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Liu J, Wong SSC. Molecular Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Pathways of High-Fat Diets and Caloric Restriction Dietary Patterns on Pain. Anesth Analg 2023; 137:137-152. [PMID: 36729981 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pain perception provides evolutionary advantages by enhancing the probability of survival, but chronic pain continues to be a significant global health concern in modern society. Various factors are associated with pain alteration. Accumulating evidence has revealed that obesity correlates with enhanced pain perception, especially in chronic pain individuals. Existing dietary patterns related to obesity are primarily high-fat diets (HFD) and calorie restriction (CR) diets, which induce or alleviate obesity separately. HFD has been shown to enhance nociception while CR tends to alleviate pain when measuring pain outcomes. Herein, this review mainly summarizes the current knowledge of the effects of HFD and CR on pain responses and underlying molecular mechanisms of the immunological factors, metabolic regulation, inflammatory processes, Schwann cell (SC) autophagy, gut microbiome, and other pathophysiological signaling pathways involved. This review would help to provide insights on potential nonpharmacological strategies of dietary patterns in relieving pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R.C
| | - Stanley Sau Ching Wong
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R.C
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2
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Weingrill RB, Paladino SL, Souza MLR, Pereira EM, Marques ALX, Silva ECO, da Silva Fonseca EJ, Ursulino JS, Aquino TM, Bevilacqua E, Urschitz J, Silva JC, Borbely AU. Exosome-Enriched Plasma Analysis as a Tool for the Early Detection of Hypertensive Gestations. Front Physiol 2022; 12:767112. [PMID: 34970155 PMCID: PMC8712450 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.767112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are closely associated with prematurity, stillbirth, and maternal morbidity and mortality. The onset of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is generally noticed after the 20th week of gestation, limiting earlier intervention. The placenta is directly responsible for modulating local and systemic physiology by communicating using mechanisms such as the release of extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes. In this study, we postulated that an analysis of exosome-enriched maternal plasma could provide a more focused and applicable approach for diagnosing HDP earlier in pregnancy. Therefore, the peripheral blood plasma of 24 pregnant women (11 controls, 13 HDP) was collected between 20th and 24th gestational weeks and centrifuged for exosome enrichment. Exosome-enriched plasma samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and by proton nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics (1H NMR). Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to analyze the Raman data, from the spectral region of 600–1,800 cm–1, to determine its potential to discriminate between groups. Using principal component analysis, we were able to differentiate the two groups, with 89% of all variances found in the first three principal components. In patients with HDP, most significant differences in Raman bands intensity were found for sphingomyelin, acetyl CoA, methionine, DNA, RNA, phenylalanine, tryptophan, carotenoids, tyrosine, arginine, leucine, amide I and III, and phospholipids. The 1H NMR analysis showed reduced levels of D-glucose, L-proline, L-tyrosine, glycine, and anserine in HDP, while levels of 2-hydroxyvalerate, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were increased. 1H NMR results were able to assign an unknown sample to either the control or HDP groups at a precision of 88.3% using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and 87% using logistic regression analysis. Our results suggested that an analysis of exosome-enriched plasma could provide an initial assessment of placental function at the maternal-fetal interface and aid HDP diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as well as to detect novel, early biomarkers for HDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barbano Weingrill
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil.,Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Sandra Luft Paladino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Matheus Leite Ramos Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil.,High Risky Gestation Ambulatory, Darcy Vargas Maternity, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Manoel Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Aldilane Lays Xavier Marques
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jeferson Santana Ursulino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça Aquino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Estela Bevilacqua
- Laboratory for Maternal-Fetal Interactions and Placenta Research, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johann Urschitz
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Jean Carl Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil.,High Risky Gestation Ambulatory, Darcy Vargas Maternity, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Urban Borbely
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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3
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Karimi R, Cleven A, Elbarbry F, Hoang H. The Impact of Fasting on Major Metabolic Pathways of Macronutrients and Pharmacokinetics Steps of Drugs. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 46:25-39. [PMID: 33151502 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we have investigated how fasting promotes an adaptive cross-talk between different hormones and metabolic pathways to supply and meet the body's daily energy demands. We highlight in biochemical terms and mechanisms how fasting impacts four metabolic pathways-glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid oxidation, and fatty acid β-oxidation-that are actively engaged in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Fasting results in reduced insulin secretion and increased glucagon and epinephrine release to prevent or stimulate metabolic reaction(s). Fasting stimulates glycogenolysis, amino acid and glucose oxidation, aminotransferase reactions in skeletal muscle, and promotes gluconeogenesis and urea production in the liver. In addition, fasting promotes gene expression of lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle, the synthesis of ketone bodies in the liver, and intracellular hormone-sensitive lipase activity in adipose tissue. Furthermore, the impact of fasting on reducing cellular damage by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species is discussed. Lastly, we briefly describe the impact of fasting on the four steps of pharmacokinetics-the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a few select drugs-with an emphasis on the elimination of drugs related to the cytochrome-P450 family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Karimi
- Pacific University Oregon School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8th Avenue, HPC-Ste 451, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
| | - Anita Cleven
- Pacific University Oregon School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8th Avenue, HPC-Ste 451, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- Pacific University Oregon School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8th Avenue, HPC-Ste 451, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Huy Hoang
- Pacific University Oregon School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8th Avenue, HPC-Ste 451, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
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4
