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Bouazza A, Favier R, Fontaine E, Leverve X, Koceir EA. Potential Applications of Thyroid Hormone Derivatives in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on 3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) in Psammomys obesus (Fat Sand Rat) Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153044. [PMID: 35893898 PMCID: PMC9329750 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) has been shown to exert pleiotropic beneficial effects. In this study we investigated whether 3,5-T2 prevent several energy metabolism disorders related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in gerbils diabetes-prone P. obesus. 157 male gerbils were randomly to Natural Diet (ND-controlled) or a HED (High-Energy Diet) divided in: HED- controlled, HED-3,5-T2 and HED- Placebo groups. 3,5-T2 has been tested at 25 µg dose and was administered under subcutaneous pellet implant during 10 weeks. Isolated hepatocytes were shortly incubated with 3,5-T2 at 10−6 M and 10−9 M dose in the presence energetic substrates. 3,5-T2 treatment reduce visceral adipose tissue, prevent the insulin resistance, attenuated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and reversed liver steatosis in diabetes P. obesus. 3,5-T2 decreased gluconeogenesis, increased ketogenesis and enhanced respiration capacity. 3,5-T2 potentiates redox and phosphate potential both in cytosol and mitochondrial compartment. The use of 3,5-T2 as a natural therapeutic means to regulate cellular energy metabolism. We suggest that 3,5-T2 may help improve the deleterious course of obesity and T2DM, but cannot replace medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Bouazza
- Biology and Organisms Physiology Laboratory, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Nutrition and Dietetics in Human Pathologies Post Graduate School, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria;
| | - Roland Favier
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U1055, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 16042 Grenoble, France; (R.F.); (E.F.); (X.L.)
| | - Eric Fontaine
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U1055, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 16042 Grenoble, France; (R.F.); (E.F.); (X.L.)
| | - Xavier Leverve
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U1055, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 16042 Grenoble, France; (R.F.); (E.F.); (X.L.)
| | - Elhadj-Ahmed Koceir
- Biology and Organisms Physiology Laboratory, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Nutrition and Dietetics in Human Pathologies Post Graduate School, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +213-(0)6-6674-2770 or +213-(0)2124-7217; Fax: +213-(0)2124-7217
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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Intestinal and Central Nervous System Morphology in an Obese Animal Model ( Danio rerio) Treated with 3,5-T2: A Possible Farm Management Practice? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071131. [PMID: 32635261 PMCID: PMC7401507 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The obesity induced by overconsumption of nutrients leads to systemic inflammation and alters metabolic homeostasis by acting on central nervous system and peripheral tissues such as intestine. The 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) is well-known for its positive role on fat mass and lipid metabolism, and at date, it is widely used as a drug for the treatment of obesity. However, the safe and effective dose as well as the possible adverse effects of this molecule have not been sufficiently explored. In this study, we analyzed the role of 3,5-T2 in regulating central and peripheral inflammation in diet-induced obese (D.I.O.) model of zebrafish. We found that 3,5-T2 sustained the intestinal alteration caused by D.I.O., as indicated by the high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, accompanied by a significant effect of 3,5-T2 on body weight and central inflammation in D.I.O. zebrafish. Therefore, the suggested potential use of 3,5-T2 to contrast obesity should be viewed with caution. We conclude that the zebrafish model can help to better understand the fundamental beneficial and side effects of 3,5-T2, which is of great importance to define the possible use of this metabolite of thyroid hormones as a drug in different diseases including obesity. Abstract The 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) is an endogenous metabolite of thyroid hormones, whose administration to rodents fed high-fat diet (HFD) prevents body weight increase and reverts the expression pattern of pro-inflammatory factors associated to HFD. The diet-induced obese (D.I.O.) zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been recently used as an experimental model to investigate fundamental processes underlying central and peripheral obesity-driven inflammation. Herein, we aim to understand the role of 3,5-T2 in regulating central and peripheral inflammation in D.I.O. model of zebrafish. 3,5-T2 (10 nM and 100 nM) was administered with the obesity-inducing diet (D.I.O. with 3,5-T2) or after 4 weeks of obesity-inducing diet (D.I.O. flw 3,5-T2). 3,5-T2 significantly increased the body weight and serum triglyceride levels in D.I.O. zebrafish in both conditions. Moreover, 3,5-T2 sustained or increased inflammation in the anterior (AI) and mid (MI) intestine when administered with the obesity-inducing diet, as indicated by the immunoexpression of the inflammatory markers tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNFα), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), calnexin, caspase 3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). On the contrary, when 3,5-T2 was administered after the obesity-inducing diet, partly reverted the intestinal alteration induced by D.I.O. In addition, brain inflammation, as indicated by the increase in the activation of microglia, was detected in D.I.O. zebrafish and D.I.O. treated with 3,5-T2. These findings reveal that the effects of 3,5-T2 on fish intestine and brain can deviate from those shown in obese mammals, opening new avenues to the investigation of the potential impact of this thyroid metabolite in different diseases including obesity.
