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Bennett S, Tiollier E, Owens DJ, Brocherie F, Louis JB. Implications of Heat Stress-induced Metabolic Alterations for Endurance Training. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:422-435. [PMID: 38401534 DOI: 10.1055/a-2251-3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Inducing a heat-acclimated phenotype via repeated heat stress improves exercise capacity and reduces athletes̓ risk of hyperthermia and heat illness. Given the increased number of international sporting events hosted in countries with warmer climates, heat acclimation strategies are increasingly popular among endurance athletes to optimize performance in hot environments. At the tissue level, completing endurance exercise under heat stress may augment endurance training adaptation, including mitochondrial and cardiovascular remodeling due to increased perturbations to cellular homeostasis as a consequence of metabolic and cardiovascular load, and this may improve endurance training adaptation and subsequent performance. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the metabolic impact of heat stress during endurance exercise, including proposed underlying mechanisms of altered substrate utilization. Against this metabolic backdrop, the current literature highlighting the role of heat stress in augmenting training adaptation and subsequent endurance performance will be presented with practical implications and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bennett
- Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Julien B Louis
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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2
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Pugh CF, Paton CD, Ferguson RA, Driller MW, Martyn Beaven C. Acute physiological responses of blood flow restriction between high-intensity interval repetitions in trained cyclists. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:777-787. [PMID: 38874956 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) is increasingly being used to enhance aerobic performance in endurance athletes. This study examined physiological responses to BFR applied in recovery phases within a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session in trained cyclists. Eleven competitive road cyclists (mean ± SD, age: 28 ± 7 years, body mass: 69 ± 6 kg, peak oxygen uptake: 65 ± 9 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed two randomised crossover conditions: HIIT with (BFR) and without (CON) BFR applied during recovery phases. HIIT consisted of six 30-s cycling bouts at an intensity equivalent to 85% of maximal 30-s power (523 ± 93 W), interspersed with 4.5-min recovery. BFR (200 mmHg, 12 cm cuff width) was applied for 2-min in the early recovery phase between each interval. Pulmonary gas exchange (V̇O2, V̇CO2, and V̇E), tissue oxygen saturation index (TSI), heart rate (HR), and serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration (VEGF) were measured. Compared to CON, BFR increased V̇CO2 and V̇E during work bouts (both p < 0.05, dz < 0.5), but there was no effect on V̇O2, TSI, or HR (p > 0.05). In early recovery, BFR decreased TSI, V̇O2, V̇CO2, and V̇E (all p < 0.05, dz > 0.8) versus CON, with no change in HR (p > 0.05). In late recovery, when BFR was released, V̇O2, V̇CO2, V̇E, and HR increased, but TSI decreased versus CON (all p < 0.05, dz > 0.8). There was a greater increase in VEGF at 3-h post-exercise in BFR compared to CON (p < 0.05, dz > 0.8). Incorporating BFR into HIIT recovery phases altered physiological responses compared to exercise alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Pugh
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Carl D Paton
- School of Health and Sport Science, Te Pukenga, The Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, New Zealand
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew W Driller
- Sport, Performance and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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3
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Nørregaard LB, Hansen CC, Wickham KA, Møller S, Olsen K, Ehlers T, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Exercise training alters skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cell properties in recent postmenopausal females. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38822814 DOI: 10.1113/jp286269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study examined and compared the impact of exercise training on redox and molecular properties of human microvascular endothelial cells derived from skeletal muscle biopsies from sedentary recent (RPF, ≤ 5 years as postmenopausal) and late (LPF, ≥ 10 years as postmenopausal) postmenopausal females. Resting skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained before and after 8 weeks of intense aerobic exercise training for isolation of microvascular endothelial cells and determination of skeletal muscle angiogenic proteins and capillarisation. The microvascular endothelial cells were analysed for mitochondrial respiration and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glycolysis and proteins related to vascular function, redox balance and oestrogen receptors. Exercise training led to a reduced endothelial cell ROS formation (∼50%; P = 0.009 and P = 0.020 for intact and permeabilized cells (state 3), respectively) in RPF only, with no effect on endothelial mitochondrial capacity in either group. Basal endothelial cell lactate formation was higher (7%; P = 0.028), indicating increased glycolysis, after compared to before the exercise training period in RPF only. Baseline endothelial G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (P = 0.028) and muscle capillarisation (P = 0.028) was lower in LPF than in RPF. Muscle vascular endothelial growth factor protein was higher (32%; P = 0.002) following exercise training in LPF only. Exercise training did not influence endothelial cell proliferation or skeletal muscle capillarisation in either group, but the CD31 level in the muscle tissue, indicating endothelial cell content, was higher (>50%; P < 0.05) in both groups. In conclusion, 8 weeks of intense aerobic exercise training reduces ROS formation and enhances glycolysis in microvascular endothelial cells from RPF but does not induce skeletal muscle angiogenesis. KEY POINTS: Late postmenopausal females have been reported to achieve limited vascular adaptations to exercise training. There is a paucity of data on the effect of exercise training on isolated skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells (MMECs). In this study the formation of reactive oxygen species in MMECs was reduced and glycolysis increased after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training in recent but not late postmenopausal females. Late postmenopausal females had lower levels of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor in MMECs and lower skeletal muscle capillary density at baseline. Eight weeks of intense exercise training altered MMEC properties but did not induce skeletal muscle angiogenesis in postmenopausal females.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Nørregaard
- The Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C C Hansen
- The Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K A Wickham
- The Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Møller
- The Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Olsen
- The Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Ehlers
- The Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bangsbo
- The Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Y Hellsten
- The Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Nguyen TH, Paprzycki L, Legrand A, Declèves AE, Heher P, Limpens M, Belayew A, Banerji CRS, Zammit PS, Tassin A. Hypoxia enhances human myoblast differentiation: involvement of HIF1α and impact of DUX4, the FSHD causal gene. Skelet Muscle 2023; 13:21. [PMID: 38104132 PMCID: PMC10724930 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-023-00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is known to modify skeletal muscle biological functions and muscle regeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of hypoxia on human myoblast differentiation remain unclear. The hypoxic response pathway is of particular interest in patients with hereditary muscular dystrophies since many present respiratory impairment and muscle regeneration defects. For example, an altered hypoxia response characterizes the muscles of patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD). METHODS We examined the impact of hypoxia on the differentiation of human immortalized myoblasts (LHCN-M2) cultured in normoxia (PO2: 21%) or hypoxia (PO2: 1%). Cells were grown in proliferation (myoblasts) or differentiation medium for 2 (myocytes) or 4 days (myotubes). We evaluated proliferation rate by EdU incorporation, used myogenin-positive nuclei as a differentiation marker for myocytes, and determined the fusion index and myosin heavy chain-positive area in myotubes. The contribution of HIF1α was studied by gain (CoCl2) and loss (siRNAs) of function experiments. We further examined hypoxia in LHCN-M2-iDUX4 myoblasts with inducible expression of DUX4, the transcription factor underlying FSHD pathology. RESULTS We found that the hypoxic response did not impact myoblast proliferation but activated precocious myogenic differentiation and that HIF1α was critical for this process. Hypoxia also enhanced the late differentiation of human myocytes, but in an HIF1α-independent manner. Interestingly, the impact of hypoxia on muscle cell proliferation was influenced by dexamethasone. In the FSHD pathological context, DUX4 suppressed HIF1α-mediated precocious muscle differentiation. CONCLUSION Hypoxia stimulates myogenic differentiation in healthy myoblasts, with HIF1α-dependent early steps. In FSHD, DUX4-HIF1α interplay indicates a novel mechanism by which DUX4 could interfere with HIF1α function in the myogenic program and therefore with FSHD muscle performance and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Hang Nguyen
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Lise Paprzycki
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Legrand
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Anne-Emilie Declèves
- Department of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Philipp Heher
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maelle Limpens
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Belayew
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Christopher R S Banerji
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Rd, London, UK
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alexandra Tassin
- Laboratory of Respiratory Physiology, Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium.