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Axen KV, Harper MA, Kuo YF, Axen K. Very low-carbohydrate, high-fat, weight reduction diet decreases hepatic gene response to glucose in obese rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:54. [PMID: 31061673 PMCID: PMC6497366 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very low carbohydrate (VLC) diets are used to promote weight loss and improve insulin resistance (IR) in obesity. Since the high fat content of VLC diets may predispose to hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance, we investigated the effect of a VLC weight-reduction diet on measures of hepatic and whole body insulin resistance in obese rats. Methods In Phase 1, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were made obese by ad libitum consumption of a high-fat (HF1, 60% of energy) diet; control rats ate a lower-fat (LF, 15%) diet for 10 weeks. In Phase 2, obese rats were fed energy-restricted amounts of a VLC (5%C, 65%F), LC (19%C, 55%F) or HC (55%C, 15%F) diet for 8 weeks while HF2 rats continued the HF diet ad libitum. In Phase 3, VLC rats were switched to the HC diet for 1 week. At the end of each phase, measurements of body composition and metabolic parameters were obtained. Hepatic insulin resistance was assessed by comparing expression of insulin-regulated genes following an oral glucose load,that increased plasma insulin levels, with the expression observed in the feed-deprived state. Results At the end of Phase 1, body weight, percent body fat, and hepatic lipid levels were greater in HF1 than LF rats (p < 0.05). At the end of Phase 2, percent body fat and intramuscular triglyceride decreased in LC and HC (p < 0.05), but not VLC rats, despite similar weight loss. VLC and HF2 rats had higher HOMA-IR and higher insulin at similar glucose levels following an ip glucose load than HC rats (p < 0.05). HC, but not VLC or HF2 rats, showed changes in Srebf1, Scd1, and Cpt1a expression (p < 0.05) in response to an oral glucose load. At the end of Phase 3, switching from the VLC to the HC diet mitigated differences in hepatic gene expression. Conclusion When compared with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet that produced similar weight loss, a commonly used VLC diet failed to improve whole body insulin resistance; it also reduced insulin’s effect on hepatic gene expression, which may reflect the development of hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen V Axen
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Marianna A Harper
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Yu Fu Kuo
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Axen
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, USA
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5
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Gudiksen A, Pilegaard H. PGC-1 α and fasting-induced PDH regulation in mouse skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/7/e13222. [PMID: 28400503 PMCID: PMC5392513 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether lack of skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC‐1α) affects the switch in substrate utilization from a fed to fasted state and the fasting‐induced pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) regulation in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle‐specific PGC‐1α knockout (MKO) mice and floxed littermate controls were fed or fasted for 24 h. Fasting reduced PDHa activity, increased phosphorylation of all four known sites on PDH‐E1α and increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK4) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) protein levels, but did not alter total acetylation of PDH‐E1α. Lack of muscle PGC‐1α did not affect the switch from glucose to fat oxidation in the transition from the fed to fasted state, but was associated with lower and higher respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in the fed and fasted state, respectively. PGC‐1α MKO mice had lower skeletal muscle PDH‐E1α, PDK1, 2, 4, and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP1) protein content than controls, but this did not prevent the fasting‐induced increase in PDH‐E1α phosphorylation in PGC‐1α MKO mice. However, lack of skeletal muscle PGC‐1α reduced SIRT3 protein content, increased total lysine PDH‐E1α acetylation in the fed state, and prevented a fasting‐induced increase in SIRT3 protein. In conclusion, skeletal muscle PGC‐1α is required for fasting‐induced upregulation of skeletal muscle SIRT3 and maintaining high fat oxidation in the fasted state, but is dispensable for preserving the capability to switch substrate during the transition from the fed to the fasted state and for fasting‐induced PDH regulation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Gudiksen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Ariga M, Yoneyama Y, Fukushima T, Ishiuchi Y, Ishii T, Sato H, Hakuno F, Nedachi T, Takahashi SI. Glucose deprivation attenuates sortilin levels in skeletal muscle cells. Endocr J 2017; 64:255-268. [PMID: 27980238 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, sortilin plays a predominant role in the sorting of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4), thereby controlling glucose uptake. Moreover, our previous study suggested that the sortilin expression levels are also implicated in myogenesis. Despite the importance of sortilin in skeletal muscle, however, the regulation of sortilin expression has not been completely understood. In the present study, we analyzed if the sortilin expression is regulated by glucose in C2C12 myocytes and rat skeletal muscles in vivo. Sortilin protein expression was elevated upon C2C12 cell differentiation and was further enhanced in the presence of a high concentration of glucose. The gene expression and protein degradation of sortilin were not affected by glucose. On the other hand, rapamycin partially reduced sortilin induction by a high concentration of glucose, which suggested that sortilin translation could be regulated by glucose, at least in part. We also examined if the sortilin regulation by glucose was also observed in skeletal muscles that were obtained from fed or fasted rats. Sortilin expression in both gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was significantly decreased by 17-18h of starvation. On the other hand, pathological levels of high blood glucose did not alter the sortilin expression in rat skeletal muscle. Overall, the present study suggests that sortilin protein levels are reduced under hypoglycemic conditions by post-transcriptional control in skeletal muscles.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/agonists
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Fasting/metabolism
- Food Deprivation
- Glucose/metabolism
- Hindlimb
- Male
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
- Multiprotein Complexes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Muscle Cells/cytology
- Muscle Cells/drug effects
- Muscle Cells/metabolism
- Muscle Cells/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Ariga
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Morales FE, Forsse JS, Andre TL, McKinley-Barnard SK, Hwang PS, Anthony IG, Tinsley GM, Spillane M, Grandjean PW, Ramirez A, Willoughby DS. BAIBA Does Not Regulate UCP-3 Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle as a Response to Aerobic Exercise. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:200-209. [PMID: 28318397 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1256240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE β-Aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) has shown to modulate uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 expression, which is mainly expressed in white adipose tissue; however, no studies to date have analyzed its potential effect on the main uncoupling protein of skeletal muscle, UCP-3. The main goal of this study was to assess the potential effect of acute aerobic exercise on serum BAIBA and skeletal muscle UCP-3. The secondary goal was to assess the potential involvement of the transcription factors proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), as well as free fatty acids (FFAs) in UCP-3 expression. A tertiary goal of the study was to evaluate the potential effect of consuming a preexercise meal on the outcome of the first 2 objectives. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, untrained participants performed 2 acute cycling sessions (350 kcal at 70% of their VO2peak) after 2 experimental conditions: (1) consumption of a multi-macronutrient shake and (2) a fasting period of 8 hours. Blood samples were taken at baseline, preexercise, postexercise, 1 hour, and 4 hours postexercise, and muscle biopsies were taken at the last 4 time points. UCP-3 protein concentration and expression, as well as the mRNA expression of PGC-1α and PPARα, were measured in muscle, and BAIBA, glucose, and FFA were measured in serum. RESULTS Aerobic exercise failed to induce a significant effect on serum BAIBA, PGC-1α, and PPARα regardless on the feeding condition. Despite the lack of effect of exercise on the previous variables, UCP-3 expression and protein concentration significantly increased in the shake condition. CONCLUSION The expression of human skeletal muscle UCP-3 as a result of exercise might be controlled by factors other than BAIBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor E Morales
