1
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Kim GD, Lim EY, Shin HS. Macrophage Polarization and Functions in Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5631. [PMID: 38891820 PMCID: PMC11172060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the major leading cause of mortality worldwide, is a progressive and irreversible respiratory condition characterized by peripheral airway and lung parenchymal inflammation, accompanied by fibrosis, emphysema, and airflow limitation, and has multiple etiologies, including genetic variance, air pollution, and repetitive exposure to harmful substances. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of COPD have not been identified. Recent multiomics-based evidence suggests that the plasticity of alveolar macrophages contributes to the onset and progression of COPD through the coordinated modulation of numerous transcription factors. Therefore, this review focuses on understanding the mechanisms and functions of macrophage polarization that regulate lung homeostasis in COPD. These findings may provide a better insight into the distinct role of macrophages in COPD pathogenesis and perspective for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Dong Kim
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (G.-D.K.); (E.Y.L.)
| | - Eun Yeong Lim
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (G.-D.K.); (E.Y.L.)
| | - Hee Soon Shin
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (G.-D.K.); (E.Y.L.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tarique AA, Tuladhar N, Kelk D, Begum N, Lucas RM, Luo L, Stow JL, Wainwright CE, Bell SC, Sly PD, Fantino E. Azithromycin Augments Bacterial Uptake and Anti-Inflammatory Macrophage Polarization in Cystic Fibrosis. Cells 2024; 13:166. [PMID: 38247856 PMCID: PMC10813867 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azithromycin (AZM) is widely being used for treating patients with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) following clinical trials demonstrating improved lung function and fewer incidents of pulmonary exacerba-tions. While the precise mechanisms remain elusive, immunomodulatory actions are thought to be involved. We previously reported impaired phagocytosis and defective anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization in CF. This study systematically analyzed the effect of AZM on the functions of unpolarized and M1/M2 polarized macrophages in CF. METHODS Monocytes, isolated from the venous blood of patients with CF (pwCF) and healthy controls (HCs), were differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and subsequently infected with P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa uptake and killing by MDMs in the presence or absence of AZM was studied. M1 and M2 macrophage polarizations were induced and their functions and cytokine release were analyzed. RESULTS Following AZM treatment, both HC and CF MDMs exhibited a significant increase in P. aeruginosa uptake and killing, however, lysosomal acidification remained unchanged. AZM treatment led to higher activation of ERK1/2 in both HC and CF MDMs. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 using U0126 significantly reduced P. aeruginosa uptake in HC MDMs. M1 macrophage polarization remained unaffected; however, AZM treatment led to increased IL-6 and IL-10 release in both HC and CF M1 macrophages. AZM also significantly increased the phagocytic index for both pHrodo E. coli and S. aureus in CF M1 macrophages. In CF, AZM treatment promoted anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization, with an increased percentage of CD209+ M2 macrophages, induction of the M2 gene CCL18, along with its secretion in the culture supernatant. However, AZM d'd not restore endocytosis in CF, another essential feature of M2 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the cellular functions and molecular targets of AZM which may involve an improved uptake of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, restored anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization in CF. This may in turn shape the reduced lung inflammation observed in clinical trials. In addition, we confirmed the role of ERK1/2 activation for bacterial uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Tarique
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Neeraj Tuladhar
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Dean Kelk
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Nelufa Begum
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Richard M. Lucas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Claire E. Wainwright
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Scott C. Bell
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
- Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Emmanuelle Fantino
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia (P.D.S.); (E.F.)
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3
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Kapellos TS, Conlon TM, Yildirim AÖ, Lehmann M. The impact of the immune system on lung injury and regeneration in COPD. Eur Respir J 2023; 62:2300589. [PMID: 37652569 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00589-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
COPD is a devastating respiratory condition that manifests via persistent inflammation, emphysema development and small airway remodelling. Lung regeneration is defined as the ability of the lung to repair itself after injury by the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cell populations, and becomes impaired in the COPD lung as a consequence of cell intrinsic epithelial stem cell defects and signals from the micro-environment. Although the loss of structural integrity and lung regenerative capacity are critical for disease progression, our understanding of the cellular players and molecular pathways that hamper regeneration in COPD remains limited. Intriguingly, despite being a key driver of COPD pathogenesis, the role of the immune system in regulating lung regenerative mechanisms is understudied. In this review, we summarise recent evidence on the contribution of immune cells to lung injury and regeneration. We focus on four main axes: 1) the mechanisms via which myeloid cells cause alveolar degradation; 2) the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures and the production of autoreactive antibodies; 3) the consequences of inefficient apoptotic cell removal; and 4) the effects of innate and adaptive immune cell signalling on alveolar epithelial proliferation and differentiation. We finally provide insight on how recent technological advances in omics technologies and human ex vivo lung models can delineate immune cell-epithelium cross-talk and expedite precision pro-regenerative approaches toward reprogramming the alveolar immune niche to treat COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Kapellos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Conlon
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Pneumology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mareike Lehmann
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
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4
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Britt RD, Ruwanpathirana A, Ford ML, Lewis BW. Macrophages Orchestrate Airway Inflammation, Remodeling, and Resolution in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10451. [PMID: 37445635 PMCID: PMC10341920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogenous chronic inflammatory lung disease with endotypes that manifest different immune system profiles, severity, and responses to current therapies. Regardless of endotype, asthma features increased immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine release, and airway remodeling. Lung macrophages are also heterogenous in that there are separate subsets and, depending on the environment, different effector functions. Lung macrophages are important in recruitment of immune cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes that enhance allergic inflammation and initiate T helper cell responses. Persistent lung remodeling including mucus hypersecretion, increased airway smooth muscle mass, and airway fibrosis contributes to progressive lung function decline that is insensitive to current asthma treatments. Macrophages secrete inflammatory mediators that induce airway inflammation and remodeling. Additionally, lung macrophages are instrumental in protecting against pathogens and play a critical role in resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. This review summarizes current literature detailing the roles and existing knowledge gaps for macrophages as key inflammatory orchestrators in asthma pathogenesis. We also raise the idea that modulating inflammatory responses in lung macrophages is important for alleviating asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D. Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anushka Ruwanpathirana
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Maria L. Ford
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Brandon W. Lewis
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
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5
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Parnham MJ, Norris V, Kricker JA, Gudjonsson T, Page CP. Prospects for macrolide therapy of asthma and COPD. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 98:83-110. [PMID: 37524493 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrolide compounds, many of which are derived from natural sources, all share a lactone ring structure, but of varying sizes. Their biological activities differ with structure and size but tend to overlap. Marketed macrolide drugs include immunosuppressives and antibiotics. Some of the latter have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory activities, due to direct effects on inflammatory cells and processes when used for respiratory infections. Consequently, azithromycin is included in clinical guidelines for COPD and asthma treatment, though it has the disadvantage, as an antibiotic, of increasing bacterial resistance. COPD and asthma, however, like several chronic inflammatory diseases involving other organs, are driven to a large extent by epithelial barrier dysfunction. Recently, azithromycin was shown to directly enhance epithelial barrier function and a new class of derivatives, barriolides, is under development with the lead indication COPD. It is thus likely that by circumventing antibiosis and acting on a crucial etiological disease process, this type of agent will open up a new, safer approach to COPD and asthma therapy with macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Parnham