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5
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Kubat GB, Bouhamida E, Ulger O, Turkel I, Pedriali G, Ramaccini D, Ekinci O, Ozerklig B, Atalay O, Patergnani S, Nur Sahin B, Morciano G, Tuncer M, Tremoli E, Pinton P. Mitochondrial dysfunction and skeletal muscle atrophy: Causes, mechanisms, and treatment strategies. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:33-58. [PMID: 37451353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight, is one of the most dynamic and plastic tissues in the human body and plays a vital role in movement, posture and force production. More than just a component of the locomotor system, skeletal muscle functions as an endocrine organ capable of producing and secreting hundreds of bioactive molecules. Therefore, maintaining healthy skeletal muscles is crucial for supporting overall body health. Various pathological conditions, such as prolonged immobilization, cachexia, aging, drug-induced toxicity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), can disrupt the balance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributing mechanism to skeletal muscle atrophy, as it plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolic flexibility, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and regulation of apoptosis. In this review, we critically examine recent knowledge regarding the causes of muscle atrophy (disuse, cachexia, aging, etc.) and its contribution to CVDs. Additionally, we highlight the mitochondrial signaling pathways involvement to skeletal muscle atrophy, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and mitophagy, mitochondrial fission-fusion, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss current strategies, including exercise, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, in vivo transfection of PGC-1α, and the potential use of mitochondrial transplantation as a possible therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Burcin Kubat
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Oner Ulger
- Department of Mitochondria and Cellular Research, Gulhane Health Sciences Institute, University of Health Sciences, 06010 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Turkel
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gaia Pedriali
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Daniela Ramaccini
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Ozgur Ekinci
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berkay Ozerklig
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozbeyen Atalay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beyza Nur Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Meltem Tuncer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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6
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Poffé C, Robberechts R, Van Thienen R, Hespel P. Exogenous ketosis elevates circulating erythropoietin and stimulates muscular angiogenesis during endurance training overload. J Physiol 2023; 601:2345-2358. [PMID: 37062892 DOI: 10.1113/jp284346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo capillarization is a primary muscular adaptation to endurance exercise training and is crucial to improving performance. Excess training load, however, impedes such beneficial adaptations, yet we recently demonstrated that such downregulation may be counteracted by ketone ester ingestion (KE) post-exercise. Therefore, we investigated whether KE could increase pro-angiogenic factors and thereby stimulate muscular angiogenesis during a 3-week endurance training-overload period involving 10 training sessions/week in healthy, male volunteers. Subjects received either 25 g of a ketone ester (KE, n = 9) or a control drink (CON, n = 9) immediately after each training session and before sleep. In KE, but not in CON, the training intervention increased the number of capillary contacts and the capillary-to-fibre perimeter exchange index by 44% and 42%, respectively. Furthermore, KE also substantially increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression both at the protein and at the mRNA level. Serum erythropoietin concentration was concomitantly increased by 26%. Conversely, in CON the training intervention increased only the protein content of eNOS. These data indicate that intermittent exogenous ketosis during endurance overload training stimulates muscular angiogenesis. This likely resulted from a direct stimulation of muscle angiogenesis, which may be at least partly due to stimulation of erythropoietin secretion and elevated VEGF activity, and/or an inhibition of the suppressive effect of overload training on the normal angiogenic response to training. This study provides novel evidence to support the potential of exogenous ketosis to benefit endurance training-induced muscular adaptation. KEY POINTS: Increased capillarization is a primary muscular adaptation to endurance exercise training. However, excess training load may impede such response. We previously observed that intermittent exogenous ketosis by post-exercise and pre-sleep ketone ester ingestion (KE) counteracted physiological dysregulations induced by endurance overload training. Therefore, we investigated whether KE could increase pro-angiogenic factors thereby stimulating muscular angiogenesis during a 3-week endurance training overload period. We show that the overload training period in the presence, but not in the absence, of KE markedly increased muscle capillarization (+40%). This increase was accompanied by higher circulating erythropoietin concentration and stimulation of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle. Collectively, our data indicate that intermittent exogenous ketosis may evolve as a potent nutritional strategy to facilitate recovery from strenuous endurance exercise, thereby stimulating beneficial muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Robberechts
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Moradi-Gharibvand N, Hashemibeni B. The Effect of Stem Cells and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Cancer Angiogenesis. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:124. [PMID: 37434939 PMCID: PMC10331557 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_378_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of new vessels from pre-existing vessels is known as angiogenesis. The process is controlled by stimuli and inhibitors. Angiogenesis starts as a result of the unbalance of these factors, where balance has a tendency toward the stimulus. One of the most important factors promoting angiogenesis is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In addition to being involved in vascular regeneration in normal tissues, VEGF also takes part in tumor tissue angiogenesis. These factors affect endothelial cells (ECs) directly as well as differentiate tumor cells from endothelial cells and play an active role in tumor tissue angiogenesis. Angiogenesis partakes in the growth and proliferation of tumor tissue. Because anti-angiogenic treatment is favorable in existing cancer therapies, the potential benefits should be considered. One of these new therapies is cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Research on MSCs remains controversial because much of the earlier research on MSCs has shown their effectiveness, but more recent research has identified harmful effects of these cells. This article reviews the role of stem cells and their secretions in the angiogenesis of tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Moradi-Gharibvand
- Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Batool Hashemibeni
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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8
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Ross M, Kargl CK, Ferguson R, Gavin TP, Hellsten Y. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis: impact of age, sex, angiocrines and cellular mediators. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-022-05128-6. [PMID: 36715739 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis is a well-known physiological adaptation that occurs in humans in response to exercise training and can lead to endurance performance benefits, as well as improvements in cardiovascular and skeletal tissue health. An increase in capillary density in skeletal muscle improves diffusive oxygen exchange and waste extraction, and thus greater fatigue resistance, which has application to athletes but also to the general population. Exercise-induced angiogenesis can significantly contribute to improvements in cardiovascular and metabolic health, such as the increase in muscle glucose uptake, important for the prevention of diabetes. Recently, our understanding of the mechanisms by which angiogenesis occurs with exercise has grown substantially. This review will detail the biochemical, cellular and biomechanical signals for exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis, including recent work on extracellular vesicles and circulating angiogenic cells. In addition, the influence of age, sex, exercise intensity/duration, as well as recent observations with the use of blood flow restricted exercise, will also be discussed in detail. This review will provide academics and practitioners with mechanistic and applied evidence for optimising training interventions to promote physical performance through manipulating capillarisation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ross
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Christopher K Kargl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Max E. Wastl Human Performance Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Richard Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Timothy P Gavin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Max E. Wastl Human Performance Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Striated, Smooth, and Heart Muscle. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123221. [PMID: 36551977 PMCID: PMC9775659 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
First, we review the definitively severed myotendinous junction and recovery by the cytoprotective stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy, its healing that might combine both transected and detached tendon and transected muscle, ligament and bone injuries, applied alone, as native peptide therapy, effective in rat injury, given intraperitoneally or in drinking water or topically, at the site of injury. As a follow up, we reviewed that with the BPC 157 therapy, its cytoprotective ability to organize simultaneous healing of different tissues of and full recovery of the myotendinous junction might represent the particular muscle therapy against distinctive etiopathology muscle disabilities and weakness. In this, BPC 157 therapy might recover many of muscle disabilities (i.e., succinylcholine, vascular occlusion, spinal cord compression, stroke, traumatic brain injury, severe electrolyte disturbances, neurotoxins, neuroleptics, alcohol, serotonin syndrome and NO-system blockade and tumor-cachexia). These might provide practical realization of the multimodal muscle-axis impact able to react depending on the condition and the given agent(s) and the symptoms distinctively related to the prime injurious cause symptoms in the wide healing concept, the concept of cytoprotection, in particular. Further, the BPC 157 therapy might be the recovery for the disabled heart functioning, and disabled smooth muscle functioning (various sphincters function recovery). Finally, BPC 157, native and stable in human gastric juice, might be a prototype of anti-ulcer cytoprotective peptide for the muscle therapy with high curing potential (very safe profile (lethal dose not achieved), with suited wide effective range (µg-ng regimens) and ways of application).
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10
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Zmudzka M, Zoladz JA, Majerczak J. The impact of aging and physical training on angiogenesis in the musculoskeletal system. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14228. [PMID: 36348663 PMCID: PMC9637352 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the physiological process of capillary growth. It is strictly regulated by the balanced activity of agents that promote the formation of capillaries (pro-angiogenic factors) on the one hand and inhibit their growth on the other hand (anti-angiogenic factors). Capillary rarefaction and insufficient angiogenesis are some of the main causes that limit blood flow during aging, whereas physical training is a potent non-pharmacological method to intensify capillary growth in the musculoskeletal system. The main purpose of this study is to present the current state of knowledge concerning the key signalling molecules implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle and bone angiogenesis during aging and physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zmudzka
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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11
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Combination Therapy of Polydeoxyribonucleotide and Microcurrent in Muscle Regeneration on Cast-Induced Muscle Atrophy in Rabbit. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7469452. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7469452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate how polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) and microcurrent therapy (MT) functioned synergistically in a cast-immobilized rabbit model with an atrophied calf muscle. Methods. At the age of 12 weeks, 32 male New Zealand rabbits were enrolled in four groups. After 2 weeks of cast-immobilization, 4 procedures were performed on atrophied calf muscle [weekly two injections normal saline 0.2 ml injection group 1 (G1-NS), weekly two injections 0.2 ml PDRN injection group 2 (G2-PDRN), MT group 3 (G3-MT), and 0.2 ml PDRN injection with MT group 4 (G4-PDRN+MT)]. For 2 weeks, MT was used for 60 minutes each day. The calf circumference (CC), the thickness of gastrocnemius muscle (TGCM), and the tibial nerve compound muscle action potential (CMAP) were evaluated using ultrasound before and after 2 weeks of treatment. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vascular endothelial growth factor, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) of GCM fibers (type I, type II, and total) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA. Results. The mean atrophic alterations of right CC, CMAP, and TGCM (medial/lateral) were substantially lower in G4-PDRN+MT than in the G1-NS, G2-PDRN, and G3-MT, respectively (
). Furthermore, mean CSAs (type I, type II, and total) of medial and lateral GCM muscle fibers in G4-PDRN+MT were significantly higher when compared to other three groups (
). In terms of the PCNA-, VEGF-, and PECAM-1-positive cell ratio of medial and lateral GCM muscle fibers, G4-PDRN+MT was considerably higher than G1-NS, G2-PDRN, and G3-MT (
). Conclusions. On the atrophied calf muscle of the rabbit model, PDRN injection combined with MT was more effective than PDRN injection alone, MT alone, and normal saline injection separately.
