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The Role of Cluster of Differentiation 39 (CD39) and Purinergic Signaling Pathway in Viral Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020279. [PMID: 36839551 PMCID: PMC9967413 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD39 is a marker of immune cells such as lymphocytes and monocytes. The CD39/CD73 pathway hydrolyzes ATP into adenosine, which has a potent immunosuppressive effect. CD39 regulates the function of a variety of immunologic cells through the purinergic signaling pathways. CD39+ T cells have been implicated in viral infections, including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), viral hepatitis, and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. The expression of CD39 is an indicator of lymphocyte exhaustion, which develops during chronicity. During RNA viral infections, the CD39 marker can profile the populations of CD4+ T lymphocytes into two populations, T-effector lymphocytes, and T-regulatory lymphocytes, where CD39 is predominantly expressed on the T-regulatory cells. The level of CD39 in T lymphocytes can predict the disease progression, antiviral immune responses, and the response to antiviral drugs. Besides, the percentage of CD39 and CD73 in B lymphocytes and monocytes can affect the status of viral infections. In this review, we investigate the impact of CD39 and CD39-expressing cells on viral infections and how the frequency and percentage of CD39+ immunologic cells determine disease prognosis.
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Eberhardt N, Bergero G, Mazzocco Mariotta YL, Aoki MP. Purinergic modulation of the immune response to infections. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:93-113. [PMID: 34997903 PMCID: PMC8742569 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are caused by the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. After infection, disease progression relies on the complex interplay between the host immune response and the microorganism evasion strategies. The host's survival depends on its ability to mount an efficient protective anti-microbial response to accomplish pathogen clearance while simultaneously preventing tissue injury by keeping under control the excessive inflammatory process. The purinergic system has the dual function of regulating the immune response and triggering effector antimicrobial mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity driven by the purinergic system during parasitic, bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Eberhardt
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Present Address: Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Gastón Bergero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yanina L. Mazzocco Mariotta
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Pilar Aoki
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Haya de La Torre and Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Goettsch C, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bessueille L, Quillard T, Mechtouff L, Pikula S, Canet-Soulas E, Luis MJ, Fonta C, Magne D. TNAP as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular calcification: a discussion of its pleiotropic functions in the body. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:84-96. [PMID: 33070177 PMCID: PMC8752354 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It develops in several diseases and locations, such as in the tunica intima in atherosclerosis plaques, in the tunica media in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and in aortic valves. In spite of the wide occurrence of CVC and its detrimental effects on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), no treatment is yet available. Most of CVC involve mechanisms similar to those occurring during endochondral and/or intramembranous ossification. Logically, since tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is the key-enzyme responsible for skeletal/dental mineralization, it is a promising target to limit CVC. Tools have recently been developed to inhibit its activity and preclinical studies conducted in animal models of vascular calcification already provided promising results. Nevertheless, as its name indicates, TNAP is ubiquitous and recent data indicate that it dephosphorylates different substrates in vivo to participate in other important physiological functions besides mineralization. For instance, TNAP is involved in the metabolism of pyridoxal phosphate and the production of neurotransmitters. TNAP has also been described as an anti-inflammatory enzyme able to dephosphorylate adenosine nucleotides and lipopolysaccharide. A better understanding of the full spectrum of TNAP's functions is needed to better characterize the effects of TNAP inhibition in diseases associated with CVC. In this review, after a brief description of the different types of CVC, we describe the newly uncovered additional functions of TNAP and discuss the expected consequences of its systemic inhibition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Goettsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental
Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laurence Bessueille
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry
(ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment
Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Thibaut Quillard
- PHY-OS Laboratory, UMR 1238 INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU
de Nantes, France
| | - Laura Mechtouff
- Stroke Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
- CREATIS Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1044, Université Claude Bernard
Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental
Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- CarMeN Laboratory, Univ Lyon, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude
Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Millan Jose Luis
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery
Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Caroline Fonta
- Brain and Cognition Research Center CerCo, CNRS UMR5549, Université de
Toulouse, France
| | - David Magne
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry
(ICBMS), UMR CNRS 5246, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bâtiment
Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, Lyon 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Sekaran S, Vimalraj S, Thangavelu L. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1564. [PMID: 34827562 PMCID: PMC8615537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key enzyme responsible for skeletal tissue mineralization. It is involved in the dephosphorylation of various physiological substrates, and has vital physiological functions, including extra-skeletal functions, such as neuronal development, detoxification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an anti-inflammatory role, bile pH regulation, and the maintenance of the blood brain barrier (BBB). TNAP is also implicated in ectopic pathological calcification of soft tissues, especially the vasculature. Although it is the crucial enzyme in mineralization of skeletal and dental tissues, it is a logical clinical target to attenuate vascular calcification. Various tools and studies have been developed to inhibit its activity to arrest soft tissue mineralization. However, we should not neglect its other physiological functions prior to therapies targeting TNAP. Therefore, a better understanding into the mechanisms mediated by TNAP is needed for minimizing off targeted effects and aid in the betterment of various pathological scenarios. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism of mineralization and functions of TNAP beyond its primary role of hard tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Sekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Leão Batista Simões J, Fornari Basso H, Cristine Kosvoski G, Gavioli J, Marafon F, Elias Assmann C, Barbosa Carvalho F, Dulce Bagatini M. Targeting purinergic receptors to suppress the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in pulmonary tissue. