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Mazio C, Scognamiglio LS, Casale C, Panzetta V, Urciuolo F, Galietta LJV, Imparato G, Netti PA. A functional 3D full-thickness model for comprehending the interaction between airway epithelium and connective tissue in cystic fibrosis. Biomaterials 2024; 308:122546. [PMID: 38552367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) experience severe lung disease, including persistent infections, inflammation, and irreversible fibrotic remodeling of the airways. Although therapy with transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein modulators reached optimal results in terms of CFTR rescue, lung transplant remains the best line of care for patients in an advanced stage of CF. Indeed, chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling still represent stumbling blocks during treatment, and underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Nowadays, animal models are not able to fully replicate clinical features of the human disease and the conventional in vitro models lack a stromal compartment undergoing fibrotic remodeling. To address this gap, we show the development of a 3D full-thickness model of CF with a human bronchial epithelium differentiated on a connective airway tissue. We demonstrated that the epithelial cells not only underwent mucociliary differentiation but also migrated in the connective tissue and formed gland-like structures. The presence of the connective tissue stimulated the pro-inflammatory behaviour of the epithelium, which activated the fibroblasts embedded into their own extracellular matrix (ECM). By varying the composition of the model with CF epithelial cells and a CF or healthy connective tissue, it was possible to replicate different moments of CF disease, as demonstrated by the differences in the transcriptome of the CF epithelium in the different conditions. The possibility to faithfully represent the crosstalk between epithelial and connective in CF through the full thickness model, along with inflammation and stromal activation, makes the model suitable to better understand mechanisms of disease genesis, progression, and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mazio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Sara Scognamiglio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials-CRIB, University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Panzetta
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials-CRIB, University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering-DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials-CRIB, University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering-DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Luis J V Galietta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine-TIGEM, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Napoli, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials-CRIB, University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering-DICMAPI, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
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Sueblinvong V, Fan X, Hart C, Molina S, Koval M, Guidot DM. Ethanol-exposed lung fibroblasts cause airway epithelial barrier dysfunction. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1839-1849. [PMID: 37864530 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol ingestion predisposes to lung injury and disrepair during sepsis. Our previous studies outlined roles for transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in epithelial barrier homeostasis and how alcohol perturbs their expression and signaling. Here we hypothesize that ethanol-exposed lung fibroblasts (LF) are a source of dysregulated TGFβ1 and GM-CSF and thereby alter airway epithelial barrier function. METHODS Human or rat LF were cultured ± ethanol for 2 weeks and then co-cultured with human or rat airway epithelial cells (AEC) seeded on Transwell permeable supports. In selected groups, a TGFβ1 receptor type 1 (TGFβR1) inhibitor (SB431542) or a TGFβ1 neutralizing antibody was applied. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured prior to co-culture and on day 5 of co-culture. AEC were then analyzed for the expression of selected tight junction and mesenchymal proteins, and transwell membranes were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy for ZO-1 expression and localization. TGFβ1 and GM-CSF levels in conditioned media from the co-cultures were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS AEC co-cultured with ethanol-exposed LF (ELF) showed a significant reduction in TER and corresponding decreases in ZO-1 expression, whereas collagen type 1A1 and α-smooth muscle actin protein expression were increased. In parallel, in conditioned media from the ELF + AEC co-cultures, activated TGFβ1 levels increased and GM-CSF levels decreased. Notably, all the effects of ELF on the AEC were prevented by blocking TGFβ1 activity. CONCLUSIONS Prior ethanol exposure to LF induces barrier dysfunction in naive AEC in a paracrine fashion through activation of TGFβ1 signaling and suppression of GM-CSF. These experimental findings provide a potential mechanism by which chronic alcohol ingestion impairs airway epithelial integrity and renders individuals susceptible to lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viranuj Sueblinvong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xian Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Craishun Hart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samuel Molina
- FUJIFILM Irvine Scientific, Warminster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David M Guidot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Cotner M, Meng S, Jost T, Gardner A, De Santiago C, Brock A. Integration of quantitative methods and mathematical approaches for the modeling of cancer cell proliferation dynamics. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C247-C262. [PMID: 36503241 PMCID: PMC9886359 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00185.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physiological processes rely on the control of cell proliferation, and the dysregulation of these processes underlies various pathological conditions, including cancer. Mathematical modeling can provide new insights into the complex regulation of cell proliferation dynamics. In this review, we first examine quantitative experimental approaches for measuring cell proliferation dynamics in vitro and compare the various types of data that can be obtained in these settings. We then explore the toolbox of common mathematical modeling frameworks that can describe cell behavior, dynamics, and interactions of proliferation. We discuss how these wet-laboratory studies may be integrated with different mathematical modeling approaches to aid the interpretation of the results and to enable the prediction of cell behaviors, specifically in the context of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cotner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sarah Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Tyler Jost
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrea Gardner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Carolina De Santiago
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Amy Brock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Biological Models of the Lower Human Airways-Challenges and Special Requirements of Human 3D Barrier Models for Biomedical Research. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122115. [PMID: 34959396 PMCID: PMC8707984 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In our review, we want to summarize the current status of the development of airway models and their application in biomedical research. We start with the very well characterized models composed of cell lines and end with the use of organoids. An important aspect is the function of the mucus as a component of the barrier, especially for infection research. Finally, we will explain the need for a nondestructive characterization of the barrier models using TEER measurements and live cell imaging. Here, organ-on-a-chip technology offers a great opportunity for the culture of complex airway models.
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Soriano L, Khalid T, O’Brien FJ, O’Leary C, Cryan SA. A Tissue-Engineered Tracheobronchial In Vitro Co-Culture Model for Determining Epithelial Toxicological and Inflammatory Responses. Biomedicines 2021; 9:631. [PMID: 34199462 PMCID: PMC8226664 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of novel inhalable therapies for respiratory diseases is hampered due to the lack of in vitro cell models that reflect the complexity of native tissue, resulting in many novel drugs and formulations failing to progress beyond preclinical assessments. The development of physiologically-representative tracheobronchial tissue analogues has the potential to improve the translation of new treatments by more accurately reflecting in vivo respiratory pharmacological and toxicological responses. Herein, advanced tissue-engineered collagen hyaluronic acid bilayered scaffolds (CHyA-B) previously developed within our group were used to evaluate bacterial and drug-induced toxicity and inflammation for the first time. Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cells and Wi38 lung fibroblasts were grown on either CHyA-B scaffolds (3D) or Transwell® inserts (2D) under air liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Toxicological and inflammatory responses from epithelial monocultures and co-cultures grown in 2D or 3D were compared, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bleomycin challenges to induce bacterial and drug responses in vitro. The 3D in vitro model exhibited significant epithelial barrier formation that was maintained upon introduction of co-culture conditions. Barrier integrity showed differential recovery in CHyA-B and Transwell® epithelial cultures. Basolateral secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines to bacterial challenge was found to be higher from cells grown in 3D compared to 2D. In addition, higher cytotoxicity and increased basolateral levels of cytokines were detected when epithelial cultures grown in 3D were challenged with bleomycin. CHyA-B scaffolds support the growth and differentiation of bronchial epithelial cells in a 3D co-culture model with different transepithelial resistance in comparison to the same co-cultures grown on Transwell® inserts. Epithelial cultures in an extracellular matrix like environment show distinct responses in cytokine release and metabolic activity compared to 2D polarised models, which better mimic in vivo response to toxic and inflammatory stimuli offering an innovative in vitro platform for respiratory drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Soriano
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.S.); (T.K.); (C.O.)