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Lemieux P, Roudier E, Birot O. Angiostatic freeze or angiogenic move? Acute cold stress prevents angiokine secretion from murine myotubes but primes primary endothelial cells for greater migratory capacity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:975652. [PMID: 36324307 PMCID: PMC9618727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.975652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle tissue can adapt to exercise and environmental stressors with a remarkable plasticity. Prolonged cold stress exposure has been associated to increased skeletal muscle capillarization. Angioadaptation refers to the coordinated molecular and cellular processes that influence the remodeling of skeletal muscle microvasculature. Two cell types are central to angioadaptation: the myocytes, representing an important source of angiokines; and the skeletal muscle endothelial cell (SMECs), targets of these angiokines and main constituents of muscle capillaries. The influence of cold stress on skeletal muscle angioadaptation remains largely unknown, particularly with respect to myocyte-specific angiokines secretion or endothelial cell angioadaptive responses. Here, we use an in vitro model to investigate the impact of cold stress (28°C versus 37°C) on C2C12 myotubes and SMECs. Our main objectives were to evaluate: 1) the direct impact of cold stress on C2C12 cellular expression of angiokines and their release in the extracellular environment; 2) the indirect impact of cold stress on SMECs migration via these C2C12-derived angiokines; and 3) the direct effect of cold stress on SMECs angioadaptive responses, including migration, proliferation, and the activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2). Cold stress reduced the secretion of angiokines in C2C12 myotubes culture media irrespective their pro-angiogenic or angiostatic nature. In SMECs, cold stress abrogated cell proliferation and reduced the activation of VEGFR2 despite a greater expression of this receptor. Finally, SMECs pre-conditioned to cold stress displayed an enhanced migratory response when migration was stimulated in rewarming conditions. Altogether our results suggest that cold stress may be overall angiostatic. However, cold stress accompanied by rewarming may be seen as a pro-angiogenic stressor for SMECs. This observation questions the potential for using pre-cooling in sport-performance or therapeutic exercise prescription to enhance skeletal muscle angioadaptive responses to exercise.
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13
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Lou J, Wu J, Feng M, Dang X, Wu G, Yang H, Wang Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Shi C, Liu J, Zhao L, Zhang X, Gao F. Exercise promotes angiogenesis by enhancing endothelial cell fatty acid utilization via liver-derived extracellular vesicle miR-122-5p. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 11:495-508. [PMID: 34606978 PMCID: PMC9338338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis constitutes a major mechanism responsible for exercise-induced beneficial effects. Our previous study identified a cluster of differentially expressed extracellular vesicle microRNAs (miRNAs) after exercise and found that some of them act as exerkines. However, whether these extracellular vesicle miRNAs mediate the exercise-induced angiogenesis remains unknown. METHODS A 9-day treadmill training was used as an exercise model in C57BL/6 mice. Liver-specific adeno-associated virus 8 was used to knock down microRNA-122-5p (miR-122-5p). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used in vitro. RESULTS Among these differentially expressed extracellular vesicle miRNAs, miR-122-5p was identified as a potent pro-angiogenic factor that activated vascular endothelial growth factor signaling and promoted angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. Exercise increased circulating levels of miR-122-5p, which was produced mainly by the liver and shuttled by extracellular vesicles in mice. Inhibition of circulating miR-122-5p or liver-specific knockdown of miR-122-5p significantly abolished the exercise-induced pro-angiogenic effect in skeletal muscles, and exercise-improved muscle performance in mice. Mechanistically, miR-122-5p promoted angiogenesis through shifting substrate preference to fatty acids in endothelial cells, and miR-122-5p upregulated endothelial cell fatty-acid utilization by targeting 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT1). In addition, miR-122-5p increased capillary density in perilesional skin tissues and accelerated wound healing in mice. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that exercise promotes angiogenesis through upregulation of liver-derived extracellular vesicle miR-122-5p, which enhances fatty acid utilization by targeting AGPAT1 in endothelial cells, highlighting the therapeutic potential of miR-122-5p in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lou
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mengya Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xue Dang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guiling Wu
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Albrecht ED, Aberdeen GW, Babischkin JS, Prior SJ, Lynch TJ, Baranyk IA, Pepe GJ. Estrogen Promotes Microvascularization in the Fetus and Thus Vascular Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Offspring. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6553898. [PMID: 35325097 PMCID: PMC9272192 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that normal weight offspring born to estrogen-deprived baboons exhibited insulin resistance, although liver and adipose function and insulin receptor and glucose transporter expression were unaltered. The blood microvessels have an important role in insulin action by delivering insulin and glucose to target cells. Although little is known about the regulation of microvessel development during fetal life, estrogen promotes capillary proliferation and vascular function in the adult. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that estrogen promotes fetal microvessel development and thus vascular function and insulin sensitivity in offspring. Capillary/myofiber ratio was decreased 75% (P < 0.05) in skeletal muscle, a major insulin target tissue, of fetal baboons in which estradiol levels were depleted by administration of aromatase inhibitor letrozole. This was sustained after birth, resulting in a 50% reduction (P < 0.01) in microvessel expansion; 65% decrease (P < 0.01) in arterial flow-mediated dilation, indicative of vascular endothelial dysfunction; and 35% increase (P < 0.01) in blood pressure in offspring from estrogen-deprived baboons, changes prevented by letrozole and estradiol administration. Along with vascular dysfunction, peak insulin and glucose levels during a glucose tolerance test were greater (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance 2-fold higher (P < 0.01) in offspring of letrozole-treated than untreated animals, indicative of insulin resistance. This study makes the novel discovery that estrogen promotes microvascularization in the fetus and thus normal vascular development and function required for eliciting insulin sensitivity in offspring and that placental hormonal secretions, independent from improper fetal growth, are an important determinant of risk of developing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Albrecht
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Eugene Albrecht, PhD, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Laboratories 11-045A, 655 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Graham W Aberdeen
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery S Babischkin
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Terrie J Lynch
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Irene A Baranyk
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald J Pepe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3193-3279. [PMID: 35578962 PMCID: PMC9186317 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193-3279, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Margaret B. Bell
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Drummer
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara A. Harper
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy S. McAdam
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samia M. O’Bryan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Roberts
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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16
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Guan Y, Yan Z. Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise and Healthspan. Cells 2022; 11:872. [PMID: 35269492 PMCID: PMC8909156 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthspan is the period of our life without major debilitating diseases. In the modern world where unhealthy lifestyle choices and chronic diseases taper the healthspan, which lead to an enormous economic burden, finding ways to promote healthspan becomes a pressing goal of the scientific community. Exercise, one of humanity's most ancient and effective lifestyle interventions, appears to be at the center of the solution since it can both treat and prevent the occurrence of many chronic diseases. Here, we will review the current evidence and opinions about regular exercise promoting healthspan through enhancing the functionality of our organ systems and preventing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Li S, Li S, Wang L, Quan H, Yu W, Li T, Li W. The Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise on Angiogenesis-Related Factors in Skeletal Muscle Among Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:814965. [PMID: 35250618 PMCID: PMC8892188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.814965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBlood flow restriction (BFR) exercise may be a potential exercise program to promote angiogenesis. This review aims to compare the effects of exercise with and without BFR on angiogenesis-related factors in skeletal muscle among healthy adults.MethodologySearches were made in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCO databases from January 2001 to June 2021. Studies were screened, quality was evaluated, and data were extracted. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021261367). Standardized mean differences (SMD) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγcoactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were analyzed using Revman 5.4 software with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI).ResultsTen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a total of 75 participants for BFR group and 77 for CON group. BFR exercise elicits greater expression of VEGF (heterogeneity test, P = 0.09, I2 = 44%; SMD, 0.93 [0.38, 1.48], P < 0.05), VEGFR-2 (heterogeneity test, P = 0.81, I2 = 0%; SMD, 0.64 [0.08, 1.21], P < 0.05), HIF-1α (heterogeneity test, P = 0.67, I2 = 0%; SMD, 0.43 [0.03, 0.82], P < 0.05), PGC-1α (heterogeneity test, P = 0.02, I2 = 54%; SMD, 0.74 [0.21, 1.28], P < 0.05) and eNOS (heterogeneity test, P = 0.88, I2 = 0%; SMD, 0.60 [0.04, 1.17], P < 0.05) mRNA than non-BFR exercise. In the sub-group analysis, resistance exercise with BFR elicits greater expression of VEGF (heterogeneity test, P = 0.36, I2 = 6%; SMD, 1.66 [0.97, 2.35], P < 0.05) and HIF-1α (heterogeneity test, P = 0.56, I2 = 0%; SMD, 0.51 [0.01, 1.02], P < 0.05) mRNA than aerobic exercise with BFR.ConclusionExercise with BFR elicited more angiogenesis-related factors mRNA expression than exercise without BFR, but not VEGF and PGC-1α protein expression. Therefore, BFR training may be a potential training program to improve vascular function.Systematic Review Registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42021261367].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoqi Li
- School of Health Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Institute of Sports Human Science, Ocean University of China, Shandong, China
| | - Shiming Li
- Institute of Sports Human Science, Ocean University of China, Shandong, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Helong Quan
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenbing Yu
- Institute of Sports Human Science, Ocean University of China, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
- Ting Li,
| | - Wei Li
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Li,
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18
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Tanaka M, Kanazashi M, Kondo H, Fujino H. Time course of capillary regression and an expression balance between vascular endothelial growth factor-A and thrombospondin-1 in the soleus muscle of hindlimb unloaded rats. Muscle Nerve 2021; 65:350-360. [PMID: 34957570 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Skeletal muscle capillaries regress with disuse; however, information on time-dependent changes in the expression of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors in disused muscle is limited. This study aimed to clarify time-dependent changes in skeletal muscle capillarization, pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), and anti-angiogenic thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in the soleus muscle of hindlimb unloaded rat. METHODS Eight-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups corresponding to different hindlimb unloading (HU) duration at 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks. RESULTS Muscle atrophy and capillary regression worsened in the soleus muscle with longer periods of HU. The VEGF-A protein expression level was lower at week 1 than at week 0. In addition, the value at week 3 was also lower than those at weeks 0, 1, and 2. The TSP-1 protein expression level was higher at week 1 than that at week 0 but was similar at weeks 2 and 3. Moreover, reactive oxygen species, assessed by dihydroethidium fluorescence intensity on cryosection, were higher at weeks 2 and 3 than that at week 0. DISCUSSION Depending on the HU period, VEGF-A and TSP-1 showed different expression patterns. In the early HU phase, TSP-1 may play an important role in capillary regression. However, when HU extends for a longer period, decreased VEGF-A, and/or increased oxidative stress may be more involved in capillary regression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tanaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama Healthcare Professional University, 3-2-18 Daiku, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Miho Kanazashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Mihara-shi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Kondo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya, 4-21 Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
