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Zhao L, Gao X, Zhuang J, Wallen M, Leng S, Xu F. Prolongation of bronchopulmonary C-fiber-mediated apnea by prenatal nicotinic exposure in rat pups: role of 5-HT 3 receptors. FASEB J 2019; 33:10731-10741. [PMID: 31251077 PMCID: PMC6766661 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900279rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal nicotinic exposure (PNE) reportedly sensitizes bronchopulmonary C-fibers (PCFs) and prolongs PCF-mediated apnea in rat pups, contributing to the pathogenesis of sudden infant death syndrome. Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), induces apnea via acting on 5-HT receptor 3 (5-HT3R) in PCFs, and among the 5-HT3R subunits, 5-HT3B is responsible for shortening the decay time of 5-HT3R-mediated currents. We examined whether PNE would promote pulmonary 5-HT secretion and prolong the apnea mediated by 5-HT3Rs in PCFs via affecting the 5-HT3B subunit. To this end, the following variables were compared between the control and PNE rat pups: 1) the 5-HT content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, 2) the apneic response to the right atrial bolus injection of phenylbiguanide (a 5-HT3R agonist) before and after PCF inactivation, 3) 5-HT3R currents and the stimulus threshold of the action currents of vagal pulmonary C-neurons, and 4) the immunoreactivity (IR) and mRNA expression of 5-HT3A and 5-HT3B in these neurons. Our results showed that PNE up-regulated the pulmonary 5-HT concentration and strengthened the PCF 5-HT3R-mediated apnea. PNE significantly facilitated neural excitability by shortening the decay time of 5-HT3R currents, lowering the stimulus threshold, and increasing 5-HT3B IR. In summary, PNE prolongs the apnea mediated by 5-HT3Rs in PCFs, likely by increasing 5-HT3B subunits to enhance the excitability of 5-HT3 channels.-Zhao, L., Gao, X., Zhuang, J., Wallen, M., Leng, S., Xu, F. Prolongation of bronchopulmonary C-fiber-mediated apnea by prenatal nicotinic exposure in rat pups: role of 5-HT3 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apnea/etiology
- Apnea/genetics
- Apnea/physiopathology
- Biguanides/administration & dosage
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/innervation
- Lung/physiopathology
- Male
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/physiology
- Nicotine/administration & dosage
- Nicotine/toxicity
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/etiology
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/physiology
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Sudden Infant Death/etiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xiuping Gao
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jianguo Zhuang
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Morgan Wallen
- Department of Arts and Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiological Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Zhuang J, Zang N, Ye C, Xu F. Lethal avian influenza A (H5N1) virus induces ataxic breathing in mice with apoptosis of pre-Botzinger complex neurons expressing neurokinin-1 receptor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L772-L780. [PMID: 28729347 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00145.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lethal influenza A (H5N1) induces respiratory failure in humans. Although it also causes death at 7 days postinfection (dpi) in mice, the development of the respiratory failure and the viral impact on pre-Botzinger complex (PBC) neurons expressing neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), which is the respiratory rhythm generator, have not been explored. Body temperature, weight, ventilation, and arterial blood pH and gases were measured at 0, 2, 4, and 6 dpi in control, lethal HK483, and nonlethal HK486 viral-infected mice. Immunoreactivities (IR) of PBC NK1R, H5N1 viral nucleoprotein (NP), and active caspase-3 (CASP3; a marker for apoptosis) were detected at 6 dpi. HK483, but not HK486, mice showed the following abnormalities: 1) gradual body weight loss and hypothermia; 2) tachypnea at 2-4 dpi and ataxic breathing with long-lasting apneas and hypercapnic hypoxemia at 6 dpi; and 3) viral replication in PBC NK1R neurons with NK1R-IR reduced by 75% and CASP3-IR colabeled at 6 dpi. Lethal H5N1 viral infection causes tachypnea at the early stage and ataxic breathing and apneas (hypercapnic hypoxemia) leading to death at the late stage. Its replication in the PBC induces apoptosis of local NK1R neurons, contributing to ataxic breathing and respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhuang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Na Zang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Zhao L, Zhuang J, Xu F. Bronchopulmonary C-fibers' IL1RI contributes to the prolonged apneic response to intra-atrial injection of capsaicin by prenatal nicotinic exposure in rat pups. