infiltration in zymosan A-induced acute peritonitis. Using mathematical resolution indices, RvD1 reduced Ψmax by ∼50%, shortened the resolution interval by 3 h, and significantly reduced total leukocyte (by ∼30-45%) and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (by ∼40-55%) accumulation when administered at the peak of peritonitis. RvD1 also improved course and outcome of severe peritonitis, shifting it toward resolution. In peritoneal macrophages (MΦs) from the resolution phase of peritonitis, RvD1 down-regulated (by 2- to 3-fold) select genes that control gene transcription, namely coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), and downstream genes, such as colony-stimulating factor 3, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and monocyte inflammatory protein 2, which promote neutrophil infiltration and reduce MΦ phagocytosis. Congruently, CARM1 knockdown in human and murine MΦs induced a proresolving phenotype, recapitulating in vivo actions of RvD1. These results establish novel properties of RvD1 and demonstrate that RvD1 modifies the transcription control machinery in MΦs, as part of its mechanisms of action during the resolution of acute inflammation.-Recchiuti, A., Codagnone, M., Pierdomenico, A. M., Rossi, C., Mari, V. C., Cianci, E., Simiele, F., Gatta, V., Romano, M. Immunoresolving actions of oral resolvin D1 include selective regulation of the transcription machinery in resolution-phase mouse macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Recchiuti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Science, Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marilina Codagnone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Science, Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pierdomenico
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cosmo Rossi
- Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Cianci
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Felice Simiele
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Science, Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological, Humanities and Territorial Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy; and Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Science, Center of Excellence on Aging, G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
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37
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent inherited disease in Caucasian populations and is due to a defect in the expression or activity of a chloride channel encoded by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Mutations in this gene affect organs with exocrine functions and the main cause of morbidity and mortality for CF patients is the lung pathology in which the defect in CFTR decreases chloride secretion, lowering the airway surface liquid height and increasing mucus viscosity. The compromised ASL dynamics leads to a favorable environment for bacterial proliferation and sustained inflammation resulting in epithelial lung tissue injury, fibrosis and remodeling. In CF, there exist a difference in lung pathology between men and women that is termed the "CF gender gap". Recent studies have shown the prominent role of the most potent form of estrogen, 17β-estradiol in exacerbating lung function in CF females and here, we review the role of this hormone in the CF gender dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinciane Saint-Criq
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI-ERC, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brian J Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI-ERC, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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38
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Urbach V, Higgins G, Buchanan P, Ringholz F. The role of Lipoxin A4 in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013; 6:e201303018. [PMID: 24688726 PMCID: PMC3962119 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201303018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Cystic Fibrosis (CF), mutations of the CFTR gene result in defective Cl(-) secretion and Na(+) hyperabsorption by epithelia which leads to airway lumen dehydration and mucus plugging and favours chronic bacterial colonization, persistent inflammation and progressive lung destruction. Beyond this general description, the pathogenesis of CF lung disease remains obscure due to an incomplete understanding of normal innate airway defense. This mini-review aims to highlight the role of the pro-resolution lipid mediator, Lipoxin A4, which is inadequately produced in CF, on several aspects of innate immunity that are altered in CF airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Urbach
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U845, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes - Site Necker - 156 rue Vaugirard 75015, Paris, France
| | - Gerard Higgins
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Paul Buchanan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Fiona Ringholz
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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39
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Girault A, Brochiero E. Evidence of K+ channel function in epithelial cell migration, proliferation, and repair. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 306:C307-19. [PMID: 24196531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00226.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient repair of epithelial tissue, which is frequently exposed to insults, is necessary to maintain its functional integrity. It is therefore necessary to better understand the biological and molecular determinants of tissue regeneration and to develop new strategies to promote epithelial repair. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that many members of the large and widely expressed family of K(+) channels are involved in regulation of cell migration and proliferation, key processes of epithelial repair. First, we briefly summarize the complex mechanisms, including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, engaged after epithelial injury. We then present evidence implicating K(+) channels in the regulation of these key repair processes. We also describe the mechanisms whereby K(+) channels may control epithelial repair processes. In particular, changes in membrane potential, K(+) concentration, cell volume, intracellular Ca(2+), and signaling pathways following modulation of K(+) channel activity, as well as physical interaction of K(+) channels with the cytoskeleton or integrins are presented. Finally, we discuss the challenges to efficient, specific, and safe targeting of K(+) channels for therapeutic applications to improve epithelial repair in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Girault
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
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