1
|
Matera MG, Rogliani P, Novelli G, Cazzola M. The impact of genomic variants on patient response to inhaled bronchodilators: a comprehensive update. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37269324 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2221848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bronchodilator response (BDR) depends on many factors, including genetic ones. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influencing BDR have been identified. However, despite several studies in this field, genetic variations are not currently being utilized to support the use of bronchodilators. AREAS COVERED In this narrative review, the possible impact of genetic variants on BDR is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Pharmacogenetic studies of β2-agonists have mainly focused on ADRB2 gene. Three SNPs, A46G, C79G, and C491T, have functional significance. However, other uncommon variants may contribute to individual variability in salbutamol response. SNPs haplotypes in ADRB2 may have a role. Many variants in genes coding for muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) have been reported, particularly in the M2 and, to a lesser degree, M3 mAChRs, but no consistent evidence for a pharmacological relevance of these SNPs has been reported. Moreover, there is a link between SNPs and ethnic and/or age profiles regarding BDR. Nevertheless, replication of pharmacogenetic results is limited and often, BDR is dissociated from what is expected based on SNP identification. Pharmacogenetic studies on bronchodilators must continue. However, they must integrate data derived from a multi-omics approach with epigenetic factors that may modify BDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Matera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Camoretti-Mercado B, Pauer SH, Yong HM, Smith DC, Deshpande DA, An SS, Liggett SB. Pleiotropic Effects of Bitter Taste Receptors on [Ca2+]i Mobilization, Hyperpolarization, and Relaxation of Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131582. [PMID: 26121686 PMCID: PMC4485472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and airflow obstruction from human airway smooth muscle (HASM) constriction due to increased local bronchoconstrictive substances. We have recently found bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on HASM, which increase [Ca2+]i and relax the muscle. We report here that some, but not all, TAS2R agonists decrease [Ca2+]i and relax HASM contracted by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that stimulate [Ca2+]i. This suggests both a second pathway by which TAS2Rs relax, and, a heterogeneity of the response phenotype. We utilized eight TAS2R agonists and five procontractile GPCR agonists in cultured HASM cells. We find that heterogeneity in the inhibitory response hinges on which procontractile GPCR is activated. For example, chloroquine inhibits [Ca2+]i increases from histamine, but failed to inhibit [Ca2+]i increases from endothelin-1. Conversely, aristolochic acid inhibited [Ca2+]i increases from endothelin-1 but not histamine. Other dichotomous responses were found when [Ca2+]i was stimulated by bradykinin, angiotensin, and acetylcholine. There was no association between [Ca2+]i inhibition and TAS2R subtype, nor whether [Ca2+]i was increased by Gq- or Gi-coupled GPCRs. Selected studies revealed a correlation between [Ca2+]i inhibition and HASM cell-membrane hyperpolarization. To demonstrate physiologic correlates, ferromagnetic beads were attached to HASM cells and cell stiffness measured by magnetic twisting cytometry. Consistent with the [Ca2+]i inhibition results, chloroquine abolished the cell stiffening response (contraction) evoked by histamine but not by endothelin-1, while aristolochic acid inhibited cell stiffening from endothelin-1, but not from histamine. In studies using intact human bronchi, these same differential responses were found. Those TAS2R agonists that decreased [Ca2+]i, promoted hyperpolarization, and decreased HASM stiffness, caused relaxation of human airways. Thus TAS2Rs relax HASM in two ways: a low-efficiency de novo [Ca2+]i stimulation, and, a high-efficiency inhibition of GPCR-stimulated [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, there is an interaction between TAS2Rs and some GPCRs that facilitates this [Ca2+]i inhibition limb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Camoretti-Mercado
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Personalized Medicine and Genomics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Susan H. Pauer
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Personalized Medicine and Genomics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Hwan Mee Yong
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Dan’elle C. Smith
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Personalized Medicine and Genomics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Deepak A. Deshpande
- Department of Medicine and Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Steven S. An
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Liggett