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Lazcano I, Hernández-Puga G, Robles JP, Orozco A. Alternative ligands for thyroid hormone receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 493:110448. [PMID: 31100496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that activate or repress gene transcription, resulting in the regulation of numerous physiological programs. While 3,3',5-L-triiodothyronine is the TR cognate ligand, these receptors can also be activated by various alternative ligands, including endogenous and synthetic molecules capable of inducing diverse active receptor conformations that influence thyroid hormone-dependent signaling pathways. This review mainly discusses current knowledge on 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid, two endogenous molecules that bind to TRs and regulate gene expression; and the molecular interactions between TRs and ligands, like synthetic thyromimetics developed to target specific TR isoforms for tissue-specific regulation of thyroid-related disorders, or endocrine disruptors that have allowed the design of new analogues and revealed essential amino acids for thyroid hormone binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Lazcano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro, Mexico; Departamento de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Puga
- Departamento de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Robles
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro, Mexico.
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Orozco A, Lazcano I, Hernández-Puga G, Olvera A. Non-mammalian models reveal the role of alternative ligands for thyroid hormone receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:59-63. [PMID: 28267601 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, or THs, are well-known regulators of a wide range of biological processes that occur throughout the lifespan of all vertebrates. THs act through genomic mechanisms mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). The main product of the thyroid gland is thyroxine or T4, which can be further transformed by different biochemical pathways to produce at least 15 active or inactive molecules. T3, a product of T4 outer-ring deiodination, has been recognized as the main bioactive TH. However, growing evidence has shown that other TH derivatives are able to bind to, and/or activate TRs, to induce thyromimetic effects. The compiled data in this review points to at least two of these TR alternative ligands: TRIAC and T2. Taking this into account, non-mammalian models have proven to be advantageous to explore new TH derivatives with potential novel actions, prompting a re-evaluation of the role and mechanism of action of TR alternative ligands that were previously believed to be inactive. The functional implications of these ligands across different vertebrates may require us to reconsider current established notions of thyroid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro.76230, Mexico.
| | - Iván Lazcano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro.76230, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Puga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro.76230, Mexico
| | - Aurora Olvera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro.76230, Mexico
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Moreno M, Giacco A, Di Munno C, Goglia F. Direct and rapid effects of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:121-126. [PMID: 28192176 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of researchers are focusing their attention on the possibility that thyroid hormone metabolites, particularly 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2), may actively regulate energy metabolism at the cellular, rather than the nuclear, level. Due to their biochemical features, mitochondria have been the focus of research on the thermogenic effects of thyroid hormones. Indeed, mitochondrial activities have been shown to be regulated both directly and indirectly by T2-specific pathways. Herein, we describe the effects of T2 on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moreno
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonia Giacco
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Celia Di Munno
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
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Differential transcriptome regulation by 3,5-T2 and 3',3,5-T3 in brain and liver uncovers novel roles for thyroid hormones in tilapia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15043. [PMID: 29118400 PMCID: PMC5678081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) is considered to be the primary bioactive thyroid hormone (TH) due to its high affinity for TH nuclear receptors (TRs), new data suggest that 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) can also regulate transcriptional networks. To determine the functional relevance of these bioactive THs, RNA-seq analysis was conducted in the cerebellum, thalamus-pituitary and liver of tilapia treated with equimolar doses of T2 or T3. We identified a total of 169, 154 and 2863 genes that were TH-responsive (FDR < 0.05) in the tilapia cerebellum, thalamus-pituitary and liver, respectively. Among these, 130, 96 and 349 genes were uniquely regulated by T3, whereas 22, 40 and 929 were exclusively regulated by T2 under our experimental paradigm. The expression profiles in response to TH treatment were tissue-specific, and the diversity of regulated genes also resulted in a variety of different pathways being affected by T2 and T3. T2 regulated gene networks associated with cell signalling and transcriptional pathways, while T3 regulated pathways related to cell signalling, the immune system, and lipid metabolism. Overall, the present work highlights the relevance of T2 as a key bioactive hormone, and reveals some of the different functional strategies that underpin TH pleiotropy.