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
- SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tehreem Khalid
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.S.); (T.K.); (C.O.)
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
- SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
- SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cian O’Leary
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.S.); (T.K.); (C.O.)
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
- SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.S.); (T.K.); (C.O.)
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
- SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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Gudisa R, Goyal K, Gupta P, Singh MP. Localized and Systemic Immune Response in Human Reproductive Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:649893. [PMID: 33859953 PMCID: PMC8042290 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.649893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality among adolescents and adults across the globe and encompass all the infections transmitted via person-to-person sexual contact. In spite of the widespread approach being used, STIs remain under-reported and many infections have taken an epidemic turn. The biggest roadblock in this is the unraveled basis of immunopathology of these infections, hindering the discovery of potential targets for immunization. Thereby, it is of utmost significance to decipher the hidden basis of these STIs to control the increasing epidemic of less commonly studied STIs. A complex interplay between innate immune defenses, with resident microbiota and mucosal immune response serves as the basis of therapeutic approaches, by targeting the vital steps of this dynamic interaction. The characterization of pathogen-specific antibodies to significant immunogenic molecules may divulge the conceivable protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mini P. Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Abs V, Bonicelli J, Kacza J, Zizzadoro C, Abraham G. Equine bronchial fibroblasts enhance proliferation and differentiation of primary equine bronchial epithelial cells co-cultured under air-liquid interface. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225025. [PMID: 31721813 PMCID: PMC6853605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between epithelial cells and fibroblasts play a key role in wound repair and remodelling in the asthmatic airway epithelium. We present the establishment of a co-culture model using primary equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBECs) and equine bronchial fibroblasts (EBFs). EBFs at passage between 4 and 8 were seeded on the bottom of 24-well plates and treated with mitomycin C at 80% confluency. Then, freshly isolated (P0) or passaged (P1) EBECs were seeded on the upper surface of membrane inserts that had been placed inside the EBF-containing well plates and grown first under liquid-liquid interface (LLI) then under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions to induce epithelial differentiation. Morphological, structural and functional markers were monitored in co-cultured P0 and P1 EBEC monolayers by phase-contrast microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, hematoxylin-eosin, immunocytochemistry as well as by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transepithelial transport of selected drugs. After about 15–20 days of co-culture at ALI, P0 and P1 EBEC monolayers showed pseudo-stratified architecture, presence of ciliated cells, typically honeycomb-like pattern of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) expression, and intact selective barrier functions. Interestingly, some notable differences were observed in the behaviour of co-cultured EBECs (adhesion to culture support, growth rate, differentiation rate) as compared to our previously described EBEC mono-culture system, suggesting that cross-talk between epithelial cells and fibroblasts actually takes place in our current co-culture setup through paracrine signalling. The EBEC-EBF co-culture model described herein will offer the opportunity to investigate epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions and underlying disease mechanisms in the equine airways, thereby leading to a better understanding of their relevance to pathophysiology and treatment of equine and human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Abs
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Bonicelli
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Zizzadoro
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, SP 62 per Casamassima, km, Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Getu Abraham
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Hynds RE, Gowers KHC, Nigro E, Butler CR, Bonfanti P, Giangreco A, Prêle CM, Janes SM. Cross-talk between human airway epithelial cells and 3T3-J2 feeder cells involves partial activation of human MET by murine HGF. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197129. [PMID: 29771943 PMCID: PMC5957441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the ex vivo propagation of primary human basal epithelial stem/progenitor cells with a view to their use in drug development, toxicity testing and regenerative medicine. These cells can be expanded in co-culture with mitotically inactivated 3T3-J2 murine embryonic feeder cells but, similar to other epithelial cell culture systems employing 3T3-J2 cells, the aspects of cross-talk between 3T3-J2 cells and human airway basal cells that are critical for their expansion remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated secreted growth factors that are produced by 3T3-J2 cells and act upon primary human airway basal cells. We found robust production of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) from fibroblast feeder cells following mitotic inactivation. Consistent with the limited cross-species reactivity of murine HGF on the human HGF receptor (MET; HGFR), MET inhibition did not affect proliferative responses in human airway basal cells and HGF could not replace feeder cells in this culture system. However, we found that murine HGF is not completely inactive on human airway epithelial cells or cancer cell lines but stimulates the phosphorylation of GRB2-associated-binding protein 2 (GAB2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). Although HGF induces phosphorylation of STAT6 tyrosine 641 (Y641), there is no subsequent STAT6 nuclear translocation or STAT6-driven transcriptional response. Overall, these findings highlight the relevance of cross-species protein interactions between murine feeder cells and human epithelial cells in 3T3-J2 co-culture and demonstrate that STAT6 phosphorylation occurs in response to MET activation in epithelial cells. However, STAT6 nuclear translocation does not occur in response to HGF, precluding the transcriptional activity of STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Hynds
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate H. C. Gowers
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraciche e Respiratorie, Universita’ degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Colin R. Butler
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Bonfanti
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Giangreco
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia M. Prêle