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | | | - Jennifer A Kricker
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland; Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland; Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Clive P Page
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals ehf, Reykjavik, Iceland; Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Chaudhari K, Gohar A, Claerhout S, Ganorkar R. A Robust and Scalable Process for the Synthesis of Substantially Pure Clarithromycin 9-( E)-Oxime with an Established Control of the ( Z)-Isomer Impurity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10411-10418. [PMID: 36969464 PMCID: PMC10034979 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the isomeric impurity in a key raw material is always critical to achieve the corresponding pure isomer-free targeted active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in downstream processing. Clarithromycin 9-(E)-oxime is the key raw material for the synthesis of the 9a-lactam macrolide, which is an interesting scaffold for the synthesis of several bioactive macrolides. Here demonstrated is a scalable process for the preparation of substantially pure clarithromycin 9-(E)-oxime, with less than 1.2% of the (Z)-isomer. The process does not involve a separate time-consuming purification by a crystallization operation to purge the undesired (Z)-oxime isomer. Further, the pure clarithromycin 9-(E)-oxime obtained was subjected to the Beckmann rearrangement, thereby converting it into the pure 9a-lactam scaffold. Additionally, a few other impurities were identified and controlled at each stage. The fine-tuned process was successfully up scaled to a multikilogram scale, enabling the large-scale manufacturing of potential APIs derived from this scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Chaudhari
- Hikal
Ltd, 3A and 3B International Biotech Park Phase II, Hinjewadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India
| | - Anil Gohar
- Hikal
Ltd, 3A and 3B International Biotech Park Phase II, Hinjewadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India
| | - Stijn Claerhout
- Galapagos
NV, Generaal De Wittelaan
L11, A3, Mechelen 2800, Belgium
| | - Rakesh Ganorkar
- Hikal
Ltd, 3A and 3B International Biotech Park Phase II, Hinjewadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India
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7
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mTOR inhibitor, gemcitabine and PD-L1 antibody blockade combination therapy suppresses pancreatic cancer progression via metabolic reprogramming and immune microenvironment remodeling in Trp53 flox/+LSL-Kras G12D/+Pdx-1-Cre murine models. Cancer Lett 2023; 554:216020. [PMID: 36442772 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resistance to immunotherapy and chemotherapy hinders the prognosis of pancreatic cancer(PC). We hypothesized that the combination of mTOR inhibitor sirolimus and gemcitabine would change the metabolic landscape of PC and enhance the anti-PD-L1 therapy. METHODS In KPC mice, the following regimens were administered and tumor growth inhibition rates(TGI%) were calculated: sirolimus(S), PD-L1 antibody(P), gemcitabine(G), sirolimus + PD-L1 antibody(SP), sirolimus + gemcitabine(SG), PD-L1 + gemcitabine(PG) and sirolimus + PD-L1 antibody + gemcitabine(SPG). The metabolic changes of tumors were identified by LC-MS and subpopulations of immune cells were measured by flow cytometry. Sirolimus treated macrophages were co-cultured with PC cells in vitro, and the metabolic changes of macrophages and tumor cells as well as tumor cells' viability were detected. RESULTS The monotherapy of S, P and G didn't inhibit tumor growth significantly. The combination of SP, PG and SG didn't improve the TGI% significantly compared with monotherapy. However, the TGI% of SPG combination was higher than other groups. The proportion of CD68+ macrophages increased in the peripheral blood and CD8+ T cells decreased in the tumor tissues after SPG treatment. LC-MS identified 42 differential metabolites caused by sirolimus in SPG group, among which 10 metabolites had potential effects on macrophages. Sirolimus treated M1 and M2 macrophages inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells and decreased tumor cells' glycolysis. The glycolysis of M2 macrophages was increased by sirolimus. CONCLUSIONS mTOR inhibitor can change the immune microenvironment of PC via metabolic reprogramming, thus promoting the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade when combined with gemcitabine.
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8
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Wu J, Zhao X, Xiao C, Xiong G, Ye X, Li L, Fang Y, Chen H, Yang W, Du X. The role of lung macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2022; 205:107035. [PMID: 36343504 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a common, preventable and treatable chronic respiratory disease in clinic, gets continuous deterioration and we can't take effective intervention at present. Lung macrophages (LMs) are closely related to the occurrence and development of COPD, but the specific mechanism is not completely clear. In this review we will focus on the role of LMs and potential avenues for therapeutic targeting for LMs in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Chuang Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Guosheng Xiong
- Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiulin Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xiaohua Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
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9
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Abotsi RE, Nicol MP, McHugh G, Simms V, Rehman AM, Barthus C, Ngwira LG, Kwambana-Adams B, Heyderman RS, Odland JØ, Ferrand RA, Dube FS. The impact of long-term azithromycin on antibiotic resistance in HIV-associated chronic lung disease. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00491-2021. [PMID: 35141318 PMCID: PMC8819245 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00491-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection for resistance to azithromycin (AZM) and other antibiotics such as tetracyclines and lincosamides remains a concern with long-term AZM use for treatment of chronic lung diseases (CLD). We investigated the impact of 48 weeks of AZM on the carriage and antibiotic resistance of common respiratory bacteria among children with HIV-associated CLD. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and sputa were collected at baseline, 48 and 72 weeks from participants with HIV-associated CLD randomised to receive weekly AZM or placebo for 48 weeks and followed post-intervention until 72 weeks. The primary outcomes were prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Haemophilus influenzae (HI) and Moraxella catarrhalis (MC) at these timepoints. Mixed-effects logistic regression and Fisher's exact test were used to compare carriage and resistance, respectively. Of 347 (174 AZM, 173 placebo) participants (median age 15 years (IQR 13-18), female 49%), NP carriage was significantly lower in the AZM (n=159) compared to placebo (n=153) arm for SP (18% versus 41%, p<0.001), HI (7% versus 16%, p=0.01) and MC (4% versus 11%, p=0.02); SP resistance to AZM (62% (18 out of 29) versus 13% (8 out of 63), p<0.0001) or tetracycline (60% (18 out of 29) versus 21% (13 out of 63), p<0.0001) was higher in the AZM arm. Carriage of SA resistant to AZM (91% (31 out of 34) versus 3% (1 out of 31), p<0.0001), tetracycline (35% (12 out of 34) versus 13% (4 out of 31), p=0.05) and clindamycin (79% (27 out of 34) versus 3% (1 out of 31), p<0.0001) was also significantly higher in the AZM arm and persisted at 72 weeks. Similar findings were observed for sputa. The persistence of antibiotic resistance and its clinical relevance for future infectious episodes requiring treatment needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina E Abotsi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Grace McHugh
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Victoria Simms
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.,International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M Rehman
- International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charmaine Barthus
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucky G Ngwira
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Brenda Kwambana-Adams
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Research Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Ø Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,International Research Laboratory for Reproductive Ecotoxicology (IL RET), The National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rashida A Ferrand
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felix S Dube
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology & Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM, Mortazavi D, Medhati P, Rostami B, Savardashtaki A, Momtazi-Borojeni AA. The Effect of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Efferocytosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment Opportunities. COPD 2021; 18:723-736. [PMID: 34865568 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2021.1978419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking-related inflammation, cellular stresses, and tissue destruction play a key role in lung disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Notably, augmented apoptosis and impaired clearance of apoptotic cells, efferocytosis, contribute to the chronic inflammatory response and tissue destruction in patients with COPD. Of note, exposure to cigarette smoke can impair alveolar macrophages efferocytosis activity, which leads to secondary necrosis formation and tissue inflammation. A better understanding of the processes behind the effect of cigarette smoke on efferocytosis concerning lung disorders can help to design more efficient treatment approaches and also delay the development of lung disease, such as COPD. To this end, we aimed to seek mechanisms underlying the impairing effect of cigarette smoke on macrophages-mediated efferocytosis in COPD. Further, available therapeutic opportunities for restoring efferocytosis activity and ameliorating respiratory tract inflammation in smokers with COPD were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Deniz Mortazavi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pourya Medhati
- Student research committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Rostami