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Personalized Medicine and Genomics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park HW, Tantisira KG, Weiss ST. Pharmacogenomics in asthma therapy: where are we and where do we go? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:129-47. [PMID: 25292431 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The response to drug treatment in asthma is a complex trait and is markedly variable even in patients with apparently similar clinical features. Pharmaco-genomics, which is the study of variations of human genome characteristics as related to drug response, can play a role in asthma therapy. Both a traditional candidate-gene approach to conducting genetic association studies and genome-wide association studies have provided an increasing list of genes and variants associated with the three major classes of asthma medications: β2-agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers. Moreover, a recent integrative, systems-level approach has offered a promising opportunity to identify important pharmacogenomics loci in asthma treatment. However, we are still a long way away from making this discipline directly relevant to patients. The combination of network modeling, functional validation, and integrative omics technologies will likely be needed to move asthma pharmacogenomics closer to clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Woo Park
- The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , ,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Takeuchi K, Mashimo Y, Shimojo N, Arima T, Inoue Y, Morita Y, Sato K, Suzuki S, Nishimuta T, Watanabe H, Hoshioka A, Tomiita M, Yamaide A, Watanabe M, Okamoto Y, Kohno Y, Hata A, Suzuki Y. Functional variants in the thromboxane A2 receptor gene are associated with lung function in childhood-onset asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:413-24. [PMID: 23517037 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) gene is associated with asthma, but no functional genetic variations are known to associate with the disease or its related phenotypes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of TBXA2R polymorphisms with asthma susceptibility and related phenotypes and to identify functionally relevant polymorphisms. METHODS We performed comprehensive sequencing of the TBXA2R gene in 48 Japanese control subjects and found a set of variants (SNP1 G>T rs2238634, SNP2 T>G rs2238633, SNP3 C>T rs2238632 and SNP4 G>A rs2238631) in intron 1 in linkage disequilibrium with c.795 T>C rs1131882, which was previously reported to be associated with asthma and related phenotypes. To investigate the effect of four common haplotypes (H1, H2, H3 and H4) on transcriptional activity, we performed a luciferase assay in primary bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) and human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). We also studied the haplotype association with lung function, TBXA2R mRNA levels, and eosinophil fraction/count in peripheral blood in childhood-onset asthma patients and/or controls. RESULTS H2 and H4, containing minor alleles of SNP2 and SNP3, had significantly higher transcriptional activities than H1 consisting of major alleles (P < 0.001 in BSMCs and BEAS-2B). Homozygotes for redefined haplotype h2 corresponding to minor alleles of SNP2 and SNP3 were associated with lower lung function in childhood-onset asthma patients compared to other zygotes (baseline Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/ Forced vital capacity (FVC) and Forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the FVC (%FEF(25-75%)): P = 0.00201 and 0.0128, respectively, and post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC and %FEF(25-75%): P = 0.00224 and 0.0393 respectively). Haplotype h2 was also associated with higher mRNA levels in control peripheral blood cells and higher blood eosinophil fractions and counts in female controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Genetic variants were identified in the TBXA2R gene that influenced transcriptional activity and were associated with asthma-related phenotypes. Thromboxane pathways may therefore play important roles in airway inflammation and remodelling in asthma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Takeuchi
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duan QL, Du R, Lasky-Su J, Klanderman BJ, Partch AB, Peters SP, Irvin CG, Hanrahan JP, Lima JJ, Blake KV, Liggett SB, Litonjua AA, Tantisira KG. A polymorphism in the thyroid hormone receptor gene is associated with bronchodilator response in asthmatics. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2013; 13:130-6. [PMID: 22212731 PMCID: PMC3349771 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A pro-asthmatic culture milieu and β2-agonist (isoproterenol) were previously shown to regulate the expression of select transcription factors (TFs) within human airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. This study tests 1116 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 98 of these TF genes for association with bronchodilator response (BDR) in asthma patients. Genotyping was conducted using the Illumina HumanHap550v3 Beadchip in 403 non-Hispanic White asthmatic children and their parents. SNPs were evaluated for association with BDR using family and population-based analyses. Forty-two SNPs providing P-values <0.1 in both analyses were then genotyped in three adult asthma trials. One SNP 5' of the thyroid hormone receptor-β gene was associated with BDR in the childhood population and two adult populations (P-value=0.0012). This investigation identified a novel locus for inter-individual variability in BDR and represents a translation of a cellular drug-response study to potential personalization of clinical asthma management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q L Duan