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Sam M. Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Purpose of Review There is no consensus on the best technology to be employed for tracheal replacement. One particularly promising approach is based upon tissue engineering and involves applying autologous cells to transplantable scaffolds. Here, we present the reported pre-clinical and clinical data exploring the various options for achieving such seeding. Recent Findings Various cell combinations, delivery strategies, and outcome measures are described. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most widely employed cell type in tracheal bioengineering. Airway epithelial cell luminal seeding is also widely employed, alone or in combination with other cell types. Combinations have thus far shown the greatest promise. Chondrocytes may improve mechanical outcomes in pre-clinical models, but have not been clinically tested. Rapid or pre-vascularization of scaffolds is an important consideration. Overall, there are few published objective measures of post-seeding cell viability, survival, or overall efficacy. Summary There is no clear consensus on the optimal cell-scaffold combination and mechanisms for seeding. Systematic in vivo work is required to assess differences between tracheal grafts seeded with combinations of clinically deliverable cell types using objective outcome measures, including those for functionality and host immune response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40778-017-0108-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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O'Leary C, O'Brien FJ, Cryan SA. Retinoic Acid-Loaded Collagen-Hyaluronate Scaffolds: A Bioactive Material for Respiratory Tissue Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1381-1393. [PMID: 33429696 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clinical interventions for extensive tissue injury to the larger airways remain limited. Recently, respiratory tissue engineering strategies have emerged with a variety of biomimetic materials and tissue constructs to address these limitations, though rapid epithelialization of the construct with mucociliary function is still largely unresolved. The overall objective of this study was to manufacture an all-trans retinoic acid (atRA)-loaded bilayered collagen-hyaluronate (atRA-B) scaffold as a platform technology for tracheal tissue regeneration. atRA-loaded scaffolds were fabricated using a customized lyophilization process and characterized for drug loading and release properties using HPLC, followed by validation of their bioactivity using human primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells. atRA-loaded materials were reproducibly manufactured and exhibited the release of atRA following their hydration over 8-28 h that was significantly affected by collagen cross-linking. An optimal formulation consisting of 10 μg/mL atRA in a collagen-hyaluronate suspension to manufacture the scaffold film layer was identified and used to develop the atRA-B scaffold. Immunofluorescence studies and RT-PCR revealed that the atRA-loaded biomaterials increased the expression of two epithelial markers of mucociliary differentiation, MUC5AC and β-tubulin IV, via upregulation of MUC5AC and FOXJ1 genes, both in epithelial monoculture and in a 3D scaffold coculture system with lung fibroblasts. Overall, this study has demonstrated that the atRA-B scaffold can enhance functional epithelialization in primary tracheobronchial cells and can potentially pioneer the development of a novel and biocompatible device to address a currently unmet clinical need in tracheal replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian O'Leary
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Trinity Centre of Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Trinity Centre of Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Mavrofrydi O, Mavroeidi P, Papazafiri P. Comparative assessment of HIF-1α and Akt responses in human lung and skin cells exposed to benzo[α]pyrene: Effect of conditioned medium from pre-exposed primary fibroblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1103-1112. [PMID: 25728052 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to atmospheric pollutants has been accused for many adverse health effects. Benzo[α]pyrene (Β[α]Ρ) in particular, the most extensively studied member of pollutants, is implicated in both cancer initiation and promotion. In the present study, we compared the effects of noncytotoxic doses of Β[α]Ρ, between human skin and lung epithelial cells A431 and A549, respectively, focusing on Akt kinase and HIF-1α, as it is well known that these proteins are upregulated in various human cancers promoting survival, angiogenesis and metastasis of tumor cells. Also, taking into consideration that fibroblasts are involved in cancer progression, we tested the possible modulation of epithelial cell response by paracrine factors secreted by Β[α]Ρ-treated fibroblasts. Low doses of Β[α]Ρ were found to enhance epithelial cell proliferation and upregulate both Akt kinase and HIF-1α, with A549 cells exhibiting a more sustained profile of upregulation. It is to notice that, the response of HIF-1α was remarkably early, acting as a sensitive marker in response to airborne pollutants. Also, HIF-1α was induced by Β[α]Ρ in both lung and skin fibroblasts indicating that this effect may be conserved throughout different cell types and tissues. Interestingly however, the response of both proteins was differentially modified upon treatment with conditioned medium from Β[α]Ρ-exposed fibroblasts. This is particularly evident in A459 cells and confirms the critical role of intercellular and paracrine factors in the modulation of the final response to an extracellular signal. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1103-1112, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mavrofrydi
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Athens, 15784 Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Mavroeidi
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Athens, 15784 Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Athens, 15784 Panepistimiopolis, Ilissia, Athens, Greece
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12
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Schweinlin M, Rossi A, Lodes N, Lotz C, Hackenberg S, Steinke M, Walles H, Groeber F. Human barrier models for the in vitro assessment of drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2016; 7:217-227. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Brauer R, Ge L, Schlesinger SY, Birkland TP, Huang Y, Parimon T, Lee V, McKinney BL, McGuire JK, Parks WC, Chen P. Syndecan-1 Attenuates Lung Injury during Influenza Infection by Potentiating c-Met Signaling to Suppress Epithelial Apoptosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194:333-44. [PMID: 26959387 PMCID: PMC4970595 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201509-1878oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Syndecan-1 is a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan primarily expressed in the lung epithelium. Because the influenza virus is tropic to the airway epithelium, we investigated the role of syndecan-1 in influenza infection. OBJECTIVES To determine the mechanism by which syndecan-1 regulates the lung mucosal response to influenza infection. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Sdc1(-/-) mice were infected with a H1N1 virus (PR8) as an experimental model of influenza infection. Human and murine airway epithelial cell cultures were also infected with PR8 to study the mechanism by which syndecan-1 regulates the inflammatory response. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS We found worsened outcomes and lung injury in Sdc1(-/-) mice compared with WT mice after influenza infection. Our data demonstrated that syndecan-1 suppresses bronchial epithelial apoptosis during influenza infection to limit widespread lung inflammation. Furthermore, we determined that syndecan-1 attenuated apoptosis by crosstalking with c-Met to potentiate its cytoprotective signals in airway epithelial cells during influenza infection. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows that cell-associated syndecan-1 has an important role in regulating lung injury. Our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism in which cell membrane-associated syndecan-1 regulates the innate immune response to influenza infection by facilitating cytoprotective signals through c-Met signaling to limit bronchial epithelial apoptosis, thereby attenuating lung injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Brauer
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, California; and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Lingyin Ge
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, California; and
| | | | - Timothy P. Birkland
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, California; and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Ying Huang
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Tanyalak Parimon
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Vivian Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - John K. McGuire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William C. Parks
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, California; and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Peter Chen
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, California; and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
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14