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108150. [PMID: 34537482 PMCID: PMC8435372 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the new member of the Coronaviridae family, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the pandemic that is plaguing the world. The single-stranded RNA virus is capable of infecting the respiratory tract, by binding the spike (S) protein on its viral surface to receptors for the angiotensin II-converting enzyme (ACE2), highly expressed in the pulmonary tissue, enabling the interaction of the virus with alveolar epithelial cells promoting endocytosis and replication of viral material. The infection triggers the activation of the immune system, increased purinergic signaling, and the release of cytokines as a defense mechanism, but the response can become exaggerated and prompt the so-called “cytokine storm”, developing cases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This is characterized by fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, which can progress to pneumonia, failure of different organs and death. Thus, the present review aims to compile and correlate the mechanisms involved between the immune and purinergic systems with COVID-19, since the modulation of purinergic receptors, such as A2A, A2B, and P2X7 expressed by immune cells, seems to be effective as a promising therapy, to reduce the severity of the disease, as well as aid in the treatment of acute lung diseases and other cases of generalized inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jullye Gavioli
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Filomena Marafon
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Juschten J, Ingelse SA, Bos LDJ, Girbes ARJ, Juffermans NP, van der Poll T, Schultz MJ, Tuinman PR. Alkaline phosphatase in pulmonary inflammation-a translational study in ventilated critically ill patients and rats. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:46. [PMID: 33336319 PMCID: PMC7746537 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alkaline phosphatase (AP), a dephosphorylating enzyme, is involved in various physiological processes and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. Aim To determine the correlation between pulmonary AP activity and markers of inflammation in invasively ventilated critically ill patients with or without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and to investigate the effect of administration of recombinant AP on pulmonary inflammation in a well-established lung injury model in rats Methods AP activity was determined and compared with levels of various inflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples obtained from critically ill patients within 2 days of start of invasive ventilation. The endpoints of this part of the study were the correlations between AP activity and markers of inflammation, i.e., interleukin (IL)-6 levels in BALF. In RccHan Wistar rats, lung injury was induced by intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide, followed by ventilation with a high tidal volume for 4 h. Rats received either an intravenous bolus of 1500 IU/kg recombinant AP or normal saline 2 h after intravenous LPS administration, right before start of ventilation. Endpoints of this part of the study were pulmonary levels of markers of inflammation, including IL-6, and markers of endothelial and epithelial dysfunction. Results BALF was collected from 83 patients; 10 patients had mild ARDS, and 15 had moderate to severe ARDS. AP activity correlated well with levels of IL-6 (r = 0.70), as well as with levels of other inflammatory mediators. Pulmonary AP activity between patients with and without ARDS was comparable (0.33 [0.14–1.20] vs 0.55 [0.21–1.42] U/L; p = 0.37). Animals with acute lung injury had markedly elevated pulmonary AP activity compared to healthy controls (2.58 [2.18–3.59] vs 1.01 [0.80–1.46] U/L; p < 0.01). Intravenous administration of recombinant AP did neither affect pulmonary inflammation nor endothelial and epithelial dysfunction. Conclusions In ventilated critically ill patients, pulmonary AP activity correlates well with markers of pulmonary inflammation, such as IL-6 and IL-8. In animals with lung injury, pulmonary AP activity is elevated. Administration of recombinant AP does not alter pulmonary inflammation and endothelial or epithelial dysfunction in the acute phase of a murine lung injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Juschten
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "VU", Mail stop ZH 7D-172, De Boelelaan 1117, 1082 RW, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "VU", Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L⋅E⋅I⋅C⋅A), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sarah A Ingelse
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L⋅E⋅I⋅C⋅A), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital-Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D J Bos
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Armand R J Girbes
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "VU", Mail stop ZH 7D-172, De Boelelaan 1117, 1082 RW, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "VU", Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L⋅E⋅I⋅C⋅A), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, OLVG hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L⋅E⋅I⋅C⋅A), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "AMC", Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pieter Roel Tuinman
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "VU", Mail stop ZH 7D-172, De Boelelaan 1117, 1082 RW, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Research VUmc Intensive Care (REVIVE), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location "VU", Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Le TTT, Berg NK, Harting MT, Li X, Eltzschig HK, Yuan X. Purinergic Signaling in Pulmonary Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1633. [PMID: 31379836 PMCID: PMC6646739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleotides and nucleosides are at the center of biologic reactions. In particular, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the fundamental energy currency of cellular activity and adenosine has been demonstrated to play essential roles in human physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we examine the role of purinergic signaling in acute and chronic pulmonary inflammation, with emphasis on ATP and adenosine. ATP is released into extracellular space in response to cellular injury and necrosis. It is then metabolized to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) via ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39) and further hydrolyzed to adenosine via ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Adenosine signals via one of four adenosine receptors to exert pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Adenosine signaling is terminated by intracellular transport by concentrative or equilibrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs and ENTs), deamination to inosine by adenosine deaminase (ADA), or phosphorylation back into AMP via adenosine kinase (AK). Pulmonary inflammatory and hypoxic conditions lead to increased extracellular ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine levels, which translates to increased adenosine signaling. Adenosine signaling is central to the pulmonary injury response, leading to various effects on inflammation, repair and remodeling processes that are either tissue-protective or tissue destructive. In the acute setting, particularly through activation of adenosine 2A and 2B receptors, adenosine signaling serves an anti-inflammatory, tissue-protective role. However, excessive adenosine signaling in the chronic setting promotes pro-inflammatory, tissue destructive effects in chronic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Thuy T. Le
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nathaniel K. Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew T. Harting
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiangyun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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