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Zak MA, Regish AM, McCormick SD, Manzon RG. Exogenous thyroid hormones regulate the activity of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase in warm- but not cold-acclimated lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 247:215-222. [PMID: 28212894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thermal acclimation is known to elicit metabolic adjustments in ectotherms, but the cellular mechanisms and endocrine control of these shifts have not been fully elucidated. Here we examined the relationship between thermal acclimation, thyroid hormones and oxidative metabolism in juvenile lake whitefish. Impacts of thermal acclimation above (19°C) or below (8°C) the thermal optimum (13°C) and exposure to exogenous thyroid hormone (60µg T4/g body weight) were assessed by quantifying citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase activities in liver, red muscle, white muscle and heart. Warm acclimation decreased citrate synthase activity in liver and elevated both citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase activities in red muscle. In contrast, induction of hyperthyroidism in warm-acclimated fish stimulated a significant increase in liver citrate synthase and heart cytochrome c oxidase activities, and a decrease in the activity of both enzymes in red muscle. No change in citrate synthase or cytochrome c oxidase activities was observed following cold acclimation in either the presence or absence of exogenous thyroid hormones. Collectively, our results indicate that thyroid hormones influence the activity of oxidative enzymes more strongly in warm-acclimated than in cold-acclimated lake whitefish, and they may play a role in mediating metabolic adjustments observed during thermal acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Zak
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Amy M Regish
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turner Falls, MA 01376, USA
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turner Falls, MA 01376, USA
| | - Richard G Manzon
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada.
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Hernández-Puga G, Mendoza A, León-Del-Río A, Orozco A. Jab1 is a T2-dependent coactivator or a T3-dependent corepressor of TRB1-mediated gene regulation. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:451-459. [PMID: 28053002 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) induce pleiotropic effects in vertebrates, mainly through the activation or repression of gene expression. These mechanisms involve thyroid hormone binding to thyroid hormone receptors, an event that is followed by the sequential recruitment of coactivator or corepressor proteins, which in turn modify the rate of transcription. In the present study, we looked for specific coregulators recruited by the long isoform of the teleostean thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 (L-Trb1) when bound to the bioactive TH, 3,5-T2 (T2). We found that jun activation domain-binding protein1 (Jab1) interacts with L-Trb1 + T2 complex. Using both the teleostean and human TRB1 isoforms, we characterized the Jab1-TRB1 by yeast two-hybrid, pull-down and transactivation assays. Our results showed that the TRB1-Jab1 interaction was ligand dependent and involved the single Jab1 nuclear receptor box, as well as the ligand-binding and N-terminal domains of TRB1. We also provide evidence of ligand-dependent, dual coregulatory properties of Jab1. Indeed, when T2 is bound to L-Trb1 or hTRB1, Jab1 acts as a coactivator of transcription, whereas it has corepressor activity when interacting with the T3-bound S-Trb1 or hTRB1. These mechanisms could explain some of the pleiotropic actions exerted by THs to regulate diverse biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hernández-Puga
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y MolecularInstituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Arturo Mendoza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y MolecularInstituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alfonso León-Del-Río
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama y Departamento de Biología Molecular y BiotecnologíaInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, México, Mexico
| | - Aurea Orozco
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y MolecularInstituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