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Selivanova PA, Kulikov ES, Kozina OV, Trofimenko IN, Freidin MB, Chernyak BA, Ogorodova LM. Differential expression of the β2-adrenoreceptor and M3-cholinoreceptor genes in bronchial mucosa of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 108:39-43. [PMID: 22192964 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchodilators are drugs of choice in the combined therapy of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the therapeutic sensitivity is variable between patients, probably because of structural features of regulating molecules or variation in key genes' expression. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the β2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2) and M3-cholinoreceptor (CHRM3) gene expression in bronchial mucosa in patients with COPD and different severity of asthma. METHODS Biopsy specimens of right middle lobar bronchus were obtained from 59 asthma patients (10 patients with severe brittle phenotype, 14 patients with severe asthma with persistent airflow limitation, 27 patients with moderate asthma, and 8 patients with mild asthma) and 10 COPD patients with or without bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for the ADRB2 and CHRM3 genes in bronchial mucosa were revealed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and compared between groups. RESULTS An increase of the ADRB2 genes expression was demonstrated in patients with severe asthma and COPD as compared with patients with mild and moderate disease. Significantly higher levels of ADRB2 mRNA were observed in patients with severe asthma with persistent airflow limitation. Significantly lower levels of the CHRM3 mRNA were observed in patients with COPD as compared with asthma patients. Also, CHRM3 gene expression was significantly elevated in COPD patients with BHR as compared with patients without BHR. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study suggest that the differential expression of the ADRB2 and CHRM3 genes is associated with asthma and COPD clinical subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga V Kozina
- Regional Centre of AIDS and infectious diseases prevention, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsk, Russian Federation
| | - Irina N Trofimenko
- Irkutsk State Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim B Freidin
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Boris A Chernyak
- Irkutsk State Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Robinett KS, Deshpande DA, Malone MM, Liggett SB. Agonist-promoted homologous desensitization of human airway smooth muscle bitter taste receptors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1069-74. [PMID: 21642585 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0061oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) were shown to be expressed in human airway smooth muscle (ASM). They couple to specialized [Ca(2+)](i) release, leading to membrane hyperpolarization, the relaxation of ASM, and marked bronchodilation. TAS2Rs are G-protein-coupled receptors, known to undergo rapid agonist-promoted desensitization that can limit therapeutic efficacy. Because TAS2Rs represent a new drug target for treating obstructive lung disease, we investigated their capacity for rapid desensitization, and assessed their potential mechanisms. The pretreatment of human ASM cells with the prototypic TAS2R agonist quinine resulted in a 31% ± 5.1% desensitization of the [Ca(2+)](i) response from a subsequent exposure to quinine. No significant change in the endothelin-stimulated [Ca(2+)](i) response was attributed to the short-term use of quinine, indicating a homologous form of desensitization. The TAS2R agonist saccharin also evoked desensitization, and cross-compound desensitization with quinine was evident. Desensitization of the [Ca(2+)](i) response was attenuated by a dynamin inhibitor, suggesting that receptor internalization (a G-protein coupled receptor kinase [GRK]-mediated, β-arrestin-mediated process) plays an integral role in the desensitization of TAS2R. Desensitization was insensitive to antagonists of the second messenger kinases protein kinase A and protein kinase C. Using intact airways, short-term, agonist-promoted TAS2R desensitization of the relaxation response was also observed. Thus these receptors, which represent a potential novel target for direct bronchodilators, undergo a modest degree of agonist-promoted desensitization that may affect clinical efficacy. Collectively, the results of these mechanistic studies, along with the multiple serines and threonines in intracellular loop 3 and the cytoplasmic tail of TAS2Rs, suggest a GRK-mediated mode of desensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Robinett