- a Department of Health , Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas
| | - Jeffrey S Forsse
- a Department of Health , Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas
| | - Thomas L Andre
- a Department of Health , Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas
| | | | - Paul S Hwang
- a Department of Health , Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas
| | - Ian G Anthony
- a Department of Health , Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- c Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas
| | - Mike Spillane
- d Department of Nutrition , Tecnológico de Monterrey , Monterrey , N.L. , México
| | - Peter W Grandjean
- a Department of Health , Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas
| | - Alejandro Ramirez
- a Department of Health , Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- a Department of Health , Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University , Waco , Texas
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8
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Selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry for relative quantification of proteins involved in cellular life and death processes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1035:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Baig S, Parvaresh Rizi E, Shabeer M, Chhay V, Mok SF, Loh TP, Magkos F, Vidal-Puig A, Tai ES, Khoo CM, Toh SA. Metabolic gene expression profile in circulating mononuclear cells reflects obesity-associated metabolic inflexibility. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27800008 PMCID: PMC5081666 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with an impaired ability to switch from fatty acid to glucose oxidation during the fasted to fed transition, particularly in skeletal muscle. However, whether such metabolic inflexibility is reflected at the gene transcription level in circulatory mononuclear cells (MNC) is not known. METHODS The whole-body respiratory quotient (RQ) and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in MNC were measured during fasting and in response (up to 6 h) to high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals in nine lean insulin-sensitive and nine obese insulin-resistant men. RESULTS Compared to lean subjects, obese subjects had an impaired ability to increase RQ and switch from fatty acid to glucose oxidation following the high-carbohydrate meal (interaction term P < 0.05). This was accompanied by an impaired induction of genes involved in oxidative metabolism of glucose in MNC, such as phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) and increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, such as fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) (P < 0.05). On the contrary, there were no differences in the gene expression profiles between lean and obese subjects following the high-fat meal. CONCLUSIONS Postprandial expression profiles of genes involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the MNC reflect the differing metabolic flexibility phenotypes of our cohort of lean and obese individuals. These differences in metabolic flexibility between the lean and obese are elicited by an acute meal challenge that is rich in carbohydrate but not fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Baig
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Ehsan Parvaresh Rizi
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Shabeer
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Vanna Chhay
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Shao Feng Mok
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sue-Anne Toh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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10
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Edgett BA, Scribbans TD, Raleigh JP, Matusiak JB, Boonstra K, Simpson CA, Perry CG, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. The impact of a 48-h fast on SIRT1 and GCN5 in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:953-62. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the impact of a 48 h fast on the expression and activation status of SIRT1 and GCN5, the relationship between SIRT1/GCN5 and the gene expression of PGC-1α, and the PGC-1α target PDK4 in the skeletal muscle of 10 lean healthy men (age, 22.0 ± 1.5 years; peak oxygen uptake, 47.2 ± 6.7 mL/(min·kg)). Muscle biopsies and blood samples were collected 1 h postprandial (Fed) and following 48 h of fasting (Fasted). Plasma insulin (Fed, 80.8 ± 47.9 pmol/L; Fasted, not detected) and glucose (Fed, 4.36 ± 0.86; Fasted, 3.74 ± 0.25 mmol/L, p = 0.08) decreased, confirming participant adherence to fasting. Gene expression of PGC-1α decreased (p < 0.05, –24%), while SIRT1 and PDK4 increased (p < 0.05, +11% and +1023%, respectively), and GCN5 remained unchanged. No changes were observed for whole-muscle protein expression of SIRT1, GCN5, PGC-1α, or COX IV. Phosphorylation of SIRT1, AMPKα, ACC, p38 MAPK, and PKA substrates as well as nuclear acetylation status was also unaltered. Additionally, nuclear SIRT1 activity, GCN5, and PGC-1α content remained unchanged. Preliminary findings derived from regression analysis demonstrate that changes in nuclear GCN5 and SIRT1 activity/phosphorylation may contribute to the control of PGC-1α, but not PDK4, messenger RNA expression following fasting. Collectively, and in contrast with previous animal studies, our data are inconsistent with the altered activation status of SIRT1 and GCN5 in response to 48 h of fasting in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Trisha D. Scribbans
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - James P. Raleigh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jennifer B.L. Matusiak
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kristen Boonstra
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Craig A. Simpson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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11
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Zhang D, Li Y, Yao X, Wang H, Zhao L, Jiang H, Yao X, Zhang S, Ye C, Liu W, Cao H, Yu S, Wang YC, Li Q, Jiang J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Liu Y, Iwai N, Wang H, Li J, Li J, Li X, Jin ZB, Ying H. miR-182 Regulates Metabolic Homeostasis by Modulating Glucose Utilization in Muscle. Cell Rep 2016; 16:757-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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12