- Health & Treatment Center of Rostam, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Iran's National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ding J, Liu P. Efferocytosis in multisystem diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:13. [PMID: 34779503 PMCID: PMC8600411 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells performed by both specialized phagocytes (such as macrophages) and non‑specialized phagocytes (such as epithelial cells), is involved in tissue repair and homeostasis. Effective efferocytosis prevents secondary necrosis, terminates inflammatory responses, promotes self‑tolerance and activates pro‑resolving pathways to maintain homeostasis. When efferocytosis is impaired, apoptotic cells that could not be cleared in time aggregate, resulting in the necrosis of apoptotic cells and release of pro‑inflammatory factors. In addition, defective efferocytosis inhibits the intracellular cholesterol reverse transportation pathways, which may lead to atherosclerosis, lung damage, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease and neurodegenerative diseases. The uncleared apoptotic cells can also release autoantigens, which can cause autoimmune diseases. Cancer cells escape from phagocytosis via efferocytosis. Therefore, new treatment strategies for diseases related to defective efferocytosis are proposed. This review illustrated the mechanisms of efferocytosis in multisystem diseases and organismal homeostasis and the pathophysiological consequences of defective efferocytosis. Several drugs and treatments available to enhance efferocytosis are also mentioned in the review, serving as new evidence for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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12
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Kricker JA, Page CP, Gardarsson FR, Baldursson O, Gudjonsson T, Parnham MJ. Nonantimicrobial Actions of Macrolides: Overview and Perspectives for Future Development. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:233-262. [PMID: 34716226 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are among the most widely prescribed broad spectrum antibacterials, particularly for respiratory infections. It is now recognized that these drugs, in particular azithromycin, also exert time-dependent immunomodulatory actions that contribute to their therapeutic benefit in both infectious and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Their increased chronic use in airway inflammation and, more recently, of azithromycin in COVID-19, however, has led to a rise in bacterial resistance. An additional crucial aspect of chronic airway inflammation, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as other inflammatory disorders, is the loss of epithelial barrier protection against pathogens and pollutants. In recent years, azithromycin has been shown with time to enhance the barrier properties of airway epithelial cells, an action that makes an important contribution to its therapeutic efficacy. In this article, we review the background and evidence for various immunomodulatory and time-dependent actions of macrolides on inflammatory processes and on the epithelium and highlight novel nonantibacterial macrolides that are being studied for immunomodulatory and barrier-strengthening properties to circumvent the risk of bacterial resistance that occurs with macrolide antibacterials. We also briefly review the clinical effects of macrolides in respiratory and other inflammatory diseases associated with epithelial injury and propose that the beneficial epithelial effects of nonantibacterial azithromycin derivatives in chronic inflammation, even given prophylactically, are likely to gain increasing attention in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Based on its immunomodulatory properties and ability to enhance the protective role of the lung epithelium against pathogens, azithromycin has proven superior to other macrolides in treating chronic respiratory inflammation. A nonantibiotic azithromycin derivative is likely to offer prophylactic benefits against inflammation and epithelial damage of differing causes while preserving the use of macrolides as antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Kricker
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Clive P Page
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Fridrik Runar Gardarsson
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Olafur Baldursson
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
| | - Michael J Parnham
- EpiEndo Pharmaceuticals, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., C.P.P., F.R.G., O.B., T.G., M.J.P.); Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (J.A.K., T.G.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); Department of Respiratory Medicine (O.B.), Department of Laboratory Hematology (T.G.), Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, JW Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany (M.J.P.)
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13
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Ackland J, Watson A, Wilkinson TMA, Staples KJ. Interrupting the Conversation: Implications for Crosstalk Between Viral and Bacterial Infections in the Asthmatic Airway. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:738987. [PMID: 35386999 PMCID: PMC8974750 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.738987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous, chronic respiratory disease affecting 300 million people and is thought to be driven by different inflammatory endotypes influenced by a myriad of genetic and environmental factors. The complexity of asthma has rendered it challenging to develop preventative and disease modifying therapies and it remains an unmet clinical need. Whilst many factors have been implicated in asthma pathogenesis and exacerbations, evidence indicates a prominent role for respiratory viruses. However, advances in culture-independent detection methods and extensive microbial profiling of the lung, have also demonstrated a role for respiratory bacteria in asthma. In particular, airway colonization by the Proteobacteria species Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) is associated with increased risk of developing recurrent wheeze and asthma in early life, poor clinical outcomes in established adult asthma and the development of more severe inflammatory phenotypes. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that bacterial-viral interactions may influence exacerbation risk and disease severity, highlighting the need to consider the impact chronic airway colonization by respiratory bacteria has on influencing host responses to viral infection. In this review, we first outline the currently understood role of viral and bacterial infections in precipitating asthma exacerbations and discuss the underappreciated potential impact of bacteria-virus crosstalk in modulating host responses. We discuss the mechanisms by which early life infection may predispose to asthma development. Finally, we consider how infection and persistent airway colonization may drive different asthma phenotypes, with a view to identifying pathophysiological mechanisms that may prove tractable to new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Ackland
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Watson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M. A. Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Karl J. Staples
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14
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Baker JR, Donnelly LE. Leukocyte Function in COPD: Clinical Relevance and Potential for Drug Therapy. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:2227-2242. [PMID: 34354348 PMCID: PMC8331105 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s266394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition affecting 10% of the global population over 45 years. Currently, there are no disease-modifying treatments, with current therapies treating only the symptoms of the disease. COPD is an inflammatory disease, with a high infiltration of leukocytes being found within the lung of COPD patients. These leukocytes, if not kept in check, damage the lung, leading to the pathophysiology associated with the disease. In this review, we focus on the main leukocytes found within the COPD lung, describing how the release of chemokines from the damaged epithelial lining recruits these cells into the lung. Once present, these cells become active and may be driven towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype. These cells release their own subtypes of inflammatory mediators, growth factors and proteases which can all lead to airway remodeling, mucus hypersecretion and emphysema. Finally, we describe some of the current therapies and potential new targets that could be utilized to target aberrant leukocyte function in the COPD lung. Here, we focus on old therapies such as statins and corticosteroids, but also look at the emerging field of biologics describing those which have been tested in COPD already and potential new monoclonal antibodies which are under review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Baker
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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15
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Macowan MG, Liu H, Keller MD, Ween M, Hamon R, Tran HB, Hodge S. Interventional low-dose azithromycin attenuates cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and lung inflammation in mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14419. [PMID: 32652854 PMCID: PMC7354087 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS)‐induced emphysema is an important contributor to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We have shown the efficacy of azithromycin in reducing airway inflammation in COPD and in reducing exacerbations in severe asthma; however, the effects of long‐term azithromycin on emphysema development have not been shown. We employed live animal imaging to monitor emphysema‐like development and the effects of interventional azithromycin treatment in CS‐exposed mice. BALB/c mice (female, 10 weeks; n = 10) were exposed to CS for 1 hr twice daily, 5 days/week, and for 12 weeks (CS). Half were cotreated with low‐dose azithromycin during weeks 7–12 (CS + Azi; 0.2 mg kg−1 day−1). Microcomputed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired longitudinally. Histological examinations were performed post mortem (mean linear intercept (Lm) and leukocyte infiltration). CS increased median Lm (CS: 42.45 µm versus control: 34.7 µm; p = .0317), this was recovered in CS + Azi mice (33.03 µm). Average CT values were reduced in CS mice (CS: −399.5 Hounsfield units (HU) versus control: −384.9 HU; p = .0286) but not in CS + Azi mice (−377.3 HU). CT values negatively correlated with Lm (r = −.7972; p = .0029) and T2‐weighted MRI (r = −.6434; p = .0278). MRI also showed significant CS‐induced inflammatory changes that were attenuated by azithromycin in the lungs, and positively correlated with Lm (r = .7622; p = .0055) and inflammatory foci counts (r = .6503; p = .0257). Monitoring of emphysema development is possible via micro‐CT and MRI. Interventional azithromycin treatment in CS‐exposed mice attenuated the development of pulmonary emphysema‐like changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Macowan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marianne D Keller