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 303:58-64. [PMID: 27180639 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal nicotinic exposure (PNE) as a SIDS model reportedly sensitizes bronchopulmonary C-fibers (PCFs), contributing to the prolonged PCF-mediated apnea in rat pups, but the relevant mechanisms are not fully understood. Pulmonary IL-1β upregulated by cigarette smoke is known to stimulate or sensitize PCFs acting via IL-1 type I receptor (IL1RI) and inhibit inspiration frequency. Because of its upregulation observed in SIDS victims, we hypothesized that PNE increased pulmonary IL-1β release and IL1RI expression in pulmonary C-neurons via action on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) to induce the prolonged PCF-mediated apnea. IL-1β in BALF and IL1RI in the nodose/jugular (N/J) ganglion and vagal pulmonary C-neurons retrogradely-traced were compared between Ctrl (saline) and PNE pups and among the vehicle-treated Ctrl and PNE and methyllycaconitine (a selective α7nAChR antagonist)-treated PNE pups. The effect of IL-1RI blockade (IL-1Ra) on the PCF-mediated apnea was also compared between Ctrl and PNE pups. PNE significantly elevated IL-1β in BALF and upregulated IL1RI gene and protein expression in N/J ganglia and gene in vagal pulmonary C-neurons. All of these responses were eliminated by pretreatment with blockade of α7nAChR. In addition, the prolonged PCF-mediated apnea in PNE pups was significantly shortened by right atrial bolus injection of IL-1Ra. We conclude that PNE enhances pulmonary IL-1β release and PCF IL1RI expression acting via α7nAChR in contributing to sensitization of PCFs and prolongation of the PCF-mediated apneic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jianguo Zhuang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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NLRP12 modulates host defense through IL-17A-CXCL1 axis. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:503-14. [PMID: 26349659 PMCID: PMC5089371 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We used an extracellular pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae to determine the role of NLRP12 (NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 12) as this bacterium is associated with devastating pulmonary infections. We found that human myeloid cells (neutrophils and macrophages) and non-myeloid cells (epithelial cells) show upregulation of NLRP12 in human pneumonic lungs. NLRP12-silenced human macrophages and murine Nlrp12(-/-) macrophages displayed reduced activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as expression of histone deacetylases following K. pneumoniae infection. NLRP12 is important for the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in human and murine macrophages following K. pneumoniae infection. Furthermore, host survival, bacterial clearance, and neutrophil recruitment are dependent on NLRP12 following K. pneumoniae infection. Using bone marrow chimeras, we showed that hematopoietic cell-driven NLRP12 signaling predominantly contributes to host defense against K. pneumoniae. Intratracheal administration of either IL-17A+ CD4 T cells or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1+) macrophages rescues host survival, bacterial clearance, and neutrophil recruitment in Nlrp12(-/-) mice following K. pneumoniae infection. These novel findings reveal the critical role of NLRP12-IL-17A-CXCL1 axis in host defense by modulating neutrophil recruitment against this extracellular pathogen.
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Zhao L, Zhuang J, Zang N, Lin Y, Lee LY, Xu F. Prenatal nicotinic exposure upregulates pulmonary C-fiber NK1R expression to prolong pulmonary C-fiber-mediated apneic response. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 290:107-15. [PMID: 26524655 PMCID: PMC4732869 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal nicotinic exposure (PNE) prolongs bronchopulmonary C-fiber (PCF)-mediated apneic response to intra-atrial bolus injection of capsaicin in rat pups. The relevant mechanisms remain unclear. Pulmonary substance P and adenosine and their receptors (neurokinin-A receptor, NK1R and ADA1 receptor, ADA1R) and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) expressed on PCFs are critical for PCF sensitization and/or activation. Here, we compared substance P and adenosine in BALF and NK1R, ADA1R, and TRPV1 expression in the nodose/jugular (N/J) ganglia (vagal pulmonary C-neurons retrogradely labeled) between Ctrl and PNE pups. We found that PNE failed to change BALF substance P and adenosine content, but significantly upregulated both mRNA and protein TRPV1 and NK1R in the N/J ganglia and only NK1R mRNA in pulmonary C-neurons. To define the role of NK1R in the PNE-induced PCF sensitization, the apneic response to capsaicin (i.v.) without or with pretreatment of SR140333 (a peripheral and selective NK1R antagonist) was compared and the prolonged apnea by PNE significantly shortened by SR140333. To clarify if the PNE-evoked responses depended on action of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), particularly α7nAChR, mecamylamine or methyllycaconitine (a general nAChR or a selective α7nAChR antagonist) was administrated via another mini-pump over the PNE period. Mecamylamine or methyllycaconitine eliminated the PNE-evoked mRNA and protein responses. Our data suggest that PNE is able to elevate PCF NK1R expression via activation of nAChRs, especially α7nAChR, which likely contributes to sensitize PCFs and prolong the PCF-mediated apneic response to capsaicin.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apnea/drug therapy
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
- Capsaicin/pharmacology
- Female
- Ganglia/drug effects
- Ganglia/metabolism
- Lung/drug effects
- Male
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/metabolism
- Nicotine/blood
- Nicotine/toxicity
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/metabolism
- Substance P/pharmacology
- TRPV Cation Channels/genetics
- TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Vagus Nerve/drug effects
- Vagus Nerve/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jianguo Zhuang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Na Zang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yong Lin