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19
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Lemieux P, Birot O. Altitude, Exercise, and Skeletal Muscle Angio-Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia: A Complex Story. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735557. [PMID: 34552509 PMCID: PMC8450406 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, defined as a reduced oxygen availability, can be observed in many tissues in response to various physiological and pathological conditions. As a hallmark of the altitude environment, ambient hypoxia results from a drop in the oxygen pressure in the atmosphere with elevation. A hypoxic stress can also occur at the cellular level when the oxygen supply through the local microcirculation cannot match the cells’ metabolic needs. This has been suggested in contracting skeletal myofibers during physical exercise. Regardless of its origin, ambient or exercise-induced, muscle hypoxia triggers complex angio-adaptive responses in the skeletal muscle tissue. These can result in the expression of a plethora of angio-adaptive molecules, ultimately leading to the growth, stabilization, or regression of muscle capillaries. This remarkable plasticity of the capillary network is referred to as angio-adaptation. It can alter the capillary-to-myofiber interface, which represent an important determinant of skeletal muscle function. These angio-adaptive molecules can also be released in the circulation as myokines to act on distant tissues. This review addresses the respective and combined potency of ambient hypoxia and exercise to generate a cellular hypoxic stress in skeletal muscle. The major skeletal muscle angio-adaptive responses to hypoxia so far described in this context will be discussed, including existing controversies in the field. Finally, this review will highlight the molecular complexity of the skeletal muscle angio-adaptive response to hypoxia and identify current gaps of knowledges in this field of exercise and environmental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lemieux
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Birot
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Gliemann L, Rytter N, Jørgensen TS, Piil P, Carter H, Nyberg M, Grassi M, Daumer M, Hellsten Y. The Impact of Lower Limb Immobilization and Rehabilitation on Angiogenic Proteins and Capillarization in Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1797-1806. [PMID: 33787530 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skeletal muscle vascularization is important for tissue regeneration after injury and immobilization. We examined whether complete immobilization influences capillarization and oxygen delivery to the muscle and assessed the efficacy of rehabilitation by aerobic exercise training. METHODS Young healthy males had one leg immobilized for 14 d and subsequently completed 4 wk of intense aerobic exercise training. Biopsies were obtained from musculus vastus lateralis, and arteriovenous blood sampling for assessment of oxygen extraction and leg blood flow during exercise was done before and after immobilization and training. Muscle capillarization, muscle and platelet content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and muscle thrombospondin-1 were determined. RESULTS Immobilization did not have a significant impact on capillary per fiber ratio or capillary density. The content of VEGF protein in muscle samples was reduced by 36% (P = 0.024), and VEGF to thrombospondin-1 ratio was 94% lower (P = 0.046). The subsequent 4-wk training period increased the muscle VEGF content and normalized the muscle VEGF to thrombospondin-1 ratio but did not influence capillarization. Platelet VEGF content followed the trend of muscle VEGF. At the functional level, oxygen extraction, blood flow, and oxygen delivery at rest and during submaximal exercise were not affected by immobilization or training. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that just 2 wk of leg immobilization leads to a strongly reduced angiogenic potential as evidenced by reduced muscle and platelet VEGF content and a reduced muscle VEGF to thrombospondin-1 ratio. Moreover, a subsequent period of intensive aerobic exercise training fails to increase capillarization in the previously immobilized leg, possibly because of the angiostatic condition caused by immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Nicolai Rytter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Tue Smith Jørgensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Peter Piil
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Howard Carter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Marcello Grassi
- Technical University of Munich, Germany. Sylvia Lawry Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Munich, GERMANY
| | - Martin Daumer
- Technical University of Munich, Germany. Sylvia Lawry Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Munich, GERMANY
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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21
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Pérez-Gómez J, Rytter N, Mandrup C, Egelund J, Stallknecht B, Nyberg M, Hellsten Y. Menopausal transition does not influence skeletal muscle capillary growth in response to cycle training in women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:369-375. [PMID: 34080923 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00122.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the menopausal transition, with a consequent loss of estrogen, on capillary growth in response to exercise training remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a period of intense endurance training on skeletal muscle angiogenesis in late premenopausal and recent postmenopausal women with an age difference of <4 yr. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from the thigh muscle before and after 12 wk of intense aerobic cycle training and analyzed for capillarization, fiber-type distribution, and content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). At baseline, there was no difference in capillary per fiber ratio (C:F; 1.41 ± 0.22 vs. 1.40 ± 0.30), capillary density (CD; 305 ± 61 vs. 336 ± 52 mm2), muscle fiber area (MFA; 4,889 ± 1,868 vs. 4,195 ± 749), or distribution of muscle fiber type I (47.3% ± 10.1% vs. 49.3% ± 15.1%), between the pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively. There was a main effect of training on the C:F ratio (+9.2% and +12.1%, for the pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively) and the CD (+6.9% and +8.9%, for the pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively). MFA and fiber-type distribution were unaltered by training. Skeletal muscle VEGF protein content was similar between groups at baseline, and there was a main effect of training (+21.1% and +27.2%, for the pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively). In conclusion, the loss of estrogen per se at menopause does not influence the capillary growth response to intense aerobic exercise training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We evaluated the effect of 12 wk of intense aerobic exercise training on skeletal muscle angiogenesis in late pre- and recent postmenopausal women, with <4 yr of age difference. There was a main effect of training on capillary per fiber ratio, capillary density, and muscle VEGF protein content, with no difference between groups. It is concluded that the loss of estrogen per se at menopause does not influence the capillary growth response to intense aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nicolai Rytter
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Mandrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Egelund
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Evans WS, Blumenthal JB, Heilman JM, Ryan AS, Prior SJ. Effects of exercise training with weight loss on skeletal muscle expression of angiogenic factors in overweight and obese older men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:56-63. [PMID: 34013746 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00084.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Low skeletal muscle capillarization is associated with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); however, aerobic exercise training with weight loss (AEX + WL) increases skeletal muscle capillarization and improves glucose tolerance in adults with IGT. Given that the expression of angiogenic growth factors mediates skeletal muscle capillarization, we sought to determine whether angiogenic growth factor levels are associated with low capillarization in those with IGT versus normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or to the benefits of AEX + WL in both groups. Sixteen overweight or obese men 50-75 yr of age completed 6 mo of AEX + WL with oral glucose tolerance tests and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies for measurement of muscle vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1 (sFlt-1), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). At baseline, all growth factor levels were numerically lower in IGT than NGT, but these did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06-0.33). Following AEX + WL, aerobic capacity [maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max)] increased by 16%, whereas body weight and 120-min postprandial glucose levels decreased by 10% and 15%, respectively (P ≤ 0.001 for all). There was a main effect of AEX + WL to increase VEGF (0.095 ± 0.016 vs. 0.114 ± 0.018 ng/µg, P < 0.05), PlGF (0.004 ± 0.001 vs. 0.005 ± 0.001 ng/µg, P < 0.05), and sFlt-1 (0.216 ± 0.029 vs. 0.264 ± 0.036 ng/µg, P < 0.01), with overall increases driven by the IGT group. These results suggest that 6 mo of AEX + WL increases skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor levels in obese older adults with IGT and NGT, which may contribute to our previous findings that AEX + WL increases capillarization to improve glucose tolerance in those with IGT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skeletal muscle capillarization is lower in adults with impaired glucose tolerance than normal controls. This may, in part, be attributable to differential expression of angiogenic growth factors in skeletal muscle. Using a 6-mo aerobic exercise intervention with ∼10% body weight loss (AEX + WL), we show that the expression of angiogenic growth factors tends to be lower in adults with impaired glucose tolerance compared with normal controls and that AEX + WL increased expression of angiogenic growth factors in all participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jacob B Blumenthal
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James M Heilman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Alice S Ryan
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research and Development Service, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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23
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Gliemann L, Rytter N, Yujia L, Tamariz-Ellemann A, Carter H, Hellsten Y. A High Activity Level Is Required for Augmented Muscle Capillarization in Older Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:894-903. [PMID: 33844669 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the influence of lifelong regular physical activity on skeletal muscle capillarization in women. METHODS Postmenopausal women, 61±4 yr old, were divided according to self-reported physical activity level over the past 20 yrs: sedentary (SED; n = 14), moderately active (MOD; n = 12), and very active (VERY; n = 15). Leg blood flow (LBF) was determined by ultrasound Doppler, and blood samples were drawn from the femoral artery and vein for calculation of leg oxygen uptake (LVO2) at rest and during one-legged knee extensor exercise. A skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis and analyzed for capillarization and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mitochondrial OXPHOS proteins. Platelets were isolated from venous blood and analyzed for VEGF content and effect on endothelial cell proliferation. RESULTS The exercise-induced rise in LBF and LVO2 was faster (P = 0.008) in VERY compared with SED and MOD. Steady-state LBF and LVO2 were lower (P < 0.04) in MOD and VERY compared with SED. Capillary-fiber ratio and capillary density were greater (P < 0.03) in VERY (1.65 ± 0.48 and 409.3 ± 57.5) compared with MOD (1.30 ± 0.19 and 365.0 ± 40.2) and SED (1.30 ± 0.30 and 356.2 ± 66.3). Skeletal muscle VEGF and OXPHOS complexes I, II, and V were ~1.6-fold and ~1.25-fold (P < 0.01) higher, respectively, in VERY compared with SED. Platelets from all groups induced an approximately nine-fold (P < 0.001) increase in endothelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSION A very active lifestyle is associated with superior skeletal muscle exercise hemodynamics and greater potential for oxygen extraction concurrent with a higher skeletal muscle capillarization and mitochondrial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Nicolai Rytter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | | | | | - Howard Carter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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24