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Lietzow J, Golchert J, Homuth G, Völker U, Jonas W, Köhrle J. 3,5-T2 alters murine genes relevant for xenobiotic, steroid, and thyroid hormone metabolism. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:311-23. [PMID: 26903510 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous thyroid hormone (TH) metabolite 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (3,5-T2) acts as a metabolically active substance affecting whole-body energy metabolism and hepatic lipid handling in a desirable manner. Considering possible adverse effects regarding thyromimetic action of 3,5-T2 treatment in rodents, the current literature remains largely controversial. To obtain further insights into molecular mechanisms and to identify novel target genes of 3,5-T2 in liver, we performed a microarray-based liver tissue transcriptome analysis of male lean and diet-induced obese euthyroid mice treated for 4 weeks with a dose of 2.5 µg/g bw 3,5-T2 Our results revealed that 3,5-T2 modulates the expression of genes encoding Phase I and Phase II enzymes as well as Phase III transporters, which play central roles in metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics. Additionally, 3,5-T2 changes the expression of TH responsive genes, suggesting a thyromimetic action of 3,5-T2 in mouse liver. Interestingly, 3,5-T2 in obese but not in lean mice influences the expression of genes relevant for cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis, suggesting a novel role of 3,5-T2 in steroid metabolism of obese mice. We concluded that treatment with 3,5-T2 in lean and diet-induced obese male mice alters the expression of genes encoding hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that play a substantial role in catabolism and inactivation of xenobiotics and TH and are also involved in hepatic steroid and lipid metabolism. The administration of this high dose of 3,5-T2 might exert adverse hepatic effects. Accordingly, the conceivable use of 3,5-T2 as pharmacological hypolipidemic agent should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Lietzow
- Institut für Experimentelle EndokrinologieCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Golchert
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- Department of Experimental DiabetologyGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle EndokrinologieCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hernández-Puga G, Navarrete-Ramírez P, Mendoza A, Olvera A, Villalobos P, Orozco A. 3,5-Diiodothyronine-mediated transrepression of the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene in tilapia. Insights on cross-talk between the thyroid hormone and cortisol signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 425:103-10. [PMID: 26820127 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T3 and cortisol activate or repress gene expression in virtually every vertebrate cell mainly by interacting with their nuclear hormone receptors. In contrast to the mechanisms for hormone gene activation, the mechanisms involved in gene repression remain elusive. In teleosts, the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene or thrb produces two isoforms of TRβ1 that differ by nine amino acids in the ligand-binding domain of the long-TRβ1, whereas the short-TRβ1 lacks the insert. Previous reports have shown that the genomic effects exerted by 3,5-T2, a product of T3 outer-ring deiodination, are mediated by the long-TRβ1. Furthermore, 3,5-T2 and T3 down-regulate the expression of long-TRβ1 and short-TRβ1, respectively. In contrast, cortisol has been shown to up-regulate the expression of thrb. To understand the molecular mechanisms for thrb modulation by thyroid hormones and cortisol, we used an in silico approach to identify thyroid- and cortisol-response elements within the proximal promoter of thrb from tilapia. We then characterized the identified response elements by EMSA and correlated our observations with the effects of THs and cortisol upon expression of thrb in tilapia. Our data show that 3,5-T2 represses thrb expression and impairs its up-regulation by cortisol possibly through a transrepression mechanism. We propose that for thrb down-regulation, ligands other than T3 are required to orchestrate the pleiotropic effects of thyroid hormones in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hernández-Puga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Pamela Navarrete-Ramírez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Arturo Mendoza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Aurora Olvera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Patricia Villalobos
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico.