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Ryan ZC, Craig TA, Folmes CD, Wang X, Lanza IR, Schaible NS, Salisbury JL, Nair KS, Terzic A, Sieck GC, Kumar R. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Regulates Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Dynamics in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1514-28. [PMID: 26601949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle weakness and myopathy are observed in vitamin D deficiency and chronic renal failure, where concentrations of the active vitamin D3 metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), are low. To evaluate the mechanism of action of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in skeletal muscle, we examined mitochondrial oxygen consumption, dynamics, and biogenesis and changes in expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins in human skeletal muscle cells following treatment with 1α,25(OH)2D3. The mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increased in 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated cells. Vitamin D3 metabolites lacking a 1α-hydroxyl group (vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) decreased or failed to increase OCR. 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3 did not increase OCR. In 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated cells, mitochondrial volume and branching and expression of the pro-fusion protein OPA1 (optic atrophy 1) increased, whereas expression of the pro-fission proteins Fis1 (fission 1) and Drp1 (dynamin 1-like) decreased. Phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) (Ser-293) and PDH kinase 4 (PDK4) decreased in 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated cells. There was a trend to increased PDH activity in 1α,25(OH)2D3-treated cells (p = 0.09). 83 nuclear mRNAs encoding mitochondrial proteins were changed following 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment; notably, PDK4 mRNA decreased, and PDP2 mRNA increased. MYC, MAPK13, and EPAS1 mRNAs, which encode proteins that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, were increased following 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Vitamin D receptor-dependent changes in the expression of 1947 mRNAs encoding proteins involved in muscle contraction, focal adhesion, integrin, JAK/STAT, MAPK, growth factor, and p53 signaling pathways were observed following 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Five micro-RNAs were induced or repressed by 1α,25(OH)2D3. 1α,25(OH)2D3 regulates mitochondrial function, dynamics, and enzyme function, which are likely to influence muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey L Salisbury
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | | | | | | | - Rajiv Kumar
- From the Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Buzelle SL, MacPherson REK, Peppler WT, Castellani L, Wright DC. The contribution of IL-6 to beta 3 adrenergic receptor mediated adipose tissue remodeling. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12312. [PMID: 25713332 PMCID: PMC4393216 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic activation of beta 3 adrenergic receptors results in marked alterations in adipose tissue morphology and metabolism, including increases in mitochondrial content and the expression of enzymes involved in lipogenesis and glyceroneogenesis. Acute treatment with CL 316,243, a beta 3 adrenergic agonist, induces the expression of interleukin 6. Interestingly, IL-6 has been shown to induce mitochondrial genes in cultured adipocytes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to examine the role of interleukin 6 in mediating the in vivo effects of CL 316,243 in white adipose tissue. Circulating IL-6, and markers of IL-6 signaling in white adipose tissue were increased 4 h following a single injection of CL 316,243 in C57BL6/J mice. Once daily injections of CL 316,243 for 5 days increased the protein content of a number of mitochondrial proteins including CORE1, Cytochrome C, PDH, MCAD, and Citrate Synthase to a similar extent in adipose tissue from WT and IL-6−/− mice. Conversely, CL 316,243-induced increases in COXIV and phosphorylated AMPK were attenuated in IL-6−/− mice. Likewise, the slight, but significant, CL 316,243-induced increases in ATGL, PEPCK, and PPARγ, were reduced or absent in adipose tissue IL-6−/− mice. The attenuated response to CL 316,243 in white adipose tissue in IL-6−/− mice was associated with reductions in whole-body oxygen consumption and energy expenditure in the light phase. Our findings suggest that IL-6 plays a limited role in CL 316,243-mediated adipose tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyra L Buzelle
- Department of Biochemistry, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Riberao Preto, Brazil
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Castellani
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Livingston WS, Rusch HL, Nersesian PV, Baxter T, Mysliwiec V, Gill JM. Improved Sleep in Military Personnel is Associated with Changes in the Expression of Inflammatory Genes and Improvement in Depression Symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:59. [PMID: 25983695 PMCID: PMC4415307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep disturbances are common in military personnel and are associated with increased risk for psychiatric morbidity, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, as well as inflammation. Improved sleep quality is linked to reductions in inflammatory bio-markers; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. METHODS In this study, we examine whole genome expression changes related to improved sleep in 68 military personnel diagnosed with insomnia. Subjects were classified into the following groups and then compared: improved sleep (n = 46), or non-improved sleep (n = 22) following three months of standard of care treatment for insomnia. Within subject differential expression was determined from microarray data using the Partek Genomics Suite analysis program and the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to determine key regulators of observed expression changes. Changes in symptoms of depression and PTSD were also compared. RESULTS At baseline, both groups were similar in demographics, clinical characteristics, and gene-expression profiles. The microarray data revealed that 217 coding genes were differentially expressed at the follow-up-period compared to baseline in the participants with improved sleep. Expression of inflammatory cytokines were reduced including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13, with fold changes ranging from -3.19 to -2.1, and there were increases in the expression of inflammatory regulatory genes including toll-like receptors 1, 4, 7, and 8 in the improved sleep group. IPA revealed six gene networks, including ubiquitin, which was a major regulator in these gene-expression changes. The improved sleep group also had a significant reduction in the severity of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Interventions that restore sleep likely reduce the expression of inflammatory genes, which relate to ubiquitin genes and relate to reductions in depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S Livingston
- National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Heather L Rusch
- National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Paula V Nersesian
- National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | | | | | - Jessica M Gill
- National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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15