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lu-Yuan Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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6
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Xu C, Feng K, Zhao X, Huang S, Cheng Y, Qian L, Wang Y, Sun H, Jin M, Chuang TH, Zhang Y. Regulation of autophagy by E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF216 through BECN1 ubiquitination. Autophagy 2015; 10:2239-50. [PMID: 25484083 PMCID: PMC4502788 DOI: 10.4161/15548627.2014.981792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved biological process involved in an array of physiological and pathological events. Without proper control, autophagy contributes to various disorders, including cancer and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. It is therefore of vital importance that autophagy is under careful balance. Thus, additional regulators undoubtedly deepen our understanding of the working network, and provide potential therapeutic targets for disorders. In this study, we found that RNF216 (ring finger protein 216), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, strongly inhibits autophagy in macrophages. Further exploration demonstrates that RNF216 interacts with BECN1, a key regulator in autophagy, and leads to ubiquitination of BECN1, thereby contributing to BECN1 degradation. RNF216 was involved in the ubiquitination of lysine 48 of BECN1 through direct interaction with the triad (2 RING fingers and a DRIL [double RING finger linked]) domain. We further showed that inhibition of autophagy through overexpression of RNF216 in alveolar macrophages promotes Listeria monocytogenes growth and distribution, while knockdown of RNF216 significantly inhibited these outcomes. These effects were confirmed in a mouse model of L. monocytogenes infection, suggesting that manipulating RNF216 expression could be a therapeutic approach. Thus, our study identifies a novel negative regulator of autophagy and suggests that RNF216 may be a target for treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Key Words
- Atg, autophagy-related
- BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- BECN1
- BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophage
- CFU, colony-forming unit
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAP1LC3A, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 α
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- NFKB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RIPK1, receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1
- RNF216
- RNF216, ring finger protein 216;TIRAP, toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain containing adaptor protein
- TICAM1/TRIF, toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1
- TICAM2, toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 2
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRAF, TNF receptor-associated factor
- Triad, 2 RING fingers and a DRIL (double RING finger linked)
- Ub, ubiquitin
- autophagy
- i.t., intratracheally
- protein degradation
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- ubiquitination
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Affiliation(s)
- Congfeng Xu
- a Shanghai Institute of Immunology; Institutes of Medical Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM); and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology; Institute of Health Sciences; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM ; Shanghai , China
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7
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Supasorn O, Sringkarin N, Srimanote P, Angkasekwinai P. Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to the regulation of chemokine expression and pulmonary inflammation in Cryptococcus infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:431-40. [PMID: 26445891 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of extracellular proteases that play roles in regulating the immune response in inflammatory processes. Previous studies indicated that different MMPs were involved in the host defence and tissue damage in response to different pathogens. However, the contributions of MMPs during Cryptococcus infection have not been addressed clearly. Here, we examined the expression and activity of MMPs during Cryptococcus infection. Among MMP family members, we found significant increases of MMP-3 and MMP-12 mRNA levels and MMP12 zymographic activities in response to C. neoformans but not C. gattii infection. The expression of MMP12 was induced in RAW cells after C. neoformans treatment and in alveolar macrophages purified from C. neoformans-infected mice. Interestingly, administration of MMP inhibitor GM6001 into C. neoformans-infected mice resulted in a significantly increased pulmonary fungal burden with attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration. Corresponding to this finding, the expression of the macrophage- and neutrophil-attracting chemokines CCL2 and CXCL1 was inhibited in the GM6001-treated group and MMP12 levels were found to be correlated strongly with CCL2 mRNA expression. Thus, our data suggest that the induction of MMPs by C. neoformans infection potentiates inflammatory cell infiltration by modulating pulmonary chemokines, thereby promoting effective host immunity to pulmonary Cryptococcus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Supasorn
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - N Sringkarin
- Graduate Program in Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
| | - P Srimanote