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Pietzner M, Lehmphul I, Friedrich N, Schurmann C, Ittermann T, Dörr M, Nauck M, Laqua R, Völker U, Brabant G, Völzke H, Köhrle J, Homuth G, Wallaschofski H. Translating pharmacological findings from hypothyroid rodents to euthyroid humans: is there a functional role of endogenous 3,5-T2? Thyroid 2015; 25:188-97. [PMID: 25343227 PMCID: PMC4322092 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last two decades, it has become obvious that 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), a well-known endogenous metabolite of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), not only represents a simple degradation intermediate of the former but also exhibits specific metabolic activities. Administration of 3,5-T2 to hypothyroid rodents rapidly stimulated their basal metabolic rate, prevented high-fat diet-induced obesity as well as steatosis, and increased oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to analyze associations between circulating 3,5-T2 in human serum and different epidemiological parameters, including age, sex, or smoking, as well as measures of anthropometry, glucose, and lipid metabolism. METHODS 3,5-T2 concentrations were measured by a recently developed immunoassay in sera of 761 euthyroid participants of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. Subsequently, analysis of variance and multivariate linear regression analysis were performed. RESULTS Serum 3,5-T2 concentrations exhibited a right-skewed distribution, resulting in a median serum concentration of 0.24 nM (1st quartile: 0.20 nM; 3rd quartile: 0.37 nM). Significant associations between 3,5-T2 and serum fasting glucose, thyrotropin (TSH), as well as leptin concentrations were detected (p<0.05). Interestingly, the association to leptin concentrations seemed to be mediated by TSH. Age, sex, smoking, and blood lipid profile parameters did not show significant associations with circulating 3,5-T2. CONCLUSION Our findings from a healthy euthyroid population may point toward a physiological link between circulating 3,5-T2 and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ina Lehmphul
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - René Laqua
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Medical Clinic I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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12
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Jonas W, Lietzow J, Wohlgemuth F, Hoefig CS, Wiedmer P, Schweizer U, Köhrle J, Schürmann A. 3,5-Diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-t2) exerts thyromimetic effects on hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, body composition, and energy metabolism in male diet-induced obese mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:389-99. [PMID: 25322465 PMCID: PMC4272399 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Effective and safe antiobesity drugs are still needed in face of the obesity pandemic worldwide. Recent interventions in rodents revealed 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) as a metabolically active iodothyronine affecting energy and lipid metabolism without thyromimetic side effects typically associated with T3 administration. Accordingly, 3,5-T2 has been proposed as a potential hypolipidemic agent for treatment of obesity and hepatic steatosis. In contrast to other observations, our experiments revealed dose-dependent thyromimetic effects of 3,5-T2 akin to those of T3 in diet-induced obese male C57BL/6J mice. 3,5-T2 treatment exerted a negative feedback regulation on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, similar to T3. This is demonstrated by decreased expression of genes responsive to thyroid hormones (TH) in pituitary resulting in a suppressed thyroid function with lower T4 and T3 concentrations in serum and liver of 3,5-T2-treated mice. Analyses of hepatic TH target genes involved in lipid metabolism revealed T3-like changes in gene expression and increased type I-deiodinase activity after application of 3,5-T2 (2.5 μg/g body weight). Reduced hepatic triglyceride and serum cholesterol concentrations reflected enhanced lipid metabolism. Desired increased metabolic rate and reduction of different fat depots were, however, compromised by increased food intake preventing significant body weight loss. Moreover, enlarged heart weights indicate potential cardiac side effects of 3,5-T2 beyond hepatic thyromimetic actions. Altogether, the observed thyromimetic effects of 3,5-T2 in several mouse TH target tissues raise concern about indiscriminate administration of 3,5-T2 as powerful natural hormone for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and pandemic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Jonas
- Department of Experimental Diabetology (W.J., P.W., A.S.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) (W.J., A.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (J.L., F.W., C.S.H., U.S., J.K.), Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Jarque S, Piña B. Deiodinases and thyroid metabolism disruption in teleost fish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:361-375. [PMID: 25462686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many xenobiotic compounds with endocrine disrupting activity have been described since the late eighties. These compounds are able to interact with natural hormone systems and potentially induce deleterious effects in wildlife, notably piscine species. However, while the characterization of endocrine disruptors with "dioxin-like", estrogenic or androgenic activities is relatively well established, little is known about environmentally relevant pollutants that may act at thyroid system level. Iodothyronine deiodinases, the key