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Ge Q, Zeng Q, Tjin G, Lau E, Black JL, Oliver BGG, Burgess JK. Differential deposition of fibronectin by asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1093-102. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00019.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered ECM protein deposition is a feature in asthmatic airways. Fibronectin (Fn), an ECM protein produced by human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs), is increased in asthmatic airways. This study investigated the regulation of Fn production in asthmatic or nonasthmatic HBECs and whether Fn modulated HBEC proliferation and inflammatory mediator secretion. The signaling pathways underlying transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-regulated Fn production were examined using specific inhibitors for ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, and activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5). Asthmatic HBECs deposited higher levels of Fn in the ECM than nonasthmatic cells under basal conditions, whereas cells from the two groups had similar levels of Fn mRNA and soluble Fn. TGF-β1 increased mRNA levels and ECM and soluble forms of Fn but decreased cell proliferation in both cells. The rate of increase in Fn mRNA was higher in nonasthmatic cells. However, the excessive amounts of ECM Fn deposited by asthmatic cells after TGF-β1 stimulation persisted compared with nonasthmatic cells. Inhibition of ALK5 completely prevented TGF-β1-induced Fn deposition. Importantly, ECM Fn increased HBEC proliferation and IL-6 release, decreased PGE2 secretion, but had no effect on VEGF release. Soluble Fn had no effect on cell proliferation and inflammatory mediator release. Asthmatic HBECs are intrinsically primed to produce more ECM Fn, which when deposited into the ECM, is capable of driving remodeling and inflammation. The increased airway Fn may be one of the key driving factors in the persistence of asthma and represents a novel, therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ge
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Qingxiang Zeng
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gavin Tjin
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edmund Lau
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Judith L. Black
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Brian G. G. Oliver
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Janette K. Burgess
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
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15
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Rochfort KD, Collins LE, McLoughlin A, Cummins PM. Tumour necrosis factor-α-mediated disruption of cerebrovascular endothelial barrier integrity in vitro involves the production of proinflammatory interleukin-6. J Neurochem 2015; 136:564-72. [PMID: 26499872 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The co-involvement of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) during blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury has been reported in various models of neuroinflammation, although the precise functional interplay between these archetypal proinflammatory cytokines remains largely undefined within this context. In the current paper, we tested the hypothesis that TNF-α-mediated BBB disruption is measurably attributable in-part to induction of microvascular endothelial IL-6 production. In initial experiments, we observed that treatment of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMvECs) with TNF-α (0-100 ng/mL, 0-24 h) robustly elicited both time- and dose-dependent induction of IL-6 expression and release, as well as expression of the IL-6 family receptor, GP130. Further experiments demonstrated that the TNF-α-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species, down-regulation of adherens/tight junction proteins, and concomitant elevation of HBMvEC permeability, were all significantly attenuated by blockade of IL-6 signalling using either an anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibody or an IL-6 siRNA. Based on these observations, we conclude that TNF-α treatment of HBMvECs in vitro activates IL-6 production and signalling, events that were shown to synergize with TNF-α actions to elicit HBMvEC permeabilization. These novel findings offer a constructive insight into the specific contribution of downstream cytokine induction to the injurious actions of TNF-α at the BBB microvascular endothelium interface. The co-involvement of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) during blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury has been widely reported. Using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMvEC), we show that TNF-α-mediated BBB disruption is measurably attributable in-part to induction of endothelial IL-6 production and signalling. We demonstrate that the TNF-α-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), down-regulation of interendothelial junctions, and concomitant elevation of HBMvEC permeability, could be significantly attenuated by using either an IL-6 neutralizing antibody or an IL-6-specific siRNA. These findings provide insight into the complex nature of proinflammatory cytokine injury at the BBB microvascular endothelium interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Rochfort
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura E Collins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alisha McLoughlin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip M Cummins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Preventive Medicine, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Tanabe T, Shimokawaji T, Kanoh S, Rubin BK. Secretory phospholipases A2 are secreted from ciliated cells and increase mucin and eicosanoid secretion from goblet cells. Chest 2015; 147:1599-1609. [PMID: 25429648 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) initiate the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, are increased in the airways of people with severe asthma, and induce mucin hypersecretion. We used IL-13-transformed, highly enriched goblet cells and differentiated (ciliary cell-enriched) human bronchial epithelial cell culture to evaluate the relative contribution of ciliated and goblet cells to airway sPLA2 generation and response. We wished to determine the primary source(s) of sPLA2 and leukotrienes in human airway epithelial cells. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial cells from subjects without lung disease were differentiated to a ciliated-enriched or goblet-enriched cell phenotype. Synthesis of sPLA2, cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), and airway mucin messenger RNA and protein was measured by real-time-polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the localization of mucin and sPLA2 to specific cells types was confirmed by confocal microscopy. RESULTS sPLA2 group IIa, V, and X messenger RNA expression was increased in ciliated-enriched cells (P < .001) but not in goblet-enriched cells. sPLA2 were secreted from the apical (air) side of ciliated-enriched cells but not goblet-enriched cells (P < .001). Immunostaining of sPLA2 V was strongly positive in ciliated-enriched cells but not in goblet-enriched cells. sPLA2 released cysLTs from goblet-enriched cells but not from ciliated-enriched cells, and this result was greatest with sPLA2 V (P < .05). sPLA2 V increased goblet-enriched cell mucin secretion, which was inhibited by inhibitors of lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS sPLA2 are secreted from ciliated cells and appear to induce mucin and cysLT secretion from goblet cells, strongly suggesting that airway goblet cells are proinflammatory effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA.
| | - Tadasuke Shimokawaji
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Soichiro Kanoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Bruce K Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
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17