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - P Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences.,Graduate Program in Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
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8
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Early matrix metalloproteinase-12 inhibition worsens post-myocardial infarction cardiac dysfunction by delaying inflammation resolution. Int J Cardiol 2015; 185:198-208. [PMID: 25797678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulate remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) post-myocardial infarction (MI). MMP-12 has potent macrophage-dependent remodeling properties in the atherosclerotic plaque; however, post-MI roles have not been examined. OBJECTIVE The goal was to determine MMP-12 post-MI mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice (3-6 months old) were subjected to left coronary artery ligation. Saline or the RXP 470.1 MMP-12 inhibitor (MMP-12i; 0.5mg/kg/day) was delivered by osmotic mini-pump beginning 3h post-MI, and mice were sacrificed at day (d)1, 3, 5 or 7 post-MI and compared to d0 controls (mice without MI; n=6-12/group/time). MMP-12 expression increased early post-MI, and contrary to expected, neutrophils were a surprising early cellular source for MMP-12. MMP-12i reduced MMP-12 activity 33 ± 1% at d1 post-MI. Despite similar infarct areas and survival rates, MMP-12i led to greater LV dilation and worsened LV function. At d7 post-MI, MMP-12i prolonged pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation (IL1r1, IL6ra, IL11, and Cxcr5) and decreased CD44 (both gene and protein levels). Hyaluronan (HA), a CD44 ligand, was elevated at d1 and d7 post-MI with MMP12i, as a result of decreased fragmentation. Because CD44-HA regulates neutrophil removal, apoptosis markers were evaluated. Caspase 3 increased, while cleaved caspase 3 levels decreased in MMP-12i group at d7 post-MI, indicating reduced neutrophil apoptosis. In isolated neutrophils, active MMP-12 directly stimulated CD44, caspase 3, and caspase 8 expression. CONCLUSION Our results reveal a novel protective mechanism for MMP-12 in neutrophil biology. Post-MI, MMP-12i impaired CD44-HA interactions to suppress neutrophil apoptosis and prolong inflammation, which worsened LV function.
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Salmon M, Tannheimer SL, Gentzler TT, Cui ZH, Sorensen EA, Hartsough KC, Kim M, Purvis LJ, Barrett EG, McDonald JD, Rudolph K, Doyle-Eisele M, Kuehl PJ, Royer CM, Baker WR, Phillips GB, Wright CD. The in vivo efficacy and side effect pharmacology of GS-5759, a novel bifunctional phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor and long-acting β 2-adrenoceptor agonist in preclinical animal species. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00046. [PMID: 25505595 PMCID: PMC4186437 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators are a central therapy for symptom relief in respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, with inhaled β 2-adrenoceptor agonists and anticholinergics being the primary treatments available. The present studies evaluated the in vivo pharmacology of (R)-6-[[3-[[4-[5-[[2-Hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethyl]amino]pent-1-ynyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]-4-[(3-methoxyphenyl)amino]-8-methylquinoline-3-carboxamide (GS-5759), a novel bifunctional compound with both phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor and long-acting β 2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) activity, which has been optimized for inhalation delivery. GS-5759 dose-dependently inhibited pulmonary neutrophilia in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aerosol challenge model of inflammation in rats with an ED50 ≤ 10 μg/kg. GS-5759 was also a potent bronchodilator with an ED50 of 0.09 μg/kg in guinea pigs and 3.4 μg/kg in dogs after methylcholine (MCh) and ragweed challenges respectively. In cynomolgus monkeys, GS-5759 was dosed as a fine-particle dry powder and was efficacious in the same dose range in both MCh and LPS challenge models, with an ED50 = 70 μg/kg for bronchodilation and ED50 = 4.9 μg/kg for inhibition of LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophilia. In models to determine therapeutic index (T.I.), efficacy for bronchodilation was evaluated against increased heart rate and GS-5759 had a T.I. of 700 in guinea pigs and >31 in dogs. In a ferret model of emesis, no emesis was seen at doses several orders of magnitude greater than the ED50 observed in the rat LPS inflammation model. GS-5759 is a bifunctional molecule developed for the treatment of COPD, which has both bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for combination as a triple therapy with a second compound, within a single inhalation device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Salmon
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102 ; Merck Research Laboratories 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Stacey L Tannheimer
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Terry T Gentzler
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Zhi-Hua Cui
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Eric A Sorensen
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Kimberly C Hartsough
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Musong Kim
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Lafe J Purvis
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Edward G Barrett
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Karin Rudolph