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Maasar MF, Turner DC, Gorski PP, Seaborne RA, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Cocks M, Pillon NJ, Zierath JR, Hulton AT, Drust B, Sharples AP. The Comparative Methylome and Transcriptome After Change of Direction Compared to Straight Line Running Exercise in Human Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2021; 12:619447. [PMID: 33679435 PMCID: PMC7933519 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.619447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylome and transcriptome signatures following exercise that are physiologically and metabolically relevant to sporting contexts such as team sports or health prescription scenarios (e.g., high intensity interval training/HIIT) has not been investigated. To explore this, we performed two different sport/exercise relevant high-intensity running protocols in five male sport team members using a repeated measures design of: (1) change of direction (COD) versus; (2) straight line (ST) running exercise with a wash-out period of at least 2 weeks between trials. Skeletal muscle biopsies collected from the vastus lateralis 30 min and 24 h post exercise, were assayed using 850K methylation arrays and a comparative analysis with recent (subject-unmatched) sprint and acute aerobic exercise meta-analysis transcriptomes was performed. Despite COD and ST exercise being matched for classically defined intensity measures (speed × distance and number of accelerations/decelerations), COD exercise elicited greater movement (GPS-Playerload), physiological (HR), metabolic (lactate) as well as central and peripheral (differential RPE) exertion measures compared with ST exercise, suggesting COD exercise evoked a higher exercise intensity. The exercise response alone across both conditions evoked extensive alterations in the methylome 30 min and 24 h post exercise, particularly in MAPK, AMPK and axon guidance pathways. COD evoked a considerably greater hypomethylated signature across the genome compared with ST exercise, particularly at 30 min post exercise, enriched in: Protein binding, MAPK, AMPK, insulin, and axon guidance pathways. Comparative methylome analysis with sprint running transcriptomes identified considerable overlap, with 49% of genes that were altered at the expression level also differentially methylated after COD exercise. After differential methylated region analysis, we observed that VEGFA and its downstream nuclear transcription factor, NR4A1 had enriched hypomethylation within their promoter regions. VEGFA and NR4A1 were also significantly upregulated in the sprint transcriptome and meta-analysis of exercise transcriptomes. We also confirmed increased gene expression of VEGFA, and considerably larger increases in the expression of canonical metabolic genes PPARGC1A (that encodes PGC1-α) and NR4A3 in COD vs. ST exercise. Overall, we demonstrate that increased physiological/metabolic load via COD exercise in human skeletal muscle evokes considerable epigenetic modifications that are associated with changes in expression of genes responsible for adaptation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd-Firdaus Maasar
- Stem Cells, Aging and Molecular Physiology Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C Turner
- Stem Cells, Aging and Molecular Physiology Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr P Gorski
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.,Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert A Seaborne
- Stem Cells, Aging and Molecular Physiology Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juliette A Strauss
- Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Cocks
- Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew T Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Kon M, Ikeda T, Homma T, Suzuki Y. Responses of Angiogenic Regulators to Resistance Exercise Under Systemic Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:436-441. [PMID: 30199444 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kon, M, Ikeda, T, Homma, T, and Suzuki, Y. Responses of angiogenic regulators to resistance exercise under systemic hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 436-441, 2021-Resistance exercise and hypoxia powerfully affect the secretions of angiogenic regulators. However, the effects of resistance exercise under acute systemic hypoxia on circulating levels of angiogenic regulators are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of resistance exercise under systemic hypoxia on angiogenic regulator responses. Twelve healthy male subjects completed 2 experimental trials: (a) resistance exercise under normoxia (NRE), and (b) resistance exercise under systemic hypoxia (13% oxygen) (HRE) using a hypoxic generator. The subjects performed 2 consecutive resistance exercises (bench press and bilateral leg press), consisting of 5 sets with 10 repetitions at 70% of 1 repetition maximum with a 1-minute rest between sets. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and endostatin concentrations were measured before exercise (and before exposure to hypoxia in the HRE trial) and at 0, 15, and 30 minutes after the resistance exercises. In both trials, serum VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, and endostatin concentrations significantly increased after the exercises compared with preexercise values (p < 0.05). At 0 minutes after exercise, the percentage change in VEGF concentration was significantly higher in the HRE trial compared with that in the NRE trial (p < 0.05). However, the exercise-induced changes in MMP-2, MMP-9, and endostatin concentrations did not differ between trials. The present results demonstrate that acute systemic hypoxia induces a greater resistance exercise-induced VEGF response, suggesting that hypoxia plays an important role in increasing the VEGF response to a bout of resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Ikeda
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan ; and
| | - Toshiyuki Homma
- Faculty of Sports & Health Science, Department of Sports Science, Daito Bunka University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan ; and
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26
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Ferguson RA, Mitchell EA, Taylor CW, Bishop DJ, Christiansen D. Blood-flow-restricted exercise: Strategies for enhancing muscle adaptation and performance in the endurance-trained athlete. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:837-860. [PMID: 33486814 DOI: 10.1113/ep089280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise represents a potential approach to augment the adaptive response to training and improve performance in endurance-trained individuals. What advances does it highlight? When combined with low-load resistance exercise, low- and moderate-intensity endurance exercise and sprint interval exercise, BFR can provide an augmented acute stimulus for angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. These augmented acute responses can translate into enhanced capillary supply and mitochondrial function, and subsequent endurance-type performance, although this might depend on the nature of the exercise stimulus. There is a requirement to clarify whether BFR training interventions can be used by high-performance endurance athletes within their structured training programme. ABSTRACT A key objective of the training programme for an endurance athlete is to optimize the underlying physiological determinants of performance. Training-induced adaptations are governed by physiological and metabolic stressors, which initiate transcriptional and translational signalling cascades to increase the abundance and/or function of proteins to improve physiological function. One important consideration is that training adaptations are reduced as training status increases, which is reflected at the molecular level as a blunting of the acute signalling response to exercise. This review examines blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise as a strategy for augmenting exercise-induced stressors and subsequent molecular signalling responses to enhance the physiological characteristics of the endurance athlete. Focus is placed on the processes of capillary growth and mitochondrial biogenesis. Recent evidence supports that BFR exercise presents an intensified training stimulus beyond that of performing the same exercise alone. We suggest that this has the potential to induce enhanced physiological adaptations, including increases in capillary supply and mitochondrial function, which can contribute to an improvement in performance of endurance exercise. There is, however, a lack of consensus regarding the potency of BFR training, which is invariably attributable to the different modes, intensities and durations of exercise and BFR methods. Further studies are needed to confirm its potential in the endurance-trained athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma A Mitchell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Conor W Taylor
- Ineos Grenadiers Cycling Team, Bollin House, Wilmslow, UK
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Christiansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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27
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Žarak M, Perović A, Njire Bratičević M, Šupraha Goreta S, Dumić J. Adaptive response triggered by the repeated SCUBA diving is reflected in cardiovascular, muscular, and immune biomarkers. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14691. [PMID: 33463896 PMCID: PMC7814492 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that one recreational SCUBA (rSCUBA) diving session is sufficient to cause changes in plasma level of cardiovascular (CV) and muscular biomarkers. To explore whether repetitive rSCUBA diving triggers an adaptive response of the CV, muscular, and immune system, we measured the cardiac damage (NT-proBNP, hs-TnI, and CK-MB), muscle damage (myoglobin (Mb), galectin-3, CK, and LDH), vascular endothelial activation (ET-1 and VEGF), and inflammatory (leukocyte count (Lkc), CRP, and IL-6) biomarkers. A longitudinal intervention study included divers (N = 14) who conducted one dive per week over 5 weeks at the depth of 20-30 m for 30 min after a non-dive period of 5 months. The blood samples were collected before and after the first, third, and fifth dives and specific biomarkers were measured in plasma or serum by the standard laboratory methods. The concentrations of the majority of measured biomarkers increased after every single dive; the exception was ET-1 concentration that decreased. The cumulative effect of five dives has been reflected in diminishing changes in hs-TnI, Mb, galectin-3, ET-1, VEGF, and IL-6 levels, and more pronounced increases in NT-proBNP and hs-CRP levels. The median values of all measured biomarkers in all time points, except Mb, remained within the corresponding reference range. Repeatedly performed rSCUBA diving activates an adaptive response of the CV, muscular, and immune system that is reflected in changes in the specific biomarker concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Žarak
- Clinical Department of Laboratory DiagnosticsDubrava University HospitalZagrebCroatia
| | - Antonija Perović
- Department of Laboratory DiagnosticsDubrovnik General HospitalDubrovnikCroatia
| | | | - Sandra Šupraha Goreta
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Jerka Dumić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
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28
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Jiang F, Yu S, Su H, Zhu S. Assessment of the effects of ischaemia/ hypoxia on angiogenesis in rat myofascial trigger points using colour Doppler flow imaging. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10481. [PMID: 33354428 PMCID: PMC7733329 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common non-articular disorder of the musculoskeletal system that is characterized by the presence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). Despite the high prevalence of MPS, its pathogenesis, which induces the onset and maintenance of MTrPs, is still not completely understood. To date, no studies have investigated the changes in the biochemical milieu caused by ischaemia/hypoxia in the MTrP regions of muscle that are proposed in the integrated hypothesis. Therefore, this study investigated whether ischaemic/hypoxic conditions participate in the formation of active MTrPs and affect angiogenesis using colour Doppler flow imaging (CDFI). Methods Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a model group and a normal control group. A model of active MTrPs was established by a blunt strike combined with eccentric exercise. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were employed to detect the levels of HIF-1α and VEGF. Microvessel density (MVD) was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. CDFI was applied to observe the blood flow signals in the MTrPs, which were classified into four grades based on their strengths. Results Compared with the control group, the active MTrP group exhibited significantly higher HIF-1α and VEGF levels and MVD values. These differences were accompanied by increased blood flow signals. In the active MTrP group, the blood flow signal grade was positively correlated with the MVD (P < 0.05) and independently correlated with the VEGF level (P < 0.05) but was not correlated with the expression of HIF-1α (P > 0.05). Conclusion Ischaemic/hypoxic conditions may be involved in the formation of MTrPs. CDFI is useful for detection of the features of angiogenesis in or surrounding MTrPs via assessment of blood flow signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Jiang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuangcheng Yu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiqing Su
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shangyong Zhu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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29
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Effect of Age and Acute Exercise on Circulating Angioregulatory Factors. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 29:423-430. [PMID: 33091872 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The balance of angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiostatic factors, like thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and endostatin, controls striated muscle angiogenic responses to exercise training. The effect of age on circulating levels of these factors following a bout of exercise is unclear. The authors hypothesized that older adults would have lower circulating VEGF but higher TSP-1 and endostatin after exercise compared with young adults. Ten young and nine older participants cycled for 45 min at 60% estimated HRmax. Serum [VEGF], [TSP-1], and [endostatin] obtained before (PREX), immediately after (POSTX0), and 3 hr after (POSTX3) exercise were analyzed. [VEGF] increased in older adults only from PREX to POSTX0 (p < .05). [TSP-1] increased in both age groups (p < .05). There was no effect of age or exercise on [endostatin]. In conclusion, immediately after exercise, both groups had a similar increase in [TSP-1], but [VEGF] increased in older adults only.