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Nishioka M, Venkatesan N, Dessalle K, Mogas A, Kyoh S, Lin TY, Nair P, Baglole CJ, Eidelman DH, Ludwig MS, Hamid Q. Fibroblast-epithelial cell interactions drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition differently in cells from normal and COPD patients. Respir Res 2015; 16:72. [PMID: 26081431 PMCID: PMC4473826 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which involves changes in cellular morphology of highly polarized epithelial cells and the gain of mesenchymal cell phenotype with migratory and invasive capacities, is implicated in smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the interactions of fibroblasts and epithelial cells and the participation of fibroblasts in the EMT processes in COPD are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that EMT is active in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells of COPD patients, and that mediators secreted by lung fibroblasts from COPD patients induce EMT. METHODS Primary HBE cells from normal subjects and COPD patients were purchased from LONZA. HLFs were derived from resected lung obtained from normal (N) and COPD (D) subjects and their conditioned medium (CM) was collected after 2-day culture in serum-free medium. The expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers as well as EMT-related transcription factors in lung biopsies, and in HBE cells following stimulation with CM from both normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) and COPD human lung fibroblasts (DHLF) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS Basal mRNA expression of mesenchymal markers and EMT-related transcription factors were increased in DHBE cells compared to normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) cells as well as in COPD lungs. CM from NHLF significantly induced vimentin expression in both NHBE and COPD human bronchial epithelial cells (DHBE) cells, but only increased N-cadherin expression in DHBE cells. CM from NHLF significantly induced Twist1 and Twist2 expression in NHBE cells and increased Snai2 (Slug) expression in DHBE cells. While CM from NHLF had no effect on such EMT markers, CM from DHLF significantly increased the protein expression of E-cadherin and vimentin in NHBE cells compared to control. N-cadherin expression was upregulated to a greater degree in NHBE cells than DHBE cells. Only CM from DHLF significantly increased E-/N-cadherin ratio in DHBE cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that DHBE cells have partially undergone EMT under baseline conditions. DHLF-CM promoted EMT in NHBE, suggesting that interactions between fibroblast and epithelial cells may play an important role in the EMT process in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyoshi Nishioka
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Narayanan Venkatesan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Kevin Dessalle
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Andrea Mogas
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Shigenori Kyoh
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Ting-Yu Lin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada. .,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - David H Eidelman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Mara S Ludwig
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Block E, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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18
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Mohd Hilmi A, Hassan A, Halim AS. A Bilayer Engineered Skin Substitute for Wound Repair in an Irradiation-Impeded Healing Model on Rat. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:312-320. [PMID: 26005597 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: An engineered skin substitute is produced to accelerate wound healing by increasing the mechanical strength of the skin wound via high production of collagen bundles. During the remodeling stage of wound healing, collagen deposition is the most important event. The collagen deposition process may be altered by nutritional deficiency, diabetes mellitus, microbial infection, or radiation exposure, leading to impaired healing. This study describes the fabrication of an engineered bilayer skin substitute and evaluates its effectiveness for the production of collagen bundles in an impaired healing model. Approach: Rats were exposed to 10 Gy of radiation. Two months postirradiation, the wounds were excised and treated with one of three skin replacement products: bilayer engineered skin substitutes, chitosan skin templates, or duoderm©. The collagen deposition was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: On day 21 postwound, the irradiated wounds displayed increased collagen bundle deposition after treatment using bilayer engineered skin substitutes (3.4±0.25) and chitosan skin templates (3.2±0.58) compared with duoderm (2.0±0.63). Innovation: We provide the first report on the fabrication of bilayer engineered skin substitutes using high density human dermal fibroblasts cocultured with HFSCs on chitosan skin templates. Conclusion: The high density of fibroblasts significantly increases the penetration of cells into chitosan skin templates, contributing to the fabrication of bilayer engineered skin substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.B. Mohd Hilmi
- School of Diagnostic and Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Asma Hassan
- Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Sukari Halim
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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19
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Reeves SR, Kolstad T, Lien TY, Herrington-Shaner S, Debley JS. Fibroblast-myofibroblast transition is differentially regulated by bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic children. Respir Res 2015; 16:21. [PMID: 25849331 PMCID: PMC4333174 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway remodeling is a proposed mechanism that underlies the persistent loss of lung function associated with childhood asthma. Previous studies have demonstrated that human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) co-cultured with primary human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) from asthmatic children exhibit greater expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components compared to co-culture with BECs derived from healthy children. Myofibroblasts represent a population of differentiated fibroblasts that have greater synthetic activity. We hypothesized co-culture with asthmatic BECs would lead to greater fibroblast to myofibroblast transition (FMT) compared to co-culture with healthy BECs. METHODS BECs were obtained from well-characterized asthmatic and healthy children and were proliferated and differentiated at an air-liquid interface (ALI). BEC-ALI cultures were co-cultured with HLFs for 96 hours. RT-PCR was performed in HLFs for alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and flow cytometry was used to assay for α-SMA antibody labeling of HLFs. RT-PCR was also preformed for the expression of tropomyosin-I as an additional marker of myofibroblast phenotype. In separate experiments, we investigated the role of TGFβ2 in BEC-HLF co-cultures using monoclonal antibody inhibition. RESULTS Expression of α-SMA by HLFs alone was greater than by HLFs co-cultured with healthy BECs, but not different than α-SMA expression by HLFs co-cultured with asthmatic BECs. Flow cytometry also revealed significantly less α-SMA expression by healthy co-co-cultures compared to asthmatic co-cultures or HLF alone. Monoclonal antibody inhibition of TGFβ2 led to similar expression of α-SMA between healthy and asthmatic BEC-HLF co-cultures. Expression of topomyosin-I was also significantly increased in HLF co-cultured with asthmatic BECs compared to healthy BEC-HLF co-cultures or HLF cultured alone. CONCLUSION These findings suggest dysregulation of FMT in HLF co-cultured with asthmatic as compared to healthy BECs. Our results suggest TGFβ2 may be involved in the differential regulation of FMT by asthmatic BECs. These findings further illustrate the importance of BEC-HLF cross-talk in asthmatic airway remodeling.
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20
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Marshall LJ, Oguejiofor W, Willetts RS, Griffiths HR, Devitt A. Developing accurate models of the human airways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:464-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Particle delivery to the airways is an attractive prospect for many potential therapeutics, including vaccines. Developing strategies for inhalation of particles provides a targeted, controlled and non-invasive delivery route but, as with all novel therapeutics, in vitro and in vivo testing are needed prior to clinical use. Whilst advanced vaccine testing demands the use of animal models to address safety issues, the production of robust in vitro cellular models would take account of the ethical framework known as the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal use), by permitting initial screening of potential candidates prior to animal use. There is thus a need for relevant, realistic in vitro models of the human airways.
Key findings
Our laboratory has designed and characterised a multi-cellular model of human airways that takes account of the conditions in the airways and recapitulates many salient features, including the epithelial barrier and mucus secretion.