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Melanie Doyle-Eisele
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Philip J Kuehl
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Christopher M Royer
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - William R Baker
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Gary B Phillips
- Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
| | - Clifford D Wright
- Oncology/Inflammation Research, Gilead Sciences Inc. 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, Washington, 98102
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10
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Kim MJ, Nepal S, Lee ES, Jeong TC, Kim SH, Park PH. Ethanol increases matrix metalloproteinase-12 expression via NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production in macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:77-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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A Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Role for Resolvin D1 in Acute Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58258. [PMID: 23484005 PMCID: PMC3590122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cigarette smoke is a profound pro-inflammatory stimulus that contributes to acute lung injuries and to chronic lung disease including COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis). Until recently, it was assumed that resolution of inflammation was a passive process that occurred once the inflammatory stimulus was removed. It is now recognized that resolution of inflammation is a bioactive process, mediated by specialized lipid mediators, and that normal homeostasis is maintained by a balance between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving pathways. These novel small lipid mediators, including the resolvins, protectins and maresins, are bioactive products mainly derived from dietary omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We hypothesize that resolvin D1 (RvD1) has potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects in a model of cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation. Methods Primary human lung fibroblasts, small airway epithelial cells and blood monocytes were treated with IL-1β or cigarette smoke extract in combination with RvD1 in vitro, production of pro-inflammatory mediators was measured. Mice were exposed to dilute mainstream cigarette smoke and treated with RvD1 either concurrently with smoke or after smoking cessation. The effects on lung inflammation and lung macrophage populations were assessed. Results RvD1 suppressed production of pro-inflammatory mediators by primary human cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of mice with RvD1 concurrently with cigarette smoke exposure significantly reduced neutrophilic lung inflammation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. RvD1 promoted differentiation of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages and neutrophil efferocytosis. RvD1 also accelerated the resolution of lung inflammation when given after the final smoke exposure. Conclusions RvD1 has potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects in cells and mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Resolvins have strong potential as a novel therapeutic approach to resolve lung injury caused by smoke and pulmonary toxicants.
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Van Scott MR, Chandler J, Olmstead S, Brown JM, Mannie M. Airway Anatomy, Physiology, and Inflammation. THE TOXICANT INDUCTION OF IRRITANT ASTHMA, RHINITIS, AND RELATED CONDITIONS 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122617 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9044-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cai S, Batra S, Wakamatsu N, Pacher P, Jeyaseelan S. NLRC4 inflammasome-mediated production of IL-1β modulates mucosal immunity in the lung against gram-negative bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5623-35. [PMID: 22547706 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellin is critical to mediate NLRC4 inflammasome-dependent caspase-1 activation. However, Shigella flexneri, a nonflagellated bacterium, and a flagellin (fliC) knockout strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to activate NLRC4 in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Furthermore, the flagellin-deficient fliC strain of P. aeruginosa was used in a mouse model of peritonitis to show the requirement of NLRC4. In a model of pulmonary P. aeruginosa infection, flagellin was shown to be essential for the induction of NLRC4-dependent caspase-1 activation. Moreover, in all P. aeruginosa studies, IL-1β production was attenuated in NLRC4(-/-) mice; however, the role of IL-1β in NLRC4-mediated innate immunity in the lungs against a nonflagellated bacterium was not explored. In this article, we report that NLRC4 is important for host survival and bacterial clearance, as well as neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the lungs following Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. NLRC4 is essential for K. pneumoniae-induced production of IL-1β, IL-17A, and neutrophil chemoattractants (keratinocyte cell-derived chemokines, MIP-2, and LPS-induced CXC chemokines) in the lungs. NLRC4 signaling in hematopoietic cells contributes to K. pneumoniae-induced lung inflammation. Furthermore, exogenous IL-1β, but not IL-18 or IL-17A, partially rescued survival, neutrophil accumulation, and cytokine/chemokine expression in the lungs of NLRC4(-/-) mice following infectious challenge. Furthermore, IL-1R1(-/-) mice displayed a decrease in neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs postinfection. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the role of NLRC4 in host defense against K. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Cai
- Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Cai S, Batra S, Lira SA, Kolls JK, Jeyaseelan S. CXCL1 regulates pulmonary host defense to Klebsiella Infection via CXCL2, CXCL5, NF-kappaB, and MAPKs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6214-25. [PMID: 20937845 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary bacterial infections are a leading cause of death. Since the introduction of antibiotics, multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae became an escalating threat. Therefore, development of methods to augment antibacterial defense is warranted. Neutrophil recruitment is critical to clear bacteria, and neutrophil migration in the lung requires the production of ELR(+) CXC chemokines. Although lung-specific CXCL1/keratinocyte cell-derived chemokine (KC) transgene expression causes neutrophil-mediated clearance of K. pneumoniae, the mechanisms underlying KC-mediated host defense against K. pneumoniae have not been explored. In this study, we delineated the host defense functions of KC during pulmonary K. pneumoniae infection using KC(-/-) mice. Our findings demonstrate that KC is important for expression of CXCL2/MIP-2 and CXCL5/LPS-induced CXC chemokine, and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in the lung. Furthermore, KC derived from both hematopoietic and resident cells contributes to host defense against K. pneumoniae. Neutrophil depletion in mice before K. pneumoniae infection reveals no differences in the production of MIP-2 and LPS-induced CXC chemokine or activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in the lung. Using murine bone marrow-derived and alveolar macrophages, we confirmed KC-mediated upregulation of MIP-2 and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs on K. pneumoniae infection. Moreover, neutralizing KC in bone marrow-derived macrophages before K. pneumoniae challenge decreases bacteria-induced production of KC and MIP-2, and activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. These findings reveal the importance of KC produced by hematopoietic and resident cells in regulating pulmonary host defense against a bacterial pathogen via the activation of transcription factors and MAPKs, as well as the expression of cell adhesion molecules and other neutrophil chemoattractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Cai
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences,Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Helyes Z, Elekes K, Sándor K, Szitter I, Kereskai L, Pintér E, Kemény A, Szolcsányi J, McLaughlin L, Vasiliou S, Kipar A, Zimmer A, Hunt SP, Stewart JP, Quinn JP. Involvement of preprotachykinin A gene-encoded peptides and the neurokinin 1 receptor in endotoxin-induced murine airway inflammation. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:399-406. [PMID: 20579732 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinins encoded by the preprotachykinin A (TAC1) gene such as substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) are involved in neurogenic inflammatory processes via predominantly neurokinins 1 and 2 (NK1 and NK2) receptor activation, respectively. Endokinins and hemokinins encoded by the TAC4 gene also have remarkable selectivity and potency for the NK1 receptors and might participate in inflammatory cell functions. The aim of the present study was to investigate endotoxin-induced airway inflammation and consequent bronchial hyper-reactivity in TAC1(-/-), NK1(-/-) and also in double knockout (TAC1(-/-)/NK1(-/-)) mice. Sub-acute interstitial lung inflammation was evoked by intranasal Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the knockout mice and their wildtype C57BL/6 counterparts 24 h before measurement. Respiratory parameters were measured with unrestrained whole body plethysmography. Bronchoconstriction was induced by inhalation of the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol and Penh (enhanced pause) correlating with airway resistance was calculated. Lung interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations were measured with ELISA. Histological evaluation was performed and a composite morphological score was determined. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung was measured with spectrophotometry to quantify the number of infiltrating neutrophils/macrophages. Airway hyper-reactivity was significantly reduced in the TAC1(-/-) as well as the TAC1(-/-)/NK1(-/-) groups. However, LPS-induced histological inflammatory changes (perivascular/peribronchial oedema, neutrophil infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia), MPO activity and TNF-alpha concentration were markedly diminished only in TAC1(-/-) mice. Interestingly, the concentrations of both cytokines, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, were significantly greater in the NK1(-/-) group. These data clearly demonstrated on the basis of histology, MPO and cytokine measurements that TAC1 gene-derived tachykinins, SP and NKA, play a significant role in the development of endotoxin-induced murine airway inflammation, but not solely via NK1 receptor activation. However, in inflammatory bronchial hyper-responsiveness other tachykinins, such as hemokinin-1 acting through NK1 receptors also might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Hungary.