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Increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase expression in cultured myotubes from obese and diabetic individuals. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Beaudoin MS, Snook LA, Arkell AM, Stefanson A, Wan Z, Simpson JA, Holloway GP, Wright DC. Novel effects of rosiglitazone on SMAD2 and SMAD3 signaling in white adipose tissue of diabetic rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1632-42. [PMID: 24500776 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of the proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist rosiglitazone (ROSI) on the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/SMAD signaling pathway in white adipose tissue (WAT) of diabetic rats were assessed. METHODS Six-week-old, male ZDF rats were fed a chow diet with (ZDF ROSI) or without (ZDF chow) ROSI (diet, 100 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Subcutaneous (scWAT) and retroperitoneal (rpWAT) adipose tissues were excised to quantify the protein content/phosphorylation. RESULTS ZDF ROSI animals showed enhanced glucose tolerance and mitochondrial protein content in both depots. The protein content of enzymes involved in fatty acid handling was increased in scWAT of ZDF ROSI animals. ZDF ROSI exhibited decreased phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 exclusively in scWAT, along with increases in inhibitory SMAD7 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF2. In contrast, ROSI increased the protein content of SMAD4, TGF-β receptor I and II, and SMAD Anchor for Receptor Activation in scWAT. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the fact that ROSI inhibits SMAD2 and SMAD3 signaling in a depot-specific manner in diabetic rats was demonstrated. In scWAT, ROSI reduced SMAD2 and SMAD3 phosphorylation, likely through the inhibitory actions of SMAD7 and SMURF2. Induction of proximal components of the SMAD pathway may constitute a feedback mechanism to counteract ROSI-induced lipid synthesis in scWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Soleil Beaudoin
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Liu J, Wang P, Zou L, Qu J, Litovsky S, Umeda P, Zhou L, Chatham J, Marsh SA, Dell'Italia LJ, Lloyd SG. High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet promotes arrhythmic death and increases myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H598-608. [PMID: 24929857 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00058.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-fat, low-carbohydrate diets (HFLCD) are often eaten by humans for a variety of reasons, but the effects of such diets on the heart are incompletely understood. We evaluated the impact of HFLCD on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) using an in vivo model of left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g) were fed HFLCD (60% calories fat, 30% protein, 10% carbohydrate) or control (CONT; 16% fat, 19% protein, 65% carbohydrate) diet for 2 wk and then underwent open chest I/R. At baseline (preischemia), diet did not affect left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function. Oil red O staining revealed presence of lipid in the heart with HFLCD but not in CONT. Following I/R, recovery of LV function was decreased in HFLCD. HFLCD hearts exhibited decreased ATP synthase and increased uncoupling protein-3 gene and protein expression. HFLCD downregulated mitochondrial fusion proteins and upregulated fission proteins and store-operated Ca(2+) channel proteins. HFLCD led to increased death during I/R; 6 of 22 CONT rats and 16 of 26 HFLCD rats died due to ventricular arrhythmias and hemodynamic shock. In surviving rats, HFLCD led to larger infarct size. We concluded that in vivo HFLCD does not affect nonischemic LV function but leads to greater myocardial injury during I/R, with increased risk of death by pump failure and ventricular arrhythmias, which might be associated with altered cardiac energetics, mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics, and store-operated Ca(2+) channel expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peipei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luyun Zou
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Silvio Litovsky
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - John Chatham
- Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Susan A Marsh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Departments of Medicine and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Steven G Lloyd
- Departments of Medicine and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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18
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Tripathy S, Lytle KA, Stevens RD, Bain JR, Newgard CB, Greenberg AS, Huang LS, Jump DB. Fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl5) regulates hepatic triglyceride catabolism in obese C57BL/6J mice. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1448-64. [PMID: 24814977 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a major public health concern in the obese and type 2 diabetic populations. The high-fat lard diet induces obesity and fatty liver in C57BL/6J mice and suppresses expression of the PPAR-target gene, FA elongase 5 (Elovl5). Elovl5 plays a key role in MUFA and PUFA synthesis. Increasing hepatic Elovl5 activity in obese mice lowered hepatic TGs and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (X-box binding protein 1 and cAMP-dependent transcription factor 6α) and increased TG catabolism and fatty acyl carnitines. Increased hepatic Elovl5 activity did not increase hepatic capacity for β-oxidation. Elovl5 effects on hepatic TG catabolism were linked to increased protein levels of adipocyte TG lipase (ATGL) and comparative gene identification 58 (CGI58). Elevated hepatic Elovl5 activity also induced the expression of some (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and fibroblast growth factor 21), but not other cytochrome P450 4A10 (CYP4A10), PPAR-target genes. FA products of Elovl5 activity increased ATGL, but not CGI58, mRNA through PPARβ-dependent mechanisms in human HepG2 cells. Treatment of mouse AML12 hepatocytes with the PPARβ agonist (GW0742) decreased (14)C-18:2,n-6 in TGs but did not affect β-oxidation. These studies establish that Elovl5 activity regulates hepatic levels of FAs controlling PPARβ activity, ATGL expression, and TG catabolism, but not FA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Tripathy
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Kelli A Lytle
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Robert D Stevens
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - James R Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Andrew S Greenberg
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Li-Shin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | - Donald B Jump
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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19
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Fenofibrate improves renal lipotoxicity through activation of AMPK-PGC-1α in db/db mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96147. [PMID: 24801481 PMCID: PMC4011795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, a lipid-sensing transcriptional factor, serves an important role in lipotoxicity. We evaluated whether fenofibrate has a renoprotective effect by ameliorating lipotoxicity in the kidney. Eight-week-old male C57BLKS/J db/m control and db/db mice, divided into four groups, received fenofibrate for 12 weeks. In db/db mice, fenofibrate ameliorated albuminuria, mesangial area expansion and inflammatory cell infiltration. Fenofibrate inhibited accumulation of intra-renal free fatty acids and triglycerides related to increases in PPARα expression, phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and activation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α)-estrogen-related receptor (ERR)-1α-phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (pACC), and suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1 and carbohydrate regulatory element-binding protein (ChREBP)-1, key downstream effectors of lipid metabolism. Fenofibrate decreased the activity of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt phosphorylation and FoxO3a phosphorylation in kidneys, increasing the B cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)/BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) ratio and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 levels. Consequently, fenofibrate recovered from renal apoptosis and oxidative stress, as reflected by 24 hr urinary 8-isoprostane. In cultured mesangial cells, fenofibrate prevented high glucose-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress through phosphorylation of AMPK, activation of PGC-1α-ERR-1α, and suppression of SREBP-1 and ChREBP-1. Our results suggest that fenofibrate improves lipotoxicity via activation of AMPK-PGC-1α-ERR-1α-FoxO3a signaling, showing its potential as a therapeutic modality for diabetic nephropathy.