Summary
Our human pulmonary models recreate many of the obstacles to successful pulmonary delivery of particles and therefore represent a valid test platform for screening compounds and delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilson Oguejiofor
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel S Willetts
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Devitt
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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21
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Mungunsukh O, McCart EA, Day RM. Hepatocyte Growth Factor Isoforms in Tissue Repair, Cancer, and Fibrotic Remodeling. Biomedicines 2014; 2:301-326. [PMID: 28548073 PMCID: PMC5344272 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor (SF), is a pleotropic factor required for normal organ development during embryogenesis. In the adult, basal expression of HGF maintains tissue homeostasis and is up-regulated in response to tissue injury. HGF expression is necessary for the proliferation, migration, and survival of epithelial and endothelial cells involved in tissue repair in a variety of organs, including heart, lung, kidney, liver, brain, and skin. The administration of full length HGF, either as a protein or using exogenous expression methodologies, increases tissue repair in animal models of tissue injury and increases angiogenesis. Full length HGF is comprised of an N-terminal hairpin turn, four kringle domains, and a serine protease-like domain. Several naturally occurring alternatively spliced isoforms of HGF were also identified. The NK1 variant contains the N-terminal hairpin and the first kringle domain, and the NK2 variant extends through the second kringle domain. These alternatively spliced forms of HGF activate the same receptor, MET, but they differ from the full length protein in their cellular activities and their biological functions. Here, we review the species-specific expression of the HGF isoforms, their regulation, the signal transduction pathways they activate, and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ognoon Mungunsukh
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A McCart
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
| | - Regina M Day
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
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22
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Morris GE, Bridge JC, Brace LA, Knox AJ, Aylott JW, Brightling CE, Ghaemmaghami AM, Rose FRAJ. A novel electrospun biphasic scaffold provides optimal three-dimensional topography for in vitro co-culture of airway epithelial and fibroblast cells. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035014. [PMID: 24925127 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Conventional airway in vitro models focus upon the function of individual structural cells cultured in a two-dimensional monolayer, with limited three-dimensional (3D) models of the bronchial mucosa. Electrospinning offers an attractive method to produce defined, porous 3D matrices for cell culture. To investigate the effects of fibre diameter on airway epithelial and fibroblast cell growth and functionality, we manipulated the concentration and deposition rate of the non-degradable polymer polyethylene terephthalate to create fibres with diameters ranging from nanometre to micrometre. The nanofibre scaffold closely resembles the basement membrane of the bronchiole mucosal layer, and epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface on this scaffold showed polarized differentiation. The microfibre scaffold mimics the porous sub-mucosal layer of the airway into which lung fibroblast cells showed good penetration. Using these defined electrospinning parameters we created a biphasic scaffold with 3D topography tailored for optimal growth of both cell types. Epithelial and fibroblast cells were co-cultured onto the apical nanofibre phase and the basal microfibre phase respectively, with enhanced epithelial barrier formation observed upon co-culture. This biphasic scaffold provides a novel 3D in vitro platform optimized to mimic the different microenvironments the cells encounter in vivo on which to investigate key airway structural cell interactions in airway diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Morris
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, UK
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23
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Wira CR, Fahey JV, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Shen Z, Patel MV. Regulation of mucosal immunity in the female reproductive tract: the role of sex hormones in immune protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:236-58. [PMID: 24734774 PMCID: PMC4351777 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) does not mount an attack against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other sexually transmitted infections (STI) with a single endogenously produced microbicide or with a single arm of the immune system. Instead, the body deploys dozens of innate antimicrobials to the secretions of the FRT. Working together, these antimicrobials along with mucosal antibodies attack viral, bacterial, and fungal targets. Within the FRT, the unique challenges of protection against sexually transmitted pathogens coupled with the need to sustain the development of an allogeneic fetus, has evolved in such a way that sex hormones precisely regulate immune function to accomplish both tasks. The studies presented in this review demonstrate that estradiol (E2 ) and progesterone secreted during the menstrual cycle act both directly and indirectly on epithelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells in the reproductive tract to modify immune function in a way that is unique to specific sites throughout the FRT. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that the innate and adaptive immune systems are under hormonal control, that protection varies with the stage of the menstrual cycle and as such, is dampened during the secretory stage of the cycle to optimize conditions for fertilization and pregnancy. In doing so, a window of STI vulnerability is created during which potential pathogens including HIV enter the reproductive tract to infect host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, USA
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24
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Reeves SR, Kolstad T, Lien TY, Elliott M, Ziegler SF, Wight TN, Debley JS. Asthmatic airway epithelial cells differentially regulate fibroblast expression of extracellular matrix components. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:663-670.e1. [PMID: 24875618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway remodeling might explain lung function decline among asthmatic children. Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) is implicated in airway remodeling. Airway epithelial cell (AEC) signaling might regulate HLF ECM expression. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether AECs from asthmatic children differentially regulate HLF expression of ECM constituents. METHODS Primary AECs were obtained from well-characterized atopic asthmatic (n = 10) and healthy (n = 10) children intubated during anesthesia for an elective surgical procedure. AECs were differentiated at an air-liquid interface for 3 weeks and then cocultured with HLFs from a healthy child for 96 hours. Collagen I (COL1A1), collagen III (COL3A1), hyaluronan synthase (HAS) 2, and fibronectin expression by HLFs and prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGE2S) expression by AECs were assessed by using RT-PCR. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 concentrations in media were measured by using ELISA. RESULTS COL1A1 and COL3A1 expression by HLFs cocultured with AECs from asthmatic patients was greater than that by HLFs cocultured with AECs from healthy subjects (2.2-fold, P < .02; 10.8-fold, P < .02). HAS2 expression by HLFs cocultured with AECs from asthmatic patients was 2.5-fold higher than that by HLFs cocultured with AECs from healthy subjects (P < .002). Fibronectin expression by HLFs cocultured with AECs from asthmatic patients was significantly greater than that by HLFs alone. TGF-β2 activity was increased in cocultures of HLFs with AECs from asthmatic patients (P < .05), whereas PGES2 was downregulated in AEC-HLF cocultures (2.2-fold, P < .006). CONCLUSIONS HLFs cocultured with AECs from asthmatic patients showed differential expression of the ECM constituents COL1A1 and COL3A1 and HAS2 compared with HLFs cocultured with AECs from healthy subjects. These findings support a role for altered ECM production in asthmatic airway remodeling, possibly regulated by unbalanced AEC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Reeves
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Tessa Kolstad
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Tin-Yu Lien
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Molly Elliott
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | | | | | - Jason S Debley
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash.
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25
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Depner S, Lederle W, Gutschalk C, Linde N, Zajonz A, Mueller MM. Cell type specific interleukin-6 induced responses in tumor keratinocytes and stromal fibroblasts are essential for invasive growth. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:551-62. [PMID: 23165423 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the major inflammatory interleukins that has been linked to cancer progression. In our model for human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), IL-6 expression is strongly upregulated upon progression from benign tumors to highly malignant, metastasizing SCCs. We now demonstrate that IL-6 promotes malignant and invasive tumor growth in human skin SCCs by inducing cell type specific cytokine profiles in tumor keratinocytes and stromal fibroblasts, activating the latter towards a tumor associated fibroblast (TAF) phenotype. In three-dimensional organotypic cocultures in vitro invasive growth of IL-6 overexpressing tumor keratinocytes, is associated with increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2, and clearly depends on IL-6 activated fibroblasts. IL-6-induced secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in tumor keratinocytes and of hepatocyte growth factor in fibroblasts is crucial for regulating expression and activation of MMP-2. This functional role of IL-6 is confirmed in vivo. Here MMP-14 and MMP-2 expression occur exclusively in surface transplants of IL-6 overexpressing keratinocytes and fibroblasts are identified as important source of MMP-2. Our data indicate that tumor keratinocytes derived IL-6 activates stromal fibroblasts towards a TAF phenotype, promoting tumor invasion via enhanced expression and activation of MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Depner
- Group Tumor and Microenvironment DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69221 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Tanabe T, Kanoh S, Moskowitz WB, Rubin BK. Cardiac asthma: transforming growth factor-β from the failing heart leads to squamous metaplasia in human airway cells and in the murine lung. Chest 2013; 142:1274-1283. [PMID: 22505689 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac asthma describes symptoms of airflow obstruction due to heart failure. Chronic heart failure is associated with decreased FEV 1 , and FEV 1 improves after heart transplantation. Fibrotic remodeling of the heart and airways is mediated, in part, through transforming growth factor (TGF)- β . Blood TGF- b 1 concentration correlates with ventricular remodeling in cardiac disease, and TGF- β decreases after repair. METHODS We established a coculture of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at air-liquid interface with submerged basal cardiomyoblasts. Airway cells were immunostained with cytokeratin, actin, and involucrin. TGF- β synthesis was assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphorylation of Smad in NHBE cells was determined by Western blotting.Mice given doxorubicin developed cardiac failure, and their airways were histologically examined. RESULTS Coculture induced involucrin-positive squamous metaplasia of NHBE cells, and this was attenuated by TGF- β antibody. Total TGF- β 1 was increased in coculture conditioned medium( P < .001). After 14 days of exposure to recombinant TGF- β 1 , there was squamous transformation of NHBE cells. One week after removing cardiomyoblasts from culture, squamous metaplasia resolved into normal ciliated epithelia. Smad was phosphorylated in NHBE cells with cardiomyoblasts or with recombinant TGF- β 1 exposure. The airways of mice with heart failure also demonstrated involucrin-positive squamous transformation. CONCLUSIONS TGF- β from cardiomyoblasts or from the failing heart can cause airway squamous metaplasia via Smad signaling, and this is blocked by anti-TGF- b antibody and reversed when cardiac cells are removed from culture. This appears to be an important mechanism for airflow obstruction with heart failure, sometimes described as cardiac asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Soichiro Kanoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - William B Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Bruce K Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA.