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Xu J, Xu F. Role of neurogenic substance P in overexpression of alveolar macrophages' neurokinin 1 receptor in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:243-54. [PMID: 20426532 DOI: 10.3109/01902140903398275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurokinin 1 receptors (NK1Rs) in alveolar macrophages (AMs) are overexpressed by cigarette smoke (CS) in vivo and substance P (SP) in vitro. Because CS could stimulate pulmonary C-fibers (PCFs) to release SP, we asked whether this neurogenic SP was responsible for AMs' NK1R overexpression during CS. We compared pulmonary SP and AMs' NK1R gene and protein levels in intact and PCF-degenerated mice exposed to filtered air (FA) and CS. Pulmonary SP was increased by CS but almost eliminated by PCF degeneration, which closely correlated to the changes in AMs' NK1R expression. Moreover, SP was higher in the PCF-degenerated mice exposed to CS than FA. To evaluate the direct effects of CS and SP on the NK1R expression and the involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, macrophages were exposed to CS condensate (CSC) and/or SP without or with blocking NK1R or inhibiting NF-kappaB activation in vitro. CSC itself induced a moderate secretion of SP from macrophages, and amplified NK1R responses to SP that were completely eliminated by blocking NK1R, and substantially reduced after inhibiting NF-kappaB. Our results suggest that CS produces AMs' NK1R overexpression primarily by both promoting neurogenic SP release and synergizing NK1R response to neurogenic SP largely via activating NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
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Xu J, Xu F, Lin Y. Cigarette smoke synergizes lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion from macrophages via substance P-mediated nuclear factor-κB activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:302-8. [PMID: 20160043 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0288oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study has indicated that alveolar macrophages from smokers incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) secrete much more IL-1β and TNF-α than those from healthy nonsmokers, but the mechanisms underlying this augmented secretion by cigarette smoke (CS) remain unknown. CS and LPS reportedly promote macrophages' secreting substance P (SP) that could up-regulate these cytokines' secretion from macrophages by acting on neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). Moreover, NF-κB from macrophages participates in NK1R intracellular signaling and synthesis of these cytokines. The present in vitro study was undertaken to examine whether CS is able to synergize these cytokines' response to LPS in macrophages, and if so, whether an amplified SP secretion is responsible for this synergistic cytokines' response via a NK1R-driven NF-κB pathway. THP-1-derived and MH-S macrophages were exposed to control medium and CS condensate (CSC) without or with LPS. We found that LPS, CSC, and CSC+LPS significantly increased IL-1β, TNF-α, and SP secretion and that SP secretion markedly preceded cytokines' secretion. CSC+LPS-induced responses were markedly greater than the sum of the responses to CSC and LPS alone, suggesting a synergistic effect. Blocking NK1R reduced the responses of IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB activation to CSC+LPS by 41, 40, and 46%, respectively. NF-κB inhibitors decreased the CSC+LPS-induced cytokines' responses by 70%. Our findings suggest that CS amplifies the LPS-induced macrophages' secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α through synergizing SP secretion, which activates NF-κB via binding with NK1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Xu
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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López-Boado YS, Li JU, Clayton CL, Wright JL, Churg A. Modification of the rat airway explant transcriptome by cigarette smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:234-44. [PMID: 19883206 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903191437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although a number of animal model studies have addressed changes in gene expression in the parenchyma and their relationship to emphysema, much less is known about the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced small airway remodeling. In this study the authors exposed rat tracheal explants, a model of the airway wall, to whole smoke for 15 min, and then cultured the explants in air. The airway transcriptome was evaluated using RAE 230_2 gene chips. By 2 h after starting smoke exposure, expression levels of 502 genes were differentially expressed by more than 1.5 times (p < .01 or less) and by 24 h 1870 genes were significantly changed up or down. These included genes involved in antioxidant protection, epithelial defense and remodeling, inflammatory mediators and transcription factors, and a number of unexpected genes, including the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 inducer, tachykinin-1 (substance P). Pretreatment of the explants with 1 x 10(-7) M dexamethasone reduced the number of significantly changed genes by approximately 47% at 2 h and 68% at 24 h and in almost all instances reduced the magnitude of the smoke-induced changes. The authors conclude that even a very brief exposure to cigarette smoke can lead to rapid changes in the expression of a large number of genes in rat tracheal explants, and that these effects are directly mediated by smoke, without a need for exogenous inflammatory cells. Steroids, contrary to the usual belief, are able to ameliorate many of these changes, at least in this very acute model.