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20
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Dietary stimulators of the PGC-1 superfamily and mitochondrial biosynthesis in skeletal muscle. A mini-review. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:271-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Palacios-González B, Zarain-Herzberg A, Flores-Galicia I, Noriega LG, Alemán-Escondrillas G, Zariñan T, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Torres N, Tovar AR. Genistein stimulates fatty acid oxidation in a leptin receptor-independent manner through the JAK2-mediated phosphorylation and activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:132-40. [PMID: 24013029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a public health problem that contributes to the development of insulin resistance, which is associated with an excessive accumulation of lipids in skeletal muscle tissue. There is evidence that soy protein can decrease the ectopic accumulation of lipids and improves insulin sensitivity; however, it is unknown whether soy isoflavones, particularly genistein, can stimulate fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle. Thus, we studied the mechanism by which genistein stimulates fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle. We showed that genistein induced the expression of genes of fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle of Zucker fa/fa rats and in leptin receptor (ObR)-silenced C2C12 myotubes through AMPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, the genistein-mediated AMPK phosphorylation occurred via JAK2, which was possibly activated through a mechanism that involved cAMP. Additionally, the genistein-mediated induction of fatty acid oxidation genes involved PGC1α and PPARδ. As a result, we observed that genistein increased fatty acid oxidation in both the control and silenced C2C12 myotubes, as well as a decrease in the RER in mice, suggesting that genistein can be used in strategies to decrease lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Palacios-González
- Posgrado Ciencias Bioquímicas, Facultad de Química, UNAM, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico; Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F. 14000, Mexico
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22
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Li Y, Periwal V. Synergy in free radical generation is blunted by high-fat diet induced alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Biophys J 2013; 104:1127-41. [PMID: 23473496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their role in cellular energetics and metabolism, skeletal muscle mitochondria appear to play a key role in the development of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. High-fat diet can induce higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), evidenced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission from mitochondria, which may be causal for insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Recent published data on single substrate (pyruvate, succinate, fat) metabolism in both normal diet (CON) and high-fat diet (HFD) states of skeletal muscle allowed us to develop an integrated mathematical model of skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Model simulations suggested that long-term HFD may affect specific metabolic reaction/pathways by altering enzyme activities. Our model allows us to predict oxygen consumption and ROS generation for any combination of substrates. In particular, we predict a synergy between (iso-membrane potential) combinations of pyruvate and fat in ROS production compared to the sum of ROS production with each substrate singly in both CON and HFD states. This synergy is blunted in the HFD state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Haorah J, Rump TJ, Xiong H. Reduction of brain mitochondrial β-oxidation impairs complex I and V in chronic alcohol intake: the underlying mechanism for neurodegeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70833. [PMID: 23967116 PMCID: PMC3742670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathy and neurocognitive deficits are common among chronic alcohol users, which are believed to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain. The specific type of brain mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (mRCC) that are adversely affected by alcohol abuse has not been studied. Thus, we examined the alterations of mRCC in freshly isolated mitochondria from mice brain that were pair-fed the ethanol (4% v/v) and control liquid diets for 7–8 weeks. We observed that alcohol intake severely reduced the levels of complex I and V. A reduction in complex I was associated with a decrease in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cPT1) and cPT2 levels. The mitochondrial outer (cPT1) and inner (cPT2) membrane transporter enzymes are specialized in acylation of fatty acid from outer to inner membrane of mitochondria for ATP production. Thus, our results showed that alterations of cPT1 and cPT2 paralleled a decrease β-oxidation of palmitate and ATP production, suggesting that impairment of substrate entry step (complex I function) can cause a negative impact on ATP production (complex V function). Disruption of cPT1/cPT2 was accompanied by an increase in cytochrome C leakage, while reduction of complex I and V paralleled a decrease in depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ, monitored by JC-1 fluorescence) and ATP production in alcohol intake. We noted that acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC, a cofactor of cPT1 and cPT2) prevented the adverse effects of alcohol while coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) was not very effective against alcohol insults. These results suggest that understanding the molecular, biochemical, and signaling mechanisms of the CNS mitochondrial β-oxidation such as ALC can mitigate alcohol related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Haorah
- Neurovascular Oxidative Injury Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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24
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Wijngaarden MA, van der Zon GC, van Dijk KW, Pijl H, Guigas B. Effects of prolonged fasting on AMPK signaling, gene expression, and mitochondrial respiratory chain content in skeletal muscle from lean and obese individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1012-21. [PMID: 23512807 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00008.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity in humans is often associated with metabolic inflexibility, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate how adaptation to prolonged fasting affects energy/nutrient-sensing pathways and metabolic gene expression in skeletal muscle from lean and obese individuals. Twelve lean and 14 nondiabetic obese subjects were fasted for 48 h. Whole body glucose/lipid oxidation rates were determined by indirect calorimetry, and blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected and analyzed. In response to fasting, body weight loss was similar in both groups, but the decrease in plasma insulin and leptin and the concomitant increase in growth hormone were significantly attenuated in obese subjects. The fasting-induced shift from glucose toward lipid oxidation was also severely blunted. At the molecular level, the expression of insulin receptor-β (IRβ) was lower in skeletal muscle from obese subjects at baseline, whereas the fasting-induced reductions in insulin signaling were similar in both groups. The protein expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain components, although not modified by fasting, was significantly reduced in obese subjects. Some minor differences in metabolic gene expression were observed at baseline and in response to fasting. Surprisingly, fasting reduced AMPK activity in lean but not in obese subjects, whereas the expression of AMPK subunits was not affected. We conclude that whole body metabolic inflexibility in response to prolonged fasting in obese humans is associated with lower skeletal muscle IRβ and mitochondrial respiratory chain content as well as a blunted decline of AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein A Wijngaarden