enzymes in the activation and inactivation of thyroid hormones, have been suggested as suitable biomarkers for thyroid metabolism disruption. The present article reviews the biotic and abiotic factors that are able to modulate deiodinases in teleosts, a representative model organism for vertebrates. Data show that deiodinases are highly sensitive to several physiological and physical variables, so they should be taken into account to establish natural basal deiodination patterns to further understand responses under chemical exposure. Among xenobiotic compounds, brominated flame retardants are postulated as chemicals of major concern because of their similar structure shared with thyroid hormones. More ambiguous results are shown for the rest of compounds, i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluorinated chemicals, pesticides, metals and synthetic drugs, in part due to the limited information available. The different mechanisms of action still remain unknown for most of those compounds, although several hypothesis based on observed effects are discussed. Future tasks are also suggested with the aim of moving forward in the full characterization of chemical compounds with thyroid disrupting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Jarque
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5/753, CZ62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Seale LA, Gilman CL, Moorman BP, Berry MJ, Grau EG, Seale AP. Effects of acclimation salinity on the expression of selenoproteins in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:284-92. [PMID: 24854764 PMCID: PMC4082732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenoproteins are ubiquitously expressed, act on a variety of physiological redox-related processes, and are mostly regulated by selenium levels in animals. To date, the expression of most selenoproteins has not been verified in euryhaline fish models. The Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, a euryhaline cichlid fish, has a high tolerance for changes in salinity and survives in fresh water (FW) and seawater (SW) environments which differ greatly in selenium availability. In the present study, we searched EST databases for cichlid selenoprotein mRNAs and screened for their differential expression in FW and SW-acclimated tilapia. The expression of mRNAs encoding iodothyronine deiodinases 1, 2 and 3 (Dio1, Dio2, Dio3), Fep15, glutathione peroxidase 2, selenoproteins J, K, L, M, P, S, and W, was measured in the brain, eye, gill, kidney, liver, pituitary, muscle, and intraperitoneal white adipose tissue. Gene expression of selenophosphate synthetase 1, Secp43, and selenocysteine lyase, factors involved in selenoprotein synthesis or in selenium metabolism, were also measured. The highest variation in selenoprotein and synthesis factor mRNA expression between FW- and SW-acclimated fish was found in gill and kidney. While the branchial expression of Dio3 was increased upon transferring tilapia from SW to FW, the inverse effect was observed when fish were transferred from FW to SW. Protein content of Dio3 was higher in fish acclimated to FW than in those acclimated to SW. Together, these results outline tissue distribution of selenoproteins in FW and SW-acclimated tilapia, and indicate that at least Dio3 expression is regulated by environmental salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia A Seale
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Christy L Gilman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Benjamin P Moorman
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Marla J Berry
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - E Gordon Grau
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
| | - Andre P Seale
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
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15
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Orozco A, Navarrete-Ramírez P, Olvera A, García-G C. 3,5-Diiodothyronine (T2) is on a role. A new hormone in search of recognition. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:174-80. [PMID: 24602963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) actions are mediated by triiodothyronine (T3), which acts by binding to the TH receptors (TRs). Since TH exert pleiotropic effects, interest has grown in identifying other possible bioactive thyronines that could explain their diversity of functions. Accordingly, 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) has been shown to be bioactive. In mammals, T2 regulates mRNA expression of several T3-regulated genes, but doses up to 100-fold greater than those of T3 were required to generate comparable effects. In teleosts, T2 and T3 regulate gene expression in vivo with equivalent potency. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro studies support the notion that T2 binds to and activates a specific, long TRβ1 isoform that contains a nine amino acid insert at the beginning of the ligand binding domain, whereas T3 can interact also with a different TRβ1 isoform that lacks this insert. Similarly, T2 and T3 differentially regulate long- and short-TRβ1 expression, respectively, strongly suggesting a different signaling pathway for each hormone, at least in the species that express both receptors. In vivo, T2 effectively triggers a burst of body growth in tilapia by interacting with the long TRβ1 isoform, supporting the notion that T2 is physiologically relevant in this species. Current knowledge of T2 effects and action mechanisms lead us to propose that there is an extra level in the thyroid hormone signaling cascade, and that T2 is produced and regulated specifically for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Orozco
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico.