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27
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MacKintosh SB, Schuberth HJ, Healy LL, Sheldon IM. Polarised bovine endometrial epithelial cells vectorially secrete prostaglandins and chemotactic factors under physiological and pathological conditions. Reproduction 2013; 145:57-72. [PMID: 23115348 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells of the endometrium secrete prostaglandins to regulate the bovine oestrous cycle and form a functional barrier to microbes. However, bacterial infection of the endometrium commonly causes infertility in dairy cattle by disrupting endometrial physiology. Epithelial cell cultures are used to study the mechanisms of physiology and pathology, but 2D cultures may not reflect the 3D complexity of the epithelium. In this study, a polarised epithelial cell transwell culture was developed, using transepithelial resistance (TER), to monitor epithelial integrity. Polarised epithelial cells were treated with oxytocin and arachidonic acid to test physiological function and with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic bacterial infection. Supernatants were analysed for prostaglandin E(2) (PGE), prostaglandin F(2)(α), the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL8) and the ability of supernatants to induce neutrophil migration. Confluent epithelial cells established polarity when TER was >1800 Ω cm(2) and predominantly released prostaglandins basolaterally. In contrast, IL8 from epithelial cells accumulated apically and the supernatants were highly chemotactic for neutrophils. The striking exception was when the epithelial cells were treated with LPS in the apical or basolateral compartment independently, which led to the release of IL8 towards the treated compartment. Although stromal cells also accumulated PGE and IL8 in response to treatment, co-culture of stromal cells in the well below polarised epithelial cells did not influence cellular responses. In conclusion, polarised endometrial epithelial cells vectorially released prostaglandins and chemokines to reflect their respective mechanistic roles in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân B MacKintosh
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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28
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Improvement of sepsis by hepatocyte growth factor, an anti-inflammatory regulator: emerging insights and therapeutic potential. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:909350. [PMID: 22536224 PMCID: PMC3299304 DOI: 10.1155/2012/909350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced multiple organ failure (MOF) is the most frequent lethal disease in intensive care units. Thus, it is important to elucidate the self-defensive mechanisms of sepsis-induced MOF. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is now recognized as an organotrophic factor, which is essential for organogenesis during embryonic growth and regeneration in adulthood. HGF production is enhanced in response to infectious challenges, but the increase in endogenous HGF levels is transient and insufficient, with a time lag between tissue injuries and HGF upregulation, during progression of septic MOF. Thus, administration of active-formed HGF might be a new candidate for therapeutic development of MOF. HGF has an ability to target endotoxin-challenged macrophages and inhibits the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines through nuclear factor-κB-inactivated mechanisms. HGF also targets the endothelium and epithelium of various organs to suppress local inflammation, coagulation, and apoptotic death. This paper summarizes the novel mechanisms of HGF for attenuating sepsis-related pathological conditions with a focus on sepsis-induced MOF.
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29
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Yamada T, Saito H, Kimura Y, Kubo S, Sakashita M, Susuki D, Ito Y, Ogi K, Imoto Y, Fujieda S. CpG-DNA suppresses poly(I:C)-induced TSLP production in human laryngeal arytenoid fibroblasts. Cytokine 2011; 57:245-50. [PMID: 22154513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) exerts a marked influence on the polarization of dendritic cells to drive T helper (Th) 2 cytokine production, and has been linked to allergic airway diseases. Although TSLP is produced by airway epithelium, TSLP production in laryngeal arytenoid fibroblasts remains largely unexplored. We examined the effect of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and the cross-talk that occurs among different TLR ligands on TSLP production in arytenoid fibroblasts. Since mRNA of TLR 2, 3, 4, and 9 has been found to be expressed in arytenoid fibroblasts, we examined the effect on its production of TLR ligands. TSLP production by arytenoid fibroblasts was strongly induced in the presence of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a ligand of TLR3. Its production was synergistically induced in the presence of IL-4, to a level more than 100 times higher than that observed in the absence of poly(I:C) or IL-4. We also revealed that B type DNA containing CpG motifs (CpG-DNA) coding for a TLR9 ligand markedly suppressed both poly(I:C)-induced and poly(I:C)-plus-IL-4-induced TSLP production. B type CpG-DNA decreased the poly(I:C)-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and pre-incubation with SP600125 (inhibitor of JNK) reduced the poly(I:C)-induced TSLP-production. These results indicate that human arytenoid fibroblasts strongly induce TSLP production with stimulation by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which can be inhibited by CpG-DNA and participate in immune allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
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30
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Yamada T, Jiang X, Kubo S, Sakashita M, Narita N, Yamamoto H, Sunaga H, Fujieda S. B type CpG-DNA suppresses poly(I:C)-induced BLyS expression and production in human tonsillar fibroblasts. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:365-71. [PMID: 22015147 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) has potent costimulatory effects on B cells, the details of BLyS-expression in tonsillar fibroblasts remain unexplored. We examined the effect of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands on BLyS-expression in human tonsillar fibroblasts as well as the crosstalk that occurs among different TLR ligands. The expression of BLyS mRNA by tonsillar fibroblasts was strongly induced in the presence of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) that is a ligand, of TLR3. We also revealed that DNA containing CpG motifs (CpG-DNA), coding for a TLR9 ligand, markedly suppressed the poly(I:C)-induced mRNA expression and protein production of BLyS. B type CpG-DNA decreased the poly(I:C)-induced phosphorylation of inhibitor kappa B alpha (IκBα) and its degradation. Pre-incubation with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling inhibitors reduced the poly(I:C)-induced BLyS-expression. These results indicate that human tonsillar fibroblasts strongly induce BLyS-expression and production that can be inhibited by CpG-DNA and regulated through NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
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31
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Panganiban RAM, Day RM. Hepatocyte growth factor in lung repair and pulmonary fibrosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:12-20. [PMID: 21131996 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary remodeling is characterized by the permanent and progressive loss of the normal alveolar architecture, especially the loss of alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, persistent proliferation of activated fibroblasts, or myofibroblasts, and alteration of extracellular matrix. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor, which induces cellular motility, survival, proliferation, and morphogenesis, depending upon the cell type. In the adult, HGF has been demonstrated to play a critical role in tissue repair, including in the lung. Administration of HGF protein or ectopic expression of HGF has been demonstrated in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis to induce normal tissue repair and to prevent fibrotic remodeling. HGF-induced inhibition of fibrotic remodeling may occur via multiple direct and indirect mechanisms including the induction of cell survival and proliferation of pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells, and the reduction of myofibroblast accumulation.