- Preclinical, Imaging and Research Laboratories (PIRL), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miranda Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rhys Hamon
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hai B Tran
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sandra Hodge
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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16
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Matera MG, Calzetta L, Annibale R, Russo F, Cazzola M. Classes of drugs that target the cellular components of inflammation under clinical development for COPD. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:1015-1027. [PMID: 33957839 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1925537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The persistent inflammation that characterizes COPD and affects its natural course also impacting on symptoms has prompted research to find molecules that can regulate the inflammatory process but still available anti-inflammatory therapies provide little or no benefit in COPD patients. Consequently, numerous anti-inflammatory molecules that are effective in animal models of COPD have been or are being evaluated in humans. AREAS COVERED In this article we describe several classes of drugs that target the cellular components of inflammation under clinical development for COPD. EXPERT OPINION Although the results of many clinical trials with new molecules have often been disappointing, several studies are underway to investigate whether some of these molecules may be effective in treating specific subgroups of COPD patients. Indeed, the current perspective is to apply a more personalized treatment to the patient. This means being able to better define the patient's inflammatory state and treat it in a targeted manner. Unfortunately, the difficulty in translating encouraging experimental data into human clinical trials, the redundancy in the effects induced by signal-transmitting substances and the nonspecific effects of many classes that are undergoing clinical trials, do not yet allow specific inflammatory cell types to be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosa Annibale
- Pharmacy Unit, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Russo
- Pharmacy Unit, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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17
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Yadav N, Thakur AK, Shekhar N, Ayushi. Potential of Antibiotics for the Treatment and Management of Parkinson Disease: An Overview. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 13:166-171. [PMID: 33719951 DOI: 10.2174/2589977513666210315095133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidences have emerged over the last 2 decades to ascertain the proof of concepts viz. mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation-derived oxidative damage and cytokine-induced toxicity that play a significant role in Parkinson's disease (PD). The available pharmacotherapies for PD are mainly symptomatic and typically indications of L-DOPA to restrain dopamine deficiency and their consequences. In the 21st century, the role of the antibiotics has emerged at the forefront of medicine in health and human illness. There are several experimental and pre-clinical evidences that supported the potential use of antibiotic as neuroprotective agent. The astonishing effects of antibiotics and their neuroprotective properties against neurodegeneration and neuro-inflammation would be phenomenal for the development of effective therapy against PD. Antibiotics are also testified as useful not only to prevent the formation of alpha-synuclein but also act on mitochondrial dysfunction and neuro-inflammation. Thus, the possible therapy with antibiotics in PD would impact both the pathways leading to neuronal cell death in substantia nigra and pars compacta in midbrain. Moreover, the antibiotic based pharmacotherapy will open a scientific research passageway to add more to the evidence based and rational use of antibiotics for the treatment and management of PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Yadav
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi-110 017. India
| | - Ajit Kumar Thakur
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi-110 017. India
| | - Nikhila Shekhar
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi-110 017. India
| | - Ayushi
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi-110 017. India
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18
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Ween MP, Moshensky A, Thredgold L, Bastian NA, Hamon R, Badiei A, Nguyen PT, Herewane K, Jersmann H, Bojanowski CM, Shin J, Reynolds PN, Crotty Alexander LE, Hodge SJ. E-cigarettes and health risks: more to the flavor than just the name. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L600-L614. [PMID: 33295836 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in regulating flavored E-liquids must incorporate understanding of the "flavoring profile" of each E-liquid-which flavorings (flavoring chemicals) are present and at what concentrations not just focusing on the flavor on the label. We investigated the flavoring profile of 10 different flavored E-liquids. We assessed bronchial epithelial cell viability and apoptosis, phagocytosis of bacteria and apoptotic cells by macrophages after exposure to E-cigarette vapor extract (EVE). We validated our data in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and alveolar macrophages (AM) from healthy donors. We also assessed cytokine release and validated in the saliva from E-cigarette users. Increased necrosis/apoptosis (16.1-64.5% apoptosis) in 16HBE cells was flavor dependent, and NHBEs showed an increased susceptibility to flavors. In THP-1 differentiated macrophages phagocytosis was also flavor dependent, with AM also showing increased susceptibility to flavors. Further, Banana and Chocolate were shown to reduce surface expression of phagocytic target recognition receptors on alveolar macrophages. Banana and Chocolate increased IL-8 secretion by NHBE, whereas all 4 flavors reduced AM IL-1β secretion, which was also reduced in the saliva of E-cigarette users compared with healthy controls. Flavorant profiles of E-liquids varied from simple 2 compound mixtures to complex mixtures containing over a dozen flavorants. E-liquids with high benzene content, complex flavoring profiles, high chemical concentration had the greatest impacts. The Flavorant profile of E-liquids is key to disruption of the airway status quo by increasing bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis, causing alveolar macrophage phagocytic dysfunction, and altering airway cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Moshensky
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - L Thredgold
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - N A Bastian
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R Hamon
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Badiei
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P T Nguyen
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Herewane
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - H Jersmann
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C M Bojanowski
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - J Shin
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - P N Reynolds
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - S J Hodge
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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19
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Persson HL, Sioutas A, Jacobson P, Vainikka LK. Human Lung Macrophages Challenged to Oxidants ex vivo: Lysosomal Membrane Sensitization is Associated with Inflammation and Chronic Airflow Limitation. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:925-932. [PMID: 33235481 PMCID: PMC7678820 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s280419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lung macrophage (LM) is involved in most inflammatory processes of the human lung by clearance of dying cells and by wound repair. Upon cellular stress by oxidant challenge in vivo lysosomes may rupture in LMs and leakage of cellular content and cell debris may trigger airway inflammation and fibrosis, which may lead to chronic airflow limitation (CAL). Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in LMs challenged to oxidants ex vivo is associated with airway inflammation and CAL, the latter assessed as the reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) expressed as % of predicted. Materials and Methods Twenty-eight subjects were investigated; 13 lung-healthy subjects and 15 subjects with a variety of inflammatory disorders, demonstrating CAL on dynamic spirometry (defined as an FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.70). LMs were harvested by broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) and challenged ex vivo by oxidants. LMP in oxidant-exposed LMs was assessed as the emitted acridine orange (AO) green fluorescence from oxidant-exposed LMs (using macrophage-like murine J774 cells as positive controls). Inflammatory cells in BAL were counted and lung volumes were recorded. Results Oxidant-induced LMP in LMs was significantly greater among subjects with CAL and particularly among those with ongoing inflammation. Previous tobacco history did not influence LMP. Among subjects with CAL, oxidant-induced LMP correlated negatively with FEV1% of predicted. Conclusion Lysosomes of LMs harvested from patients with CAL demonstrate an increased sensitivity to oxidants, which may trigger mechanisms behind CAL, eg, chronic airway inflammation and fibrotic re-modelling. The study suggests a mechanistic role for LMP in LMs on airway inflammation, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect by drugs that prevent increased LMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lennart Persson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine in Linköping, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Apostolos Sioutas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine in Linköping, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Petra Jacobson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine in Linköping, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Linda K Vainikka