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30
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Olsen LN, Hoier B, Hansen CV, Leinum M, Carter HH, Jorgensen TS, Bangsbo J, Hellsten Y. Angiogenic potential is reduced in skeletal muscle of aged women. J Physiol 2020; 598:5149-5164. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. Hoier
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. V. Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Leinum
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H. H. Carter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- School of Human Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - T. S. Jorgensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Herlev Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Y. Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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31
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Hoier B, Olsen K, Hanskov DJA, Jorgensen M, Norup LR, Hellsten Y. Early time course of change in angiogenic proteins in human skeletal muscle and vascular cells with endurance training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1117-1131. [PMID: 32246511 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenic, mitochondrial, and related transcriptional proteins were assessed in human skeletal muscle and isolated vascular cells during the early phase of endurance training. Thigh muscle biopsies were obtained in healthy young subjects, after one acute bout (n = 9) and after 3, 5, 7, and 14 days (n = 9) of cycle ergometer training. Whole muscle homogenates were analyzed for angiogenic, mitochondrial, and regulatory mRNA and protein levels. Angiogenic proteins were determined in muscle-derived endothelial cells and pericytes sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Acute exercise induced an increase in whole muscle mRNA of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (4.5-fold; P = .002) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (2.4-fold; P = .001) at 2 hours post. After 14 days of training, there was an increase in CD31 protein (63%; P = .010) in whole muscle indicating capillary growth. There was also an increase in muscle VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) (1.5-fold; P = .013), in OXPHOS proteins (complex I, II, IV, V; 1.4- to 1.9-fold; P < .05) after 14 days of training and an increase in estrogen-related receptorα protein (1.5-fold; P = .039) at 14 days compared to 5 days of training. Both endothelial cells and pericytes expressed VEGF and other angiogenic factors at the protein level but with a distinctively lower expression of VEGFR2 and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in pericytes. The findings illustrate that initiation of capillary and mitochondrial adaptations occurs within 14 days of training and suggest that sustained changes in angiogenic proteins including VEGF and TSP-1 are moderate in whole muscle and vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Hoier
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Olsen
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte J A Hanskov
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Jorgensen
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liselotte R Norup
- Core Facility for Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Integrative Physiology Section, Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Valle-Tenney R, Rebolledo D, Acuña MJ, Brandan E. HIF-hypoxia signaling in skeletal muscle physiology and fibrosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:147-158. [PMID: 32088838 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia refers to the decrease in oxygen tension in the tissues, and the central effector of the hypoxic response is the transcription factor Hypoxia-Inducible Factor α (HIF1-α). Transient hypoxia in acute events, such as exercising or regeneration after damage, play an important role in skeletal muscle physiology and homeostasis. However, sustained activation of hypoxic signaling is a feature of skeletal muscle injury and disease, which can be a consequence of chronic damage but can also increase the severity of the pathology and worsen its outcome. Here, we review evidence that supports the idea that hypoxia and HIF-1α can contribute to the establishment of fibrosis in skeletal muscle through its crosstalk with other profibrotic factors, such as Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), the induction of profibrotic cytokines expression, as is the case of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2), or being the target of the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Valle-Tenney
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, CARE Chile UC, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Rebolledo
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, CARE Chile UC, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Acuña
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, CARE Chile UC, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, CARE Chile UC, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile. .,Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Pterostilbene Enhances Endurance Capacity via Promoting Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Exercise Training in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010186. [PMID: 31906449 PMCID: PMC6982856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that skeletal muscle adaptions, including muscle fibers transition, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis are involved in the regular exercise-induced improvement of endurance capacity and metabolic status. Herein, we investigated the effects of pterostilbene (PST) supplementation on skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise training in rats. Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sedentary control group (Sed), an exercise training group (Ex), and exercise training combined with 50 mg/kg PST (Ex + PST) treatment group. After 4 weeks of intervention, an exhaustive running test was performed, and muscle fiber type transformation, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial content in the soleus muscle were measured. Additionally, the effects of PST on muscle fiber transformation, paracrine regulation of angiogenesis, and mitochondrial function were tested in vitro using C2C12 myotubes. In vivo study showed that exercise training resulted in significant increases in time-to-exhaustion, the proportion of slow-twitch fibers, muscular angiogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis in rats, and these effects induced by exercise training could be augmented by PST supplementation. Moreover, the in vitro study showed that PST treatment remarkably promoted slow-twitch fibers formation, angiogenic factor expression, and mitochondrial function in C2C12 myotubes. Collectively, our results suggest that PST promotes skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise training thereby enhancing the endurance capacity.
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Gorski T, De Bock K. Metabolic regulation of exercise-induced angiogenesis. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 1:H1-H8. [PMID: 32923947 PMCID: PMC7439921 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle relies on an ingenious network of blood vessels, which ensures optimal oxygen and nutrient supply. An increase in muscle vascularization is an early adaptive event to exercise training, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying exercise-induced blood vessel formation are not completely clear. In this review, we provide a concise overview on how exercise-induced alterations in muscle metabolism can evoke metabolic changes in endothelial cells (ECs) that drive muscle angiogenesis. In skeletal muscle, angiogenesis can occur via sprouting and splitting angiogenesis and is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. In the resting muscle, VEGF levels are controlled by the estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ). Upon exercise, the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) orchestrates several adaptations to endurance exercise within muscle fibers and simultaneously promotes transcriptional activation of Vegf expression and increased muscle capillary density. While ECs are highly glycolytic and change their metabolism during sprouting angiogenesis in development and disease, a similar role for EC metabolism in exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle remains to be elucidated. Nonetheless, recent studies have illustrated the importance of endothelial hydrogen sulfide and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity for exercise-induced angiogenesis, suggesting that EC metabolic reprogramming may be fundamental in this process. We hypothesize that the exercise-induced angiogenic response can also be modulated by metabolic crosstalk between muscle and the endothelium. Defining the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for skeletal muscle angiogenesis in response to exercise will yield valuable insight into metabolic regulation as well as the determinants of exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Gorski
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Aiken J, Mandel ER, Riddell MC, Birot O. Hyperglycaemia correlates with skeletal muscle capillary regression and is associated with alterations in the murine double minute-2/forkhead box O1/thrombospondin-1 pathway in type 1 diabetic BioBreeding rats. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:28-37. [PMID: 30360646 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118805928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes can have deleterious effects on skeletal muscle and its microvasculature. Our laboratory has recently identified murine double minute-2 as a master regulator of muscle microvasculature by controlling expression levels of two key molecular actors of the angio-adaptive process: the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor-A and the anti-angiogenic thrombospondin-1. Here, we show for the first time that in the soleus and plantaris muscles of the diabetes-prone BioBreeding rats, a rodent model of autoimmune type 1 diabetes, murine double minute-2 protein levels are significantly decreased, coinciding with elevated protein levels of thrombospondin-1 and its transcription factor forkhead box O1. Significant capillary regression was observed to similar extent in soleus and plantaris muscles of type 1 diabetic rats. Elevated blood glucose levels were correlated with the loss of capillaries, the reduction in murine double minute-2 expression and with the elevations in thrombospondin-1. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A protein levels were unaltered or even increased in diabetic animals, yet type 1 diabetic animals had less vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 abundance. The vascular endothelial growth factor-A/thrombospondin-1 ratio, a good indicator of skeletal muscle angio-adaptive environment, was decreased in type 1 diabetic muscle. Our results suggest that the murine double minute-2-forkhead box O1-thrombospondin-1 pathway plays an important role in angio-regulation of the skeletal muscle in the pathophysiological context of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Aiken
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erin R Mandel
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael C Riddell
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Birot
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bates DO, Beazley-Long N, Benest AV, Ye X, Ved N, Hulse RP, Barratt S, Machado MJ, Donaldson LF, Harper SJ, Peiris-Pages M, Tortonese DJ, Oltean S, Foster RR. Physiological Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors as Homeostatic Regulators. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:955-979. [PMID: 29978898 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of proteins are key regulators of physiological systems. Originally linked with endothelial function, they have since become understood to be principal regulators of multiple tissues, both through their actions on vascular cells, but also through direct actions on other tissue types, including epithelial cells, neurons, and the immune system. The complexity of the five members of the gene family in terms of their different splice isoforms, differential translation, and specific localizations have enabled tissues to use these potent signaling molecules to control how they function to maintain their environment. This homeostatic function of VEGFs has been less intensely studied than their involvement in disease processes, development, and reproduction, but they still play a substantial and significant role in healthy control of blood volume and pressure, interstitial volume and drainage, renal and lung function, immunity, and signal processing in the peripheral and central nervous system. The widespread expression of VEGFs in healthy adult tissues, and the disturbances seen when VEGF signaling is inhibited support this view of the proteins as endogenous regulators of normal physiological function. This review summarizes the evidence and recent breakthroughs in understanding of the physiology that is regulated by VEGF, with emphasis on the role they play in maintaining homeostasis. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:955-979, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew V Benest