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32
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Panganiban RAM, Day RM. Hepatocyte growth factor in lung repair and pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 89:656-67. [PMID: 21131996 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.711502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary remodeling is characterized by the permanent and progressive loss of the normal alveolar architecture, especially the loss of alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, persistent proliferation of activated fibroblasts, or myofibroblasts, and alteration of extracellular matrix. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor, which induces cellular motility, survival, proliferation, and morphogenesis, depending upon the cell type. In the adult, HGF has been demonstrated to play a critical role in tissue repair, including in the lung. Administration of HGF protein or ectopic expression of HGF has been demonstrated in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis to induce normal tissue repair and to prevent fibrotic remodeling. HGF-induced inhibition of fibrotic remodeling may occur via multiple direct and indirect mechanisms including the induction of cell survival and proliferation of pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells, and the reduction of myofibroblast accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Allan M Panganiban
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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33
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Wira CR, Fahey JV, Ghosh M, Patel MV, Hickey DK, Ochiel DO. Sex hormone regulation of innate immunity in the female reproductive tract: the role of epithelial cells in balancing reproductive potential with protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:544-65. [PMID: 20367623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) does not mount an attack against HIV or other sexually transmitted infections (STI) with a single endogenously produced microbicide or with a single arm of the immune system. Instead, the body deploys dozens of innate antimicrobials to the secretions of the female reproductive tract. Working together, these antimicrobials along with mucosal antibodies attack many different viral, bacterial and fungal targets. Within the FRT, the unique challenges of protection against sexually transmitted pathogens coupled with the need to sustain the development of an allogeneic fetus have evolved in such a way that sex hormones precisely regulate immune function to accomplish both tasks. The studies presented in this review demonstrate that estradiol and progesterone secreted during the menstrual cycle act both directly and indirectly on epithelial cells and other immune cells in the reproductive tract to modify immune function in a way that is unique to specific sites throughout the FRT. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that the innate immune response is under hormonal control, varies with the stage of the menstrual cycle, and as such is suppressed at mid-cycle to optimize conditions for successful fertilization and pregnancy. In doing so, a window of STI vulnerability is created during which potential pathogens including HIV enter the reproductive tract to infect host targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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34
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Yamada T, Lizhong S, Takahashi N, Kubo S, Narita N, Suzuki D, Takabayashi T, Kimura Y, Fujieda S. Poly(I:C) induces BLyS-expression of airway fibroblasts through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Cytokine 2010; 50:163-9. [PMID: 20089415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), B cell activating factor (BAFF), a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily has potent co-stimulatory activity on B cells, and BLyS-production in the airway mucosa is of potential importance as it triggers innate and adaptive immune responses. To investigate whether airway fibroblast could express BLyS, we examined BLyS-expression in human nasal airway fibroblasts and compared to its expression in tonsillar and skin fibroblasts as well as the effect of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands on that in human nasal airway fibroblasts. The expression of BLyS by nasal fibroblasts in the presence of polyinocinic-polycytidykic acid (poly(I:C)) was markedly induced, to a level of more than 100 times higher than that observed in the absence of poly(I:C). In order to demonstrate the intracellular pathways involved in poly(I:C)-induced BLyS-expression, we used specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular-signal related kinase (ERK)-signaling in these events. Pre-incubation with the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 or Wortmanin reversed the poly(I:C)-induced production and expression of BLyS. Syk kinase inhibitor Piceatannol partially reduced its production and expression. Thus, we were able to show that PI3-kinase signaling is directly involved in poly(I:C)-induced BLyS-expression in nasal airway fibroblasts. These results indicate that human nasal airway fibroblasts strongly induce BLyS-expression and production by poly(I:C) through PI3-K signaling during airway immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan.
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35
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Coleman KD, Wright JA, Ghosh M, Wira CR, Fahey JV. Estradiol modulation of hepatocyte growth factor by stromal fibroblasts in the female reproductive tract. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:1107-1109. [PMID: 19423096 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary human uterine, cervical, and ectocervical stromal fibroblasts constitutively secrete hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), yet only uterine stromal fibroblasts increase HGF secretion in response to estradiol. Estradiol-induced HGF secretion by uterine stromal fibroblasts may have a significant effect on uterine cancer and endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Coleman
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
| | - Jacqueline A Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - John V Fahey
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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36
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Moldaver MV, Yegorov YE. Sparse plating increases the heterogeneity of proliferative potential of fibroblasts. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:337-42. [PMID: 19428452 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High heterogeneity of proliferative potential in the cultures of diploid human fibroblasts was reported in many studies. It was generally believed that the heterogeneity of proliferative potential of human fibroblasts reflects the unevenness of their senescence. However we show here that immortalized (telomerized) human fibroblasts obey the same rule. Up to 50% of these cells rapidly ceased to proliferate when plated at low density in contrast to usual conditions of mass culture where at least 98% of these cells keep on proliferating. Initially, we proposed that the appearance of non-dividing or slow-dividing cells in low-density cell culture experiments could be caused by cell damage due to the experimental setup. Indeed, lowering of oxygen level and addition of conditioned medium improved colony formation, but there were a large number of non-proliferating cells (13-20%). When we sparsely plated cells on a feeder layer of cells of certain density, the portion of non-proliferating cells decreased to 2%, i.e. became the same as in mass culture. Thus, the heterogeneity of proliferative potential is partially a result of the adverse effect of low cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V Moldaver
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova str., Moscow 119991, Russia
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