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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20
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Zhang J, Zhu Z, Zuo X, Pan H, Gu Y, Yuan Y, Wang G, Wang S, Zheng R, Liu Z, Wang F, Zheng J. The role of NTHi colonization and infection in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic asthma. Respir Res 2020; 21:170. [PMID: 32620122 PMCID: PMC7333292 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease. The neutrophilic subtypes of asthma are described as persistent, more severe and corticosteroid-resistant, with higher hospitalization and mortality rates, which seriously affect the lives of asthmatic patients. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, an increasing amount of evidence has shown that lower airway microbiome dysbiosis contributes to the exacerbation of asthma, especially neutrophilic asthma. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is normally found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy adults and is one of the most common strains in the lower respiratory tract of neutrophilic asthma patients, in whom its presence is related to the occurrence of corticosteroid resistance. To understand the pathogenic mechanism by which nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae colonization leads to the progression of neutrophilic asthma, we reviewed the previous literature on nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae colonization and subsequent aggravation of neutrophilic asthma and corticosteroid resistance. We discussed nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae as a potential therapeutic target to prevent the progression of neutrophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xu Zuo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - He Pan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yinuo Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuze Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shiji Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ruipeng Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Interventional Therapy, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingtong Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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21
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Tarique AA, Evron T, Zhang G, Tepper MA, Morshed MM, Andersen ISG, Begum N, Sly PD, Fantino E. Anti-inflammatory effects of lenabasum, a cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist, on macrophages from cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:823-829. [PMID: 32387042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lenabasum is an oral synthetic cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist previously shown to reduce the production of key airway pro-inflammatory cytokines known to play a role in cystic fibrosis (CF). In a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-control phase 2 study, lenabasum lowered the rate of pulmonary exacerbation among patients with CF. The present study was undertaken to investigate anti-inflammatory mechanisms of lenabasum exhibits in CF macrophages. METHODS We used monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from healthy donors (n = 15), MDMs with CFTR inhibited with C-172 (n = 5) and MDMs from patients with CF (n = 4). Monocytes were differentiated to macrophages and polarized into classically activated (M1) macrophages by LPS or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages by IL-13 in presence or absence of lenabasum. RESULTS Lenabasum had no effect on differentiation, polarization and function of macrophages from healthy individuals. However, in CF macrophages lenabasum downregulated macrophage polarization into the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. An improvement in phagocytic activity was also observed following lenabasum treatment. Although lenabasum did not restore the impaired polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage, it reduced the levels of IL-13 and enhanced the endocytic function of CF MDMs. The effects of lenabasum on MDMs with CFTR inhibited by C-172 were not as obvious. CONCLUSION In CF macrophages lenabasum modulates macrophage polarization and function in vitro in a way that would reduce inflammation in vivo. Further studies are warranted to determine the link between activating the CBR2 receptor and CFTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Tarique
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tama Evron
- Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Norwood, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mohammed M Morshed
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Isabella S G Andersen
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nelufa Begum
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Emmanuelle Fantino
- Child Health Research Centre (CHRC), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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Taylor SL, Leong LEX, Mobegi FM, Choo JM, Wesselingh S, Yang IA, Upham JW, Reynolds PN, Hodge S, James AL, Jenkins C, Peters MJ, Baraket M, Marks GB, Gibson PG, Rogers GB, Simpson JL. Long-Term Azithromycin Reduces Haemophilus influenzae and Increases Antibiotic Resistance in Severe Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 200:309-317. [PMID: 30875247 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201809-1739oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The macrolide antibiotic azithromycin reduces exacerbations in adults with persistent symptomatic asthma. However, owing to the pleotropic properties of macrolides, unintended bacteriological consequences such as augmented pathogen colonization or dissemination of antibiotic-resistant organisms can occur, calling into question the long-term safety of azithromycin maintenance therapy.Objectives: To assess the effects of azithromycin on the airway microbiota, pathogen abundance, and carriage of antibiotic resistance genes.Methods: 16S rRNA sequencing and quantitative PCR were performed to assess the effect of azithromycin on sputum microbiology from participants of the AMAZES (Asthma and Macrolides: The Azithromycin Efficacy and Safety) trial: a 48-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of thrice-weekly 500 mg oral azithromycin in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma. Pooled-template shotgun metagenomic sequencing, quantitative PCR, and isolate whole-genome sequencing were performed to assess antibiotic resistance.Measurements and Main Results: Paired sputum samples were available from 61 patients (n = 34 placebo, n = 27 azithromycin). Azithromycin did not affect bacterial load (P = 0.37) but did significantly decrease Faith's phylogenetic diversity (P = 0.026) and Haemophilus influenzae load (P < 0.0001). Azithromycin did not significantly affect levels of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Moraxella catarrhalis. Of the 89 antibiotic resistance genes detected, five macrolide resistance genes and two tetracycline resistance genes were increased significantly.Conclusions: In patients with persistent uncontrolled asthma, azithromycin reduced airway H. influenzae load compared with placebo but did not change total bacterial load. Macrolide resistance increased, reflecting previous studies. These results highlight the need for studies assessing the efficacy of nonantibiotic macrolides as a long-term therapy for patients with persistent uncontrolled asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Taylor
- 1South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,2South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Microbiome Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lex E X Leong
- 1South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,2South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Microbiome Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Fredrick M Mobegi
- 1South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,2South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Microbiome Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jocelyn M Choo
- 1South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,2South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Microbiome Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Steve Wesselingh
- 1South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,2South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Microbiome Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian A Yang
- 3Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,4Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- 3Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,5Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul N Reynolds
- 6Department of Thoracic Medicine, Lung Research Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,7School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra Hodge
- 6Department of Thoracic Medicine, Lung Research Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,7School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alan L James
- 8Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,9School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christine Jenkins
- 10Respiratory Trials, The George Institute for Global Health, New South Wales, Australia.,11Department of Thoracic Medicine, Concord General Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Peters
- 11Department of Thoracic Medicine, Concord General Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.,12Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa Baraket
- 13Respiratory Medicine Department and Ingham Institute, Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.,14South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Guy B Marks
- 13Respiratory Medicine Department and Ingham Institute, Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.,14South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia.,15Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Peter G Gibson