- Cardiopulmonary Genomics Program, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Duan QL, Gaume BR, Hawkins GA, Himes BE, Bleecker ER, Klanderman B, Irvin CG, Peters SP, Meyers DA, Hanrahan JP, Lima JJ, Litonjua AA, Tantisira KG, Liggett SB. Regulatory haplotypes in ARG1 are associated with altered bronchodilator response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:449-54. [PMID: 20851928 PMCID: PMC3056223 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201005-0758oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE β₂-agonists, the most common treatment for asthma, have a wide interindividual variability in response, which is partially attributed to genetic factors. We previously identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in the arginase 1 (ARG1) gene, which are associated with β₂-agonist bronchodilator response (BDR). OBJECTIVES To identify cis-acting haplotypes in the ARG1 locus that are associated with BDR in patients with asthma and regulate gene expression in vitro. METHODS We resequenced ARG1 in 96 individuals and identified three common, 5' haplotypes (denoted 1, 2, and 3). A haplotype-based association analysis of BDR was performed in three independent, adult asthma drug trial populations. Next, each haplotype was cloned into vectors containing a luciferase reporter gene and transfected into human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to ascertain its effect on gene expression. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS BDR varied by haplotype in each of the three populations with asthma. Individuals with haplotype 1 were more likely to have higher BDR, compared to those with haplotypes 2 and 3, which is supported by odds ratios of 1.25 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.71) and 2.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.34-2.52), respectively. Luciferase expression was 50% greater in cells transfected with haplotype 1 compared to haplotypes 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS The identified ARG1 haplotypes seem to alter BDR and differentially regulate gene expression with a concordance of decreased BDR and reporter activity from haplotypes 2 and 3. These findings may facilitate pharmacogenetic tests to predict individuals who may benefit from other therapeutic agents in addition to β(2)-agonists for optimal asthma management. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00156819, NCT00046644, and NCT00073840).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ling Duan
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bitter taste receptors on airway smooth muscle bronchodilate by localized calcium signaling and reverse obstruction. Nat Med 2010; 16:1299-304. [PMID: 20972434 PMCID: PMC3066567 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on the tongue probably evolved to evoke signals for avoiding ingestion of plant toxins. We found expression of TAS2Rs on human airway smooth muscle (ASM) and considered these to be avoidance receptors for inhalants that, when activated, lead to ASM contraction and bronchospasm. TAS2R agonists such as saccharin, chloroquine and denatonium evoked increased intracellular calcium ([Ca²(+)](i)) in ASM in a Gβγ-, phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ)- and inositol trisphosphate (IP₃) receptor-dependent manner, which would be expected to evoke contraction. Paradoxically, bitter tastants caused relaxation of isolated ASM and dilation of airways that was threefold greater than that elicited by β-adrenergic receptor agonists. The relaxation induced by TAS2Rs is associated with a localized [Ca²(+)](i) response at the cell membrane, which opens large-conductance Ca²(+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channels, leading to ASM membrane hyperpolarization. Inhaled bitter tastants decreased airway obstruction in a mouse model of asthma. Given the need for efficacious bronchodilators for treating obstructive lung diseases, this pathway can be exploited for therapy with the thousands of known synthetic and naturally occurring bitter tastants.
Collapse
|
10
|
Anderson VE, Nguyen Y, Weinberg JB. Effects of allergic airway disease on mouse adenovirus type 1 respiratory infection. Virology 2009; 391:25-32. [PMID: 19564030 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection may contribute to asthma pathogenesis. In turn, a Th2-polarized pulmonary environment may increase host susceptibility to infection. We used a cockroach antigen (CRA) model of allergic airway disease to test the hypothesis that Th2 cytokine overproduction increases susceptibility to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1). CRA sensitization led to upregulated lung expression of IL-4 and IL-13, lung cellular inflammation, and exaggerated airway mucus production. Following intranasal MAV-1 infection, lung cellular inflammation was more pronounced in CRA-sensitized mice than in unsensitized mice at 7 days post-infection but not at a later time point. CRA sensitization did not significantly suppress lung IFN-gamma expression, and lung IFN-gamma expression was upregulated in both CRA-sensitized mice and unsensitized mice over the course of MAV-1 infection. Despite CRA-induced differences in pulmonary inflammation, MAV-1 viral loads in lung and spleen and MAV-1 gene expression in the lung did not differ between CRA-sensitized and unsensitized mice. Our data therefore suggest that MAV-1 pathogenesis is not affected directly or indirectly by the Th2 polarization associated with allergic airway disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ladwa SR, Dilly SJ, Clark AJ, Marsh A, Taylor PC. Rapid identification of a putative interaction between beta2-adrenoreceptor agonists and ATF4 using a chemical genomics approach. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:742-4. [PMID: 18241077 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sweta R Ladwa
- a2sp Ltd, Warwick HRI, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, CV35 9EF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|