| | - Pamela Navarrete-Ramírez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Aurora Olvera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlota García-G
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Clavel 200, Querétaro, Qro. 76017, Mexico
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Padron AS, Neto RAL, Pantaleão TU, de Souza dos Santos MC, Araujo RL, de Andrade BM, da Silva Leandro M, de Castro JPSW, Ferreira ACF, de Carvalho DP. Administration of 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) causes central hypothyroidism and stimulates thyroid-sensitive tissues. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:415-27. [PMID: 24692290 PMCID: PMC4045230 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In general, 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) increases the resting metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, exerting short-term beneficial metabolic effects on rats subjected to a high-fat diet. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic 3,5-T2 administration on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, body mass gain, adipose tissue mass, and body oxygen consumption in Wistar rats from 3 to 6 months of age. The rats were treated daily with 3,5-T2 (25, 50, or 75 μg/100 g body weight, s.c.) for 90 days between the ages of 3 and 6 months. The administration of 3,5-T2 suppressed thyroid function, reducing not only thyroid iodide uptake but also thyroperoxidase, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and thyroid type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1 (DIO1)) activities and expression levels, whereas the expression of the TSH receptor and dual oxidase (DUOX) were increased. Serum TSH, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were reduced in a 3,5-T2 dose-dependent manner, whereas oxygen consumption increased in these animals, indicating the direct action of 3,5-T2 on this physiological variable. Type 2 deiodinase activity increased in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary, and D1 activities in the liver and kidney were also increased in groups treated with 3,5-T2. Moreover, after 3 months of 3,5-T2 administration, body mass and retroperitoneal fat pad mass were significantly reduced, whereas the heart rate and mass were unchanged. Thus, 3,5-T2 acts as a direct stimulator of energy expenditure and reduces body mass gain; however, TSH suppression may develop secondary to 3,5-T2 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Souto Padron
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ruy Andrade Louzada Neto
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilLaboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Urgal Pantaleão
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina de Souza dos Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Lopes Araujo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Moulin de Andrade
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique da Silva Leandro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Saar Werneck de Castro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris RosenthalInstituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Instituto de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica (INPeTAM), CCS-Bloco G- Cidade Universitria, Ilha do Fundo, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, BrazilLaboratório de Biologia do ExercícioEscola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Navarrete-Ramírez P, Luna M, Valverde-R C, Orozco A. 3,5-di-iodothyronine stimulates tilapia growth through an alternate isoform of thyroid hormone receptor β1. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:1-9. [PMID: 24031088 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that in some teleosts, 3,5-di-iodothyronine (T2 or 3,5-T2) is as bioactive as 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3) and that its effects are in part mediated by a TRβ1 (THRB) isoform that contains a 9-amino acid insert in its ligand-binding domain (long TRβ1 (L-TRβ1)), whereas T3 binds preferentially to a short TRβ1 (S-TRβ1) isoform that lacks this insert. To further understand the functional relevance of T2 bioactivity and its mechanism of action, we used in vivo and ex vivo (organotypic liver cultures) approaches and analyzed whether T3 and T2 differentially regulate the S-TRβ1 and L-TRβ1s during a physiological demand such as growth. In vivo, T3 and T2 treatment induced body weight gain in tilapia. The expression of L-TRβ1 and S-TRβ1 was specifically regulated by T2 and T3 respectively both in vivo and ex vivo. The TR antagonist 1-850 effectively blocked thyroid hormone-dependent gene expression; however, T3 or T2 reversed 1-850 effects only on S-TRβ1 or L-TRβ1 expression, respectively. Together, our results support the notion that both T3 and T2 participate in the growth process; however, their effects are mediated by different, specific TRβ1 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Navarrete-Ramírez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
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18
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Mendoza A, Navarrete-Ramírez P, Hernández-Puga G, Villalobos P, Holzer G, Renaud JP, Laudet V, Orozco A. 3,5-T2 is an alternative ligand for the thyroid hormone receptor β1. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2948-58. [PMID: 23736295 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several liganded nuclear receptors have alternative ligands acting in a tissue-specific fashion and playing important biological roles. We present evidence that 3,5-diiodothyronine (T(2)), a naturally occurring iodothyronine that results from T(3) outer-ring deiodination, is an alternative ligand for thyroid hormone receptor β1 (TRβ1). In tilapia, 2 TRβ isoforms differing by 9 amino acids in the ligand-binding domain were cloned. Binding and transactivation studies showed that T(2) activates the human and the long tilapia TRβ1 isoform, but not the short one. A chimeric human TRβ1 (hTRβ1) that contained the 9-amino-acid insert showed no response to T(2), suggesting that the conformation of the hTRβ1 naturally allows T(2) binding and that other regions of the receptor are implicated in TR activation by T(2). Indeed, further analysis showed that the N terminus is essential for T(2)-mediated transactivation but not for that by T(3) in the long and hTRβ1, suggesting a functional interaction between the N-terminal domain and the insertion in the ligand-binding domain. To establish the functional relevance of T(2)-mediated TRβ1 binding and activation, mRNA expression and its regulation by T(2) and T(3) was evaluated for both isoforms. Our data show that long TRβ1expression is 10(6)-fold higher than that of the short isoform, and T(3) and T(2) differentially regulate the expression of these 2 TRβ1 isoforms in vivo. Taken together, our results prompted a reevaluation of the role and mechanism of action of thyroid hormone metabolites previously believed to be inactive. More generally, we propose that classical liganded receptors are only partially locked to very specific ligands and that alternative ligands may play a role in the tissue-specific action of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mendoza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230 México.