- 15Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia; and.,16Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geraint B Rogers
- 1South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,2South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Microbiome Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jodie L Simpson
- 16Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Bi J, Min Z, Yuan H, Jiang Z, Mao R, Zhu T, Liu C, Zeng Y, Song J, Du C, Chen Z. PI3K inhibitor treatment ameliorates the glucocorticoid insensitivity of PBMCs in severe asthma. Clin Transl Med 2020; 9:22. [PMID: 32112175 PMCID: PMC7048898 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-020-0262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid (GC) insensitivity is an important feature of severe and fatal asthma. Oxidative stress can induce phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) activation, contributing to the development of GC insensitivity in chronic airway diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of PI3K in the pathogenesis of severe asthma remains unknown. METHODS We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 34 participants (12 patients with mild/moderate asthma, 10 patients with severe asthma, and 12 control subjects). H2O2 was used to stimulate the human macrophage line U937 to mimic the oxidative stress status in severe asthma. The ability of candidate compounds, namely, azithromycin, PI3K inhibitors (BEZ235 and LY294002) and a p38 MAPK inhibitor (BIRB796), to ameliorate GC insensitivity in severe asthma was evaluated. RESULTS PBMCs from patients with severe asthma exhibited dose-dependent and time-dependent GC insensitivity, which correlated with reduced activity of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) (p < 0.05) and elevated expression of proinflammatory genes [nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1)] (p < 0.01) compared with these parameters in the control group. The PI3K inhibitors (BZE235 and LY294002) significantly restored the GC sensitivity of PBMCs from patients with severe asthma. In vitro, the PI3K inhibitors (BZE235 and LY294002) ameliorated GC insensitivity in H2O2/TNFα-induced IL-8 release from U937 cells by independently restoring the activity of HDAC2 or inhibiting the activation of transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that PI3K inhibitors ameliorate GC insensitivity in severe asthma by restoring HDAC2 activity and inhibiting the phosphorylation of nuclear signaling transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bi
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Min
- Research Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglei Yuan
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruolin Mao
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunfang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhen Zeng
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Song
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunling Du
- Respiratory Division of Qingpu Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Sadamatsu H, Takahashi K, Tashiro H, Kato G, Noguchi Y, Kurata K, Ōmura S, Kimura S, Sunazuka T, Sueoka-Aragane N. The non-antibiotic macrolide EM900 attenuates HDM and poly(I:C)-induced airway inflammation with inhibition of macrophages in a mouse model. Inflamm Res 2019; 69:139-151. [PMID: 31820024 PMCID: PMC6942021 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrolides have been reported to reduce the exacerbation of severe asthma. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects and mechanisms of EM900, a non-antibiotic macrolide, on allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Mice were sensitized and challenged by house dust mite (HDM), then exposed to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) as a model of asthma complicated with viral infection. Mice were administered with EM900. Airway inflammation was assessed from inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and cytokines in lung tissues. Lung interstitial macrophages were counted by flow cytometry. Cytokine production, phosphorylation of NF-κB, and p38 in macrophages were examined by ELISA and western blotting. RESULTS Counts of cells in BALF and concentrations of IL-13, IL-5, RANTES, IL-17A, and MIP-2 were significantly decreased by EM900 compared to those without EM900. Percentages of lung interstitial macrophages were significantly decreased with EM900. Concentrations of IL-6, RANTES, and MIP-2 induced by HDM and poly(I:C) were significantly suppressed by EM900 through the suppression of NF-κB and p38 phosphorylation in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS HDM and poly(I:C)-induced airway inflammation is attenuated by EM900 with the inhibition of lung interstitial macrophages. Clinical use of EM900 is expected, because EM900 has inhibitory effects against airway inflammation without inducing bacterial drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Sadamatsu
- Division of Haematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Koichiro Takahashi
- Division of Haematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Tashiro
- Division of Haematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Go Kato
- Division of Haematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Noguchi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Kurata
- Institute of Tokyo Environmental Allergy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Division of Haematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sueoka-Aragane
- Division of Haematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
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25
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Amantea D, Petrelli F, Greco R, Tassorelli C, Corasaniti MT, Tonin P, Bagetta G. Azithromycin Affords Neuroprotection in Rat Undergone Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1256. [PMID: 31849581 PMCID: PMC6902046 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing existing drugs represents a promising approach for successful development of acute stroke therapies. In this context, the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin has been shown to exert neuroprotection in mice due to its immunomodulatory properties. Here, we have demonstrated that acute administration of a single dose of azithromycin upon reperfusion produces a dose-dependent (ED50 = 1.40 mg/kg; 95% CI = 0.48-4.03) reduction of ischemic brain damage measured 22 h after transient (2 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in adult male rats. Neuroprotection by azithromycin (150 mg/kg, i.p., upon reperfusion) was associated with a significant elevation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in astrocytes and neurons of the peri-ischemic motor cortex as detected after 2 and 22 h of reperfusion. By contrast, in the core region of the striatum, drug administration resulted in a dramatic elevation of STAT3 phosphorylation only after 22 h of reperfusion, being the signal mainly ascribed to infiltrating leukocytes displaying an M2 phenotype. These early molecular events were associated with a long-lasting neuroprotection, since a single dose of azithromycin reduced brain infarct damage and neurological deficit measured up to 7 days of reperfusion. These data, together with the evidence that azithromycin was effective in a clinically relevant time-window (i.e., when administered after 4.5 h of MCAo), provide robust preclinical evidence to support the importance of developing azithromycin as an effective acute therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrelli
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Headache Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Headache Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Tonin
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, Crotone, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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26
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Ween MP, Hamon R, Macowan MG, Thredgold L, Reynolds PN, Hodge SJ. Effects of E‐cigarette E‐liquid components on bronchial epithelial cells: Demonstration of dysfunctional efferocytosis. Respirology 2019; 25:620-628. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda P. Ween
- Department of Thoracic MedicineRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide SA Australia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Rhys Hamon
- Department of Thoracic MedicineRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide SA Australia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Matthew G. Macowan
- Department of Thoracic MedicineRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide SA Australia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Leigh Thredgold
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Paul N. Reynolds
- Department of Thoracic MedicineRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide SA Australia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Sandra J. Hodge
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
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27
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Caramori G, Ruggeri P, Mumby S, Ieni A, Lo Bello F, Chimankar V, Donovan C, Andò F, Nucera F, Coppolino I, Tuccari G, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM. Molecular links between COPD and lung cancer: new targets for drug discovery? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:539-553. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1615884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sharon Mumby
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Bello
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vrushali Chimankar
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Filippo Andò
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Coppolino
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Ultimo, and Centenary Institute, Centre for Inflammation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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28
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Chang AB, Grimwood K. Contemporary Concise Review 2018: Bronchiectasis. Respirology 2019; 24:382-389. [PMID: 30743310 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Chang
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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29