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xi Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Ved
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Hulse
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shaney Barratt
- Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria J Machado
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy F Donaldson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Harper
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Peiris-Pages
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Domingo J Tortonese
- Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Ferguson RA, Hunt JEA, Lewis MP, Martin NRW, Player DJ, Stangier C, Taylor CW, Turner MC. The acute angiogenic signalling response to low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:397-406. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1422281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Julie E. A. Hunt
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Mark P. Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Neil R. W. Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Darren J. Player
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Carolin Stangier
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Conor W. Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark C. Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Mortensen SP, Egginton S, Madsen M, Hansen JB, Munch GDW, Iepsen UW, Åkerström T, Pedersen BK, Hellsten Y. Alpha adrenergic receptor blockade increases capillarization and fractional O 2 extraction and lowers blood flow in contracting human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 221:32-43. [PMID: 28199786 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of elevated basal shear stress on angiogenesis in humans and the role of enhanced skeletal muscle capillarization on blood flow and O2 extraction. METHODS Limb haemodynamics and O2 extraction were measured at rest and during one-leg knee-extensor exercise (12 and 24 W) in 10 healthy untrained young men before and after 4-week treatment with an α1 receptor-antagonist (Terazosin, 1-2 mg day-1 ). Corresponding biopsies were taken from the m. vastus lateralis. RESULTS Resting leg blood flow was increased by 57% 6 h following Terazosin treatment (P < 0.05), while basal capillary-to-fibre ratio was 1.69 ± 0.08 and increased to 1.90 ± 0.08 after treatment (P < 0.05). Leg O2 extraction during knee-extensor exercise was higher (4-5%; P < 0.05), leg blood flow and venous lactate levels lower (6-7%; P < 0.05), while leg VO2 was not different after Terazosin treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that daily treatment with an α-adrenergic receptor blocker induces capillary growth in human skeletal muscle, likely due to increased shear stress. The increase in capillarization resulted in an increased fractional O2 extraction, a lower blood flow and venous lactate levels in the exercising leg. The increase in capillarization, and concomitant functional readouts in the exercising leg, may provide a basis for novel angiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Mortensen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research; Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - S. Egginton
- School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| | - M. Madsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. B. Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - G. D. W. Munch
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - U. W. Iepsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - T. Åkerström
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. K. Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Y. Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Baum O, Jentsch L, Odriozola A, Tschanz SA, Olfert IM. Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscles in Mice Lacking Muscle‐Specific VEGF Expression. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:2239-2249. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Baum
- Institute of Physiology, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin Germany
| | - Lena Jentsch
- Institute of Anatomy, University of BernBern Switzerland
| | | | | | - I. Mark Olfert
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Institute, Department of Exercise PhysiologyWest Virginia University School of MedicineMorgantown West Virginia
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Zanuso S, Sacchetti M, Sundberg CJ, Orlando G, Benvenuti P, Balducci S. Exercise in type 2 diabetes: genetic, metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations. A review of the evidence. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51:1533-1538. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Latroche C, Gitiaux C, Chrétien F, Desguerre I, Mounier R, Chazaud B. Skeletal Muscle Microvasculature: A Highly Dynamic Lifeline. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:417-27. [PMID: 26525341 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is highly irrigated by blood vessels. Beyond oxygen and nutrient supply, new vessel functions have been identified. This review presents vessel microanatomy and functions at tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Mechanisms of vessel plasticity are described during skeletal muscle development and acute regeneration, and in physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Latroche
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Gitiaux
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Desguerre
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- CGPhyMC, CNRS UMR5534, Villeurbanne, France; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France; CNRS 8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; CGPhyMC, CNRS UMR5534, Villeurbanne, France; and Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
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Aiken J, Birot O. The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A phosphorylates Murine Double Minute-2 on its Serine 166 via the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 and p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase in primary human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1548-54. [PMID: 27591897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Murine Double Minute-2 (Mdm2) has been identified as an essential regulator of skeletal muscle angiogenesis and the pro-angiogenic activity of endothelial cells. We have recently demonstrated that the pro-angiogenic Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) is a potent upstream regulator of Mdm2 phosphorylation on its Serine 166 (p-Ser166-Mdm2), a protein modification leading to an increase in endothelial cell migration. Here, we investigated the kinase signaling pathways that could be responsible for mediating VEGF-A-dependent Mdm2 phosphorylation. Incubation of primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells with recombinant VEGF-A for 15 min led to increased phosphorylation levels of VEGF-receptor-2, Mdm2, Akt, Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (p90RSK) proteins. In addition to being linked to VEGF-A signaling, Akt, ERK1/2 and p90RSK have been shown to potentially lead to Mdm2 phosphorylation. We therefore next analyzed which of these kinases could be responsible for VEGF-A-dependent Mdm2 phosphorylation on Serine 166 by using kinase-specific pharmacological inhibitors. Inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by UO126 entirely abrogated the response of p-Ser166-Mdm2 to VEGF-A treatment, while Akt phosphorylation inhibition by wortmannin led to further elevations in p-Ser166-Mdm2. p90RSK has been identified as a potential candidate downstream of ERK1/2 that could induce Mdm2 Ser166 phosphorylation. Two independent p90RSK inhibitors, FMK and BI-D1870, each led to an entire loss of p-Ser166-Mdm2 responsiveness to VEGF-A. Taken together, our results demonstrate that VEGF-A driven Mdm2 phosphorylation on Ser166 is dependent on the ERK1/2/p90RSK signaling pathway in primary human endothelial cells, furthering our understanding of the complex relationship between Mdm2 and VEGF-A in a physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Aiken
- Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Birot
- Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Skovgaard C, Brandt N, Pilegaard H, Bangsbo J. Combined speed endurance and endurance exercise amplify the exercise-induced PGC-1α and PDK4 mRNA response in trained human muscle. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/14/e12864. [PMID: 27456910 PMCID: PMC4962071 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mRNA response related to mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolism, angiogenesis, and myogenesis in trained human skeletal muscle to speed endurance exercise (S), endurance exercise (E), and speed endurance followed by endurance exercise (S + E). Seventeen trained male subjects (maximum oxygen uptake (VO2-max): 57.2 ± 3.7 (mean ± SD) mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed S (6 × 30 sec all-out), E (60 min ~60% VO2-max), and S + E on a cycle ergometer on separate occasions. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest and 1, 2, and 3 h after the speed endurance exercise (S and S + E) and at rest, 0, 1, and 2 h after exercise in E In S and S + E, muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1α) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) mRNA were higher (P < 0.05) 2 and 3 h after speed endurance exercise than at rest. Muscle PGC-1α and PDK4 mRNA levels were higher (P < 0.05) after exercise in S + E than in S and E, and higher (P < 0.05) in S than in E after exercise. In S and S + E, muscle vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was higher (P < 0.05) 1 (S only), 2 and 3 h after speed endurance exercise than at rest. In S + E, muscle regulatory factor-4 and muscle heme oxygenase-1 mRNA were higher (P < 0.05) 1, 2, and 3 h after speed endurance exercise than at rest. In S, muscle hexokinase II mRNA was higher (P < 0.05) 2 and 3 h after speed endurance exercise than at rest and higher (P < 0.05) than in E after exercise. These findings suggest that in trained subjects, speed endurance exercise provides a stimulus for muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, substrate regulation, and angiogenesis that is not evident with endurance exercise. These responses are reinforced when speed endurance exercise is followed by endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Skovgaard
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Team Danmark (Danish elite sports institution), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Brandt
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Grosman-Rimon L, Parkinson W, Upadhye S, Clarke H, Katz J, Flannery J, Peng P, Kumbhare D. Circulating biomarkers in acute myofascial pain: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4650. [PMID: 27631214 PMCID: PMC5402557 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to compare levels of circulating inflammatory biomarkers and growth factors between patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) and healthy control participants, and to assess the relationship among inflammatory markers and growth factors in the two groups.Biomarkers levels were assessed in patients (n = 37) with myofascial pain complaints recruited from the hospital emergency department and non-MPS controls (n = 21), recruited via advertisements in the hospital and community.Blood levels of the cytokines, namely, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-12 (IL-12), and the chemokine, namely, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), eotaxin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and macrophage inflammatory proteins-1β (MIP-1β) were significantly higher in patients with MPS than controls. The results of the growth factor analyses revealed significantly higher levels of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in MPS patients versus controls. The pattern of correlation coefficients between cytokines and growth factors differed considerably for MPS patients and controls with far fewer significant positive coefficients observed in the controls. Serum inflammatory and growth factor biomarkers were elevated in MPS patients.Inflammatory biomarkers and growth factor levels may play an important role in the onset and maintenance of MPS and therefore may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of MPS. Understanding the mechanisms of inflammation in MPS necessitates future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hance Clarke
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
| | - Joel Katz
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network