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Little AG, Kunisue T, Kannan K, Seebacher F. Thyroid hormone actions are temperature-specific and regulate thermal acclimation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Biol 2013; 11:26. [PMID: 23531055 PMCID: PMC3633057 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone (TH) is best known for its role in development in animals, and for its control of metabolic heat production (thermogenesis) during cold acclimation in mammals. It is unknown whether the regulatory role of TH in thermogenesis is derived in mammals, or whether TH also mediates thermal responses in earlier vertebrates. Ectothermic vertebrates show complex responses to temperature variation, but the mechanisms mediating these are poorly understood. The molecular mechanisms underpinning TH action are very similar across vertebrates, suggesting that TH may also regulate thermal responses in ectotherms. We therefore aimed to determine whether TH regulates thermal acclimation in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). We induced hypothyroidism, followed by supplementation with 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) or 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in zebrafish exposed to different chronic temperatures. We measured whole-animal responses (swimming performance and metabolic rates), tissue-specific regulatory enzyme activities, gene expression, and free levels of T2 and T3. RESULTS We found that both T3 and the lesser-known T2, regulate thermal acclimation in an ectotherm. To our knowledge, this is the first such study to show this. Hypothyroid treatment impaired performance measures in cold-acclimated but not warm-acclimated individuals, whereas supplementation with both TH metabolites restored performance. TH could either induce or repress responses, depending on the actual temperature and thermal history of the animal. CONCLUSIONS The low sensitivity to TH at warm temperatures could mean that increasing temperatures (that is, global warming) will reduce the capacity of animals to regulate their physiologies to match demands. We suggest that the properties that underlie the role of TH in thermal acclimation (temperature sensitivity and metabolic control) may have predisposed this hormone for a regulatory role in the evolution of endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Little
- School of Biological Sciences, A08 University of Sydney, Science Road, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- School of Public Health, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- School of Public Health, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, IJRC PTS, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Biological Sciences, A08 University of Sydney, Science Road, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res 2012; 2012:351864. [PMID: 23365787 PMCID: PMC3544290 DOI: 10.1155/2012/351864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides the reader with an overview of our current knowledge of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback from a cybernetic standpoint. Over the past decades we have gained a plethora of information from biochemical, clinical, and epidemiological investigation, especially on the role of TSH and other thyrotropic agonists as critical components of this complex relationship. Integrating these data into a systems perspective delivers new insights into static and dynamic behaviour of thyroid homeostasis. Explicit usage of this information with mathematical methods promises to deliver a better understanding of thyrotropic feedback control and new options for personalised diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction and targeted therapy, also by permitting a new perspective on the conundrum of the TSH reference range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W. Dietrich
- Lab XU44, Medical Hospital I, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum (UK RUB), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, NRW, Germany
| | - Gabi Landgrafe
- Lab XU44, Medical Hospital I, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum (UK RUB), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, NRW, Germany
- Klinik für Allgemein- und Visceralchirurgie, Agaplesion Bethesda Krankenhaus Wuppertal gGmbH, Hainstraße 35, 42109 Wuppertal, NRW, Germany
| | - Elisavet H. Fotiadou
- Lab XU44, Medical Hospital I, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum (UK RUB), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, NRW, Germany
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Chapter 6 Regulation And Contribution Of The Corticotropic, Melanotropic And Thyrotropic Axes To The Stress Response In Fishes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(09)28006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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