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Gulli RA, Tishinsky JM, MacDonald T, Robinson LE, Wright DC, Dyck DJ. Exercise restores insulin, but not adiponectin, response in skeletal muscle of high-fat fed rodents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R1062-70. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00176.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-fat (HF) diets impair skeletal muscle response to the insulin-sensitizing adipokine adiponectin (Ad) in rodents, preceding the development of insulin resistance. Skeletal muscle insulin response in HF-fed rats can be restored with chronic exercise; whether recovery of skeletal muscle Ad response is necessary for the exercise-induced recovery of insulin-stimulated glucose transport is not known. In the current study, insulin and Ad resistance were induced in rodents with 4 wk of HF feeding (HF4; low-fat fed animals used as control). Rats were then treadmill-exercised (HF5EX1, HF6EX2) or supplemented orally with the pharmacological agent β-guadinoproprionic acid (GPA; HF5GPA1, HF6GPA2) for 1 or 2 wk with continued HF feeding. Insulin and Ad responses (glucose transport and palmitate oxidation, respectively) were assessed 48 h after the last exercise bout ex vivo in isolated solei. Insulin response was impaired following 4 wk of HF feeding and improved with 1 and 2 wk of exercise and β-GPA supplementation (HF5EX1, HF6EX2, HF5GPA1, and HF6GPA2). The recovery of insulin response generally coincided with improved Akt Thr308 phosphorylation in HF5GPA1, HF6EX2, and HF6GPA2, although not in HF5EX1. Ad-stimulated palmitate oxidation was not restored with either treatment. Total protein contents of AdipoR1, AdipoR2, APPL1, and APPL2, as well as total and phosphorylated AMPK and ACC were unaltered by diet, exercise, and β-GPA at the assessed time points. We conclude that the exercise and pharmacologically (β-GPA)-induced recovery of skeletal muscle insulin response after HF feeding is not dependent on the restoration of Ad response, as assessed ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A. Gulli
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justine M. Tishinsky
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara MacDonald
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay E. Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C. Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Dyck
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Mela V, Llorente-Berzal Á, Díaz F, Argente J, Viveros MP, Chowen JA. Maternal deprivation exacerbates the response to a high fat diet in a sexually dimorphic manner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48915. [PMID: 23145019 PMCID: PMC3492147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal deprivation (MD) during neonatal life has diverse long-term effects, including affectation of metabolism. Indeed, MD for 24 hours during the neonatal period reduces body weight throughout life when the animals are maintained on a normal diet. However, little information is available regarding how this early stress affects the response to increased metabolic challenges during postnatal life. We hypothesized that MD modifies the response to a high fat diet (HFD) and that this response differs between males and females. To address this question, both male and female Wistar rats were maternally deprived for 24 hours starting on the morning of postnatal day (PND) 9. Upon weaning on PND22 half of each group received a control diet (CD) and the other half HFD. MD rats of both sexes had significantly reduced accumulated food intake and weight gain compared to controls when raised on the CD. In contrast, when maintained on a HFD energy intake and weight gain did not differ between control and MD rats of either sex. However, high fat intake induced hyperleptinemia in MD rats as early as PND35, but not until PND85 in control males and control females did not become hyperleptinemic on the HFD even at PND102. High fat intake stimulated hypothalamic inflammatory markers in both male and female rats that had been exposed to MD, but not in controls. Reduced insulin sensitivity was observed only in MD males on the HFD. These results indicate that MD modifies the metabolic response to HFD intake, with this response being different between males and females. Thus, the development of obesity and secondary complications in response to high fat intake depends on numerous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Llorente-Berzal
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Paz Viveros
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (M-PV); (JAC)
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (M-PV); (JAC)
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Frier BC, Wan Z, Williams DB, Stefanson AL, Wright DC. Epinephrine and AICAR-induced PGC-1α mRNA expression is intact in skeletal muscle from rats fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C1772-9. [PMID: 22496244 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00410.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and is controlled, at least in part, through AMP-activated protein kinase and p38-dependent pathways. There is evidence demonstrating that activation of these kinases and induction of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle are regulated by catecholamines. The purpose of the present study was to determine if consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) impairs epinephrine and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) signaling and induction of PGC-1α in rat skeletal muscle. Male Wistar rats were fed chow or a HFD for 6 wk and then given a weight-adjusted bolus injection of epinephrine (20, 10, or 5 μg/100 g body wt sc) or saline, and triceps muscles were harvested 30 min (signaling) or 2 and 4 h (gene expression) postinjection. Despite blunted increases in p38 phosphorylation, the ability of epinephrine to induce PGC-1α was intact in skeletal muscle from HFD-fed rats and was associated with normal increases in activation of PKA and phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein, reputed mediators of PGC-1α expression. The attenuated epinephrine-mediated increase in p38 phosphorylation was independent of increases in MAPK phosphatase 1. At 2 h following AICAR treatment (0.5 g/kg body wt sc), AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation were similar in skeletal muscle from chow- and HFD-fed rats. Surprisingly, AICAR-induced increases in PGC-1α mRNA levels were greater in skeletal muscle from HFD-fed rats. Our results demonstrate that the ability of epinephrine and AICAR to induce PGC-1α remains intact in skeletal muscle from HFD-fed rats. These results question the existence of reduced β-adrenergic responsiveness in diet-induced obesity and demonstrate that increases in p38 phosphorylation are not required for induction of PGC-1α in muscle from obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C Frier
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Vendelbo MH, Clasen BFF, Treebak JT, Møller L, Krusenstjerna-Hafstrøm T, Madsen M, Nielsen TS, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Pedersen SB, Jørgensen JOL, Goodyear LJ, Wojtaszewski JFP, Møller N, Jessen N. Insulin resistance after a 72-h fast is associated with impaired AS160 phosphorylation and accumulation of lipid and glycogen in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E190-200. [PMID: 22028408 PMCID: PMC4971894 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00207.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During fasting, human skeletal muscle depends on lipid oxidation for its energy substrate metabolism. This is associated with the development of insulin resistance and a subsequent reduction of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. The underlying mechanisms controlling insulin action on skeletal muscle under these conditions are unresolved. In a randomized design, we investigated eight healthy subjects after a 72-h fast compared with a 10-h overnight fast. Insulin action on skeletal muscle was assessed by a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and by determining insulin signaling to glucose transport. In addition, substrate oxidation, skeletal muscle lipid content, regulation of glycogen synthesis, and AMPK signaling were assessed. Skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity was reduced profoundly in response to a 72-h fast and substrate oxidation shifted to predominantly lipid oxidation. This was associated with accumulation of both lipid and glycogen in skeletal muscle. Intracellular insulin signaling to glucose transport was impaired by regulation of phosphorylation at specific sites on AS160 but not TBC1D1, both key regulators of glucose uptake. In contrast, fasting did not impact phosphorylation of AMPK or insulin regulation of Akt, both of which are established upstream kinases of AS160. These findings show that insulin resistance in muscles from healthy individuals is associated with suppression of site-specific phosphorylation of AS160, without Akt or AMPK being affected. This impairment of AS160 phosphorylation, in combination with glycogen accumulation and increased intramuscular lipid content, may provide the underlying mechanisms for resistance to insulin in skeletal muscle after a prolonged fast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B. F. F. Clasen