- Department of Psychology, York University
| | - John Flannery
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network
| | - Philip Peng
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Corresponding: Dinesh Kumbhare, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada (e-mail: )
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Zachwieja NJ, O'Connell GC, Stricker JC, Allen J, Vona-Davis L, Bryner R, Mandler W, Olfert IM. Loss of Adipocyte VEGF Impairs Endurance Exercise Capacity in Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2329-39. [PMID: 25785931 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in adipose tissue alters adipose vascularity and metabolic homeostasis. We hypothesized that this would also affect metabolic responses during exercise-induced stress and that adipocyte-specific VEGF-deficient (adipoVEGF-/-) mice would have impaired endurance capacity. METHODS Endurance exercise capacity in adipoVEGF-/- (n = 10) and littermate control (n = 11) mice was evaluated every 4 wk between 6 and 24 wk of age using a submaximal endurance run to exhaustion at 20 m·min(-1) at 10° incline. Maximal running speed, using incremental increases in speed at 30-s intervals, was tested at 25 and 37 wk of age. RESULTS White and brown adipose tissue capillarity were reduced by 40% in adipoVEGF-/-, and no difference in skeletal muscle capillarity was observed. Endurance run time to exhaustion was 30% lower in adipoVEGF-/- compared with that in controls at all time points (P < 0.001), but no difference in maximal running speed was observed between the groups. After exercise (1 h at 50% maximum running speed), adipoVEGF-/- mice displayed lower circulating insulin (P < 0.001), lower glycerol (P < 0.05), and tendency for lower blood glucose (P = 0.06) compared with controls. There was no evidence of altered oxidative damage or changes in carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1β expression in skeletal muscle of adipoVEGF-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that VEGF-mediated deficits in adipose tissue blunt the availability of lipid substrates during endurance exercise, which likely reduced endurance performance. Surprisingly, we also found an unchanged basal blood glucose despite lower circulating insulin in adipoVEGF-/- mice, suggesting that loss of adipocyte VEGF can blunt insulin release and/or increase basal insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Zachwieja
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; 2Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; 3Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; 4Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; 5Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; and 6Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
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Kuhlenhoelter AM, Kim K, Neff D, Nie Y, Blaize AN, Wong BJ, Kuang S, Stout J, Song Q, Gavin TP, Roseguini BT. Heat therapy promotes the expression of angiogenic regulators in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R377-91. [PMID: 27357800 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00134.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat therapy has been shown to promote capillary growth in skeletal muscle and in the heart in several animal models, but the effects of this therapy on angiogenic signaling in humans are unknown. We evaluated the acute effect of lower body heating (LBH) and unilateral thigh heating (TH) on the expression of angiogenic regulators and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in healthy young individuals. Exposure to LBH (n = 18) increased core temperature (Tc) from 36.9 ± 0.1 to 37.4 ± 0.1°C (P < 0.01) and average leg skin temperature (Tleg) from 33.1 ± 0.1 to 39.6 ± 0.1°C (P < 0.01), but did not alter the levels of circulating angiogenic cytokines and bone marrow-derived proangiogenic cells (CD34(+)CD133(+)). In skeletal muscle, the change in mRNA expression from baseline of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2), chemokines CCL2 and CX3CL1, platelet factor-4 (PF4), and several members of the HSP family was higher 30 min after the intervention in the individuals exposed to LBH (n = 11) compared with the control group (n = 12). LBH also reduced the expression of transcription factor FOXO1 (P = 0.03). Exposure to TH (n = 14) increased Tleg from 32.8 ± 0.2 to 40.3 ± 0.1°C (P < 0.05) but Tc remained unaltered (36.8 ± 0.1°C at baseline and 36.9 ± 0.1°C at 90 min). This intervention upregulated the expression of VEGF, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, CCL2, and HSPs in skeletal muscle but did not affect the levels of CX3CL1, FOXO-1, and PF4. These findings suggest that both LBH and TH increase the expression of factors associated with capillary growth in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Dustin Neff
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yaohui Nie
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - A Nicole Blaize
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Brett J Wong
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Julianne Stout
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Lafayette, West Lafayette, Indiana; and
| | - Qifan Song
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Timothy P Gavin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bruno T Roseguini
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana;
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Taylor CW, Ingham SA, Hunt JEA, Martin NRW, Pringle JSM, Ferguson RA. Exercise duration-matched interval and continuous sprint cycling induce similar increases in AMPK phosphorylation, PGC-1α and VEGF mRNA expression in trained individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1445-54. [PMID: 27251406 PMCID: PMC4943987 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The effects of low-volume interval and continuous ‘all-out’ cycling, matched for total exercise duration, on mitochondrial and angiogenic cell signalling was investigated in trained individuals. Methods In a repeated measures design, 8 trained males (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak, 57 ± 7 ml kg−1 min−1) performed two cycling exercise protocols; interval (INT, 4 × 30 s maximal sprints interspersed by 4 min passive recovery) or continuous (CON, 2 min continuous maximal sprint). Muscle biopsies were obtained before, immediately after and 3 h post-exercise. Results Total work was 53 % greater (P = 0.01) in INT compared to CON (71.2 ± 7.3 vs. 46.3 ± 2.7 kJ, respectively). Phosphorylation of AMPKThr172 increased by a similar magnitude (P = 0.347) immediately post INT and CON (1.6 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.3 fold, respectively; P = 0.011), before returning to resting values at 3 h post-exercise. mRNA expression of PGC-1α (7.1 ± 2.1 vs. 5.5 ± 1.8 fold; P = 0.007), VEGF (3.5 ± 1.2 vs. 4.3 ± 1.8 fold; P = 0.02) and HIF-1α (2.0 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 fold; P = 0.04) increased at 3 h post-exercise in response to INT and CON, respectively; the magnitude of which were not different between protocols. Conclusions Despite differences in total work done, low-volume INT and CON ‘all-out’ cycling, matched for exercise duration, provides a similar stimulus for the induction of mitochondrial and angiogenic cell signalling pathways in trained skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor W Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.,English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, 299 Alan Turing Way, Manchester, M11 3BS, UK
| | - Stephen A Ingham
- English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Julie E A Hunt
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7YW, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jamie S M Pringle
- English Institute of Sport, EIS Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.,British Athletics, National Performance Institute, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Olfert IM. Physiological Capillary Regression is not Dependent on Reducing VEGF Expression. Microcirculation 2016; 23:146-56. [PMID: 26660949 PMCID: PMC4744091 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Investigations into physiologically controlled capillary regression report the provocative finding that microvessel regression occurs in the face of persistent elevation of skeletal muscle VEGF expression. TSP-1, a negative angiogenic regulator, is increasingly being observed to temporally correlate with capillary regression, suggesting that increased TSP-1 (and not reduction in VEGF per se) is needed to initiate, and likely regulate, capillary regression. Based on evidence being gleaned from physiologically mediated regression of capillaries, it needs to be recognized that capillary regression (and perhaps capillary rarefaction with disease) is not simply the reversal of factors used to stimulate angiogenesis. Rather, the conceptual understanding that angiogenesis and capillary regression each have specific and unique requirements that are biologically constrained to opposite sides of the balance between positive and negative angioregulatory factors may shed light on why anti-VEGF therapies have not lived up to the promise in reversing angiogenesis and providing the cure that many had hoped toward fighting cancer. Emerging evidence from physiological controlled angiogenesis suggest that cases involving excessive or uncontrolled capillary expansion may be best treated by therapies designed to increase expression of negative angiogenic regulators, whereas those involving capillary rarefaction may benefit from inhibiting negative regulators (like TSP-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mark Olfert
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Abstract
Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accommodate the higher aerobic demands and perfusion levels, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries adapt in structure and number. The diameters of the larger conduit and resistance arteries are increased minimizing resistance to flow as the cardiac output is distributed in the body and the wall thickness of the conduit and resistance arteries is reduced, a factor contributing to increased arterial compliance. Endurance training may also induce alterations in the vasodilator capacity, although such adaptations are more pronounced in individuals with reduced vascular function. The microvascular net increases in size within the muscle allowing for an improved capacity for oxygen extraction by the muscle through a greater area for diffusion, a shorter diffusion distance, and a longer mean transit time for the erythrocyte to pass through the smallest blood vessels. The present article addresses the effect of endurance training on systemic and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations with a focus on humans, but also covers animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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50
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Olfert IM, Baum O, Hellsten Y, Egginton S. Advances and challenges in skeletal muscle angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H326-36. [PMID: 26608338 PMCID: PMC4796623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00635.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of capillaries is to serve as the interface for delivery of oxygen and removal of metabolites to/from tissues. During the past decade there has been a proliferation of studies that have advanced our understanding of angiogenesis, demonstrating that tissue capillary supply is under strict control during health but poorly controlled in disease, resulting in either excessive capillary growth (pathological angiogenesis) or losses in capillarity (rarefaction). Given that skeletal muscle comprises nearly 40% of body mass in humans, skeletal muscle capillary density has a significant impact on metabolism, endocrine function, and locomotion and is tightly regulated at many different levels. Skeletal muscle is also high adaptable and thus one of the few organ systems that can be experimentally manipulated (e.g., by exercise) to study physiological regulation of angiogenesis. This review will focus on the methodological concerns that have arisen in determining skeletal muscle capillarity and highlight the concepts that are reshaping our understanding of the angio-adaptation process. We also summarize selected new findings (physical influences, molecular changes, and ultrastructural rearrangement of capillaries) that identify areas of future research with the greatest potential to expand our understanding of how angiogenesis is normally regulated, and that may also help to better understand conditions of uncontrolled (pathological) angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mark Olfert
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;
| | - Oliver Baum
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Stuart Egginton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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