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Abstract
Abnormal neural function contributes to the pathogenesis of airway disease. In addition to affecting airway physiology, the nerves produce and release inflammatory mediators, contributing to the recruitment and activation of leukocytes. Activated inflammatory cells in turn affect the function of airway nerves, changing the production and release of neurotransmitters. Cross-talk between airway nerves and leukocytes helps to maintain chronic inflammation and accentuates neural control of the airways.
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Role of the tachykinin NK1 receptor in a murine model of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation. Respir Res 2009; 10:37. [PMID: 19445658 PMCID: PMC2689186 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tachykinins, substance P and neurokinin A, present in sensory nerves and inflammatory cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, are considered as pro-inflammatory agents. Inflammation of the airways and lung parenchyma plays a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and increased tachykinin levels are recovered from the airways of COPD patients. The aim of our study was to clarify the involvement of the tachykinin NK1 receptor, the preferential receptor for substance P, in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema in a mouse model of COPD. Methods Tachykinin NK1 receptor knockout (NK1-R-/-) mice and their wild type controls (all in a mixed 129/sv-C57BL/6 background) were subjected to sub acute (4 weeks) or chronic (24 weeks) exposure to air or CS. 24 hours after the last exposure, pulmonary inflammation and development of emphysema were evaluated. Results Sub acute and chronic exposure to CS resulted in a substantial accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airways of both WT and NK1-R-/- mice. However, the CS-induced increase in macrophages and dendritic cells was significantly impaired in NK1-R-/- mice, compared to WT controls, and correlated with an attenuated release of MIP-3α/CCL20 and TGF-β1. Chronic exposure to CS resulted in development of pulmonary emphysema in WT mice. NK1-R-/- mice showed already enlarged airspaces upon air-exposure. Upon CS-exposure, the NK1-R-/- mice did not develop additional destruction of the lung parenchyma. Moreover, an impaired production of MMP-12 by alveolar macrophages upon CS-exposure was observed in these KO mice. In a pharmacological validation experiment using the NK1 receptor antagonist RP 67580, we confirmed the protective effect of absence of the NK1 receptor on CS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Conclusion These data suggest that the tachykinin NK1 receptor is involved in the accumulation of macrophages and dendritic cells in the airways upon CS-exposure and in the development of smoking-induced emphysema. As both inflammation of the airways and parenchymal destruction are important characteristics of COPD, these findings may have implications in the future treatment of this devastating disease.
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Garbacki N, Di Valentin E, Piette J, Cataldo D, Crahay C, Colige A. Matrix metalloproteinase 12 silencing: a therapeutic approach to treat pathological lung tissue remodeling? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:267-78. [PMID: 19327406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the large matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family, MMP-12, also referred to as macrophage elastase, plays a significant role in chronic pulmonary pathologies characterized by an intense tissue remodeling such as asthma and COPD. This review will summarize knowledge about MMP-12 structure, functions and mechanisms of activation and regulation, including potential MMP-12 modulation by microRNA. As MMP-12 is involved in many tissue remodeling diseases, efforts have been made to develop specific synthetic inhibitors. However, at this time, very few chemical inhibitors have proved to be efficient and specific to a particular MMP. The relevance of silencing MMP-12 by RNA interference is highlighted. The specificity of this approach using siRNA or shRNA and the strategies to deliver these molecules in the lung are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Garbacki
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Sun J, Ramnath RD, Tamizhselvi R, Bhatia M. Role of protein kinase C and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐Akt in substance P‐induced proinflammatory pathways in mouse macrophages. FASEB J 2008; 23:997-1010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-121756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Group Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Raina Devi Ramnath
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Group Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Ramasamy Tamizhselvi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Group Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Group Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of SingaporeSingapore
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