- Departments of 1Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and
- 2Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus;
| | - J. T. Treebak
- 3Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen;
| | - L. Møller
- Departments of 1Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and
| | | | - M. Madsen
- Departments of 1Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and
| | - T. S. Nielsen
- Departments of 1Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and
- 2Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus;
| | | | | | | | - L. J. Goodyear
- 5Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J. F. P. Wojtaszewski
- 3Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen;
| | - N. Møller
- Departments of 1Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and
| | - N. Jessen
- Departments of 1Internal Medicine and Endocrinology and
- 2Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus;
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Abstract
AbstractAlthough the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is distinct for each disease, considerable evidence suggests that a single manipulation, dietary restriction, is strikingly protective against a wide range of such diseases. Thus pharmacological mimetics of dietary restrictions could prove widely protective across a range of neurodegenerative diseases. The PPAR transcription complex functions to re-program gene expression in response to nutritional deprivation as well as in response to a wide variety of lipophilic compounds. In mammals there are three PPAR homologs, which dimerize with RXR homologs and recruit coactivators Pgc1-alpha and Creb-binding protein (Cbp). PPARs are currently of clinical interest mainly because PPAR activators are approved for use in humans to reduce lipidemia and to improve glucose control in Type 2 diabetic patients. However, pharmacological enhancement of the activity of the PPAR complex is neuroprotective across a wide variety of models for neuropathological processes, including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Conversely activity of the PPAR transcriptional complex is reduced in a variety of neuropathological processes. The main mechanisms mediating the neuroprotective effects of the PPAR transcription complex appear to be re-routing metabolism away from glucose metabolism and toward alternative subtrates, and reduction in inflammatory processes. Recent evidence suggests that the PPAR transcriptional complex may also mediate protective effects of dietary restriction on neuropathological processes. Thus this complex represents one of the most promising for the development of pharmacological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Deminice R, da Silva RP, Lamarre SG, Brown C, Furey GN, McCarter SA, Jordao AA, Kelly KB, King-Jones K, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT. Creatine supplementation prevents the accumulation of fat in the livers of rats fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr 2011; 141:1799-804. [PMID: 21880953 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.144857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation on liver fat accumulation induced by a high-fat diet in rats. Rats were fed 1 of 3 different diets for 3 wk: a control liquid diet (C), a high-fat liquid diet (HF), or a high-fat liquid diet supplemented with creatine (HFC). The C and HF diets contained, respectively, 35 and 71% of energy derived from fat. Creatine supplementation involved the addition of 1% (wt:v) of creatine monohydrate to the liquid diet. The HF diet increased total liver fat concentration, liver TG, and liver TBARS and decreased the hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration. Creatine supplementation normalized all of these perturbations. Creatine supplementation significantly decreased the renal activity of l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase and plasma guanidinoacetate and prevented the decrease in hepatic SAM concentration in rats fed the HF diet. However, there was no change in either the phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio or PE N-methyltransferase activity. The HF diet decreased mRNA for PPARα as well as 2 of its targets, carnitine palmitoyltransferase and long-chain acylCoA dehydrogenase. Creatine supplementation normalized these mRNA levels. In conclusion, creatine supplementation prevented the fatty liver induced by feeding rats a HF diet, probably by normalization of the expression of key genes of β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Deminice
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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Frier BC, Hancock CR, Little JP, Fillmore N, Bliss TA, Thomson DM, Wan Z, Wright DC. Reductions in RIP140 are not required for exercise- and AICAR-mediated increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:688-95. [PMID: 21700896 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00279.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP140) has recently been demonstrated to be a key player in the regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. We have shown that β-guanadinopropionic acid (β-GPA) feeding reduces RIP140 protein content and mRNA levels concomitant with increases in mitochondrial content (Williams DB, Sutherland LN, Bomhof MR, Basaraba SA, Thrush AB, Dyck DJ, Field CJ, Wright DC. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296: E1400-E1408, 2009). Since β-GPA feeding reduces high-energy phosphate levels and activates AMPK, alterations reminiscent of exercise, we hypothesized that exercise training would reduce RIP140 protein content. We further postulated that an acute bout of exercise, or interventions known to induce the expression of mitochondrial enzymes or genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, would result in decreases in nuclear RIP140 content. Two weeks of daily swim training increased markers of mitochondrial content in rat skeletal muscle independent of reductions in RIP140 protein. Similarly, high-intensity exercise training in humans failed to reduce RIP140 content despite increasing skeletal muscle mitochondrial enzymes. We found that 6 wk of daily 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) injections had no effect on RIP140 protein content in rat skeletal muscle while RIP140 content from LKB1 knockout mice was unaltered despite reductions in mitochondria. An acute bout of exercise, AICAR treatment, and epinephrine injections increased the mRNA levels of PGC-1α, COXIV, and lipin1 independent of decreases in nuclear RIP140 protein. Surprisingly these interventions increased RIP140 mRNA expression. In conclusion our results demonstrate that decreases in RIP140 protein content are not required for exercise and AMPK-dependent increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content, nor do acute perturbations alter the cellular localization of RIP140 in parallel with the induction of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C Frier
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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