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Zhang B, Kopper TJ, Liu X, Cui Z, Van Lanen SG, Gensel JC. Macrolide derivatives reduce proinflammatory macrophage activation and macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:591-600. [PMID: 30677254 PMCID: PMC6488883 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Azithromycin (AZM) and other macrolide antibiotics are applied as immunomodulatory treatments for CNS disorders. The immunomodulatory and antibiotic properties of AZM are purportedly independent. Aims To improve the efficacy and reduce antibiotic resistance risk of AZM‐based therapies, we evaluated the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties of novel AZM derivatives. We semisynthetically prepared derivatives by altering sugar moieties established as important for inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated in vitro with proinflammatory, M1, stimuli (LPS + INF‐gamma) with and without derivative costimulation. Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine production, IL‐12 and IL‐10, respectively, was quantified using ELISA. Neuron culture treatment with BMDM supernatant was used to assess derivative neuroprotective potential. Results Azithromycin and some derivatives increased IL‐10 and reduced IL‐12 production of M1 macrophages. IL‐10/IL‐12 cytokine shifts closely correlated with the ability of AZM and derivatives to mitigate macrophage neurotoxicity. Conclusions Sugar moieties that bind bacterial ribosomal complexes can be modified in a manner that retains AZM immunomodulation and neuroprotection. Since the effects of BMDMs in vitro are predictive of CNS macrophage responses, our results open new therapeutic avenues for managing maladaptive CNS inflammation and support utilization of IL‐10/12 cytokine profiles as indicators of macrophage polarization and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Timothy J Kopper
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Division of Bioorganic, Medicinal, & Computational Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Zheng Cui
- Division of Bioorganic, Medicinal, & Computational Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Steven G Van Lanen
- Division of Bioorganic, Medicinal, & Computational Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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30
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Su YC, Jalalvand F, Thegerström J, Riesbeck K. The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2530. [PMID: 30455693 PMCID: PMC6230626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory disease and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to abnormalities in the lower airway following consistent exposure to noxious particles or gases. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are characterized by increased cough, purulent sputum production, and dyspnea. The AECOPD is mostly associated with infection caused by common cold viruses or bacteria, or co-infections. Chronic and persistent infection by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), a Gram-negative coccobacillus, contributes to almost half of the infective exacerbations caused by bacteria. This is supported by reports that NTHi is commonly isolated in the sputum from COPD patients during exacerbations. Persistent colonization of NTHi in the lower airway requires a plethora of phenotypic adaptation and virulent mechanisms that are developed over time to cope with changing environmental pressures in the airway such as host immuno-inflammatory response. Chronic inhalation of noxious irritants in COPD causes a changed balance in the lung microbiome, abnormal inflammatory response, and an impaired airway immune system. These conditions significantly provide an opportunistic platform for NTHi colonization and infection resulting in a "vicious circle." Episodes of large inflammation as the consequences of multiple interactions between airway immune cells and NTHi, accumulatively contribute to COPD exacerbations and may result in worsening of the clinical status. In this review, we discuss in detail the interplay and crosstalk between airway immune residents and NTHi, and their effect in AECOPD for better understanding of NTHi pathogenesis in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Farshid Jalalvand
- Department of Biology, Centre for Bacterial Stress Response and Persistence, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Thegerström
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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31
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Preventive Effect of Garlic Oil and Its Organosulfur Component Diallyl-Disulfide on Cigarette Smoke-Induced Airway Inflammation in Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111659. [PMID: 30400352 PMCID: PMC6267300 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) has traditionally been used as a medicinal food and exhibits various beneficial activities, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, antiarthritic, and hypoglycemic activities. The aim of this study was to explore the preventive effect of garlic oil (GO) and its organosulfur component diallyl disulfide (DADS) on cigarette smoke (CS)-induced airway inflammation. Mice were exposed to CS daily for 1 h (equivalent to eight cigarettes per day) for two weeks, and intranasally instilled with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 12 after the initiation of CS exposure. GO and DADS were administered to mice by oral gavage, both at rates of 20 and 40 mg/kg, for 1 h before CS exposure for two weeks. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, GO and DADS inhibited the elevation in the counts of inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils, which were induced in the CS and LPS (CS + LPS) group. This was accompanied by the lowered production (relative to the CS + LPS group) of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Histologically, GO and DADS inhibited the CS- and LPS-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells into lung tissues. Additionally, GO and DADS inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the lung tissues. Taken together, these findings indicate that GO and DADS could be a potential preventive agent in CS-induced airway inflammation.
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32
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Bell SC, Elborn JS, Byrnes CA. Bronchiectasis: Treatment decisions for pulmonary exacerbations and their prevention. Respirology 2018; 23:1006-1022. [PMID: 30207018 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interest in bronchiectasis has increased over the past two decades, as shown by the establishment of disease-specific registries in several countries, the publication of management guidelines and a growing number of clinical trials to address evidence gaps for treatment decisions. This review considers the evidence for defining and treating pulmonary exacerbations, the approaches for eradication of newly identified airway pathogens and the methods to prevent exacerbations through long-term treatments from a pragmatic practice-based perspective. Areas for future studies are also explored. Watch the video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Bell
- Lung Bacteria Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph S Elborn
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Health Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Catherine A Byrnes
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Respiratory Service, Starship Children's Health, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
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33
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Caramori G, Ruggeri P, Di Stefano A, Mumby S, Girbino G, Adcock IM, Kirkham P. Autoimmunity and COPD. Chest 2018; 153:1424-1431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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34
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Khajuria V, Gupta S, Sharma N, Tiwari H, Bhardwaj S, Dutt P, Satti N, Nargotra A, Bhagat A, Ahmed Z. Kaempferol-3-o-β- d -glucuronate exhibit potential anti-inflammatory effect in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and mice model. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 57:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Chen ACH, Tran HB, Xi Y, Yerkovich ST, Baines KJ, Pizzutto SJ, Carroll M, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA, Schroder K, Simpson JL, Gibson PG, Hodge G, Masters IB, Buntain HM, Petsky HL, Prime SJ, Chang AB, Hodge S, Upham JW. Multiple inflammasomes may regulate the interleukin-1-driven inflammation in protracted bacterial bronchitis. ERJ Open Res 2018; 4:00130-2017. [PMID: 29594175 PMCID: PMC5868518 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00130-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) in young children is characterised by prolonged wet cough, prominent airway interleukin (IL)-1β expression and infection, often with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). The mechanisms responsible for IL-1-driven inflammation in PBB are poorly understood. We hypothesised that the inflammation in PBB involves the NLRP3 and/or AIM2 inflammasome/IL-1β axis. Lung macrophages obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with PBB and age-matched healthy controls were cultured in control medium or exposed to live NTHi. In healthy adult PBMCs, CD14+ monocytes contributed to 95% of total IL-1β-producing cells upon NTHi stimulation. Stimulation of PBB PBMCs with NTHi significantly increased IL-1β expression (p<0.001), but decreased NLRC4 expression (p<0.01). NTHi induced IL-1β secretion in PBMCs from both healthy controls and patients with recurrent PBB. This was inhibited by Z-YVAD-FMK (a caspase-1 selective inhibitor) and by MCC950 (a NLRP3 selective inhibitor). In PBB BAL macrophages inflammasome complexes were visualised as fluorescence specks of NLRP3 or AIM2 colocalised with cleaved caspase-1 and cleaved IL-1β. NTHi stimulation induced formation of specks of cleaved IL-1β, NLRP3 and AIM2 in PBMCs, blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. We conclude that both the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes probably drive the IL-1β-dominated inflammation in PBB. Airway IL-1β activation in protracted bacterial bronchitishttp://ow.ly/ut9r30iqim2
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C-H Chen
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Joint first authors
| | - Hai B Tran
- Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Joint first authors
| | - Yang Xi
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Susan J Pizzutto
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Melanie Carroll
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Greg Hodge
- Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Dept of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ian B Masters
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital and Children's Centre for Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Helen L Petsky
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Anne B Chang
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sandra Hodge
- Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Dept of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Joint senior authors
| | - John W Upham
- Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Joint senior authors
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36
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King PT. The Role of the Immune Response in the Pathogenesis of Bronchiectasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6802637. [PMID: 29744361 PMCID: PMC5878907 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6802637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a prevalent respiratory condition characterised by permanent and abnormal dilation of the lung airways (bronchi). There are a large variety of causative factors that have been identified for bronchiectasis; all of these compromise the function of the immune response to fight infection. A triggering factor may lead to the establishment of chronic infection in the lower respiratory tract. The bacteria responsible for the lower respiratory tract infection are usually found as commensals in the upper respiratory tract microbiome. The consequent inflammatory response to infection is largely responsible for the pathology of this condition. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are activated. The literature has highlighted the central role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. Proteases produced in the lung by the inflammatory response damage the airways and lead to the pathological dilation that is the pathognomonic feature of bronchiectasis. The small airways demonstrate infiltration with lymphoid follicles that may contribute to localised small airway obstruction. Despite aggressive treatment, most patients will have persistent disease. Manipulating the immune response in bronchiectasis may potentially have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. King
- Monash Lung and Sleep and Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
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37
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Yamasaki K, Eeden SFV. Lung Macrophage Phenotypes and Functional Responses: Role in the Pathogenesis of COPD. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E582. [PMID: 29462886 PMCID: PMC5855804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung macrophages (LMs) are essential immune effector cells that are pivotal in both innate and adaptive immune responses to inhaled foreign matter. They either reside within the airways and lung tissues (from early life) or are derived from blood monocytes. Similar to macrophages in other organs and tissues, LMs have natural plasticity and can change phenotype and function depending largely on the microenvironment they reside in. Phenotype changes in lung tissue macrophages have been implicated in chronic inflammatory responses and disease progression of various chronic lung diseases, including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). LMs have a wide variety of functional properties that include phagocytosis (inorganic particulate matter and organic particles, such as viruses/bacteria/fungi), the processing of phagocytosed material, and the production of signaling mediators. Functioning as janitors of the airways, they also play a key role in removing dead and dying cells, as well as cell debris (efferocytic functions). We herein review changes in LM phenotypes during chronic lung disease, focusing on COPD, as well as changes in their functional properties as a result of such shifts. Targeting molecular pathways involved in LM phenotypic shifts could potentially allow for future targeted therapeutic interventions in several diseases, such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamasaki
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z1Y6, Canada.
| | - Stephan F van Eeden
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z1Y6, Canada.
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38
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Protein S and Gas6 induce efferocytosis of HIV-1-infected cells. Virology 2018; 515:176-190. [PMID: 29304470 PMCID: PMC5821270 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, can provide host protection against certain types of viruses by mediating phagocytic clearance of infected cells undergoing apoptosis. It is known that HIV-1 induces apoptosis and HIV-1-infected cells are efferocytosed by macrophages, although its molecular mechanisms are unknown. To elucidate the roles that efferocytosis of HIV-1-infected cells play in clearance of infected cells, we sought to identify molecules that mediate these processes. We found that protein S, present in human serum, and its homologue, Gas6, can mediate phagocytosis of HIV-1-infected cells by bridging receptor tyrosine kinase Mer, expressed on macrophages, to phosphatidylserine exposed on infected cells. Efferocytosis of live infected cells was less efficient than dead infected cells; however, a significant fraction of live infected cells were phagocytosed over 12 h. Our results suggest that efferocytosis not only removes dead cells, but may also contribute to macrophage removal of live virus producing cells.
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39
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Pehote G, Bodas M, Brucia K, Vij N. Cigarette Smoke Exposure Inhibits Bacterial Killing via TFEB-Mediated Autophagy Impairment and Resulting Phagocytosis Defect. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3028082. [PMID: 29445254 PMCID: PMC5763241 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3028082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is the leading risk factor for COPD-emphysema pathogenesis. A common characteristic of COPD is impaired phagocytosis that causes frequent exacerbations in patients leading to increased morbidity. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Hence, we investigated if CS exposure causes autophagy impairment as a mechanism for diminished bacterial clearance via phagocytosis by utilizing murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01-GFP) as an experimental model. METHODS Briefly, RAW cells were treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor), TFEB-shRNA, CFTR(inh)-172, and/or fisetin prior to bacterial infection for functional analysis. RESULTS Bacterial clearance of PA01-GFP was significantly impaired while its survival was promoted by CSE (p < 0.01), autophagy inhibition (p < 0.05; p < 0.01), TFEB knockdown (p < 0.01; p < 0.001), and inhibition of CFTR function (p < 0.001; p < 0.01) in comparison to the control group(s) that was significantly recovered by autophagy-inducing antioxidant drug, fisetin, treatment (p < 0.05; p < 0.01; and p < 0.001). Moreover, investigations into other pharmacological properties of fisetin show that it has significant mucolytic and bactericidal activities (p < 0.01; p < 0.001), which warrants further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that CS-mediated autophagy impairment as a critical mechanism involved in the resulting phagocytic defect, as well as the therapeutic potential of autophagy-inducing drugs in restoring is CS-impaired phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Pehote
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Manish Bodas
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn Brucia
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Neeraj Vij
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Pulmonary Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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40
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Casas-Maldonado F. Bronchiectasis and Azithromycin. Arch Bronconeumol 2017; 54:61-62. [PMID: 28757281 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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41
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Fan LC, Lin JL, Yang JW, Mao B, Lu HW, Ge BX, Choi AMK, Xu JF. Macrolides protect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection via inhibition of inflammasomes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L677-L686. [PMID: 28684545 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00123.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides antibiotics have been effectively used in many chronic diseases, especially with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of macrolides in these diseases remain poorly understood. We established a mouse model of chronic lung infection using P. aeruginosa agar-beads, with azithromycin treatment or placebo. Lung injury, bacterial clearance, and inflammasome-related proteins were measured. In vitro, the inflammasomes activation induced by flagellin or ATP were assessed in LPS-primed macrophages with or without macrolides treatment. Plasma IL-18 levels were determined from patients who were diagnosed with bronchiectasis isolated with or without P. aeruginosa and treated with azithromycin for 3-5 days. Azithromycin treatment enhanced bacterial clearance and attenuated lung injury in mice chronically infected with P. aeruginosa, which resulted from the inhibition of caspase-1-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. In vitro, azithromycin and erythromycin inhibited NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasomes activation. Plasma IL-18 levels were higher in bronchiectasis patients with P. aeruginosa isolation compared with healthy controls. Azithromycin administration markedly decreased IL-18 secretion in bronchiectasis patients. The results of this study reveal that azithromycin and erythromycin exert a novel anti-inflammatory effect by attenuating inflammasomes activation, which suggests potential treatment options for inflammasome-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chao Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Lu Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Wei Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Mao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Wen Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Xue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China;
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